A while back I talked about Apache authentication, with the hope that people would suggest some alternatives. And they did, and for the last week or two I've been trying to figure out what to do. To recap, my goals:
Anyway, a couple things were suggested. The first I looked at was Pubcookie, out of the University of Washington. Supports Apache 1.3 and 2, and IIS. Very focused on secure single-signon across a large network. Universities typically have lots of systems administered by very different groups, and often don't have a high degree of shared trust. And every year there's a new batch of students who learn about network sniffing. But this isn't exactly my situation, but it seemed like sufficient overlap.
But I got Pubcookie installed, which was a little confusing at times but not too bad. It has an undocumented verify_fork method which calls an external process, and this makes username/password authentication easily pluggable (but not IP authentication, for instance). It uses cookies, not HTTP Basic, and a series of redirects and a CGI script for the authentication process.
But I've been hitting a number of walls, and I don't know how well it will work out. HTTPS is required for everything -- essentially programming policy into the tool. I'm not super concerned about someone sniffing an authentication cookie that is going to time out anyway, so this restriction is a little annoying. Logout is really difficult to understand or implement -- I think something is possible there, but I can't figure out quite what that is. Also, there's a fair amount of Apache configuration to change permissions around -- again, I may be able to get around that using conventions, but that's considerable added complexity (and I don't ultimately want to reconfigure Apache very often). And finally the installation is rather complicated; considering we're going to have a distinct installation for every client, and that installation includes an extra keyserver (who's purpose I don't quite understand) and a set of configuration files and several SSL keys, this makes me uncomfortable.
CoSign looked almost identical, but with nicer graphical design and poorer documentation. It also comes out of a university.
mod_auth_tkt was also suggested, but it took me a while to get around to looking at it. This looks much more promising to me -- it's fairly simple, and consists only of the identification portion. It documents the cookies you have to set for authentication (and provides a sample implementation, I think, but the documents are more than enough for me). It doesn't have multi-server single-signon out of the box, but it's not hard to figure out how that would be set up (basically a set of redirects to get the browser to visit all appropriate domains). It even has room for extra data, like user roles. It's all based on a shared secret (with signed cookies, I believe), but that's 100% okay for our situation (but probably wouldn't be for Pubcookie).
The real bummer for me is that it's for Apache 1.3 only. I see evidence of Apache 2 ports (mod_auth_tkt/2.0.0b1 in Apache identification strings), but none that are publically available. That's really frustrating. It's another one of those projects that isn't developed openly (public repository, mailing list, etc), which has been frustrating me often lately -- open source without open development is a terrible waste. Personally I don't have the C or Apache module skills to resolve this, but if we go forward with this we'd probably be willing to pay someone who does.
I also looked at mod_auth_script, which is kind of interesting (though also largely abandoned). It's got even less policy than mod_auth_tkt. I haven't tried it, but I think you just configure an authentication URL (probably internal), like /auth_script.cgi -- on every request that gets run, and it outputs special headers that indicate who, if anyone, is logged in. You could implement a signed cookie authentication, or IP-based authentication, or anything on top of this. My only desire would be the ability to add other environmental variables (e.g., REMOTE_USER_GROUPS). Essentially it would become a generic hook which didn't involve mod_*. There's an Apache 2 patch, but unfortunately I'm not sure how much I trust any of it in its unmaintained state.
I'm still shocked at how hard this is. 60% of the web servers out there use Apache. This is a really, really useful feature, and something I see people struggling with everywhere. And yet I mostly see the remnants of work to solve this, not a single robust solution or community of developers. We don't need another mod_auth_another_stupid_backend. I feel like I must be missing something?!? Sigh. Any other feedback is very welcome (and I'll report back on this yet again, no doubt).
Update: We ended up using mod_auth_tkt
We had much the same situation within a tomcat-hosted application. It had to support instantaneous detection of changing user privileges and authenticate against ldap, rdbms, and flatfile resources. I was astonished to find that there was no library already out there to do this; it seems like a pretty common need. I ended up writing a java Filter class to do the work of intercepting requests and checking whether they were authenticated; if not we send them to whatever resource is appropriate for authentication (a login form or a client cert in our case). Two small support classes solved the 'check arbitrary backend' issue.
We addressed efficiency by updating a MRU role cache in memory. Adding a bit of code to update the cache externally from events (like deleting an Employee from an ldap server) took care of the last part. It works very well and I never saw the horrible performance hit I expected from filtering every request. (This situation is why I asked you whether WebWare had filters).
Apache 2.0 has protocol Filters, which allow you to do the same thing (they're not as well documented, though). I can't see why the same approach wouldn't work well enough; you should be able to call the various mod_auth backends to do the real work, ending up with a sort of mod_meta_auth I guess.
# Jeff Duffy
The equivalent in Webware would be something in the SitePage.awake() method, or something like LoginKit which I've found flexible enough for most any authentication I've needed to do. I also have a WSGI middleware for this (that I haven't used much), and http://www.pythonweb.org has something similar for WSGI.
This is how people tend to do it... but it only works in one environment. Which is one of several reasons there's so much pressure to have a homogenous environment. But I think it should be resolvable, at least on the Apache level, without binding it to any particular language or programming environment.
Are you trying to do authentication (checking that someone is who they say they are) or authorization (checking if user x is allowed to look at this) or both? If you're just trying to get the authentication managed in a single place, authen.py looks most of the way there to me (although it is hugely open to replay attacks unless you're changing the secret every hour or so; I'd add an expiry time and IP to the cookie and sign them with the secret too). If you're doing authorization, the implementation in authen.py doesn't seem the greatest, since you probably want more complicated rules. So where do you want to write the rules? Does each page/application manage its own authorization (assuming it can get an authenticated username), or do you want to store the authorization rules in apache's config file ("require valid-user"), or somewhere else entirely (like a database)?
When I needed SSO for Apache2, I did pretty much the same thing as your authen.py, except I made it as an authen handler instead of a header parser and used req.requires() to let me be a bit more Apache-like in the config file (I also had an analogue of groups in my login system):
PythonAuthenHandler myssoAuthType foobar # I recall having an AuthType (even a made up one) was necessary for anything to happenRequire valid-useror Require user bobor Require group payingCustomersSo, the script handled both authentication and authorization, although the actual authorization rules were contained in Apache's config/.htaccess files. All the handler had to do was check that the cookie contained valid info (expiry time hadn't passed and wasn't too far in the future, user's ip was the same as the cookie-contained ip, and hash(username+group+expiration+ip+secret) matched the signature) and only shoved the username into req.user if it was valid. If req.requires() returned anything, it would also do authorization and check that whatever req.requires returned was true (groups matched or the username matched or in the case of valid_user, the username had been set).
As to handling a lack of valid authorization, I just used a straight-up 307 Redirect, ignoring the 401 code -- if you aren't using http-based authentication, there's no point in sending 401. When a user wasn't logged in, it would redirect (returning apache.HTTP_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT) to the login page like https://SecureLoginSite.InSameDomain/login?from=protectedPagesURL. Obviously, the login form would redirect back to protectedPagesURL after the user logged in and got the (domain-wide) login cookie. If everything was okay, I set req.user to username (which seemed to be all I ever needed; I'm not sure what advantage writing a fake Authorization header gets you, unless it's part of some further authorization step) and returned apache.OK, which let the page load normally.
The only problems with it were that it didn't gracefully handle POSTs to its protected area (ideally it would encode the POSTed data into the login URL and send a 303 See Other to redirect to the login URL, and when the login URL redirected back to it, rewrite the request into a POST with the encoded data) and presumably it didn't perform overly well, but that was never too important to me (it didn't have a great deal of load on it; heck, I was getting away with opening a file and reading the secret key from it on every request!) I also didn't like the way that everything was in trusted cookies which could be stolen, but if you restrict the expiry time to something resonable and track the IP it is at least somewhat safe.
So, not general-purpose or easily dropped-in (since it required a custom login app which pulls up the groups the user belongs to, checks the password is right, creates a cookie, redirects, etc.), but it worked for me. Ideally, of course, you'd use Kerberos as an HTTP authentication method, but good luck finding browser support for that, and I suppose the user would have to remember to login as<EMAIL_ADDRESS>which might be a bit unintuitive.
# anonymous
Hmm... well, authentication and authorization are always hard for me to keep track of. Lets call it identification and authorization.
The system has to support several possible techniques. For instance, some portions of the website are served up as static files directly, so Apache authorization needs to be used (require valid-user or something), or some Apache module that gives a richer set of controls. But web applications often have shifting and eclectic permissions, so I don't want to use Apache to control those permissions (or at least not require that).
One reason I don't like 307 is because (a) programs that already expect REMOTE_USER usually respond with 401 (and I want to provide REMOTE_USER), and (b) the details of the redirect are best understood by Apache, not the individual applications. But if I have to use a redirect, I'll probably put the redirect location in an environmental variable, to at least keep the configuration centralized.
The POST thing is clearly a problem. It's one of many usability issues that POST proponents ignore. Obviously a POST-understanding redirector would be nice.
One of the advantages of a signed cookie is that identification happens once, and need not be efficient, and only the cookie verification happens on subsequent requests (which ought to be quite fast). But I'd like this all in C (which is what tkt offers) instead of mod_python, in part because mod_python is challenging to maintain in its own right, and not Apache 1.3 compatible.
Have you looked at the Yale University CAS? It may or may not have the features you need.
# Peter Zingg
I am also interested in mod_auth_tkt.
I didn't already try it but mod_auth_tkt seems to be THE solution I am looking for performant, secure and cheap authentication. With this solution, the authentication phase (password control) is independent of the access phase (ticket control). So you can use a normal php page to check the password, you can use your own password encryption for transmission on the net (better than basic authentication!!!) and you can put the passwords and users in a mySql database (better than .htpasswd files). No need for expensive SSL and certificate. You must just create the ticket cookie in your "password check" php page.
BUT there are 2 problems : - no version for Apache 2 - doesn't work if "servername" is used in the config file. Thus I suppose it cannot be used for hosting (shared web server).
If you have solutions for these 2 problems, I am interested.
# Regloor
I am also interested in mod_auth_tkt.
I didn't already try it but mod_auth_tkt seems to be THE solution I am looking for performant, secure and cheap authentication. With this solution, the authentication phase (password control) is independent of the access phase (ticket control). So you can use a normal php page to check the password, you can use your own password encryption for transmission on the net (better than basic authentication!!!) and you can put the passwords and users in a mySql database (better than .htpasswd files). No need for expensive SSL and certificate. You must just create the ticket cookie in your "password check" php page.
BUT there are 2 problems : it doesn't work if "servername" is used in the config file. Thus I suppose it cannot be used for hosting (shared web server). In addition, there is not yet a version for Apache 2.
If you have solutions for these 2 problems, I am interested.
# Regloor
I am also interested in mod_auth_tkt.
I didn't already try it but mod_auth_tkt seems to be THE solution I am looking for performant, secure and cheap authentication. With this solution, the authentication phase (password control) is independent of the access phase (ticket control). So you can use a normal php page to check the password, you can use your own password encryption for transmission on the net (better than basic authentication!!!) and you can put the passwords and users in a mySql database (better than .htpasswd files). No need for expensive SSL and certificate. You must just create the ticket cookie in your "password check" php page.
BUT there are 2 problems : it doesn't work if "servername" is used in the config file. Thus I suppose it cannot be used for hosting (shared web server). In addition, there is not yet a version for Apache 2.
If you have solutions for these 2 problems, I am interested.
# Regloor
Is there any documentation online for mod_auth_tkt. If so, could you please tell me where i can find .
Thanks
# Prabu
Can this module authenticate against active directory LDAP server. Please advise.
Thanks Prabu
Perhaps you ought to look more closely at cosign. I might say that it has less documentation than pubcookie because there's much less to document. Certainly it addresses some of the issues you're complaining about: it doesn't require HTTPS, logout is simple, installing the filter is quite easy. Good luck!
Interesting site, it is well written. Registration not so was pleasant, and with scripts of a problem. Let's vary references, or banners. Write, how solve
Good site. The answer


