John
问题描述 :
Little John is playing very funny game with his younger brother. There is one big box filled with M&Ms of different colors. At first John has to eat several M&Ms of the same color. Then his opponent has to make a turn. And so on. Please note that each player has to eat at least one M&M during his turn. If John (or his brother) will eat the last M&M from the box he will be considered as a looser and he will have to buy a new candy box.
Both of players are using optimal game strategy. John starts first always. You will be given information about M&Ms and your task is to determine a winner of such a beautiful game.
输入:
The first line of input will contain a single integer T � the number of test cases. Next T pairs of lines will describe tests in a following format. The first line of each test will contain an integer N � the amount of different M&M colors in a box. Next line will contain N integers Ai, separated by spaces � amount of M&Ms of i-th color.
Constraints:
1 <= T <= 474,
1 <= N <= 47,
1 <= Ai <= 4747
输出:
Output T lines each of them containing information about game winner. Print “John” if John will win the game or “Brother” in other case.
样例输入:
2 3 3 5 1 1 1
样例输出:
John Brother
n堆石子，最后一个取完的人输。
Nimm博弈，全是1的时候，特判，数1的个数，奇数输，偶数赢了。
证明过程见：http://blog.csdn.net/acm_cxlove/article/details/7854530
代码如下：
#include <iostream> #include <cstdio> #include <cstdlib> #include <cstring> using namespace std; int main() { #ifdef test freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin); #endif int t, num; scanf("%d",&t); while(t--) { int ans = 0, flag = 0, m; scanf("%d", &num); for(int i=0; i<num; i++) { scanf("%d",&m); ans ^= m; if(m != 1) flag=1; } if(flag) { if(ans == 0) printf("Brother\n"); else printf("John\n"); } else { if(num%2 != 0) printf("Brother\n"); else printf("John\n"); } } return 0; }
解题报告转自：http://blog.csdn.net/goomaple/article/details/8884244
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我觉得是D哎……
程序只能输出一个子序列
妈呀！这个模板好长OwQ！
#pragma pack(2) 这个用法太坑爹
厉害，支持
正确
隐藏最深的bug是(start+end)/2有可能上溢
和编译器有关吧，我用的g++正常。头文件可能还需要一个<string.h>
為甚麼fln*20+0.5f
第二个解法好像不对
这个是代码高亮功能，那就再换一个颜色
题本身没错，但是HDOJ放题目的时候，前面有个题目解释了什么是XXX定律。
这里直接放了这个题目，肯定没几个人明白是干啥
第二个程序编译都通不过， int L[m+1][n+1];这样定义出错，应该换成具体的数字ac


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papers
Transfer Learning for Detecting Hateful Sentiments in Code Switched Language
Multilingual Sentiment Analysis
Deep Learning Approaches for Speech Emotion Recognition
Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis of Financial Headlines and Microblogs
Harnessing GANs for Zero-shot Learning of New Classes in Visual Speech Recognition.
MeTooMA: Multi-Aspect Annotations of Tweets Related to the MeToo movement.
Leveraging BERT with Mix Up for Sentence Classification
An Iterative Approach for Identifying Complaint Based Tweets in Social Media Platforms
Suicide Risk Assessment via Temporal Psycholinguistic Modeling
SpotFake+: A Multimodal Framework for Fake News Detection via Transfer Learning
Keyphrase Generation for Scientific Articles using GANs
Emotion Analysis on Social Media: Impact of Psychological and Contextual Cues
ESAS: Towards Practical and Explainable Short Answer Scoring
Analysis of Parliamentary Debate Transcripts Using Community-Based Graphical Approaches.
Video Summarization using Global Attention with Memory Network and LSTM
MobiVSR: Efficient and Light-weight Neural Network for Visual Speech Recognition on Mobile Devices.
Multimodal Analysis of Disaster Tweets
Maybe look closer? Detecting Trolling Prone Images on Instagram.
Automating Car Insurence Claims using Deep Learning Techniques.
Automatic Speech Recognition for Real-time Systems
Bagged support vector machines for emotion recognition from speech.
SpotFake: A Multimodal Framework For Fake News Detection
Universal EEG Encoder for Learning Diverse Intelligent Tasks
Facefetch: An Efficient and Scalable Face Retrieval System That uses Your Visual Memory
CISNet - Leveraging Community Interaction and Social Network Graphs For Detection Of Religious Hate Speech In Arabic
ARHNet-Leveraging Community Interaction for Detection of Religious Hate Speech in Arabic
#youtoo? Detection Of Personal Recollections Of Sexual Harassment On Social Media
MIDAS at SemEval-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews using ULMFiT.
MIDAS at SemEval-2019 Task 6: Identifying Offensive Posts and Targeted Offense from Twitter
Speak up, Fight Back! Detection of Social Media Disclosures of Sexual Harassment
SNAP-BATNET: Cascading Author Profiling and Social Network Graphs for Suicide Ideation Detection on Social Media
Identifying Adverse Drug Reactions and Personal Health Experience Mentions from Twitter
Investigating Political Herd Mentality: A Community Sentiment Based Approach
IceBreaker: Solving Cold Start Problem for Video Recommendation Engines
MyLipper: A Personalized System for Speech Reconstruction using Multi-view Visual Feeds
Multilingual Author Profiling from SMS
Harnessing AI for Kidney Glomeruli Classification
Did you offend me? Classification of Offensive Tweets in Hinglish Language
Get IT Scored using AutoSAS - An Automated System for Scoring Short Answers
Identification of Emergency Blood Donation Request on Twitter
Exploring and Learning Suicidal Ideation Connotations in Social Media with DL
Neural Machine Translation for English-Tamil
Mind Your Language: Abuse and Offense Detection for Code-Switched Languages
DeepLip: Speaker Independent Speech Synthesis using Multi-View Lipreading
Lipper: Synthesizing Thy Speech using Multi-View Lipreading
Exploring Classification of Histological Disease Bio-markers from Renal Biopsy Images
Kiki Kills: Identifying Dangerous Challenge Videos from Social Media
Harnessing AI for Speech Reconstruction using Multi-view Silent Video Feed
Learning and Fusing Multimodal Deep Features for Acoustic Scene Categorization
Detecting Offensive Tweets in Hindi-English Code-Switched Language
Key2Vec: Automatic Ranked Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles using Phrase Embeddings
#phramacovigilance - Exploring Deep Learning Techniques for Identifying Mentions of Medication Intake from Twitter
Aspect-Based Financial Sentiment Analysis using Deep Learning
Theme-weighted Ranking of Keywords from Text Documents using Phrase Embeddings
A Multimodal Approach to Predict Social Media Popularity
Did you take the #pill? - Detecting Personal Intake of Medicine from Twitter
Feature-based Map Matching for Low-Sampling-Rate GPS Trajectories
Geometry-based Localization for GPS Outage in Vehicular Cyber Physical Systems
FastShrinkage: Perceptually-aware Retargeting Toward Mobile Platforms
Virtualization in Wireless Sensor Networks: Fault Tolerant Embedding for Internet of Things
paper
Transfer Learning for Detecting Hateful Sentiments in Code Switched Language
Multilingual Sentiment Analysis
Deep Learning Approaches for Speech Emotion Recognition
Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis of Financial Headlines and Microblogs
Harnessing GANs for Zero-shot Learning of New Classes in Visual Speech Recognition.
MeTooMA: Multi-Aspect Annotations of Tweets Related to the MeToo movement.
Leveraging BERT with Mix Up for Sentence Classification
An Iterative Approach for Identifying Complaint Based Tweets in Social Media Platforms
Suicide Risk Assessment via Temporal Psycholinguistic Modeling
SpotFake+: A Multimodal Framework for Fake News Detection via Transfer Learning
Keyphrase Generation for Scientific Articles using GANs
Emotion Analysis on Social Media: Impact of Psychological and Contextual Cues
ESAS: Towards Practical and Explainable Short Answer Scoring
Analysis of Parliamentary Debate Transcripts Using Community-Based Graphical Approaches.
Video Summarization using Global Attention with Memory Network and LSTM
MobiVSR: Efficient and Light-weight Neural Network for Visual Speech Recognition on Mobile Devices.
Multimodal Analysis of Disaster Tweets
Maybe look closer? Detecting Trolling Prone Images on Instagram.
Automating Car Insurence Claims using Deep Learning Techniques.
Automatic Speech Recognition for Real-time Systems
Bagged support vector machines for emotion recognition from speech.
SpotFake: A Multimodal Framework For Fake News Detection
Universal EEG Encoder for Learning Diverse Intelligent Tasks
Facefetch: An Efficient and Scalable Face Retrieval System That uses Your Visual Memory
CISNet - Leveraging Community Interaction and Social Network Graphs For Detection Of Religious Hate Speech In Arabic
ARHNet-Leveraging Community Interaction for Detection of Religious Hate Speech in Arabic
#youtoo? Detection Of Personal Recollections Of Sexual Harassment On Social Media
MIDAS at SemEval-2019 Task 9: Suggestion Mining from Online Reviews using ULMFiT.
MIDAS at SemEval-2019 Task 6: Identifying Offensive Posts and Targeted Offense from Twitter
Speak up, Fight Back! Detection of Social Media Disclosures of Sexual Harassment
SNAP-BATNET: Cascading Author Profiling and Social Network Graphs for Suicide Ideation Detection on Social Media
Identifying Adverse Drug Reactions and Personal Health Experience Mentions from Twitter
Investigating Political Herd Mentality: A Community Sentiment Based Approach
IceBreaker: Solving Cold Start Problem for Video Recommendation Engines
MyLipper: A Personalized System for Speech Reconstruction using Multi-view Visual Feeds
Multilingual Author Profiling from SMS
Harnessing AI for Kidney Glomeruli Classification
Did you offend me? Classification of Offensive Tweets in Hinglish Language
Get IT Scored using AutoSAS - An Automated System for Scoring Short Answers
Identification of Emergency Blood Donation Request on Twitter
Exploring and Learning Suicidal Ideation Connotations in Social Media with DL
Neural Machine Translation for English-Tamil
Mind Your Language: Abuse and Offense Detection for Code-Switched Languages
DeepLip: Speaker Independent Speech Synthesis using Multi-View Lipreading
Lipper: Synthesizing Thy Speech using Multi-View Lipreading
Exploring Classification of Histological Disease Bio-markers from Renal Biopsy Images
Kiki Kills: Identifying Dangerous Challenge Videos from Social Media
Harnessing AI for Speech Reconstruction using Multi-view Silent Video Feed
Learning and Fusing Multimodal Deep Features for Acoustic Scene Categorization
Detecting Offensive Tweets in Hindi-English Code-Switched Language
Key2Vec: Automatic Ranked Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles using Phrase Embeddings
#phramacovigilance - Exploring Deep Learning Techniques for Identifying Mentions of Medication Intake from Twitter
Aspect-Based Financial Sentiment Analysis using Deep Learning
Theme-weighted Ranking of Keywords from Text Documents using Phrase Embeddings
A Multimodal Approach to Predict Social Media Popularity
Did you take the #pill? - Detecting Personal Intake of Medicine from Twitter
Feature-based Map Matching for Low-Sampling-Rate GPS Trajectories
Geometry-based Localization for GPS Outage in Vehicular Cyber Physical Systems
FastShrinkage: Perceptually-aware Retargeting Toward Mobile Platforms
Virtualization in Wireless Sensor Networks: Fault Tolerant Embedding for Internet of Things
news
BigMM 2019 Best poster award
ICDM/ICBK KGC Honourable Mention
First prize in ACM INDIA Chapters Technology Solution Contest - 2019
TCS Fellowship Award to Shivangi Singhal
Paper Accepted in KBS
We are on FB and Twiter now
Vaishali got placed
Paper accepted at ACMMM2018
Paper accepted at ACMMM2018
Hitkul, Shivangi and Himanshu got internship at NII
Dr. Debanjan, is now an adjunct faculty IIIT-Delhi
Shivangi, got the ACM India Grad Cohort 2018
Hitkul joined as PhD
#phramacovigilance is live now
Paper accepted in IEEE, ACSA.
Dr. Rajiv, got the Heidelberg Laureate Forum fellowship 2018
Prof. Rada delivere keynote in MR2AMC
Dr. Rajiv organized MR2AMC
NII is our new collaborator
Paper accepted in WWW'18
Paper accepted in NAACL 2018
Paper accepted at MR2AMC 2018
Paper accepted at MR2AMC 2018
Workshop proposal accepted
Shivangi joined as PhD
Hitkul joined as intern
MIDAS Lab is here
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Somesh Kumar Singh
Sharad Chitlangia
Mehar Bhatia
Arnav Wadhwa
Rajaswa Patil
Mohit Sharma
Ritwik Mishra
Himanshu Singh
Yashvardhan Singh
Prakhar Goel
Nishtha Ahuja
Ashwat Kumar
Suhavi
Siddharth Dhawan
Pranay Raj Anand
Rajwinder Singh
Anushka Bhandari
Suril Mehta
Avinash Swaminathan
Abhishek Srivastava
Pakhi Bamdev
Maitree leekha
Vaibhav Varshney
Gyanesh Anand
Viresh Gupta
Palash Aggrawal
Harsh Shrivastava
Shagun Uppal
Abhishek Gupta
V N S Rama Krishna Pinnimty
Himani Sharma
Prateek Rawat
Pallavi S. Rawat
Mehak Piplani
Hemant Yadav
Arijit Ghosh Chowdhury
Kush Misra
Puneet Mathur
Astitwa Saxena
Akash Gautam
Nilay Shrivastava
Nupur Baghel
Rajat Maheshwari
Shashwat Uttam
Shashwat Aggarwal
Rajat Bansal
Shivli Agrawal
Yukti Girdhar
Mansi Agarwal
Paavini Nanda
Dhruva Sahrawat
Raghav Kapoor
Apoorv Bhardwaj
Vedant Bhatia
Raghav Mehta
Namrata Mukhija
Anmol Chugh
Varnit Jain
Karan Dabas
Arnav Arora
Aditya Kumar Pathak
Sanket Jain
Hritwik Dutta
Ashutosh Pandey
Karmanya Aggarwal
Himanshu Aggarwal
Anjali Bhavan
Sarthak Anand
Ramit Sawhney
Meghna P Ayyar
Dr. Yifang Yin
Dr. Yi Yu
Yaman
Vaishali Dabral
Tushar Jain
Dr. Tanmoy Chakraborty
SIMRA SHAHID
Shubham Thakral
Dr. Shree Gopal Sharma
Shivangi Singhal
Dr. Shin’ichi Satoh
Mohammad Salik
Sahil Chopra
Rohit Jain
Dr. Roger Zimmermann
Rajiv Ratn Shah
Rajat
Pratham Nawal
Dr. Ponnurangam Kumaraguru
Dr. Omprakash Kaiwartya
Dr. Mukesh Prasad
Meghna P Ayyar
Mayank Aggarwal
Laiba Mehnaz
Dr. Jing Jiang
Hitkul
Hitesh Nankani
Himanshu
Dr. Debanjan Mahata
Ayush Gupta
Dr. A.V. Subramanyam
Akash Kumar
Agniv Sharma
Abhigyan Khaund
Aarya Patel
Dr. Soujanya Poria
Osaid Rehman Nasir
events
MR2AMC
event
MR2AMC
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Multimodal Social Media Analysis
Lipreading and Speech Reconstruction
Harnessing AI for Health Care
Event Detection and Summarization
Code-Switched Language Processing
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Multimodal Social Media Analysis
Lipreading and Speech Reconstruction
Harnessing AI for Health Care
Event Detection and Summarization
Code-Switched Language Processing
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Mind Your Language
Kiki Challenge Dataset Release
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
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I am a
cartoonist, animator,
filmmaker, and illustrator.
I have attempted to make comics and films for as long as i can remember. my comics have been called, “upsetting as f-ck.”
I co-host Fan Fiction Writer’s Room.
I have animated on a number of television programs including:
Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs, Jake and the Neverland Pirates, and DC Supergirls.
If you would like to work with me please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright © 2018 Stjepan Erdeljac


NAS - ALKIS
Driver short name
NAS
Build dependencies
Xerces
The NAS driver reads the NAS/ALKIS format used for cadastral data in Germany. The format is a GML profile with fairly complex GML3 objects not easily read with the general OGR GML driver.
This driver depends on GDAL/OGR being built with the Xerces XML parsing library.
The driver looks for "opengis.net/gml" and one of the strings semicolon separated strings listed in the configuration option NAS_INDICATOR (which defaults to "NAS-Operationen;AAA-Fachschema;aaa.xsd;aaa-suite") to determine if a input is a NAS file and ignores all files without any matches.
The configuration option NAS_GFS_TEMPLATE makes it possible to cleanly map element paths to feature attributes using a GFS file like in the GML driver. Multiple geometries per layer are also possible (eg. ax_flurstueck.objektkoordinaten next to the regular wkb_geometry). Starting with GDAL 3.7, defining the NAS_GFS_TEMPLATE configuration option is required for the NAS driver to open a file. It may be set to the empty string to mean that the driver should try to establish the schema of the file from its content, but using the below mentioned template is recommended.
A GFS template and a corresponding PostgreSQL schema of the full NAS schema are part of norGIS ALKIS-Import (also featuring a shell script and PyQt frontend which ease the import). The two files were generated using xmi2db (fork of xmi2db) from the official application schema.
The configuration option NAS_NO_RELATION_LAYER allows disabling populating the table alkis_beziehungen. The information found there is redundant to the relation fields also contained in original elements/tables. Enabling the option also makes progress reporting available.
This driver was implemented within the context of the PostNAS project, which has more information on its use and other related projects.
Driver capabilities
Supports Georeferencing
This driver supports georeferencing
Supports VirtualIO
This driver supports virtual I/O operations (/vsimem/, etc.)


Hello my name Pizza
Hello my name is Pepsi
Hello my name is Burger
Hello my name is Sallad
Hello my name is Google
Hello my name is Angry Bird
Is this over now?(click this text to win!)


When I was a child, I usually would have meals at my grandparent’s house, now I’m the responsible to cook meals for my family and decided to write here my own version of my grandmother’s Curry"
Chop two onions until they are bite-size
You may have noticed that i barely mention quantity and time, well, I also don´t know I mostly use instinct and measure by eye
besides my objective was to produce a "one web application" and shamelessly promote myself.
But if you are unsatisfied with Grandmother's Recipe, I suggest to scroll down to see my mother’s simple recipe “Plan B“.


Maulik Nariya
Sorger Lab
This example contains the bare minimum includes and markup required to run a reveal.js presentation.


Kuala Lumpur City Day Run 2017
Thu, 02 Mar 2017 @ Rants
- Event : Kuala Lumpur City Day Run 2017
- Location : Padang Merbok route
- Date : 26th Feb 2017
- Start time : 730am
- Weather : Raining in the beginning
Review
Somehow, I felt this was my worst outdoor running event but yet for some miracle, I did manage to get my best time for this event.
In my previous event, my average pace was 7’35” min/km. This new event however I managed to get 7’08” min/km
Some reflections on this run :
1.  This was my first time running in the rain. It seems more energy was needed to run in this condition – to get rid of stressful feeling running wet, to carry water drenched clothes, to keep your face clear from rain water distraction while running
2. Hilly run. I was not expecting something like this – too many uphills. I walked for all the uphills.  My advice – for uphill run, try to continuously run (slow is OK) but if you can’t, do short bursts. But for downhill: don’t stop, keep running with long stride. This is the key to get better average pace.
3. Motivation to continuously run. During my previous run, the only thing that kept me running continuously was my desire to get the finisher medal and hence I must run within the time limit for the medal. I had no previous reference so I was so scared I might not make it which led to continuos run in the past event.
However, this time was different. I knew, no matter the completion time, I’ll get the medal. The only question was – can I finish within 1 hour 30 mins for E-Cert. To run within this time limitation was the only motivation I had.
Unfortunately, due to many uphills, I was demotivated and thought that I might not make it which led to – I couldn’t be bothered. This led to lots of walking compared to previous event.
I kept going though so that at least I was not that far off from the time limit. To my surprise, I did manage to run 12km within the time limit.
I knew I was more than capable to do better because during the final 1km, I could still run strongly with long stride.
Overall, it was a good experience to run on hilly Padang Merbok route.
Until next time !


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SYDNEY, Australia (Reuters) -- In death as in life, iconic TV naturalist Steve Irwin captivated millions worldwide and clogged the Internet as fans from Guam to Glasgow reacted with disbelief to news "The Crocodile Hunter" was dead.
Some Web sites groaned to a halt within hours of the first reports Monday that Irwin had been killed by a stingray's barb through his chest in a freak diving accident off Australia's northeast coast.
Web measurement company Hitwise said Irwin's death was the biggest news event read by Australians on the Internet since two Australian miners were trapped by a mine collapse in southern Tasmania state in late April.
"We noticed that the Web site www.crocodilehunter.com increased in popularity quite substantially. It became the number one entertainment personality Web site in Australia yesterday and in the United States it also became the third most popular," Hitwise Asia-Pacific marketing director James Borg told Reuters.
Australian news Web sites struggled to keep up with demand.
The Australian Broadcasting Corp.'s site (www.abc.com.au) had to temporarily shut down, posting a notice Monday that it was experiencing higher than normal traffic.
It resumed soon after in a low-bandwidth format to cope with hundreds of thousands of hits.
Newspaper Web sites also wobbled but kept up with demand.
A spokesman for The Sydney Morning Herald's site, www.smh.com.au, said it had experienced a "huge" 40 percent spike in page impressions compared with the previous week's average weekday number of about 500,000.
There was also a 70 percent jump in visitors to its pages, the spokesman said.
That pattern was mirrored around the world, with Irwin's death leading major news Web sites such as CNN.com and U.S. and British newspaper Web sites, as well as swamping their most viewed and most emailed categories.
Web logs and Internet feedback pages were also awash with postings from shocked readers from around the world, many of them from Americans charmed by Irwin's quirky style and his typically Australian catchphrase of "crikey."
Irwin first found fame in the United States before his "Crocodile Hunter" documentaries on U.S.-based television company Discovery Communications' Animal Planet attracted a global audience of 200 million -- 10 times Australia's population.
"Crikey!, I miss him so much," Tina Treece from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, posted on CNN.com's feedback page CNN Exchange.
The site had contributions from readers in Guam, Romania, Thailand, France, Scotland, India, New Zealand, Canada, Brunei, Britain, Malaysia, Denmark and the Netherlands.
Many faced the problem of explaining to their children how one of their favorite TV characters had died.
"Why did it have to be Steve Irwin?" 11-year-old Daniel told Australian Associated Press.
Copyright 2006 Reuters. All rights reserved.This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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--- layout: post title: Letting go of scaffolding categories: - sightings author: David published: true date: 2005-12-08 20:59:03.000000000 +00:00 ---
Amy Hoy teaches you have to let go of scaffolding and move further down the rabbit hole. See links up a few good starter points to help you on your journey.