Collection of functions to enhance 'ggplot2' and 'ggiraph'. Provides functions for exploratory plots. All plot can be a 'static' plot or an 'interactive' plot using 'ggiraph'.
| Version: | 0.2.9 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10) |
| Imports: | ggplot2 (≥ 2.2.0), ggiraph (≥ 0.3.2), scales, reshape2, plyr, mycor, ppcor, grid, mgcv, sjlabelled, sjmisc, stringr, webshot, tidyr, purrr, dplyr, magrittr, ggforce, ztable, RColorBrewer |
| Suggests: | TH.data, moonBook, maps, gcookbook, knitr, rmarkdown, testthat |
| Published: | 2018-07-22 |
| Author: | Keon-Woong Moon [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Keon-Woong Moon <cardiomoon at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| URL: | https://github.com/cardiomoon/ggiraphExtra |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | ggiraphExtra results |
| Reference manual: | ggiraphExtra.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
ggPredict package ggiraphExtra |
| Package source: | ggiraphExtra_0.2.9.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: ggiraphExtra_0.2.9.zip, r-release: ggiraphExtra_0.2.9.zip, r-oldrel: ggiraphExtra_0.2.9.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: ggiraphExtra_0.2.9.tgz, r-oldrel: ggiraphExtra_0.2.9.tgz |
| Old sources: | ggiraphExtra archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggiraphExtra to link to this page.


Welcome to Wired In
We are building a modern productivity tool for iOS, OS X, and your desk. We thought it'd be fun to share our journey building apps and a hardware product.
Updates covers our adventure designing, prototyping, and shipping the Wired In suite of products.
{% for post in site.posts %}
{% if post.Category == 'News' %}
{{ post.date | date_to_string }} - Wired In News
{{ post.content }}
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}


Floyd Mayweather Reportedly Setting up Two Fights in 2020
With one against a UFC superstar.
by Nicolaus LiAccording to reports, Floyd Mayweather is currently looking to set up two fights in 2020. Last week the undefeated champion took to social media to note plans to come out of retirement.
Fight insiders are speculating that Mayweather could be setting up a rematch with Manny Pacquiao. Talks of a bout between the two have been increasing as the Filipino boxer is now represented by Al Haymon, who also manages Mayweather. As for rumors of a match with a UFC superstar, Mayweather isn’t looking to fight in the octagon and is instead looking to find another MMA fighter with impressive striking skills to enter the ring with him.
If all talks work out and matchups get set, Mayweather could be set to enter the ring again May 2020 and again in September. Stay tuned for more details.
In case you missed it, Stephen Curry and Will Arnett are set to produce a basketball-themed comedy.


Projects
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Aspiring developer
Product landing page
Technologies used:
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Here is the way to do wiring with HAX in your element.
import { HAXWiring } from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>...
connectedCallback() {
// Establish hax properties if they exist
let props = {
canScale: true,
canPosition: true,
canEditSource: true,
gizmo: {
title: "Math",
description: "Present math in a nice looking way.",
icon: "places:all-inclusive",
color: "grey",
groups: ["Content"],
handles: [
{
type: "math",
math: "mathText"
},
{
type: "inline",
text: "mathText"
}
],
meta: {
author: "HAXTheWeb core team"
}
},
settings: {
quick: [],
configure: [
{
slot: "",
title: "Math",
description: "Math",
inputMethod: "code-editor",
icon: "editor:format-quote"
}
],
advanced: []
}
};
let wiring = new HAXWiring();
wiring.setup(
props,
"lrn-math",
this
);
}


Java Authorization Guide with Apache Shiro
Authorization, or access control, is the function of specifying access rights to resources. In other words, who has access to what.
Examples of authorization checks are: Is the user allowed to look at this webpage, edit this data, view this button, or print to this printer? Those are all decisions determining what a user has access to.
Elements of Authorization
Authorization has three core elements that we reference quite a bit in Shiro-- permissions, roles, and users.
Permissions Defined
Related ContentAuthorization FeaturesQuick overview of permissions, roles, and users in Shiro. Read More >> Authorization DocsFull documentation on Apache Shiro's Authorization functionality. Read More >> Getting StartedResources, guides and tutorials for new Shiro users. Read More >> 10-Minute Shiro TutorialTry Apache Shiro for yourself in under 10 minutes. Read More >> Web App TutorialStep-by-step tutorial for securing a web application with Shiro. Read More >> |
Permissions are the most atomic level of a security policy and they are statements of functionality. Permissions represent what can be done in your application. A well formed permission describes a resource types and what actions are possible when you interact with those resources. Can you open a door? Can you read a file? Can you delete a customer record? Can you push a button?
Common actions for data-related resources are create, read, update, and delete, commonly referred to as CRUD.
It is important to understand that permissions do not have knowledge of who can perform the actions-- they are just statements of what actions can be performed.
Levels of permission granularity
The permissions above all specify an actions (open, read, delete, etc) on a resource (door, file, customer record, etc). In Shiro, you can define a permission to any depth you like. Here are a few common permission levels in order of granularity.
- Resource Level - This is the broadest and easiest to build. A user can edit customer records or open doors. The resource is specified but not a specific instance of that resource.
- Instance Level - The permission specifies the instance of a resource. A user can edit the customer record for IBM or open the kitchen door.
- Attribute Level - The permission now specifies an attribute of an instance or resource. A user can edit the address on the IBM customer record.
For more information on Permissions please check out the Permissions Documentation
Roles Defined
In the context of Authorization, Roles are effectively a collection of permissions used to simplify the management of permissions and users. So users can be assigned roles instead of being assigned permissions directly, which can get complicated with larger user bases and more complex applications. So, for example, a bank application might have an administrator role or a bank teller role.
There are two types of roles that you need to be aware of and Shiro will support both.
Implicit Roles
Most people view roles as what we define as an implicit role where your application implies a set of permissions because a user has a particular role as opposed to the role explicitly being assigned permissions or your application checking for those permissions. Role checks in code are generally a reflection of an implicit role. You can view patient data because you have the administrator role. You can create an account because you have the bank teller role. The fact that these names exist does not have a correlation to what the software can actually do. Most people use roles in this manner. It is easiest but it can create a lot of maintenance and management problems for all the but the simplest application.
Explicit Roles
An explicit role has permissions explicitly assigned to it and therefore is an explicit collection of permissions. Permission checks in code are a reflection of an explicit role. You can view patient data because because you have the view patient data permission as part of your administrator role. You can create an account because you have the create account permission as part of your bank teller role. You can perform these actions, not because of some implicit role name based on a string but because the corresponding permission was explicitly assigned to your role.
The big benefits of explicit roles are easier manageability and lower maintenance of your application. If you ever need to add, remove, or change a role, you can do so without touching your source code. And in Shiro, you'll also be able to dynamically add, remove, or change roles at runtime and your authorization checks will always have up to date values. This means you won't have to force users to log out and log back in order to get their new permissions.
Users Defined
A user is the "who" of an application. In Shiro, though, the concept of a user is really the Subject instance. We use word Subject instead of user because user usually implies a human being and in Shiro a Subject can be anything interacting with your application-- whether it be a human or a service.
Users are allowed to perform certain actions in your application through their association with roles or direct permissions. So you are able to open a customer record because you've been assigned the open customer record permission, either through a role you've been assigned or through a direct permission assignment.
For more information on Users, aka Subjects, please check out the Subject Documentation.
| Ultimately, your Realm implementation is what communicates with your data source (RDBMS, LDAP, etc). So your realm is what will tell Shiro whether or not roles or permissions exist. You have full control over how your authorization model works. |
How to perform Authorization in Java with Shiro
Authorization in Shiro can be handled in four ways.
- Programmatically - You can perform authorization checks in your java code with structures like if and else blocks.
- JDK annotations - You can attach an authorization annotation to your Java methods
- JSP/GSP TagLibs - You can control jsp or gsp page output based on roles and permissions
Programmatic Authorization
Checking for permissions and roles, programmatically in your Java code is the traditional way of handling authorization. Here's how you can perform a permission check or role check in Shiro.
Role Check
This is an example of how you do a role check programmatically in your application. We want to check if a user has the administrator role and if they do, then we'll show a special button, otherwise we won't show it.
First we get access to the current user, the Subject. Then we pass the adminstrator to the Subject's .hasRole() method. It will return TRUE or FALSE.
//get the current Subject Subject currentUser = SecurityUtils.getSubject(); if (currentUser.hasRole(“administrator”)) { //show a special button } else { //don’t show the button?) }
Now a role based check is quick and easy to implement but it has a major drawback. It is implicit.
What if you just want to add, remove, or redefine a role later? You'll have to crack open your source code and change all your role checks to reflect the change in your security model. You'll have to shut down the application, crack open the code, test it, and then restart it everytime.
In very simple applications this is probably good enough but for larger apps this can be a major problem throughout the life of your application and drive a large maintenance cost for your software.
Permission Check
This is an example of how you do security checks by permission. We want to check if a user has permission to print to laserjet3000n and if they do, then we'll show a print button, otherwise we won't show it. This is an example of an instance level permission or instance level authorization.
Again, first you get access to the current user, the Subject. Then you construct a Permission object or an instance that represents an action on a resource. In this case, the instance is named printerPermission, the resource is laserjet3000n, and the action is print. Then we pass printerPermission to the Subject's .isPermitted() method. It will return true or false.
Subject currentUser = SecurityUtils.getSubject(); Permission printPermission = new PrinterPermission(“laserjet3000n”,“print”); If (currentUser.isPermitted(printPermission)) { //do one thing (show the print button?) } else { //don’t show the button? }
Permission Check (String-based)
You can also a permission check using a simple string instead of a permission class.
So, if you don't want to implement our permission interface then you just pass in a String. In this example, we pass the .isPermitted() method a string, printer:print:LaserJet4400n
String perm = “printer:print:laserjet4400n”; if(currentUser.isPermitted(perm)){ //show the print button? } else { //don’t show the button? }
You can construct the permission string the way you want so long as your Realm knows how to work with it. In this example we use Shiro's optional permission syntax, WildCardPermissions. WildCardPermissions are powerful and intuitive. If you'd like to learn more about them then check out the Permissions Documentation.
With string-based permission checks, you get the same functionality as the example before. The benefit is that you are not forced to implement a permission interface and you can construct the permission via a simple string. The downside is that you don't have type safety and if you needed more complicated permission capabilitues that are outside the scope of what this represents, you're going to want to implement your own permission objects based on the permission interface.
Annotation Authorization
If you don't want to do code level authorization checks, then you can use Java Annotations as well. Shiro offers a number of Java annotations that allow you to annotate methods.
Enabling Annotation Support
Before you can use Java annotations, you'll need to enable AOP support in your application. There are a number of different AOP frameworks so, unfortunately, there is no standard way to enable AOP in an application.
For AspectJ, you can review our AspectJ sample application.
For Spring, you can look into our Spring Integration documentation.
For Guice, you can look into our Guice Integration documentation.
Permission Check
In this example, we want to check that a user has the account:create permission before they can invoke the openAccount method. If they do, then the method is called as expected, and if they don't, then an exception is thrown.
Like programmatic checks, you can use the Permission objects or the simple string methods with this annotation.
//Will throw an AuthorizationException if none //of the caller’s roles imply the Account //'create' permission� @RequiresPermissions(“account:create”) public void openAccount( Account acct ) { //create the account }
Role Check
In this example, we want to check that a user has the teller role before they can invoke the openAccount method. If they do, then the method is called as expected, and if they don't, then an exception is thrown.
//Throws an AuthorizationException if the caller //doesn’t have the ‘teller’ role: @RequiresRoles( “teller” ) public void openAccount( Account acct ) { //do something in here that only a teller //should do }
JSP TagLib Authorization
For JSP/GSP based web applications, Shiro also offers a tag library for you to use.
In this example, we're going to show users with the users:manage permission a link to the Manage Users page. If they do not have the permission, then we'll show them a nice message.
First, we'll need to add the Shiro taglib to our web application. Next, we add the <shiro:hasPermission> tag with a check for users:manage. Within the <shiro:hasPermission> tags we will place the code we want to execute if the user has the permission we're checking for. If we want to take an action if the user lacks the permission, then we need to also add the <shiro:lacksPermission> tag, again checking for users:manage. And any code we want to excute if the user lacks the permission will need to be placed within the <shiro:lacksPermission> tags.
<%@ taglib prefix=“shiro” uri=http://shiro.apache.org/tags %> <html> <body> <shiro:hasPermission name=“users:manage”> <a href=“manageUsers.jsp”> Click here to manage users </a> </shiro:hasPermission> <shiro:lacksPermission name=“users:manage”> No user management for you! </shiro:lacksPermission> </body> </html>
Of course, there also tags for checking roles and other user data and states.
For more information on JSP/GSP Tags please check out the JSP Tag Library and for more information on integration your application in your web application, please read the Web Integration Documentation
Caching Authorization
TBD
Lend a hand with documentation
While we hope this documentation helps you with the work you're doing with Apache Shiro, the community is improving and expanding the documentation all the time. If you'd like to help the Shiro project, please consider corrected, expanding, or adding documentation where you see a need. Every little bit of help you provide expands the community and in turn improves Shiro.
The easiest way to contribute your documentation is to send it to the User Forum or the User Mailing List.


--- layout: post title: Initial Goals Update and Emulating AndEngine on Windows date: 2012-08-04 10:09:40.000000000 +08:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - Game programming tags: - andengine - android - eclipse - emulator - feeding frenzy - fishdish - windows meta: _edit_last: '38359561' author: login: noobgrammer email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: bytehala first_name: Lemuel last_name: '' ---
I've done my goals from post #3 and it looks like this:
[caption id="attachment_31" align="aligncenter" width="540"] It even runs on Windows![/caption]
So there you can see the background, the texts, and there's already a bounding box. Yey!!!
I've set the collision model for the fish to circle for now, I was just testing if it will not "bounce" on the bounding box because the square model was bouncing and it looks well, not good.
The background looks different from the Android version, where gradients behave weirdly so I made an excuse for that:
[caption id="attachment_32" align="aligncenter" width="540"] It adds to the "charm". LOL[/caption]
Hmmm weird. It looks even lower-res than that on my phone. But yeah, it adds to the charm. Also: I know that deeper parts of the ocean are darker but I chose this look because vignettes are all the rage these days, they bring focus to the center, aaand I need darker top parts for the HUD text. :)
Emulating on Windows
If you noticed on the first screenshot, it's a Windows 7 screenshot. I emulated it on Bluestacks, as discussed on this AndEngine thread. (I can't use my phone because it's my portable hotspot, and there's problems like draining faster than USB charging, overheat, lag, etc.)
To launch your app from eclipse to the Bluestacks emulator, you have to type:
adb connect localhost:5555
After which, you just launch your app from eclipse as usual. Cool huh?


Includes functions for processing GeoJson objects <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoJSON> relying on 'RFC 7946' <https://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc7946.pdf>. The geojson encoding is based on 'json11', a tiny JSON library for 'C++11' <https://github.com/dropbox/json11>. Furthermore, the source code is exported in R through the 'Rcpp' and 'RcppArmadillo' packages.
| Version: | 1.0.6 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.2.3) |
| Imports: | Rcpp (≥ 0.12.9), R6 |
| LinkingTo: | Rcpp, RcppArmadillo (≥ 0.7.6) |
| Suggests: | testthat, covr, knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-09-23 |
| Author: | Lampros Mouselimis |
| Maintainer: | Lampros Mouselimis <mouselimislampros at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/mlampros/geojsonR/issues |
| License: | MIT + file LICENSE |
| Copyright: | inst/COPYRIGHTS geojsonR copyright details |
| URL: | https://github.com/mlampros/geojsonR |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| SystemRequirements: | The package requires a C++11 compiler. |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | geojsonR results |
| Reference manual: | geojsonR.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Processing of GeoJson data in R |
| Package source: | geojsonR_1.0.6.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: geojsonR_1.0.6.zip, r-release: geojsonR_1.0.6.zip, r-oldrel: geojsonR_1.0.6.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: geojsonR_1.0.6.tgz, r-oldrel: geojsonR_1.0.6.tgz |
| Old sources: | geojsonR archive |
| Reverse imports: | GeoMongo |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=geojsonR to link to this page.


Muhammad Ali’s ex-wife insists Deontay Wilder is ‘greatest boxer of all time’
Deontay Wilder knocked out Luis Ortiz on Saturday night and his performance has seen him earn high praise from boxing legend Muhammad Ali’s ex-wife
by Dan GibbsDeontay Wilder has been hailed as the ‘greatest of all time’ by none other than Muhammad Ali’s ex-wife.
Wilder ensured his unbeaten streak continued on Saturday night as he stopped Luis Ortiz with a seventh round stoppage with a stunning right-hander.
The likes of Mike Tyson and Tyson Fury ’s trainer Ben Davison were ringside in Las Vegas with Muhammad Ali’s former wife, Khalilah Ali, also present.
The pair married in 1967 when Khalilah was aged 17 and they went on to have four children.
Khalilah saw first hand how special Ali was in the ring with many boxing fans ranking him as the best of all time.
However, following Wilder’s fight with Ortiz, Khalilah declared the Bronze Bomber as the greatest of all-time.
“You are definitely the King of the Ring, you don’t have to prove anything, just do your thing,” she said.
“I told him, I said ‘look at that brother, you’re in trouble’. I knew it.
“I know the greatest when I see it. You are the GOAT (greatest of all time) brother. Thank you so much.”
Wilder is now set for a rematch with Tyson Fury early next year and is not short of confidence following his latest victory.
The American feels he has now started earning respect of those who don’t think he’s the hardest-hitting puncher in history.
"I think I earned my respect to say I'm the hardest-hitting puncher in boxing history. Period," Wilder said after securing his 42nd win from 43 fights, 41 by knockout.
"I do what I do time and time again. I give people great fights and great knockouts.
"You've got to give me my credit," he said. "It's sad that it took me over 40 fights to get the recognition that I truly deserve.
"When people see me, they have never seen my style. It took them a while to get used to what I display, my talent that I present to boxing.
"It's different to any other fighter. It's not textbook. You can't really teach it and that's what makes me unique from the rest of these fighters."