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This tiny island is just off the SW coast of Kornat, about 3 miles from Vrulje. It is part of a national park and Park regulations apply. See Croatia/Restrictions
Position 43° 45,6'N, 15° 21,2'E (marina).
If just requiring to visit the National park office, it is possible to moor to the first concrete pier to briefly go ashore.
The marina here gets very full, so an early arrival may be necessary to secure a berth. Some areas in the marina are quite shallow (1.5m).
Last updated February 2010.


Bootstrap widgets
The angular way
Angular widgets built from the ground up using only Bootstrap 4 CSS with APIs designed for the Angular ecosystem.
No dependencies on 3rd party JavaScript.
Currently at v{{version}}
Angular widgets built from the ground up using only Bootstrap 4 CSS with APIs designed for the Angular ecosystem.
No dependencies on 3rd party JavaScript.
Currently at v{{version}}
As simple as Angular & Bootstrap CSS. Nothing else. If you know Angular, you also know ng-bootstrap.
Get started nowAll the Bootstrap widgets you know like carousel, modal, popover, tooltip, tabs plus some additional goodies like datepicker, rating and typeahead.
See all widgetsAll code is tested with almost 100% coverage, all changes are meticulously reviewed. We are not cutting corners.
All the widgets are accessible. We use proper HTML elements and required aria attributes. Keyboard navigation and focus management work as expected.
We've created angular-ui/bootstrap and have spent several years doing widget development. A number of team members are core Angular contributors.
We give back to the community by contributing to projects we build upon (Angular, Bootstrap).
See us on Stack Overflow


Court affirms Omaha man’s cold case murder conviction
LINCOLN, Neb. (AP) - The Nebraska Supreme Court has rejected the appeal of an Omaha man who argued that the DNA analysis used to convict him was unreliable and should not have been allowed at this trial.
The high court said in its ruling Friday that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the DNA evidence at Charles Simmer’s 2018 trial, noting the analysis method had been peer reviewed and repeatedly validated through studies.
Simmer was convicted of first-degree murder in the beating and stabbing death of his aunt, 50-year-old Joy Blanchard, in her home in November 2007.
Authorities say Simmer had been a suspect since her death, but prosecutors weren’t able to assemble a convincing case until additional DNA tests in 2016. A high school friend of Simmer’s also told police following his arrest that he’d told her in 2008 he had killed someone.
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By Kristin Kostka
The OMOP CDM is a person-centric model. Being person-centric means the model can retain attributes that may be considered personal identified information (PII) or protected health information (PHI). There are many different ways a site may treat their OMOP CDM to uphold their privacy protocols. In this article we provide guidance on overall process and the potential fields that should be monitored to adhere to these various privacy preserving protocols.
In OHDSI, it is the responsibility of each data holder to know, understand and follow local data governance processes related to use of the OMOP CDM. In the United States, these processes will follow your organization’s local interpretation for maintaining compliance to PII and PHI protection. In OMOP CDM implementations containing European Union citizen data, local governance processes will include measures to comply with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [3]. As a community, the OHDSI data network covers more than 330 databases from 34 countries. There is extensive community knowledge on the interpretation of rule sets and exemplar IRB and local governance workflows that can be made available to institutions navigating these processes for the first time. If your organization does not have an established data governance process, please reach out on the OHDSI Forums under “Implementers” and the community can respond with shared guidance from their own deployments. As a community, we aim to conduct research that keeps patient-level data local and share only aggregate results.
Complying with local governance processes depends on the rule set being used. There may be allowable times when data use agreements and data transfer agreements exist between collaborating institutions to facilitate sharing of PII and PHI. In this section we will discuss common rule sets that organizations adhere to.
A limited data set (LDS) is defined as protected health information that excludes certain direct identifiers of an individual or of relatives, employers or household members of the individual — but may include city, state, ZIP code and elements of dates. A LDS can be disclosed only for purposes of research, public health or health care operations. LDS requirements are dictated by the HIPAA Privacy Rule.
A de-identified data, as defined by Section 164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy rule, is health information that does not identify an individual and with respect to which there is no reasonable basis to believe that the information can be used to identify an individual is not individually identifiable health information. There are two methods for achieving de-identification in accordance with HIPAA [4].
In the OMOP CDM, the PERSON table serves as the central identity management for all Persons in the database. It contains records that uniquely identify each person or patient, and some demographic information. It is a table that has a number of field-level implications for privacy preserving protocols.
Considerations include: - PERSON.person_id should never contain Medical Record Number, Social Security Number or similar uniquely identifiable number. This should be a number that is essentially meaningless but has the ability to be a primary key across tables. - PERSON.year_of_birth, PERSON.month_of_birth and PERSON.date_of_birth, PERSON.birth_datetime may require some redaction or modification depending on interpretation of rule set. Consult local guidance on the need to modify these fields when creating compliant views of de-identified data. - PERSON.person_source_value may contain sensitive information used to generate the person_id field. It is advised to practice caution when creating views of these data. It would be wise to obfuscate or redact this field if you are not sure what is contained in the raw information being extracted, transformed and loaded into the CDM.
Date fields are used across many OMOP domains including: OBSERVATION_PERIOD, VISIT_OCCURRENCE, VISIT_DETAIL, CONDITION_OCCURRENCE, DRUG_EXPOSURE, PROCEDURE_OCCURRENCE, DEVICE_EXPOSURE, MEASUREMENT, OBSERVATION, DEATH, NOTE, NOTE_NLP, SPECIMEN, PAYER_PLAN_PERIOD, DRUG_ERA, DOSE_ERA, and CONDITION_ERA.
As discussed previously, some rule sets may require algorithmically shifting dates. It is advised that when date shifting is applied, it is done holistically. This means that when shifting dates, you should not treat each record independently. Instead, a robust date shifting algorithm will link off the .person_id (where is the domain name such as CONDITION_OCCURRENCE, etc) and apply the same offset to all events. This allows researchers to have the ability to understand the sequence of events while preserving patient privacy.
The implications of not holistically shifting all events together by the same offset means that information may be out of sequence or illogical. An example would be a death record that happens prior to other event records (conditions, drugs, procedures, etc). When applying an algorithmic shift of dates, it is important to educate your OMOP CDM user group of the known offset. This is especially important in temporal studies which may be looking to make statements about disease history relative to the time when an event is observed.
Some rule sets do not require algorithmic shifting of dates, such as Limited Data Sets. In these situations, a user of a LDS OMOP CDM would not be expecting dates to the shifted. If a shift is applied, it should be disclosed and the offset amount (e.g. +/- 7 days, +/- 30 days, etc) should be made available to those who have received permission to use a LDS dataset. Otherwise, these data are not upholding the assumptions of the rule set applied.
The LOCATION table represents a generic way to capture physical location or address information of Persons and Care Sites. When applying privacy preserving procedures, this table should be reviewed and scrubbed relative to the rule set. The LOCATION.zip field should be redacted relative to the type of process applied (e.g. 3-digit zip for de-identified data). The LOCATION.location_source_value should be reviewed for potential PII/PHI. It would be wise to obfuscate or redact this field if you are not sure what is contained in the raw information being extracted, transformed and loaded into the CDM.
The PROVIDER table contains a list of uniquely identified healthcare providers. These are individuals providing hands-on healthcare to patients, such as physicians, nurses, midwives, physical therapists etc. In some privacy preserving processes, the PROVIDER.npi and PROVIDER.dea fields may be redacted. Please review this field and confirm that you are adhering to privacy rule sets. The PROVIDER.year_of_birth field is an optional field that may also require treatment in certain rule sets.
The OBSERVATION table captures clinical facts about a Person obtained in the context of examination, questioning or a procedure. Any data that cannot be represented by any other domains, such as social and lifestyle facts, medical history, family history, etc. are recorded here.
We strongly caution ETL teams to review the OBSERVATION table for potential PII/PHI. In some source systems, there can be information coming in these vocabularies that are not laboratory or clinical observations but instead are patient identifiers. If you search in ATHENA, you will find there are a number of standard terms in the SNOMED and LOINC vocabularies that can represent phone numbers, emails, and other PII information.
It is difficult to create an exhaustive list of terms because these ontologies do not maintain or publish lists of terms that may contain patient identifiers. It is, therefore, up to data holders to perform a review of this domain with an eye for these potential privacy issues. The National COVID Cohort Collaborative, a NIH consortium which uses the OMOP CDM, has published a resource for sites needing assistance with identifying these potentially problematic records. A “live” version of this table that will track updates over time is hosted at https://github.com/data2health/next-gen-data-sharing/blob/master/CodesWithPPIPotential.csv. We welcome additions to this list from the community.
The *_source_value (where * is the domain name such as CONDITION_OCCURRENCE, etc) fields present an opportunity for sites to carry forward potential PII/PHI in ETL processes. Because the convention of the OMOP CDM has minimal boundaries on what are retained in these fields, it is important to treat all source_value fields as potentially containing PII/PHI. We highly advise all data holders to scrutinize these fields when applying privacy preserving processes. It is not uncommon for fields to be overloaded and contain potential patient identifiers. Please use caution when transmitting or making views of these fields available to users.
Across OMOP Domains, there are many fields which permit the use of strings (e.g. DRUG_EXPOSURE.sig, MEASUREMENT.value_as_string, OBSERVATION.value_as_string, We’ve discussed some of these in prior sections. It is advised that fields with strings often have the potential to contain unintentional PII/PHI. Targeted regular expressions can be built into ETL processes in order to “sniff” out any additional PII (or potential PII)–such as any data in the format of a phone number, or a person or place name. (E.g., the regular expression “Mr.|Mrs.|Dr.|, M.?D.?” will find any string with an English name prefix.) Depending on risk tolerance, the expressions could err toward sensitivity or specificity, and could be tweaked over time to meet different rule sets.
Extensive regular expression matching during ETL may add significant processing time and should therefore not be relied upon as a sole solution, but rather an extra protection against edge cases. Other algorithmic rules may also prove useful, such as automatically quarantining records with lengthy string values (which could signal the presence of free text). If these approaches are implemented, records that match the regular expressions or rules can be quarantined in a separate table or staging area to be manually reviewed by a data broker. Thus, in addition to adding another layer of PII protection, another advantage of these approaches is the potential to uncover ways that underlying vocabularies may be contributing to unintentional sharing of PII and create awareness for future privacy preserving processes shared across the community.
The NOTE table captures unstructured information that was recorded by a provider about a patient in free text (in ASCII, or preferably in UTF8 format) notes on a given date. The NOTE_NLP table encodes all output of NLP on clinical notes. Each row represents a single extracted term from a note. There is a high potential these tables may retain information that is considered PII/PHI. In addition to overall string searching, these tables are likely to be dropped altogether to adhere to the most stringent rule sets.
It is highly advised that if you are conducting a study with NOTE and NOTE_NLP table information, please consult with your local governance and privacy officers to ensure compliance with local rule sets.
Privacy preserving processes are not one-size fits all. There are many different rule sets that can be applied to datasets. Data holders are recommended to consult with their local privacy officer(s) to ensure all processes applied to a database are compliant with local interpretation of the selected rule set.
Regular citation: Guidance on the Protection of Personal Identifiable Information. [cited 18 Aug 2021]. Available: https://www.dol.gov/general/ppii
Regular citation: HIPAA Journal. What Does PHI Stand For? 23 Dec 2017 [cited 18 Aug 2021]. Available: https://www.hipaajournal.com/what-does-phi-stand-for/
@MISC{noauthor_2018-mt, title = “General Data Protection Regulation ({GDPR}) Compliance Guidelines”, abstract = “The EU General Data Protection Regulation went into effect on May 25, 2018, replacing the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. Designed to increase data privacy for EU citizens, the regulation levies steep fines on organizations that don’t follow the law.”, month = jun, year = 2018, howpublished = “”, note = “Accessed: 2021-8-18”, language = “en” }
Regular citation: General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Compliance Guidelines. 18 Jun 2018 [cited 18 Aug 2021]. Available: https://gdpr.eu/
@MISC{Office_for_Civil_Rights_OCR_undated-zy, title = “Methods for De-identification of {PHI}”, author = “{Office for Civil Rights (OCR)}”, abstract = “Guidance about methods and approaches to achieve de-identification in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.”, howpublished = “”, note = “Accessed: 2021-8-19” }
Regular citation: Office for Civil Rights (OCR). Methods for De-identification of PHI. [cited 19 Aug 2021]. Available: https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
SPACE
Outside of literals, spaces do not carry any special meaning. However, they can make your code more readable (but less golfy, of course) and separate tokens - for example, 12
is the number literal twelve, and 1 2
is two literals, one and two.


AeroGear Services iOS Swift SDK
| Project Info | |
|---|---|
| License: | Apache License, Version 2.0 |
| Build: | Xcode |
| End User Documentation: | https://docs.aerogear.org |
| Community Documentation: | https://www.aerogear.org |
| Issue tracker: | https://issues.jboss.org/browse/AEROGEAR |
| Mailing lists: | aerogear-dev |
Showcase application
To try out latest release of SDK go to IOS showcase application
List of Modules
The AeroGear SDK consists of set of Modules
- Core - Core Module used as base for other Modules
- Auth - Mobile Application Auth Module
- Security - Mobile Application Security Module
- Metrics - Mobile Application Metrics Module
- Push - Mobile Application Unified Push Module
Contributing
License
See LICENSE file
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Found a bug?
If you found a bug please create a ticket for us on Jira with some steps to reproduce it.


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WITNESS LIST Transportation Committee February 13, 2001-2:00P HB 299 Registering, but not testifying: On: Lopez, Carlos A. (Texas Department of Transportation) HB 682 For: Finnell, Charles A. (Self) Joiner, Gary (Texas Farm Bureau) Millsap, Cletis (TEX-21 and Hopkins County Commissioners Court) On: Nichols, Robert (Texas Transportation Commission) Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (County Judges & Commissioners Association of Texas) Barton, Bill (Texas Railroad Association) Zacharias, Larry (City of Richardson) HB 700 Committee Substitute (Alexander) For: Allison, Jim (County Judges & Commissioners Association of Texas) Findeisen, Les (Texas Motor Transportation Association) Joiner, Gary (Texas Farm Bureau) Millsap, Cletis (Hopkins County Commissioners Court) Stewart, Michael (Texas Aggregates & Concrete Association) Against: Stevens, Bill (Texas Alliance of Energy Producers) On: Fleming, Martin (Texas Independent Producers and Royalty Owners Association) Nichols, Robert (Texas Transportation Commission) Registering, but not testifying: For: Currie, Bob (Texas Logging Council) Harper-Brown, Linda (TEX-21) Igo, Shanna (Texas Municipal League) Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) Martinez, Jr., Mercurio (Self and Webb County Judge) HB 1045 For: Harper-Brown, Linda (TEX-21) Hiebert, Jerry (North Texas Tollway Authority) On: Johnson, John W. (Texas Transportation Commission) Nichols, Robert (Texas Transportation Commission) Winstead, Pete (Texas Turnpike Authority) Registering, but not testifying: For: Chambers, Spencer (Texas Association of Business & Chambers of Commerce) Igo, Shanna (Texas Municipal League) Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) McCarley, James (Dallas Regional Mobility Coalition) Oneacre, Amanda (Greater Dallas Chamber) Stagner, Steve (Consulting Engineers Council) Suhm, Vic (North Texas Commission and Dallas Fort Worth Area Partners in Mobility) Zacharias, Larry (City of Richardson) HCR 89 Committee Substitute (Noriega) For: Bushell, Gary (Alliance for I-69 Texas) Garcia, Joe A. (City of McAllen) Martinez, Mercurio (Self and Webb County Judge) HJR 55 For: Bushell, Gary (Alliance for I-69 Texas) On: Johnson, John W. (Texas Transportation Commission) Nichols, Robert (Texas Transportation Commission) Winstead, Pete (Texas Turnpike Authority) Registering, but not testifying: For: Igo, Shanna (Texas Municipal League) Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties) McCarley, James (Dallas Regional Mobility Coalition) Oneacre, Amanda (Greater Dallas Chamber) Stagner, Steve (Consulting Engineers Council) Suhm, Vic (North Texas Commission and Dallas Fort Worth Area Partners in Mobility)