Resource tag
You can use the Resource Tags property to apply tags to resources, which can help you identify and categorize those resources. You can tag only resources for which AWS CloudFormation supports tagging. For information about which resources you can tag with CloudFormation, see the individual resources in AWS resource and property types reference.
Tagging implementations might vary by resource. For example,
AWS::AutoScaling::AutoScalingGroup
provides an additional, required
PropagateAtLaunch
property as part of its tagging scheme.
In addition to any tags you define, CloudFormation automatically creates the following
stack-level tags with the prefix aws:
:
-
aws:cloudformation:
logical-id
-
aws:cloudformation:
stack-id
-
aws:cloudformation:
stack-name
The aws:
prefix is reserved for AWS use. This prefix is case-insensitive. If
you use this prefix in the Key
or Value
property, you can't update
or delete the tag. Tags with this prefix don't count toward the number of tags per
resource.
Propagation of stack-level tags to resources, including automatically created tags, can vary by resource. For example, tags aren't propagated to Amazon EBS volumes that are created from block device mappings.
Syntax
Properties
Key
-
The key name of the tag. You can specify a value that's 1 to 128 Unicode characters in length and can't be prefixed with
aws:
. You can use any of the following characters: the set of Unicode letters, digits, whitespace,_
,.
,/
,=
,+
, and-
.Required: Yes
Type: String
Value
-
The value for the tag. You can specify a value that's 1 to 256 characters in length.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Example
This example shows a Tags
property. You specify this property within the
Properties
section of a resource that supports it. When the resource is
created, it's tagged with the tags you declare.
JSON
"Tags" : [ { "Key" : "keyname1", "Value" : "value1" }, { "Key" : "keyname2", "Value" : "value2" } ]
YAML
Tags: - Key: "keyname1" Value: "value1" - Key: "keyname2" Value: "value2"


{% load static %}
Islamabad, Pakistan - Hotline: 0306-2281-637
Total Quantity: {{ item.quantity }}x Total Price ${{ item.total_price }}
Item Total:${{ cart.get_total_price }}
ON ORDER OVER $199
Want to track a package? Find tracking information and order details from Your Orders.
WITHIN 30 DAYS AFTER DELIVERY.
You may return most new, unopened items sold within 30 days of delivery for a full refund.
WE CAN HELP YOU ONLINE.
We offer a 24/7 customer hotline so you’re never alone if you have a question.
Men shoes, Nike, Jordan
The Nike Free RN 2017 Men's Running Shoe weighs less than previous versions and features an updated knit material…


{{exercise.name}}
Type
{{response.type}}
Main Muscle Worked
{{response.bodypart}}
Other Muscles
{{muscle}}
Equipment
{{response.equipment}}
Machine Type
{{response.machine_type}}
Level
{{response.level}}
Sport
{{response.sport}}
Force
{{response.force}}
EXERCISE DESCRIPTION


Faith City Outreach Partnering
with Four Winds Ministries
Faith City Outreach is involved in a Missions Prayer Team Ministry co-sponsored by Four Winds Ministries, where a group of pastors and Christian leaders travel to Native American reservations in Arizona to pray for pastors at their church or at a community location.


SSL comes in many forms, our main one being our Discord server. We are partnered with Discord, with 9000 members. That makes us the biggest Scambaiting community around! SSL's owner is also verified on Youtube, having over 100k subscribers. You can find his channel here.
Our Discord is run by roughtly 20 staff members, who all do an amazing job. Lets run you through the owners, who all have the main responsibility of guiding staff and running the server.
@Lewis's Tech#0019 - Our amazing Primary Owner. He is our rock and main scam-baiter in the community.
@XeliteXirish#4468 - Amazing owner, leader of TCDG (Our developer group.)
@HighTek#2259 - One of our owners, he likes to spend his time fixing people computers at his repair shop...
@VampsvZombies#1661 - Alistairs another one of our owners, he loves to interact with the community!
@AtotheK#5662 - Amy's our Austrailian owner, catch her timezone if you can ;)


| DOSE: |
6.0 g |
oral |
Kratom |
(ground / crushed) |
This report is to confirm the effectiveness and enjoyability of Kratom. I'm 23 years old, and a devout opioid enthusiast and connoseur. I have tried many substances, from empathogens to hallucinogens, and after finding opiates I realized they were the drugs for me. I have since ceased all intake of other drug classes except for marijuana and tobacco as daily maintenance drugs (both of which barely produce perceptible effects anymore).
I have dabbled with all manner of prescription opiates, starting with codeine, and working my way through the spectrum up to oxycodone in large amounts, and morphine sulphate. I have smoked, eaten, and drank opium. The only opiate related activity I have not sampled is injection. I insufflate (sniff) or eat all my opiates. Recently I have been on a rather large OxyContin sniffing kick, so know the following report is coming from someone who knows about heavy opiation.
I finally decided to take the plunge and sample the 'legal alternatives' out there. Of course, knowing my taste in drugs (opiates and _only_ opiates), that was all I ordered. Blue Lotus, California Poppy, and finally Kratom. Kratom is NOT an opioid, yet directly stimulates the mu-opioid receptors. (Which are responsible for most of the effects of pleasant opiation.) Hence, Kratom is legal, while posessing effects of the illegal opiates. I was very enthused.
Before ordering I read reports, and I took only one of them to be dependable. It was written by a recovered heroin addict. I know anyone who uses, or used to use, heroin aka diacetylmorphine, MUST know what they're talking about. This man described Kratom as very like opium, and he was *right*.
Material: around 14 grams of regular Kratom, or around 6 grams of the 'super kratom' 'rifaat strain' which a very reputable legal entheogen purveyor sells. I ordered (3) 24-gram bags of the latter from said purveyor.
The stuff is quite nasty, and doesn't dissolve in water, but does float in solution. 6 grams sits well in about 4 glasses (cups) of water. Any less and you're drinking mud. After downing the 4 glasses of gritty, bitter water, on a mostly empty stomach (2-3hours after a meal), you need only wait 15-20 minutes and you can feel the opiation beginning.
_Definite_, undeniable opiate activity. Not, of course, as powerful as railing an OxyContin 80, or sedating as 2 handfuls of vicodin (my least favorite opiate by the way).. but definitely, and unshakeably good. This is no placebo.
For those not familiar with the opiated state, I will summarize quickly. Inner warmth, intense happiness and pleasant thoughts, a slowing of breathing and thoughts, and a slight disconnection from the body, not as in an out of body experience, but in the physical input from your senses. Very relaxed, you find yourself being pleasant in all social interactions, and in thoughts to oneself.
If I had to compare Kratom to any traditional opiate.. I would say, a 40-50 mg ORAL dose of oxycodone, in someone with only moderate tolerance, but much shorter lasting. Kratom's euphoriant effects lose their power after 1 1/2 to 2 hours, but still remain in pinpoint pupils, general relaxation, and pleasant thoughts.
As an indication and reassurance that this plant is effective, I have actually gotten 'the nod' off of Kratom! Yes, you read that correctly. After taking Kratom 4 hours earlier, I had imbibed another 2 glasses (about half a strong dose), which brought intense sedation, not much euphoria the second time around, and an actual, pleasant, 'nod'. For those not in the know, the nod is the pleasant dropping of the eyelids, and semi-sleep state you reach on high doses, or repeat doses of opiates.
Marijuana also induces nodding just as with traditional opiates. Cigarettes have no effect, but are quite good again, as with other opiates.
For those not used to making the most of an opiate high, here are some suggested activities which synergize, or capitalize on the effects of this substance. Music is very good. Talking/Hanging with friends, is very good as you feel quite happy, talkative, and emotionally closer to those you enjoy the company of. Movies, and if you're like me, Anime, are GREAT! The happy, mellow mood is very conducive to watching these things, and the euphoria lends a bright, happy tone to the anime/movie you are watching, and the characters therein. The only thing I would watch out for is people of the opposite gender. I know when I am sufficiently opiated, I feel very 'loved up' so to speak.  You may end up telling a girl or a guy some embarassing things, in this mood. But that's not such a bad thing.
It's legal, relatively cheap compared to street opiates, and the reputable source mentioned earlier can have your package to you the NEXT DAY! Definitely useful for coming off of harder stuff such as morphine, oxycodone, or possibly even heroin. Good for those times when all connects are dry, and you can't score any good stuff. Good to keep around for those days when you just need a taste of opiation to settle the body and mind. If you're not familiar with opiates, USE CAUTION. This plant is an mu opioid receptor agonist, and as such it is ADDICTIVE, and repeated use causes constipation. I have twice used Kratom every day for a period of two weeks without any other negative physical effects however.
So, take it from a serious opiate enthusiast, this is an 'herbal high' that actually works, and impresses. Not some BS clouded in marketing hype.
'Mayaku Itsumo' and be safe, happy, and thoroughly opiated = )
- Seifuru
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


I just wanted shell out to another process from Java. Was that so wrong? 1/24/2020, 4:42:42 AM Favs: 3 Retweets: 0 link


Machine Learning Algorithms Visualisation
Prototype of my Work
Data Visualisation is an iterative design process
A Playground of Interactive Visualisations With the Interactive data visualization used which is used in Visualiser enables users to directly manipulate and explore graphical representations of data. Data visualization uses visual aids to help analysts efficiently and effectively understand the significance of data. Interactive data visualization software improves upon this concept by incorporating interaction tools that facilitate the modification of the parameters of a data visualization, enabling the user to see more detail, create new insights, generate compelling questions, and capture the full value of the data.