Up: Part IV: Syntax Previous: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573) Next: INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (QUESTIONS)
A subordinate clause may play the part of a substantive in relation to the main clause. Such clauses are generally the object, sometimes the subject, of the verb of the main clause.
he said that they had not come to wage warεἶπεν ὅτι οὐ πόλεμον ποιησόμενοι ἥκοιεν
they were managing how some reinforcements should comeἔπρᾱσσον ὅπως τις βοήθεια ἥξει
I am afraid lest we may forget the way homeδέδοικα μὴ . . . ἐπιλαθώμεθα τῆς οἴκαδε ὁδοῦ
There are four main divisions of substantive clauses.
1. Dependent Statements: subordinate clauses stating that something is; as
he says that nothing is more unjust than talk about a man's characterλέγει ὡς οὐδέν ἐστιν ἀδικώτερον φήμης
2. Dependent Clauses of will or desire: subordinate clauses denoting that something should be or should be done. These clauses have been treated under the following divisions:
a. Dependent clauses after verbs of effort (2209).
b. Dependent clauses after verbs of fearing (2221).
N.—On dependent voluntative clauses with the accusative and infinitive (indirect petition), see 1991 ff.
3. Dependent Questions: subordinate clauses asking a question; both parts of the sentence together forming a statement; as
I asked what the matter wasἠρώτων ὅ τι ἐστὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα
4. Dependent Exclamations: subordinate clauses setting forth an exclamation; both parts of the sentence together forming a statement; as
observing how great the extent of their territory was and how excellent its qualityδιαθεώμενος αὐτῶν ὅσην μὲν χώρᾱν καὶ οἵᾱν ἔχοιεν
Dependent statements, or subordinate clauses stating that something is, are expressed in various ways:
1. By an infinitive, with or without an accusative (explained in 1972 ff., 2016 ff.). Thus,
for I think that you are both fatherland and friends to meνομίζω γὰρ ὑ̄μᾶς ἐμοὶ εἶναι καὶ πατρίδα καὶ φίλους
I think that I knowοἶμαι εἰδέναι
2. By a participle, with or without an accusative (explained in 2106 ff.). Thus,
for they did not know that he was deadοὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνηκότα
I remember that I heardμέμνημαι ἀκούσᾱς
3. By ὅτι or ὡς (and some other conjunctions) with the indicative or optative. On this form of dependent statement see 2577 ff., and under Indirect Discourse.
a. In any form of substantive clause the subject of the subordinate verb may be made the object of the principal verb (2182).
b. A clause with ὅτι (ὡς) may precede the principal clause. Cp. 2586.
The conjunctions ὅτι or ὡς that introduce dependent statements in the indicative and optative
After verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, showing, etc.
After verbs of emotion (rejoicing, grieving, wondering), etc.
Or such dependent statements contain an explanation of the main clause or of a word in that clause, no special verb introducing the conjunction.
τοῦτο ἄξιον ἐπαινεῖν τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε ναυμαχησάντων, ὅτι τὸν . . . φόβον διέλῡσαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων it is right to praise this in the men who engaged in the sea-fight of those days, (namely) that they dispelled the fear felt by the Greeks P. Menex. 241b.
The conjunctions introducing dependent statements are ὅτ<*> (Homeric also ὅττι, ὅ and ὅτε), ὡς, διότι, ὅπως (rarely), οὕνεκα and ὁθούνεκα (both poetic).
a. ὅτι meaning that was originally, like Hom. ὅ, perhaps an accusative of the inner object (cognate): ὁρῶ ς` νοσεῖς lit.  But by the time of Homer both ὅ and ὅτι had become mere formal conjunctions. Hom. ὅτε that seems to be a weakened ὅτε when; but this is disputed.
b. διότι originally = διὰ τοῦτο, ὅτι on account of this, that = because (as T. 1.52); then = ὅτι that in Hdt. and in Attic after Isocrates, who uses διότι for ὅτι to avoid hiatus.
c. ὡς strictly an old ablative of ὅς (2989) meaning how, in what way, as in exclamatory clauses and indirect questions. The meaning how (cp. how that) may be seen in οἶδα γὰρ ὥς μοι ὀδώδυσται κλυτὸς ἐννοσίγαιος for I know how (that) the famed earth-shaker has been wroth against me ε 423, and also in Attic (And. 2.14; I. 2.3, 3. 10, 16. 11, 16. 15; Aes. 2.35; D. 24.139). The development of ὡς how to ὡς that followed from the use of ὡς after verbs signifying to see, perceive, know, and the like. Cp. “he sayed how there was a knight.”
d. ὅπως (2929) that is common in Herodotus (ὅκως), rare in Attic, most used in poetry and Xenophon. From its original use in indirect questions ὅπως how gradually acquired the meaning that. Thus,
do not even entertain the thought that I am annoyed at maintaining youἀλλ᾽ ὅπως μὲν . . . ἐγὼ ἄχθομαι ὑ̄μᾶς τρέφων, μηδ᾽ ὑπονοεῖτε
e. οὕνεκα = οὖ ἕνεκα, for τούτου ἕνεκα, ὅ, properly causal: on account of (as regards) this, that, and then = that, even in Homer (Odyssey and Λ 21) and later in poetry. Thus,
announce that Oedipus has distributed such honours to his sonsἐξάγγελλε . . . οὕνεκ᾽ Οἰδίπους τοιαῦτ᾽ ἔνειμε παισὶ τοῖς αὑτοῦ γέρᾱ
f. ὁθούνεκα = ὅτου ἕνεκα, for τούτου ἕνεκα, ὅτι; and then = that. It is found only in tragedy, as
report that Orestes is deadἄγγελλε . . . ὁθούνεκα τέθνηκ᾽ Ὀρέστης
Some verbs of saying are followed either by ὅτι or ὡς or by an infinitive (2017). In most cases the choice is optional with the writer. Affirmative clauses usually take the infinitive or ὅτι; but ὡς is apparently preferred to ὅτι when a writer wishes to mark a statement as an opinion, a pretext, as untrue, and so when the main clause is negative, or when the subordinate clause is negative (or both are negative). Thus,
the local belief is that Hephaestus is working at his forgeνομίζουσιν οἱ ἐκείνῃ ἄνθρωποι . . . ὡς ὁ Ἥφαιστος χαλκεύει
I have often wondered with what possible arguments the accusers of Socrates succeeded in convincing the Athenians that he deserved deathπολλάκις ἐθαύμασα τίσι ποτὲ λόγοις Ἀθηναίους ἔπεισαν οἱ γραψάμενοι Σωκράτην ὡς ἄξιος εἴη θανάτου
a. Dependent statements in the optative in indirect discourse after verbs of saying are chiefly post-Homeric.
Verbs of thinking almost always take the infinitive (2018) but ὡς occurs; as with νομίζω T. 3.88 (2579), ἐλπίζω 5. 9, οἴομαι X. H. 6.3.12, ὑπολαμβάνω X. C. 8.3.40. ὅτι is very rare (with οἴομαι in P. Ph. 87c). λογίζομαι (ὅτι) is a verb of saying.
a. μαρτυρῶ with ὅτι (ὡς) expresses reality; with the infinitive it denotes uncertainty.
Verbs of intellectual perception usually take ὅτι (ὡς); less often the participle, which is normal after verbs of physical perception. A verb of physical perception, if followed by ὅτι (ὡς), virtually becomes a verb of intellectual perception.
Many verbs take ὅτι (ὡς) or the participle either in indirect discourse or not in indirect discourse (2106-2115). Here the construction with the finite verb is less dependent than that with the participle; but the meaning is essentially the same in Attic. Many verbs take ὅτι (ὡς), the infinitive, or the participle, often without great difference in meaning in Attic (2123-2145).
ὅτι (ὡς), when separated from its clause by another clause, may be repeated. Thus,
he said that, if they did not descend, he would burn their villages to the groundἔλεγεν ὅτι, εἰ μὴ καταβήσονται . . . , ὅτι κατακαύσει . . . τὰ̄ς κώμᾱς
The personal δῆλός εἰμι ὅτι, λανθάνω ὅτι , etc. are often used instead of the impersonal δῆλόν ἐστιν ὅτι, λανθάνει ὅτι, etc. Thus,
not even you fail to perceive that they are the very worstὅτι πονηρότατοί εἰσιν οὐδὲ σὲ λανθάνουσιν
δῆλον ὅτι (δηλονότι) evidently, οἶδ᾽ ὅτι ( εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι ) surely, εὖ ἴσθι ὅτι be assured are so often used parenthetically and elliptically as to become mere formal expressions requiring no verb. ὅτι here loses all conjunctive force. Thus,
the case then stands clearly thus about these mattersἔχει δὴ οὑτωσὶ̄ δῆλον ὅτι τούτων πέρι
nor assuredly would you have ceasedοὔτ᾽ ἂν ὑ̄μεῖς οἶδ᾽ ὅτι ἐπαύσασθε
a. Plato (Sophistes and Leges) uses δῆλον (ἐστίν) ὡς for δῆλον ὅτι.
ὅτι (and by analogy ὡς) are often attached loosely to the main clause with the meaning as a proof (in support) of the fact that. Thus, ὅτι δ᾽ οὕτω ταῦτ᾽ ἔχει, λέγε μοι τὸ τοῦ Καλλισθένους ψήφισμα as a proof of the fact that this is so, read me the bill of Callisthenes D. 18.37.
Verbs of emotion (to rejoice, grieve, be angry, wonder, etc.) take ὅτι (ὡς) with a finite verb (negative οὐ), but more commonly the participle (2100) when the subject is not changed.
a. Hom. prefers ὅτι, ὡς to the participle or infinitive.
b. The accusative and infinitive with verbs of emotion are rare; as with θαυμάζω E. Alc. 1130. (θαυμάζω may be followed by a dependent question: D. 37.44).
c. On verbs of emotion with εἰ instead of ὅτι, ὡς (negative, generally μή), see 2247. On the use in dependent exclamations, see 2687.
μέμνημαι, οἶδα, ἀκούω and like verbs, may take ὅτε instead of ὅτι (2395 A. N.). Cp., in Homer, Φ 396, π 424.
The words or thoughts of a person may be quoted in direct or indirect form after verbs, or other expressions, of saying or thinking.
a. In reporting a speech, in making a quotation, or in dialogue, a verb of saying is often repeated (P. Pr. 310b, 345 c, X. A. 7.6.5-6). So also in such cases as Πάνθεια εἶπεν, ἀλλὰ θάρρει, ἔφη, ὦ Κῦρε X. C. 7.3.13.
(I) Direct Discourse (Oratio Recta).—In a direct quotation the words or thoughts quoted are given at first hand in the exact form used by the original speaker or thinker.
Μεγαρέες ἔπεμπον ἐπὶ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἑλλήνων κήρῡκα, ἀπικόμενος δὲ ὁ κῆρυξ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἔλεγε τάδε· “Μεγαρέες λέγουσι· ‘ἡμεῖς, ἄνδρες σύμμαχοι, οὐ δυνατοί εἰμεν τὴν Περσέων ἵππον δέκεσθαι μοῦνοι’” the Megarians sent a herald to the generals of the Greeks, and on his arrival the herald spoke as follows: “The Megarians say: ‘we, oh allies, are not able to sustain the attack of the Persian cavalry by ourselves’” Hdt. 9.21; and often in Hdt. (cp. 3. 40, 3. 122, 5. 24, 7. 150, 8. 140).
a. Direct quotation may, in prose, be introduced by ὅτι, which has the value of quotation marks. Thus, οἱ δὲ εἶπον ὅτι ἱκανοί ἐσμεν but they said (that) “we are ready” X. A. 5.4.10. So usually when the finite verb is omitted; as ἀπεκρί̄νατο ὅτι οὔ he answered (that) “no” 1. 6. 7. The use of direct speech introduced by ὅτι is, in general, that of familiar style. The first example is Hdt. 2.115. ὡς for ὅτι is very rare (Dinarchus 1. 12, 1. 102).  Tit. Andr. 3. 1. 151.
(II) Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua). In an indirect quotation the words or thoughts are given at second hand with certain modifications to indicate that the words or thoughts are reported.
a. The original form may be preserved except that there is a change from the first or second person to the third person: so πάντ᾽ ἐθέλει δόμεναι H 391 reporting πάντ᾽ ἐθέλω δόμεναι H 364. In such cases there is no grammatical dependence.
b. The narrator may report in dependent form the words or thoughts of a person from the point of view of that person. This is the common form of indirect discourse.
c. The narrator may report in dependent form the words or thoughts of a person from his own point of view. See 2624.
The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.
a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).
b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).
c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).
d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.
Indirect discourse is said to be implied in subordinate clauses dependent on verbs which involve an idea of saying or thinking (2622).
A speaker may state his own words or thoughts in the form of indirect discourse. Cp. 2614, 2615, etc.
Clauses standing in indirect discourse are substantive clauses, and usually object of the leading verb; its subject, when that verb is passive or intransitive. The infinitive in substantive clauses after verbs of saying and thinking retains the time of the corresponding finite verb of direct discourse.
Indirect questions (2677) have the constructions of indirect discourse.
Simple and compound sentences, and principal clauses of complex sentences, introduced by ὅτι or ὡς are treated as follows:
(I) After primary tenses, the original mood and tense are retained, except that the person of the verb may be changed.
(II) After secondary tenses, primary tenses of the indicative and all subjunctives may be changed to the same tense of the optative; but an indicative denoting unreality (with or without ἄν) is retained. Imperfects and pluperfects are generally retained (2623 b).
The verb of simple and compound sentences, and of principal clauses of complex sentences, when introduced by a verb taking the infinitive or participle, passes into the infinitive or participle in the corresponding tense. ἄν is kept, if it was used in the direct form.
Subordinate clauses of complex sentences introduced by ὅτι or ὡς are treated as follows:
(I) Subordinate clauses of a sentence introduced by a leading verb in a primary tense, must remain unchanged in mood and tense.
(II) If subordinate clauses are introduced by a leading verb in a secondary tense, all primary tenses of the indicative and all subjunctives (with or without ἄν) may be changed to the corresponding tenses of the optative without ἄν. All secondary tenses of the indicative (with or without ἄν) remain unchanged.
Verbs standing in subordinate clauses of sentences introduced by a leading verb requiring the participle or the infinitive, follow the rules of 2602, 2603.
The principal and subordinate clauses of the direct form retain the names principal and subordinate in indirect discourse though the whole clause in which they stand itself depends on the verb introducing the indirect discourse (the leading verb).
The change from direct to indirect discourse is almost always a change of mood, not of tense. The time of a participle introducing indirect discourse is determined by that of the leading verb. The person of the verb is often changed.
ἄν of the direct form is retained in indirect discourse except when a dependent subjunctive with ἄν becomes optative after a secondary tense. Here ἐά̄ν, ὅταν, ἐπειδάν, ἕως ἄν, etc., become εἰ, ὅτε, ἐπειδή, ἕως, etc.
The same negative (οὐ or μή) used in the direct discourse is commonly kept in the indirect form. But in some cases with the infinitive and participle μή takes the place of οὐ (2723 ff., 2730, 2737).
No verb ever becomes subjunctive by reason of indirect discourse. The subjunctive (with or without ἄν) may, after a secondary tense, become optative without ἄν.
No verb can be changed to the optative in indirect discourse except after a secondary tense, and since, even after a secondary tense, indicatives or subjunctives may be retained for vividness, no verb must become optative by reason of indirect discourse.
All optatives with or without ἄν in the direct form are retained (with or without ἄν) in indirect discourse introduced by ὅτι or ὡς. After verbs requiring the participle or infinitive, such optatives in principal clauses become participles or infinitives (with or without ἄν), but remain unchanged in subordinate clauses.
a. The optative in indirect discourse may represent either the indicative or the subjunctive after a secondary tense.
b. A present optative in indirect discourse may represent (1) the present indicative; (2) the imperfect (2623 b) indicative; (3) the present subjunctive with or without ἄν; (4) the present optative.
The imperative is commonly replaced in indirect discourse by a periphrasis with χρῆναι. Cp. 2633 b.
The retention of the mood of direct discourse, where either the direct or indirect form is possible, lies solely in the option of the writer or speaker. The vivid form reproduces the time and situation in which the quoted words were used. The vivid form is preferred by some writers, as Thucydides; the indirect form by others, as the orators, Plato, and Xenophon.
After primary tenses, the verb of the direct form remains unchanged in mood and tense.
he says that I am an insolent personλέγει δ᾽ ὡς ὑβριστής εἰμι
but we must remember on the one hand that we were born womenἀλλ᾽ ἐννοεῖν χρὴ τοῦτο μέν, γυναῖχ᾽ ὅτι ἔφῡμεν
I know that you would not blame me even for thisοἶδ᾽ ὅτι οὐδ᾽ ἂν τοῦτό μοι ἐμέμφου
he replied that he would say nothing of thisἀπεκρί̄νατο ὅτι οὐδὲν ἂν τούτων εἴποι
After secondary tenses, an indicative without ἄν usually becomes optative, but may be retained unchanged. An indicative with ἄν and an optative with ἄν are retained.
a. Optative for Indicative.—
they recognized that their fear was groundlessἔγνωσαν ὅτι κενὸς ὁ φόβος εἴη
they said that the king of the Indians had sent themἔλεξαν ὅτι πέμψειε σφᾶς ὁ Ἰνδῶν βασιλεύς
it was reported that the Lacedaemonians had been defeated and that Peisander was deadἠγγέλθη ὅτι ἡττημένοι εἶεν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι . . . καὶ Πείσανδρος τεθναίη
N.—The first example of the optative in indirect discourse is later than Homer (Hymn to Aphrodite 214). Aeschylus has four cases. See 2624 c.
b. Direct Form Retained.—
a report spread that Cyrus was pursuing themδιῆλθε λόγος ὅτι διώκει αὐτοὺς Κῦρος
they withdrew immediately on answering that they would send envoysἀποκρῑνάμενοι ὅτι πέμψουσι πρέσβεις, εὐθὺς ἀπήλλαξαν
The infinitive and participle are used in indirect discourse to represent the finite verb of direct discourse.
they suspected that they were to go against the kingὑπώπτευον ἐπὶ βασιλέᾱ ἰέναι
he said that he would either bring the Lacedaemonians or kill them on the spotἔφη ἢ ἄξειν Λακεδαιμονίους ἢ αὐτοῦ ἀποκτενεῖν
for they did not know that he was deadοὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν αὐτὸν τεθνηκότα
For examples of the infinitive, see 1846, 1848, 1849, 1867, 2022; for examples of the participle, see 1846, 1848, 1874, 2106, 2112 b.
When a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in the infinitive or in the participle.
After primary tenses, all subordinate verbs retain the original mood and tense.
they say that, when a good man dies, he enjoys great esteem and honourλέγουσιν ὡς, ἐπειδάν τις ἀγαθὸς ὤν τελευτήσῃ, μεγάλην μοῖραν καὶ τῑμὴν ἔχει
give plain warning that whoever revolts shall be punished with deathπαράδειγμα σαφὲς καταστήσατε, δ̀ς ἂν ἀφιστῆται θανάτῳ ζημιωσόμενον
After secondary tenses, all subordinate verbs in the present, future, or perfect indicative, and all subjunctives, are usually changed to the corresponding tenses of the optative, or they are retained. Subjunctives with ἄν lose ἄν on passing into the optative.
a. Optative for Indicative and Indicative Retained.—
he said that he was bringing a man whom it was necessary to lock upεἶπε . . . ὅτι ἄνδρα ἄγοι . . . δ̀ν εἶρξαι δέοι
Cyrus shouted to Clearchus to lead his troops against the enemy's centre because the king was thereΚῦρος . . . τῷ Κλεάρχῳ ἐβόᾱ ἄγειν τὸ στράτευμα κατὰ μέσον τὸ τῶν πολεμίων, ὅτι ἐκεῖ βασιλεὺς εἴη
for they said that they knew well that they would comeεὖ δὲ εἰδέναι ἔφασαν ὅτι παρέσοιντο
he said I might think myself well off if I saved my lifeἀγαπήσειν με ἔφασκεν, εἰ τὸ σῶμα σώσω
N.—Except in the future the change to the optative of the indicative after εἰ is rare: as προσῆλθον λέγων ὅτι . . . ἕτοιμός εἰμι, εἴ τινα βούλοιτο ( = βούλει), παραδοῦναι βασανίζειν I went and said that I was ready to give up the slaves to be tortured, if he wished any one of them L. 7.34, εἶπεν ὅτι Δέξιππον μὲν οὐκ ἐπαινοίη, εἰ ταῦτα πεποιηκὼς εἴη he said that he did not commend Dexippus, if he had done this X. A. 6.6.25 ( = ἐπαινῶ, εἰ πεποίηκε).
b. Optative for Subjunctive and Subjunctive Retained.—
he said that he would smart for it unless he kept quietεἶπεν ὅτι οἰμώξοιτο, εἰ μὴ σιωπήσειεν
they refused to go unless a largess were given themοὐκ ἔφασαν ἰέναι, ἐὰ̄ν μή τις αὐτοῖς χρήματα διδῷ
he said that they intended to attack him when he led his forces awayεἶπεν ὅτι ἐπιτίθεσθαι μέλλοιεν αὐτῷ, ὁπότε ἀπάγοι τὸ στράτευμα
Subordinate verbs in the imperfect, aorist (but see 2623 c, N. 3), or pluperfect indicative, and all optatives, remain unchanged.
ἐπιστεῖλαι δὲ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἐφόρους . . . εἰπεῖν ὡς ὧν μὲν πρόσθεν ἐποίουν μέμφοιντο αὐτοῖς κτλ. they reported that the ephors enjoined them to say that they blamed them for what they had done before X. H. 3.2.6 ( = ἐποιεῖτε, μεμφόμεθα ὑ̄μῖν),
they expected that the Sicels whom they had sent for would meet them hereἤλπιζον τοὺς Σικελοὺς ταύτῃ, οὓς μετέπεμψαν, ἀπαντήσεσθαι
he said that he would enter into negotiations if he should receive hostagesεἶπεν ὅτι ἔλθοι ἂν εἰς λόγους, εἰ ὁμήρους λάβοι
The following table shows where, after εἶπεν ὅτι or ἔφη, the optative (and infinitive after ἔφη) may be substituted for the indicative or subjunctive in conditional sentences in indirect discourse.
| DIRECT | INDIRECT | |
| εἶπεν ὅτι | ἔφη | |
| εἴ τι ἔχω, δίδωμι | εἴ τι ἔχοι, διδοίη | (διδόναι) |
| εἴ τι εἶχεν, ἐδίδουν | εἴ τι εἶχεν, ἐδίδου | (διδόναι) |
| εἴ τι ἔσχον, ἔδωκα | εἴ τι ἔσχεν, δοίη [Note: * The combination of aorist indicative and aorist optative is unusual.] | (δοῦναι) |
| ἐά̄ν τι ἔχω, δώσω | εἴ τι ἔχοι, δώσοι | (δώσειν) |
| εἴ τι ἕξω, δώσω | εἴ τι ἕξοι, δώσοι | (δώσειν) |
| ἐά̄ν τι ἔχω, δίδωμι | εἴ τι ἔχοι, διδοίη | (διδόναι) |
In the following sentences there is no change of mood after ὅτι:
| εἴ τι εἶχον, ἐδίδουν ἄν | εἴ τι εἶχεν, ἐδίδου ἄν | (διδόναι ἄν) |
| εἴ τι ἔσχον, ἔδωκα ἄν | εἴ τι ἔσχεν, ἔδωκεν ἄν | (δοῦναι ἄν) |
| εἴ τι ἔχοιμι, διδοίην ἄν | εἴ τι ἔχοι, διδοίη ἄν | (διδόναι ἄν) |
Temporal and relative sentences (cp. 2561) are converted in the same way. For an infinitive representing an imperative in the apodosis, see 2633 c.
Indirect discourse is implied in the case of any subordinate clause, which, though not depending formally on a verb of saying or thinking, contains the past thought of another person and not a statement of the writer or speaker. Implied indirect discourse appears only after secondary tenses, and in various kinds of dependent clauses.
a. Conditional clauses, the conclusion being implied in the leading verb. Thus, after a verb of emotion,
others pitied them if they should be capturedοἱ δ᾽ ᾤκτῑρον εἰ ἁλώσοιντο
he gave his property to the people in case he died childlessτὰ χρήματα τῷ δήμῳ ἔδωκεν, εἴ πως τελευτήσειεν ἄπαις
b. Temporal clauses implying purpose, expectation, or the like (cp. 2420). Thus, σπονδὰ̄ς ἐποιήσαντο, ἕως ἀπαγγελθείη τὰ λεχθέντα they made a truce (which they agreed should continue) until what had been said should have been reported X. H. 3.2.20 (ἕως ἂν ἀπαγγελθῇ would be the direct form). Cp. ἕως δ᾽ ἂν ταῦτα διαπρά̄ξωνται, φυλακὴν . . . κατέλιπε he left behind a guard (which he intended should remain) until they should settle these matters 5. 3. 25.
c. Causal clauses. See 2242.
d. Ordinary relative clauses. Thus, εἴρετο παῖδα, τὸν Εὐάδνᾱ τέκοι he asked for the child which Evadna had borne Pindar, Ol. 6. 49. Here relative and interrogative are not sharply distinguished.
e. Clauses depending on an infinitive especially when introduced by a verb of will or desire, e.g. command, advise, plan, ask, wish (1991, 1992). Here the infinitive expressing command, warning, wish, is not itself in indirect discourse. The negative is μή. Thus, ἀφικνοῦνται (historical present) ὡς Σιτάλκην . . . βουλόμενοι πεῖσαι αὐτόν, εἰ δύναιντο, . . . στρατεῦσαι ἐπὶ τὴν Ποτει´δαιαν they came to Sitalces with the desire of persuading him (if they could) to make an expedition against Potidaea T. 2.67 ( = ἐὰ̄ν δυνώμεθα), cp. 2633 a.
f. Clauses of purpose and object clauses after verbs of effort admit the alternative constructions of indirect discourse.
Past Tenses in Indirect Discourse.—The following rules govern past tenses in indirect discourse.
a. The potential indicative with ἄν, the indicative in a condition denoting unreality with ἄν or without ἄν (as ἐχρῆν, ἔδει, etc.), always remain unchanged in order to prevent confusion with the optative of the direct form.
they pleaded that they never would have been so foolish, if they had knownἀπελογοῦντο ὡς οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὕτω μῶροι ἦσαν . . . εἰ ᾔδεσαν
he said that it would have been better for him to die thenὅτι κρεῖττον ἦν αὐτῷ τότε ἀποθανεῖν
b. The imperfect and pluperfect in simple sentences usually remain unchanged after secondary tenses to prevent ambiguity; but when there is no doubt that a past tense stood in the direct form, the imperfect passes into the present optative, the pluperfect into the perfect optative. In subordinate clauses both tenses are retained unaltered.
he heard that the Chaldaeans often went to the Indian kingἤκουσεν ὅτι πολλάκις πρὸς τὸν Ἰνδὸν οἱ Χαλδαῖοι ἐπορεύοντο
for he was able to say both that alone of the Greeks they had fought on the side of the king at Plataea and that later they had never at any time taken the field against the kingἐπὶ βασιλέᾱ
N.—The change to the optative is not made when the time of the action of imperfect (and pluperfect) is earlier than that of a coőrdinated verb in the same quoted sentence; as ἔλεγέν τ᾽ ὡς φιλαθήναιος ἦν καὶ τἀ̄ν Σάμῳ πρῶτος κατείποι he said that he both had been a lover of Athens and that (afterwards) he was the first to tell what had happened at Samos Ar. Vesp. 282.
c. The aorist indicative without ἄν in a simple sentence or in a principal clause may be changed to the aorist optative after a secondary tense; but in subordinate clauses (except those denoting cause, N. 3) it remains unchanged to avoid ambiguity with the aorist optative, which usually represents the aorist subjunctive.
I answered him that I did not takeἀπεκρῑνάμην αὐτῷ ὅτι . . . οὐ λάβοιμι
he said that he would use his own money that his father had given himτοῖς ἰδίοις χρήσεσθαι ἔφη, ἃ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῷ ἔδωκεν
N. 1.—The retention of the aorist indicative is here the essential point of difference between subordinate clauses and principal clauses or simple sentences.
N. 2.—In a subordinate clause the time of the aorist usually expresses an action prior to that of the leading verb.
N. 3.—In causal clauses with ὅτι or ὡς a dependent aorist indicative may become aorist optative; as εἶχε γὰρ λέγειν . . . ὡς Λακεδαιμόνιοι διὰ τοῦτο πολεμήσειαν αὐτοῖς, ὅτι οὐκ ἐθελήσαιεν μετ᾽ Ἀ̄γησιλά̄ου ἐλθεῖν ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν for he was able to say that the Lacedaemonians had gone to war with them (the Thebans) for the reason that they (the Thebans) had not been willing to attack him (the Persian king) in company with Agesilaus X. H. 7.1.34 (direct ἐπολέμησαν ἡμῖν, ὅτι οὐκ ἠθελήσαμεν). Rarely in temporal clauses with ἐπεί (X. C. 5.3.26).
Inserted Statement of Fact.—When the present or perfect indicative would have stood in the direct discourse, a past tense of historical narration is often used as a statement of fact by the writer from his own point of view, though the rest of the sentence may be given in indirect discourse after a secondary tense from the point of view of the subject of the leading verb.
she knew that it was not possible for her to be savedᾔδει ὅτι οὐχ οἷόν τ᾽ ἦν αὐτῇ σωθῆναι
they said that he was not freeing Greece in the right way if he put men to deathἔλεγον οὐ καλῶς τὴν Ἑλλάσα ἐλευθεροῦν αὐτόν, εἰ ἄνδρας διέφθειρεν
he showed by his death that this was not trueἀποθανὼν ἐδήλωσεν ὅτι οὐκ ἀληθῆ ταῦτα ἦν
he said that he had in his possession all that had not been expendedἔφη εἶναι παρ᾽ ἑαυτῷ ὅσον μὴ ἦν ἀνηλωμένον
the Greeks were accordingly in great perplexity on reflecting that they were at the king's gatesἐννοούμενοι μὲν ὅτι ἐπὶ ταῖς βασιλέως θύραις ἦσαν
a. The use of past tenses of historical narration instead of present tenses of direct discourse occurs, in simple sentences, especially after verbs of knowing, perceiving, showing, and verbs of emotion (rarely after verbs of saying w. ὅτι).
b. Such inserted statements of fact are often difficult to distinguish from indicatives in indirect discourse; and the two forms of expression may occur in the same sentence (X. C. 4.2.35-36). The common explanation of the use of the imperfect and pluperfect for the present and perfect is that Greek had the same assimilation of tense as English.
c. Except in indirect questions, the optative of indirect discourse is unknown to Homer. (εἰπεῖν ὡς ἔλθοι ω 237 may be considered as interrogative.) After primary or secondary tenses Homer employs, in the dependent clause, the same past tense that would have been used in an independent clause, from the point of view of the speaker, and not the tense which would have been used in direct discourse from the point of view of the subject of the main clause. Thus, γίγνωσκον δ̀ ( = ὅτι)
I knew that he was planning evilδὴ κακὰ μήδετο
nor did he know this, that she had no thought to complyοὐδὲ τὸ ᾔδη, ὃ οὐ πείσεσθαι ἔμελλεν
d. That this use of statements of fact standing outside indirect discourse is optional only, is seen from a comparison of the first example in 2624 with
for he knew full well that I am first-rate in this lineκαλῶς γὰρ ᾔδειν ὡς ἐγὼ ταύτῃ κράτιστός εἰμι
he knew that he held the centre of the Persian armyᾔδει αὐτὸν ὅτι μέσον ἔχοι τοῦ Περσικοῦ στρατεύματος
An optative with or without ἄν is regularly retained after ὅτι (ὡς).
they showed that they always followed them in their campaigns wherever they ledἐδίδασκον ὡς . . . συνεστρατεύοντο ὅποι ἡγοῖντο
he replied that they would sooner die than surrender their armsἀπεκρί̄νατο . . . ὅτι πρόσθεν ἂν ἀποθάνοιεν ἢ τὰ ὅπλα παραδοίησαν
In some cases the optative with ἄν in temporal and relative sentences is used to represent the subjunctive with ἄν; but many scholars expel ἄν.
they gave orders to them that they should not attack before some one of their number had either fallen or been woundedπαρήγγειλαν αὐτοῖς μὴ πρότερον ἐπιτίθεσθαι πρὶν ἂν τῶν σφετέρων ἢ πέσοι τις ἢ τρωθείη
An optative occasioned by indirect discourse may stand after a primary tense when it is implied that the thought quoted has been expressed in the past.
the story goes that Neoptolemus asked Nestorλέγει ὁ λόγος ὅτι Νεοπτόλεμος Νέστορα ἔροιτο
it is reported that he said that he wishedλέγεται εἰπεῖν ὅτι βούλοιτο
a. The historical present is a secondary tense:
and those who had been sent told Cyrus that they hated the Assyriansοἱ δὲ πεμφθέντες λέγουσι Κύ̄ρῳ ὅτι μῑσοῖεν τοὺς Ἀσσυρίους
Indirect discourse may be introduced by ὅτι (ὡς) and then pass into the infinitive as if the introductory verb had required the infinitive.
ἡ δὲ ἀπεκρί̄νατο ὅτι βούλοιτο μὲν ἅπαντα τῷ πατρὶ χαρίζεσθαι, ἄ̄κοντα μέντοι τὸν παῖδα χαλεπὸν εἶναι νομίζειν ( = νομίζοι)
she answered that she wished to do everything to oblige her father, but that she considered it unkind to leave the child behind against his inclinationκαταλιπεῖν
a. It is unusual to have the infinitive first, and then ὅτι (T. 5.65).
b. One and the same clause may even begin with ὅτι (ὡς) and then (sometimes after a parenthesis) be continued by an infinitive, less often by a participle. Thus, ἀκούω ὅτι (omitted in one Ms.)
I hear too that some of his sons became your companions in the chaseκαὶ συνθηρευτά̄ς τινας τῶν παίδων σοι γενέσθαι αὐτοῦ
An optative dependent on ὅτι (ὡς) may be followed, in a parenthetical or appended clause (often introduced by γάρ or οὖν), by an independent optative, which is used as if it itself directly depended on ὅτι (ὡς).
ἔλεγον πολλοὶ . . . ὅτι παντὸς ἄξια λέγοι Σεύθης· χειμὼν γὰρ εἴη καὶ οὔτε οἴκαδε ἀποπλεῖν τῷ ταῦτα βουλομένῳ δυνατὸν εἴη κτλ. many said that what Seuthes said was of much value; for it was winter and neither was it possible for any one who so desired to sail home, etc. X. A. 7.3.13 (here we might have had χειμῶνα γὰρ εἶναι by 2628).
a. Such an independent optative may also follow an infinitive in indirect discourse (L. 13.78), an indicative after ὅτι (Is. 8.22), or a participle (Is. 9.5). After an optative in indirect discourse the appended clause may contain an indicative (X. A. 6.2.10, I. 17.21).
An infinitive in indirect discourse may follow a sentence which merely involves the idea of indirect statement.
ὁ δὲ αὐτοὺς εἰς Λακεδαίμονα ἐκέλευεν ἰέναι· οὐ γὰρ εἶναι κύ̄ριος αὐτός he recommended them to go to Lacedaemon; for (he said that) he was not himself empowered to act X. H. 2.2.12.
In subordinate temporal and relative clauses the infinitive is often used for the indicative or optative by attraction to an infinitive standing in the principal clause after a verb of saying. In some cases ἔφη may be mentally inserted.
ἔφη . . . ἐπειδὴ δὲ γενέσθαι ἐπὶ τῇ οἰκίᾳ τῇ Ἀγάθωνος, ἀνεῳγμένην καταλαμβάνειν τὴν θύραν he said that, when he arrived at the house of Agathon, he found the door open P. S. 174d ( = ἐπειδὴ ἐγενόμην, καταλαμβάνω). See also the sentence quoted in 1228 b, end. So οὗτοι δὲ ἔλεγον ὅτι πολλοὺς φαίη Ἀριαῖος εἶναι Πέρσᾱς ἑαυτοῦ βελτί̄ους, οὓς οὐκ ἂν ἀνασχέσθαι αὐτοῦ βασιλεύοντος and they said that Ariaeus said that there were many Persians better than himself, who would not endure his being king X. A. 2.2.1 ( = πολλοί εἰσι ἐμαυτοῦ βελτί̄ους, οἳ οὐκ. ἂν ἀνάσχοιντο ἐμοῦ β.). Here the relative is equivalent, in sense, to καὶ τούτους. The infinitive occurs even in clauses with εἰ (T. 4.98, and often in Hdt.), and with διότι (Hdt. 3.55).
a. The infinitive is rare in such relative clauses as
they make a clear distinction in cases where it is permitted to killδιορίζουσι σαφῶς ἐν οἷς ἐξεῖναι ἀποκτιννύναι
For the sake of variation, a mood of the direct form may be used in the same sentence with a mood of the indirect. The main verb may be kept in the direct form, while the subordinate verb becomes optative, or, less often, the subordinate verb may be retained in the direct form though the main verb becomes optative.
these said that Cyrus was dead but that Ariaeus had fledοὗτοι ἔλεγον ὅτι Κῦρος μὲν τέθνηκεν, Ἀριαῖος δὲ πεφευγὼς . . . εἴη
it seemed to be clear that they would elect him if any one should put it to voteἐδόκει δῆλον εἶναι ὅτι αἱρήσονται αὐτὸν εἴ τις ἐπιψηφίζοι
they gave orders that, when they had supped, they should rest and follow when any one gave the commandπαρήγγειλαν, ἐπειδὴ δειπνήσαιεν, . . . ἀναπαύεσθαι καὶ ἕπεσθαι, ἡνίκ᾽ ἄν τις παραγγέλλῃ
The idea conveyed by an imperative or a hortatory (or even deliberative) subjunctive of direct discourse may be set forth in the infinitive by a statement as to what ought to be.
a. In an infinitive dependent on a verb of will or desire (such as ask, command, advise, forbid, etc. 1992) which does not properly take the construction of indirect discourse.
εἷς δὲ δὴ εἶπε (1997) . . .
and some one urged that they choose other generalsστρατηγοὺς μὲν ἑλέσθαι ἄλλους
he forbade any one to shootἀπηγόρευε μηδένα βάλλειν
N.—Here may be placed the infinitive after ἡγοῦμαι, νομίζω, οἴομαι in the sense of δοκῶ I think it proper (or necessary); as
they thought that they should retireᾤοντο ἀπιέναι
b. In an infinitive dependent on ἔφη χρῆναι (δεῖν), as
he said that they ought to sail to Syracuseἔφη . . . χρῆναι πλεῖν ἐπὶ Συρᾱκούσᾱς
c. In the simple infinitive, as τὰ̄ς μὲν ἐπιστολὰ̄ς . . . ἀνέγνωσαν, ἐν αἷς πολλῶν ἄλλων γεγραμμένων κεφάλαιον ἦν πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους οὐ γιγνώσκειν ὅ τι βούλονται . . . εἰ οὖν τι βούλονται σαφὲς λέγειν, πέμψαι μετὰ τοῦ Πέρσου ἄνδρας ὡς αὐτόν they read the dispatches, in which of much besides therein written to the Lacedaemonians the substance was that the king did not understand what they wanted; if therefore they wished to make explicit statements, let them send men to him in company with the Persian T. 4.50. Cp. T. 1.27. 1 μένειν ῀ μενέτω.
Long sentences (and even some short complex sentences), or a series of sentences, in indirect discourse depending on a single verb of saying or thinking, are uncongenial to the animated character of Greek, which resists the formal regularity of Latin. Some long speeches in indirect discourse do, however, appear, e.g. Andoc. 1. 3842, Thuc. 6. 49, Xen. C. 8. 1. 10-11, Plato R. 614 b (the entire Symposium is given in reported form). To effect variety and to ensure clearness by relieving the strain on the leading verb, Greek has various devices.
a. ἔφη (ἔλεξε, εἶπεν, ἤρετο) is repeated, e.g. T. 7.48.
b. The indirect form is abandoned for the direct form, e.g. X. A. 1.3.14, 1. 9. 25, 4. 8. 10; often with a change, or repetition, of the verb of saying (X. A. 5.6.37, X. H. 2.1.25).
c. ἔφη χρῆναι (δεῖν) or ἐκέλευσε is inserted or repeated (T. 6.49. 4).
N. 1.—Transition from direct to indirect discourse is rare (X. A. 7.1.39, cp. X. C. 3.2.25).
N. 2.—An interrogative clause always depends immediately on the introductory verb, hence such clauses do not occur in the course of a long sentence in indirect discourse.
| ἔφη γὰρ εἶναι μὲν ἀνδράποδόν οἱ ἐπὶ Λαυρίῳ, δεῖν δὲ κομίσασθαι ἀποφορά̄ν. ἀναστὰ̄ς δὲ πρῲ ψευσθεὶς τῆς ὥρᾱς βαδίζειν· εἶναι δὲ πανσέληνον. ἐπεὶ δὲ παρὰ τὸ προπύλαιον τοῦ Διονύ̄σου ἦν, ὁρᾶν ἀνθρώπους πολλοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ Ὠιδείου καταβαίνοντας εἰς τὴν ὀρχήστρᾱν· δείσᾱς δὲ αὐτούς, εἰσελθὼν ὑπὸ τὴν σκιὰ̄ν καθέζεσθαι μεταξὺ τοῦ κίονος καὶ τῆς στήλης ἐφ᾽ ᾗ ὁ στρατηγός ἐστιν ὁ χαλκοῦς. ὁρᾶν δὲ ἀνθρώπους τὸν μὲν ἀριθμὸν μάλιστα τριᾱκοσίους, ἑστάναι δὲ κύκλῳ ἀνὰ πέντε καὶ δέκα ἄνδρας, τοὺς δὲ ἀνὰ εἴκοσιν· ὁρῶν δὲ αὐτ ῶν πρὸς τὴν σελήνην τὰ πρόσωπα τῶν πλείστων γιγνώσκειν. καὶ πρῶτον μέν, ὦ ἄνδρες, τοῦθ᾽ ὑπέθετο δεινότατον πρᾶγμα, οἶμαι, ὅπως ἐν ἐκείνῳ εἴη ὅντινα βούλοιτο Ἀθηναίων φάναι τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων εἶναι, ὅντινα δὲ μὴ βούλοιτο, λέγειν ὅτι οὐκ ἦν. ἰδὼν δὲ ταῦτ᾽ ἔφη ἐπὶ Λαύριον ἰέναι, καὶ τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ ἀκούειν ὅτι οἱ Ἑρμαῖ εἶεν περικεκομμένοι· γνῶναι οὖν εὐθὺς ὅτι τούτων εἴη τῶν ἀνδρῶν τὸ ἔργον. ἥκων δὲ εἰς ἄστυ ζητητά̄ς τε ἤδη ᾑρημένους καταλαμβάνειν καὶ μήνῡτρα κεκηρῡγμένα ἑκατὸν μνᾶς.—Andocides 1. 38. | For Dioclides said that he had a slave at Laurium, and that he had to fetch a payment due him. Rising early he mistook the time and set out, and there was a full moon. When he was by the gateway of the sanctuary of Dionysus, he saw a body of men coming down from the Odeum into the orchestra, and through fear of them he betook himself into the shade and sat down between the column and the block on which the Bronze General stands. He saw about three hundred men, some standing round about in groups of fifteen, others in groups of twenty. On seeing them in the moonlight he recognized the faces of most. In the first place, gentlemen, he has concocted this most extraordinary tale, in order, as I believe, that it might be in his power to include among these men any Athenian he wished, or to exclude any he did not wish. On seeing this he said he went to Laurium, and on the day after heard that the statues of Hermes had been mutilated. So he knew forthwith that it was the work of these men. On his return to the city he found that commissioners of inquiry had already been appointed and that a hundred minae had been offered as a reward. |