|
| static bool | IsBuilding = false [get] |
| | Query the build process to see if we're already building. More...
|
| |
◆ AddCapabilities() [1/2]
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.AddCapabilities |
( |
IBuildInfo |
buildInfo, |
|
|
XElement |
rootElement = null |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Adds capabilities according to the values in the buildInfo to the manifest file.
- Parameters
-
| buildInfo | An IBuildInfo containing a valid OutputDirectory and all capabilities |
◆ AddCapabilities() [2/2]
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.AddCapabilities |
( |
XElement |
rootNode, |
|
|
List< string > |
capabilities |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Adds the given capabilities to the manifest.
◆ AddCapability()
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.AddCapability |
( |
XElement |
rootNode, |
|
|
XName |
capability, |
|
|
string |
value |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Adds a capability to the given rootNode, which must be the read AppX manifest from the build output.
- Parameters
-
| rootNode | An XElement containing the AppX manifest from the build output |
| capability | The added capabilities tag as XName |
| value | Value of the Name-XAttribute of the added capability |
◆ AddGazeInputCapability()
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.AddGazeInputCapability |
( |
XElement |
rootNode | ) |
|
|
static |
Adds the 'Gaze Input' capability to the manifest.
This is a workaround for versions of Unity which don't have native support for the 'Gaze Input' capability in its Player Settings preference location. Note that this function is only public to poke a hole for testing - do not take a dependency on this function.
◆ AddResearchModeCapability()
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.AddResearchModeCapability |
( |
XElement |
rootNode | ) |
|
|
static |
Adds the 'Research Mode' capability to the manifest.
This is only for research projects and should not be used in production. For further information take a look at https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/mixed-reality/research-mode. Note that this function is only public to poke a hole for testing - do not take a dependency on this function.
◆ AllowUnsafeCode()
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.AllowUnsafeCode |
( |
XElement |
rootNode | ) |
|
|
static |
Enables unsafe code in the generated Assembly-CSharp project.
This is not required by the research mode, but not using unsafe code with direct memory access results in poor performance. So its kinda recommended to use unsafe code. For further information take a look at https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/mixed-reality/research-mode. Note that this function is only public to poke a hole for testing - do not take a dependency on this function.
◆ BuildAppxAsync()
| static async Task<bool> Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.BuildAppxAsync |
( |
UwpBuildInfo |
buildInfo, |
|
|
CancellationToken |
cancellationToken = default |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
◆ UpdateAssemblyCSharpProject()
| static void Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.UpdateAssemblyCSharpProject |
( |
IBuildInfo |
buildInfo | ) |
|
|
static |
Updates 'Assembly-CSharp.csproj' file according to the values set in buildInfo.
- Parameters
-
| buildInfo | An IBuildInfo containing a valid OutputDirectory |
Only used with the .NET backend in Unity 2018 or older, with Unity C# Projects enabled.
◆ IsBuilding
| bool Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Build.Editor.UwpAppxBuildTools.IsBuilding = false |
|
staticget |
Query the build process to see if we're already building.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- C:/Users/Thomas Peters/UnityProjects/MoveToCode/Assets/MRTK/Core/Utilities/BuildAndDeploy/UwpAppxBuildTools.cs


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # 2.1 — Production, Specialization, Firms ## ECON 306 • Microeconomic Analysis • Spring 2021 ### Ryan Safner
Assistant Professor of Economics
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ryansafner/microS21
microS21.classes.ryansafner.com
--- class: inverse # Outline ### [Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage](#6) ### [What Do Firms Do?](#32) --- # Producer Behavior .pull-left[ - How do **producers** decide: - which products to produce - in what quantity - using which resources - and for what price? - Answers to these questions are building blocks for **supply curves** ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/workshop.jpg) ] ] --- # The Basics of Production .pull-left[ - Nearly all goods must be **produced** before we can exchange & consume them - .hi[Consumption] is the **destruction** of value to gain utility - Consumption is the ultimate goal of all economic activity ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/valueadd.jpg) ] ] --- # The Basics of Production .pull-left[ - .hi[Production] is the **creation** of value, by transforming *lower*-valued goods (resources, inputs, etc) into *higher*-valued goods (outputs, consumer products, etc) ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/valueadd.jpg) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - Consider a simple example — Robinson Crusoe stranded on a deserted island - Anything he wants to consume, he must first produce ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/crusoe.jpg) ] ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - Suppose on this tropical island, there is the potential to farm two goods: - Bananas - Coconuts ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/crusoe.jpg) ] ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ .smallest[ - There are two plots of land, with different fertility | | Max Bananas | Max Coconuts | |----|------------:|-------------:| | .blue[Plot A] | 10 | 5 | | .green[Plot B] | 45 | 15 | ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/crusoe.jpg) ] ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Two plots of land, with different fertility | | Max Bananas | Max Coconuts | |----|------------:|-------------:| | .blue[Plot A] | 10 | 5 | | .green[Plot B] | 45 | 15 | - For each plot, the .hi[(opportunity) cost] of producing a marginal unit:.magenta[†] | | 1 Banana | 1 Coconut | |----|---------:|----------:| | .blue[Plot A] | 0.5C | 2B | | .green[Plot B] | 0.33C | 3B | ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/crusoe.jpg) ] .footnote[.magenta[†] In other words, the .hi[marginal cost]!] ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Two plots of land, with different fertility | | Max Bananas | Max Coconuts | |----|------------:|-------------:| | .blue[Plot A] | 10 | 5 | | .green[Plot B] | 45 | 15 | - For each plot, the .hi[(opportunity) cost] of producing a marginal unit:.magenta[†] | | 1 Banana | 1 Coconut | |----|---------:|----------:| | .blue[Plot A] | 0.5C | 2B | | .green[Plot B] | 0.33C | 3B | ] ] .pull-right[  .source[.magenta[†] In other words, the .hi[marginal cost]!] ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - .hi[Production possibilities frontier (PPF)] displaying possible combinations of outputs - Slope called .hi[marginal rate of transformation (MRT)], or just call it .hi[marginal cost] ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - Increasing marginal cost: to produce more of a good, opportunity cost rises as he cultivates more plots of land - Producing **Bananas** (x-axis), start with most productive plot first (.green[B]), then start cultivation on (.blue[A]) - .hi-turquoise[“Intensive margin”]: producing more using first (most productive) plot - .hi-orange[“Extensive margin”]: bringing new plots into cultivation for production ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - Imagine now there are *many* various plots of land, differing in quality - So a more-fully curved .blue[PPF] ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - Imagine now there are *many* various plots of land, differing in quality - So a more-fully curved .blue[PPF] - Again, **increasing marginal cost** with more production (worse land) - Producing more *Bananas*, `\((A \rightarrow B)\)`, slope gets *steeper* - Producing more *Coconuts*, `\((A \leftarrow B)\)`, slope gets *flatter* ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Production, Specialization, & Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ - Based on his preferences, his productive & consumption .hi[optimum] is point A (highest .green[Indifference curve] tangent to .blue[PPF]) - At this point: `$$\underbrace{\color{blue}{MRT}}_{\text{PPF slope}}=\underbrace{\color{green}{MRS}}_{\text{I.C. slope}}=\underbrace{\color{purple}{\frac{p_b}{p_c}}}_{\text{price line}}$$` ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Trade .pull-left[ - Now suppose he has the opportunity to trade with others - Current market exchange rate is the slope of darker purple dashed line ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Trade .pull-left[ - Now suppose he has the opportunity to trade with others - Current market exchange rate is the slope of darker purple dashed line - He will .hi[specialize] in production of Bananas, produce more of them `\((A \rightarrow B)\)` to trade to get coconuts - B is his .hi[productive optimum] ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Post-Trade Consumption .pull-left[ - He will trade at the market prices (slope of dark purple dashed line) ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Post-Trade Consumption .pull-left[ - He will trade at the market prices (slope of dark purple dashed line) - Sell (export) his specialized good, Bananas ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Post-Trade Consumption .pull-left[ - He will trade at the market prices (slope of dark purple dashed line) - Sell (export) his specialized good, Bananas - Buy (import) from others, Coconuts ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Post-Trade Consumption .pull-left[ - He will trade at the market prices (slope of dark purple dashed line) - Sell (export) his specialized good, Bananas - Buy (import) from others, Coconuts - Allows him to reach higher .green[indifference curve] at point C, new .hi[consumption optimum] ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Takeaways .pull-left[ 1. .hi-purple[Trade is good] - Reaches higher indifference curve, beyond PPF! ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Takeaways: Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ 1. Trade is good 2. .hi[Specialization] and .hi[Comparative advantage] - specialize in producing whatever good you have the lower opportunity cost in - buy (import) everything else! - can be comparatively good at something, or comparatively bad at everything else! ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Takeaways: Comparative Advantage .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/ringo1.png) ] --- # Takeaways: Comparative Advantage .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/ringo2.png) ] --- # The Division of Labor .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/smith.png) Adam Smith 1723-1790 ] ] .right-column[ > "The greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the skill, dexterity, and judgment with which it is any where directed, or applied, seem to have been the effects of the **division of labour**," (Book I, Chapter 1). ] .source[Smith, Adam, 1776, [*An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations*](https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html)] --- # Takeaways: Comparative Advantage .pull-left[ .smaller[ 1. Trade is good 2. .hi[Specialization] and .hi[Comparative advantage] - specialize in producing whatever good you have the lower opportunity cost in - buy (import) everything else! - can be comparatively good at something, or comparatively bad at everything else! - Learn much more in my [international trade](https://tradef20.classes.ryansafner.com) course ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/trade_hex.png) ] ] --- # Takeaways .pull-left[ .smaller[ 1. Trade is good 2. Specialization and comparative advantage 3. .hi-purple[Price differences imply gains from trade] - different price lines in “autarky” vs. with trade - the more different his price is vs. market, the better off he will be! ] ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Takeaways .pull-left[ .smaller[ 1. Trade is good 2. Specialization and comparative advantage 3. Price differences imply gains from trade 4. A .hi[theory of the firm] - Productive optimum (B) is independent of preferences! - *Any* rational producer would make the same decision, regardless of preferences (or ownership structure) - sole-proprietor, partnership, corporation, non-profit, workers co-op, etc. ] ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Takeaways .pull-left[ .smaller[ 1. Trade is good 2. Specialization and comparative advantage 3. Price differences imply gains from trade 4. A theory of the firm 5. .hi[Competitive firms produce where MC = MB] - Point B: `$$\underbrace{\color{blue}{MRT}}_{\text{PPF slope}}=\underbrace{\color{green}{MRS}}_{\text{I.C. slope}}=\underbrace{\color{purple}{\frac{p_b}{p_c}}}_{\text{price line}}$$` ] ] .pull-right[  ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # What Do Firms Do? --- # The Firm .pull-left[ - In modern market economies, most production takes place in a legal organization known as .hi[the firm] - It does not *have* to be this way, and for most of history it was not this way! - Craft guilds - Independent artisans - Independent contractors ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/firms.png) ] ] --- # The Firm .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Firms exist in the forms they do because they are an efficient response to particular problems of economic organization - Lots of interesting, Nobel-prize winning, analysis - For now, we'll sidestep these and just *assume* firms exist. Learn more in my .hi[Industrial Organization] course: - [Why Are There Firms?](https://ios20.classes.ryansafner.com/class/3.1-class/) - [The Firm as Nexus of Contracts](https://ios20.classes.ryansafner.com/class/3.2-class/) - [Asset Specificity and Vertical Integration](https://ios20.classes.ryansafner.com/class/3.3-class/) - [Contractual Restraints & Property Rights](https://ios20.classes.ryansafner.com/class/3.4-class/) ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/io_hex.png) ] ] --- # What Do Firms Do? I .pull-left[ - We'll assume "the firm" is the agent to model: - So what do firms do? - How would we set up an optimization model: 1. **Choose:** .hi-blue[ < some alternative >] 2. **In order to maximize:** .hi-green[< some objective >] 3. **Subject to:** .hi-red[< some constraints >] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/thefirm.JPG) ] ] --- # What Do Firms Do? II .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Firms convert some goods to other goods: ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/inputoutput.jpg) ] ] --- # What Do Firms Do? II .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Firms convert some goods to other goods: - **Inputs**: `\(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n\)` - **Examples**: worker efforts, warehouse space, electricity, loans, oil, cardboard, fertilizer, computers, software programs, etc ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/inputoutput.jpg) ] ] --- # What Do Firms Do? II .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Firms convert some goods to other goods: - **Inputs**: `\(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n\)` - **Examples**: worker efforts, warehouse space, electricity, loans, oil, cardboard, fertilizer, computers, software programs, etc - **Output**: `\(q\)` - **Examples**: gas, cars, legal services, mobile apps, vegetables, consulting advice, financial reports, etc ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/inputoutput.jpg) ] ] --- # What Do Firms Do? III .pull-left[ - .hi[Technology] or a .hi[production function]: rate at which firm can convert specified inputs `\((x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n)\)` into output `\((q)\)` `$$q=f(x_1, x_2, \cdots, x_n)$$` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/inputoutput.jpg) ] ] --- # Production Function as Recipe .pull-left[ .center[The production function ![](../images/recipe1.PNG) ] ] .pull-right[ .center[The production algorithm ![](../images/recipe2.PNG) ] ] --- # Factors of Production I `$$q=A \,f(t,l,k)$$` .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Economists typically classify inputs, called the .hi[“factors of production” (FOP)]:

  Factor 	  Owned By 	  Earns

  Land (t) 	  Landowners 	  Rent

  Labor (l) 	  Laborers 	  Wages

  Capital (k) 	  Capitalists 	  Interest

 ] .smallest[ - `\(A\)`: .b["total factor productivity"] (ideas/knowledge/institutions) - and Entrepreneurs/Owners who earn .b[Profit] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/factors.jpg) ] ] --- # Factors of Production II `$$q=f(l,k)$$` .pull-left[ - We will assume just two inputs: labor `\(l\)` and capital `\(k\)`

  Factor 	  Owned By 	  Earns

  Labor (l) 	  Laborers 	  Wages

  Capital (k) 	  Capitalists 	  Interest

 ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/factors.jpg) ] ] --- # What Does a Firm Maximize? .pull-left[ - We will assume firms .hi-purple[maximize profit `\\((\pi)\\)`] - Not true for all firms - **Examples**: non-profits, charities, civic associations, government agencies, criminal organizations, etc - Even profit-seeking firms may also want to maximize additional things - **Examples**: goodwill, sustainability, social responsibility, etc  ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/gnomes.png) ] ] --- # Profits Have a Bad Rap These Days .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/peopleoverprofits.jpg) ] --- # What is Profit? .pull-left[ - In economics, profit is simply **benefits minus (opportunity) costs** ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/profitloss2.jpg) ] ] --- # What is Profit? .pull-left[ - In economics, profit is simply **benefits minus (opportunity) costs** - Suppose firm sells **output** `\(q\)` at price `\(p\)` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/profitloss2.jpg) ] ] --- # What is Profit? .pull-left[ - In economics, profit is simply **benefits minus (opportunity) costs** - Suppose firm sells **output** `\(q\)` at price `\(p\)` - It can buy each **input** `\(x_i\)` at an associated price `\(p_i\)` - labor `\(l\)` at wage rate `\(w\)` - capital `\(k\)` at rental rate `\(r\)` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/profitloss2.jpg) ] ] --- # What is Profit? .pull-left[ - In economics, profit is simply **benefits minus (opportunity) costs** - Suppose firm sells **output** `\(q\)` at price `\(p\)` - It can buy each **input** `\(x_i\)` at an associated price `\(p_i\)` - labor `\(l\)` at wage rate `\(w\)` - capital `\(k\)` at rental rate `\(r\)` - The profit of selling `\(q\)` units and using inputs `\(l,k\)` is: ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/profitloss2.jpg) ] ] --- # Who Gets the Profits? I .pull-left[ `$$\pi=\underbrace{pq}_{revenues}-\underbrace{(wl+rk)}_{costs}$$` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/riskprofit.jpg) ] ] --- # Reminder from Macroeconomics: "The Circular Flow" .center[ ![:scale 60%](../images/circularflow.png) ] --- # Who Gets the Profits? I .pull-left[ `$$\pi=\underbrace{pq}_{revenues}-\underbrace{(wl+rk)}_{costs}$$` - .hi-purple[The firm's costs are all of the factor-owner's incomes!] - Landowners, laborers, creditors are all paid rent, wages, and interest, respectively ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/riskprofit.jpg) ] ] --- # Who Gets the Profits? I .pull-left[ `$$\pi=\underbrace{pq}_{revenues}-\underbrace{(wl+rk)}_{costs}$$` - Profits are the .hi-purple[residual value] leftover after paying all factors - Profits are income for the .hi[residual claimant(s)] of the production process (i.e. **owner(s)** of a firm): - Entrepreneurs - Shareholders ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/riskprofit.jpg) ] ] --- # Who Gets the Profits? II .pull-left[ `$$\pi=\underbrace{pq}_{revenues}-\underbrace{(wl+rk)}_{costs}$$` - Residual claimants have incentives to maximize firm's profits, as this *maximizes their own income* - Entrepreneurs and shareholders are the only participants in production that are *not* guaranteed an income! - Starting and owning a firm is inherently **risky**! ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/tightrope.jpg) ] ] --- # People Overestimate Profits .center[ ![:scale 52%](../images/profitmargins.png) ] .source[Source: [American Enterprise Institute](https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/the-public-thinks-the-average-company-makes-a-36-profit-margin-which-is-about-5x-too-high-part-ii/)] --- # Profits and Entrepreneurship: A Preview .pull-left[ - In markets, production must face the .hi[profit test]: - Is consumer's willingness to pay `\(>\)` opportunity cost of inputs? - Profits are an indication that **value is being created for society** - Losses are an indication that **value is being destroyed for society** - Survival in markets *requires* firms continually create value & earn profits ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/feedback.png) ] ] --- # The Firm's Optimization Problem I .pull-left[ - So what do firms do? 1. **Choose:** .hi-blue[ < some alternative >] 2. **In order to maximize:** .hi-green[< profits >] 3. **Subject to:** .hi-red[< technology >] - We've so far assumed they maximize profits and they are limited by their technology ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/management.jpg) ] ] --- # The Firm's Optimization Problem II .pull-left[ - What do firms **choose**? (Not an easy answer) - Prices? - Depends on the market the firm is operating in! - Study of industrial organization - Essential question: how competitive is a market? This will influence what firms (can) do ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/marketpower.jpg) ] ] --- # Industrial Organization: A Roadmap I .pull-left[ - Begin with one extreme case: .hi["perfect competition"] - Firms can choose to sell as much `\(q^*\)` as they want - Firms are constrained to sell at the (exogenous) market price `\(\bar{p}\)` - Appropriate for settings with *many* firms, each small relative to market ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/commodities.png) ] ] --- # Interlude .pull-left[ - After we find firm's **optimal decisions** in this market (and have Exam 2), we will then finally look at **market equilibrium** - Put Supply and Demand together ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Interlude .pull-left[ - We've seen how **consumers** cause and respond to market changes - e.g. `\((\Delta p_x\)`, `\(\Delta p_y\)`, `\(\Delta m\)`) - We're about to explore how **producers** cause and respond to market changes - Finally we can explain all of these market changes with Supply and Demand .hi[equilibrium models] - Discuss how markets work, why they are good & efficient, and when they fail ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Industrial Organization: A Roadmap II .pull-left[ - Examine another extreme case: .hi[monopoly] of a single seller - Appropriate for some markets - .hi-purple["Imperfect competition"]: models of .hi[monopolistic competition] & .hi[oligopoly] - In latter case, firms act **strategically**, so we will need game theory - Firms can choose *both* `\(q^*\)` & `\(p^*\)` to maximize `\(\pi\)` ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/chessknights.jpg) ] ]