UAE hasn’t communicated about Adoke’s arrest —Malami
by Ade AdesomojuAde Adesomoju, Abuja
The Attorney General and Minister of Justice, Mr. Abubakar Malami, (SAN), said on Monday that he had not received any formal communication on the alleged arrest of his immediate-past predecessor, Mr. Bello Adoke (SAN), in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates.
Malami disclosed this in a statement by his Special Assistant on Media and Public Relations, Dr. Umar Jibrilu Gwandu.
Online newspaper, TheCable, reported on Sunday that Adoke was arrested by international police in Dubai on the strength of an arrest warrant issued by a High Court of the Federal Capital Territory in Abuja.
It reported that the arrest warrant was later vacated by the same court.
Reacting to his predecessor’s reported arrest, Malami said, on Monday, “My office as the Attorney General Federation and Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is not in receipt of any formal communication regarding the alleged arrest in line with international conventions, processes and procedures relating to such matter.
“Until such formal communication is received the Attorney General of the Federation and Minister of Justice would not comment speculatively in one way or the other over the matter.”
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission had preferred charges in relation to the $1.1bn Malabu Oil scam against Adoke and others since 2017.
But the anti-graft agency had not been able to arraign the defendants due to the self-exile Adoke had placed himself on since 2015 shortly after he left the office.