Entrepreneurs
By creating a standardized framework to share and access data, IUDX will unleash an innovation whole new ecosystem of solution providers who will benefit the citizens, the city, the administration and all the other stakeholders
Enabling cities to unlock and extract the full potential of the vast amounts of data they generate.
Providing a standard mechanism to share, discover and access data from IT systems across multiple departments
Fostering co-creation and co-innovation and is itself a by-product of this approach.
Using data to enable informed decision making, reduce operational costs and enable new AI and ML based smart solutions


{% load static %}
Prevent-Detect-Punish
© 2021 Crime. All rights reserved | Design by Fritz-dale kechia


"GLEAN" The corners of fields were not to be reaped, and the sheaf accidentally left behind was not to be fetched away, according to the law of Moses (Leviticus 19:9; 23:22; Deuteronomy 24:21). They were to be left for the poor to glean. Similar laws were given regarding vineyards and oliveyards. (Comp. Ruth 2:2.)
"GLEAN" The corners of fields were not to be reaped, and the sheaf accidentally left behind was not to be fetched away, according to the law of Moses (Leviticus 19:9; 23:22; Deuteronomy 24:21). They were to be left for the poor to glean. Similar laws were given regarding vineyards and oliveyards. (Comp. Ruth 2:2.)


In the last round, the NN saw "{{ ' '.join(current_view) }}" and incorrectly guessed {{ guess }}. The NN lost the game :'(


Ruby Hashes vs. Javascript Objects
Week 7
Storing data in JavaScript and Ruby
October 30, 2014
Ruby and JavaScript two are languages that have very different uses and syntax, but logically work fairly similar. For instance, to store collections of data Ruby and JavaScript both have arrays. Arrays are a good way to store unordered lists of data, but sometimes you need to give each piece of data a specific name to be able to access it easier. In Ruby, you would do this with a hash. But there is no equivalent to a Ruby hash in JavaScript. Instead, JavaScript has objects, which function slightly differently but can essentially be used the same way as hashes.
Ruby Hashes
In Ruby, a hash is a collection of key/value pairs that stores information. Hash values can be accessed by calling on the key that corresponds to each value. These values can be strings, integers, arrays, or even other hashes. Values can be reassigned with the equal sign. Key/value pairs can be deleted by typing the hash name followed by “.delete” followed by the value’s key in parenthesis. These commands are all shown in the following example:
JavaScript Objects
JavaScript object work much the same way as Ruby hashes. The Javascript equivalent of Ruby keys are called properties. Each property is a variable, and as such follows the same rules as any other JavaScript variable. Object properties can be strings, numbers, functions, or other objects. Properties can be accessed or created by typing the object name, then the name of the property. There are two syntactical ways to call the property: either with a period between the object and the property or with square brackets around the property, as in the example below. It’s important to note that creating a new property is done the same way as accessing an existing property. Object properties can be deleted by simply typing “delete” and the space bar before the property. See the code below for examples:
Both Ruby hashes and JavaScript objects are very flexible ways of storing lists of data. Ruby hashes have many built in methods to manipulate their data. In fact, they have more built-in methods than JavaScript, whereas in JavaScript you often have to write your own functions to manipulate your object. In this way, Ruby hashes are meant for storing and manipulating large sets of data in the back-end, while JavaScript is better for storing and accessing data in the front end.


By default, commands whose tags have no namespace or a namespace other than x: have render semantics by default.
The result of executing a command with render semantics is a string whose value is the string representation of the command.
For example, consider a <script> containing only XML (with no tags having a x: namespace). The result of executing that script is similar to the effect of calling Unparse on the xdom of the script. The main difference is that the pretty printing of spaces will be different. While Unparse indents nested elements, render semantics does no indentation for nested elements.
Render semantics, however, is more than just an unparser. No only can @x:Act (x:) commands contain rendered commands, but rendered commands can contain name uses and @x:Act commands that parameterize the rendered result.
The is flexibility in the generation of space characters in the result of rendered commands. If precise control of spacing is needed, an alternative is the use @x:Act @x:tag command that renders an specified xdom tree.


03 May 2002
Disease Outbreak Reported
As of 29 April, the Greek Ministry of Health and Welfare has reported 51 cases including 3 deaths of acute respiratory syndrome with pericarditis and/or myocarditis. Further laboratory analyses by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University of Athens and Hellenic Pasteur Institute in Greece are continuing. (see previous report)
There is no indication of an increase in the number of cases of upper respiratory tract infections.
WHO recommends no special restrictions on travel or trade to or from Greece.


I am a fresher looking for a job role as a web developer and also single page application.I have skills in designing responsive web layouts.Interested in learning new technologies.Looking for an fresh career start in industry.Available Anytime
Download CVDesigned developed maintained and updated a variety of web sites as assigned.Updated web style sheets and pages on a regular basis and as required.
I have created a Yoga and Meditation Template. What is the Benefit of Yoga and Meditation? In this blog I will tell you what is the importance of yoga and why you should do yoga.
I have done eCommerce application. It includes user login and validation page, shopping page.This application contains social icons and different layout
Planted and maintained a variety of herbaceous and woody plants.Harvested and maintained vegetable gardens. Created seasonal planters.Trimming and pruning of flowers, shrubs, and trees.
Successful chefs are always looking to experiment with new processes and food items.An effective cook will be able to remain calm under pressure as well as make decisions efficiently and quickly.
Selecting and helping customers select outfits and accessories that enhance their appearance.Knowledgeable about social media marketing including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
The ability to read, write, and speak effectively.Communicating medical information to family members after doctor's visits Interviewing family members and patients to assess preferences
Web Designer with extensive experience and also Responsive websites and Blogs