This chart shows the accumulated prinicpal invested per month. The overall amount is than divided into the following sections:
- already repaid principal
- pending principal (loan is still current)
- 30 days overdue (no incoming payment withing 60 days)
- 60 days overdue (no incoming payment withing 90 days)


One of the most well-known patterns for distributed transactions is called Saga. The first paper about it was published back in 1987, and it has been a popular solution since then. A Saga is a sequence of local transactions where each transaction updates data within a single service
Wikepedia


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To use this analysis method select Maintain | Calibration | Passive Multiplicity.
There are five types of analysis: (1) conventional multiplicity, (2) weighted point model multiplicity, (3) solve for efficiency, (4) dual-energy model, and (5) known alpha. Only one type can be used at a time. Radio buttons are used to make the selection. Conventional multiplicity analysis solves for effective 240Pu mass, neutron multiplication, and alpha from the singles, doubles, and triples rates using energy-independent, point model equations and using the detection efficiency and gate fractions entered as measurement parameters. The weighted point model multiplicity analysis allows the coefficients of the point model equations to be modified. If the detection efficiency is unknown, but the plutonium mass is very small (e.g., waste measurements in moderated drums), then the neutron multiplication can be neglected and the point-model equations can be solved for effective 240Pu mass, alpha, and efficiency. The dual-energy model is an extension of the energy independent, point-model equations that uses two neutron energies: one to approximate the average energy of the (alpha,n) neutrons and one for the fission-spectrum neutrons. The known alpha option calculates alpha from isotopics and solves for multiplication, efficiency and 240Pu effective mass. For this case, the error analysis is simplified by only using the triples error, and ignoring the singles and doubles error.
There is a calibration parameter set for each material type. A set consists of seven nuclear data constants, three calibration coefficients (a, b, c), and the excess error, sigma(x). In addition, for dual-energy analysis, the calibration parameters include a table of energy-dependent values for (1) the detection efficiency for (alpha,n) neutrons, (2) the ratio of the efficiency of the inner ring of 3He tubes to that of the outer ring for (alpha,n) neutrons, and (3) the ratio of the induced-fission probability for (alpha,n) neutrons to that for fission-spectrum neutrons.
You will probably not need to change the nuclear constants from their default values:
Spontaneous fission rate of 240Pu (fissions/g/s): 473.5
1st factorial moment of 240Pu spontaneous fission neutron distribution: 2.154
2nd factorial moment of 240Pu spontaneous fission neutron distribution: 3.789
3rd factorial moment of 240Pu spontaneous fission neutron distribution: 5.211
1st factorial moment of 239Pu 2-MeV induced fission neutron distribution: 3.163
2nd factorial moment of 239Pu 2-MeV induced fission neutron distribution: 8.240
3rd factorial moment of 239Pu 2-MeV induced fission neutron distribution: 17.321
Coefficients a, b, and c determine a correction factor (CF1) for the effective 240Pu assay mass that depends on the neutron multiplication (M) through the equation:
CF1 = a + b (M - 1) + c (M - 1)^2
For no correction, set a = 1 and b = c = 0.
The efficiency correction factor (ECF) is used to make small adjustments to the detection efficiency for different material types. The value used in the code in passive multiplicity analysis is the product of the detector efficiency (from the Measurement Parameters dialog) multiplied by the ECF. This allows samples with significantly different properties (size, shape, isotopic composition etc.) to be analyzed without changing the detector in INCC. The default value is 1.0.
The known alpha model uses the alpha weight value. The (alpha, n) yield is calculated assuming the plutonium is pure oxide. The alpha weight is a weighting factor that can be used to adjust the calculated yield as needed. For pure oxide alpha weight is 1; for pure metal alpha weight is 0. This parameter is only used for known alpha multiplicity analysis.
All parameters must be entered from the keyboard. The coefficients a, b and c must be determined outside this program. The extra error is expressed as percent relative standard deviation; the corresponding mass error is combined quadratically with the mass error calculated from the calibration curve variances and covariances and the doubles rate standard deviation.
The calibration parameters can be printed with the measurement (detector) parameters by selecting the "Print calibration parameters" button.


THE PLAYBOYS A film review by Frank Maloney Copyright 1992 Frank Maloney
THE PLAYBOYS is a film directed by Gillies Mackinnon from a screenplay by Shane Connaughton and Kerry Crabbe. It stars Aidan Quinn, Robin Wright, Albert Finney, and Milo O'Shea. Rated PG-13 for mature themes and humor.
THE PLAYBOYS is a Irish charmer, co-written by the author of MY LEFT FOOT, Shane Connaughton, and filmed in the author's home village, Redhills, employing the local people.
Unfortunately, it appears as if the film was rather clumsily edited down to a commercial running time, so that some of the subplots appear to have been abruptly abandoned before they were resolved.
The main story is a romance between an independent, unwed mother (the year is 1957 and the village is not pleased by the woman's refusal to name the father, much less marry him) and an itinerant player, whose company The Playboys settles in for a week's stay in the village green. The mother, Tara, is played the American actress, Robin Wright, whose previous credits include the PRINCESS BRIDE. The player, Tom, is played by Aidan Quinn. The romantic story proceeds more or less predictably for these two: she initially repulses him, he perseveres. The spoiler in the village police Sgt. Hegarty, played by Albert Finney, who also has plans for Tara.
The theme of the film is probably more interesting than the romance, just as the acting by all the professional performers raises the whole film above its own shortcomings. The theme is change. The village priest is against it. "Change is a dangerous thing," he warns. All change is inherently bad, but the village, like Ireland and the world, is changing despite his maledictions and clumsy opposition. Television here, as in last year's AVALON, marks the end of the old ways. We see the first antenna being erected over the village pub, "high up in the air, where the pictures are." Tara's personal morality is also a mark of change; for it is easier for us in the audience to understand her actions than it is for us to understand the anachronistic villagers. The priest and the villagers try to shame into conforming to their narrow ideas. One of the women asks, "Who's the father?" "Ask your husbands," Tara replies. They tell her that until she marries the father, bad times are going to plague the village and indeed a local tragedy is laid directly at her feet.
As subplots, we have Tara as a smuggler and black marketeer and we have a mystery about an IRA bomber operating in the locale. Neither of these is resolved at the end of the movie, but they certainly are part and parcel of the theme of change.
Despite this, the actors give us some fine performances, and no one better than Albert Finney, who is one of the great actors of the English-language cinema. As a man in enormous pain and conflict, a man seeking salvation and forgiveness, he makes an unsympathetic character understandable and forgivable, if not quite likeable.
Another fine performance is turned in Milo O'Shea as The Playboys' impresario and lead, vain, ridiculous, as myopic as the priest in his own way, bravely carrying the tradition of the provincial troupe, a tradition soon to be extinguished by the advent of TV. The Playboys' performance provide with some wonderful comedy, btw, especially their hastily improvised version -- a send-up if only they knew it -- GONE WITH THE WIND, which is playing in the local cinema.
The script captures the writer's native village -- its cadences, its worldview, its blindnesses, its superstitions (what do we make of a miracle in the show tent?). It likes these people without overly romanticizing them. And it's as rich with Irish humor as it is with their insularity and pettiness.
THE PLAYBOYS is a lightweight, but charming, film that I can cheerfully recommend to you even at full price.
(In the Seattle area, THE PLAYBOYS is playing at five theaters, Guild 45th, Alderwood, Renton Village, Seatac 12 South, and Kirkland Parkplace.)
-- Frank Richard Aloysius Jude Maloney .
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