In pictures - 96 cherished moments from the Ernesettle you know and love Why not enjoy a trip down memory lane on the much-loved north-western Plymouth estate 01 Nov 2019, 10:33 by Miles O'Leary 16 12 2002 ERNESETTLE JUNIOR SCHOOL HAS A DODGY ROOF, RUSTY WINDOWS ETC. COUNCIL WANTS TO REBUILD SCHOOL ALONG WITH FIVE OTHER PRIMARIES UNDER A PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVE. . 27/01/04 BIZZI BIZZI BIZZI MEMBERS OF STAFF FROM ENVIRON AT ERNESETTLE CELEBRATE THEIR 10TH ANNIVERSARY BY TREE PLANTING. L-R, C.E.O.MIKE WEBB (USA) AND BOB ALLEN (MANAGING DIRECTOR) WITH STAFF. PIC BY CLAIRE TREGASKIS. 28/08/05 JOHN ALLEN Parkway RFC, Ernesettle Lane: Fun day to raise money for Great Ormond Street Hospital Children's Charity who treated daughter of organiser Mike Ryeland. Ethan Frost in his full Argyle kit 14/03/06 PIC GUY CHANNING New Learn Direct course at Ernesettle Community Centre. (l-r are) Kerry Almond, Learn Direct Co-ordinator Jerry Foale and Charlie Mills 07/03/2008 - CHILDREN IN PETER PAN FANCY DRESS-RECORD ATTEMPT AT ERNESETTLE COMMUNITY SCHOOL. JADE ROWBERRY IN COSTUME. PIC BY PAUL SLATER 08/05/05 - PIC BY LUCY BLAKE. THE DISTRICT SCOUTING GIANT TUG OF WAR EVENT IN ERNESETTLE 12/06/2008 - Pic by Lucy Blake The emergency services visit Ernesettle community School. Pupil Tyler in the fire engine with crew commander Paul Hawke. 12/06/2008 - Pic by Lucy Blake The emergency services visit Ernesettle community School. PCSO Martin Whitehouse shows pupils Cody, John and Becky the back of a police van. 12/06/2008 - Pic by Lucy Blake The emergency services visit Ernesettle community School. Pupil Jack controls the hose with firefighter Kev Walsh. 06/08/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS ELVIS NIGHT AT PARKWAY SOCIAL CLUB, ERNESETTLE. PICTURED:MIKE TAYLOR 06/08/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS ELVIS NIGHT AT PARKWAY SOCIAL CLUB, ERNESETTLE. PICTURED:ADRIAN FORD 06/08/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS ELVIS NIGHT AT PARKWAY SOCIAL CLUB, ERNESETTLE. PICTUREDL TO R:CHRIS WHYTE, LINDA GRIFFITHS,SAM BLAKE, ALICE WALKER, BOBBIE MANCUSO,CHLOE JONES , JACK WALKER AND KAYLEIGH WOODROW 06/08/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS ELVIS NIGHT AT PARKWAY SOCIAL CLUB, ERNESETTLE. PICTURED:REG MATTHEWS 008/09/2008 - PUPILS PARADE TO THIER NEW SCHOOL - ERNESETTLE PRIMARY SCHOOL ON BIGGIN HILL. PIC BY PAUL SLATER 008/09/2008 - PUPILS PARADE TO THIER NEW SCHOOL - ERNESETTLE PRIMARY SCHOOL ON BIGGIN HILL. PIC BY PAUL SLATER 008/09/2008 - PUPILS PARADE TO THIER NEW SCHOOL - ERNESETTLE PRIMARY SCHOOL ON BIGGIN HILL. PIC BY PAUL SLATER 02/12/2008 - Reading Volunteers Rob Price (fr) and Helen Martindale (br) of EDF Energy pictured reading at Ernesettle Community School to pupils Cody Le Vell (fl) , Leandro Cuprtino, Conner Walker and Robbie Clegg. Also pictured are Headteacher Barry Coppins (bl) and Liz Bardwell-Jones the schools Special Education Needs Co-Ordinator. The volunteer readers have visited the school once a week for 10 years. Pic by Paul Slater 24/11/2008. NEWS. NATIVITY PHOTOCALL - MILL FORD SCHOOL, ERNESETTLE. BEOWULF. PIC AMY STANFORD 24/11/2008. NEWS. NATIVITY PHOTOCALL - MILL FORD SCHOOL, ERNESETTLE. BEOWULF. THE LADIES PLAYED BY SOPHIE PUTT, TERRY-JANE FITZGERALD, ALANNA PERKS AND SHAUNA LOBB. PIC AMY STANFORD 08/11/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS TAXIFAST PARKWAY, ERNESETTLE LANE. TAMARSIDE V ROBOROUGH P AND WD ROBOROUGH'S WAYNE CORNISH AND TAMARSIDE'S SEAN REED BATTLE FOR THE BALL 29/09/2008. NEWS. ERNESETTLE LIBRARY. 3 YEAR OLD JOSHUA ZACHARIW-GRIMES (corr) RECEIVES HIS GOLDEN CERTIFICATE FOR PARTICIPATING IN BOOK CRAWL. PIC AMY STANFORD 17/09/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS ALLEN STONE AND DAVE SHEARS HAVE CREATED A MOTOCROSS TRACK IN ERNESETTLE. PICTURED:ANTHONY GOODALL, CONNOR PRICE,LEE HOCKING, JOE ACKERLAY AND DARREN SHEARS 17/09/2008 PIC BY: PENNY CROSS ALLEN STONE AND DAVE SHEARS HAVE CREATED A MOTOCROSS TRACK IN ERNESETTLE. PICTURED:JOE ACKERLAY 24/01/2009 - STIFLE (Stop the Incinerator Fouling Land at Ernesettle). Public meeting held at Parkway Social Club about the proposed plans for the building of a incinerator on lans in Ernesettle. Copy picture of what the proposed incinerator may look like. Pic by Paul Slater 05/03/09 Pic by: Penny Cross Toshiba's TV factory in Ernesettle did a 15,000ft tandem sky-dive in August and present a cheque for £850 to St Lukes Hospice. Pictured: Front:Nicki Parker, and Lorna Baker Back:Steve Monk and Richard Sleeman 11/03/2009 - General View of Kawasaki Precision Machinary at Ernesettle which has announced that it will be losing jobs. Pic by Paul Slater 26/03/2009 - Pic by Lucy Blake BUSINESS BUSINESS Westcountry Housing's latest affordable housing scheme, St Aidan's Court in Ernesettle is officially opened. Siam Holland, 10 whose family have just moved in 03/09/2009 Pic by: Penny Cross Regular users of the Motocross track in Ernesettle, Alan and Gemma Lane and their son John are upset at the possible closure if the council do not renew the licence for the track 04/10/2008 Ex-World champion Motocross rider Dave Thorpe officially opens the new Plymouth City Moto Park along Ernesettle Lane. Ex-World champion Motocross rider Dave Thorpe opens the park alongside 6yr old Harrison Besant pic by Lucy Duval WMN Pictures By Steven Haywood 19/07/2007 - Factory images of Toshiba in Ernesettle. 16/06/2009 Pic by: Penny Cross Pre- pic for Legend Singers Concert next week for Devon Air Ambulance at Parkway Social Club, Ernesettle Lane. Pictured: Front: John Firmston back L to R: Mike Taylor, Bert Wherly,Brian Oliver and Paul Le'vis Middle: Tony Roe 26/03/2009 - Pic by Lucy Blake BUSINESS BUSINESS Westcountry Housing's latest affordable housing scheme, St Aidan's Court in Ernesettle is officially opened by Father Tim Thorp of St Aidan's Church and PCC Portfolio holder for Housing Cllr Peter Brookshaw, watched by residents. 10/09/2009 PIC GUY CHANNING Crack house closure, 8 Yelverton Close, Ernesettle. (l-r)Neighbour Emma Cooper, City Solicitor Dylan Sadler, PC Dan Pencollings, PCSO Wes Western, Neighbours Glenda Williams and Emma Bullard Rep Keith 09/09/2009 PIC GUY CHANNING LAUNCH OF DIPLOMA IN MANUFACTURING AT KAWASAKI PRECISION MACHINERY, ERNESETTLE STEVE CARDEW, SITE MANAGER WITH REPRESENTATIVE STUDENTS FROM NOTRE DAME RC SCHOOL AND TAMARSIDE COMMUNITY COLLEGE 30/09/2009 Pic by: Penny Cross Ernesettle Playcare after school club celebrate their First Birthday. 10/12/2009 - Diamond Wedding of William and Joan Turner of Ernesettle. pic by Paul Slater 17/12/2009. NEWS. Father Christmas (Steve Hudson) and Elf Glynn Carpenter visit the pupils of Ernesettle Community Primary School to give out books in a bid to raise literacy standards at the school. Pictured are pupils Rebekah Holden, Shannon Luscombe, Tyler Davis and Scott Cooper. Pic Amy Stanford 07/08/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross A group of residents from Ernesettle,Plymouth have organised a unique event commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Battle of Britain The RAF Ernesettle team has organised a line-up of family-fun and entertainment which includes a dog show, games for all ages etc.. 14/10/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross International day at Ernesettle Community School. 14/10/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross International day at Ernesettle Community School. Pictured: Anna-Carin 14/10/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross International day at Ernesettle Community School. Pictured: Tia Heath,Jake Rogers and Holli Phillips 27/01/2011 Day 3: Ernesettle Ernesettle shops 09/12/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross Nativity Key stage Ernesettle Community primary School Pictured:Billi Lee Love,Ashlea Neale and Molly Hussey 09/12/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross Nativity Mr Humbug Sees The Light Ernesettle Community primary School Pictured:Kimberly Bullard and Shannon Luscombe 09/12/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross Nativity Key stage Ernesettle Community primary School Pictured:Billi Lee Love,Ashlea Neale and Molly Hussey 09/12/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross Nativity Key stage 1 Ernesettle Community primary School Pictured:Front:Jack Page,Skye Pope and Cydni Beavan Back:Cameron Norman,Harley Stacey,Kaylum Mills and Cameron Wildman 04/11/2010 - Pic by Lucy Blake Ernesettle Community Primary School celebrate winning the Golden Broom Award organised by Churchill Contract Services for having the tidiest classroom. Headteacher Aaron Meredith and assistant headteacher Donna Briggs receive a certificate from Carol Prentice, while pupils Travis Trice, Sian Emmens, Leonel Rodrigues and Ferrari Jordan look after the golden broom. 14/10/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross International day at Ernesettle Community School. Pictured: James Knight 01/11/2010 Pic by: Penny Cross Ernesettle Community School's football team with their winning medals Pictured:Back: Aaron Shanley,Matthew MaCkey,Joshua Emmens,Peter Cramoysan Bailey Clark, Sophie Lang and Chyna Venning Front: Caleb Summerfield 30/03/2011. Ernesettle Community Primary School model club have made spitfires. pic Amy Stanford 05/05/2011 - Pic by Lucy Blake 31st Plymouth Scout Group leader Trevor Richards and Scouts are presented with a tent from Chris and Carole Allen after they read in The Herald that burglars had stolen camp equipment from the Ernesettle based Scout group. 16/06/2011 Pic by: Penny Cross Fathers day lunch at Ernesettle Community School. Pictured:David Peters with daughter Leonie Peters 16/06/2011 Pic by: Penny Cross Fathers day lunch at Ernesettle Community School. 10/07/2011 Lions' Dartmoor Charity Marathon 10 mile walk organised by The Plymouth and Plym Valley Lions Clubs The team from 197 and 2377 Squadron Cor Air Training Air cadets and members from Bull and Bush pub, Ernesettle pic by Lucy Duval 06/08/2011 - Pic by Lucy Blake Ernesettle Show - National vegetable judge Ricky Hoskin judges the cabbages. 06/08/2011 - Pic by Lucy Blake Ernesettle Show - Youngsters enjoy the inflatable slide. 22/09/2011. Fundraising event at Ernesettle Social Club to help Dan Gilson buy a van to help him get around. Pic Amy Stanford 06/08/2011 - Pic by Lucy Blake Ernesettle Show - Lana Sargent enjoys blowing bubbles. 06/08/2011 - Pic by Lucy Blake Ernesettle Show - Emma Petre hopes to sell some monkeys 28/11/2011 JOHN ALLEN NATIVITY Ernesettle School nativity: Foundation Unit 16/12/2011 - Pic by Lucy Blake Ernesettle Youth Forum at the Budshead Trust organise a Santa's Grotto at their drop-in centre. Youth Forum members George Clayton, 14, Josh Pope, 14 and David Knight, 13 with raffle prizes. 10/01/2012. Ernesettle Community School celebrate and outstanding progress Ofsted report. Pictured with children from the Early Years class are head of Early Years Jayne Freeman and head teacher Aaron Meredith. Pic Amy Stanford 14 03 2002 PIC TERI COX NATIONAL SCIENCE WEEK. PUPILS CHELSEA RANDLE AND JOHNATHON O'SHAUGNESSY (BOTH 8) FROM ERNESETTLE JUNIOR SCHOOL TAKE PART IN A "LIGHT EXPERIENCE" WITH FIBRE OPTIC LIGHTS AND TORCHES AT SEYMOUR HOUSE 29/05/2012 .Pic Guy Channing Pupils from Ernesettle Community School rehearsing for their production of Macbeth at the Barbican Theatre 01/06/2012 - Queens Jubilee party at Ernesettle Community School. Christopher Washington and Cody Bennett (r). Pic by Paul Slater 01/06/2012 - Queens Jubilee party at Ernesettle Community School. Preston Swabey and his big hat! Pic by Paul Slater 19/10/2012 - Ernesettle Primary School hold a heroes day. Bradley Laing wearing a gas mask watched by Royal Marine Cpl Steve Wells. Pic by Paul Slater 19/10/2012 - Ernesettle Primary School hold a heroes day. Olympic Torch bearer Paul Greening was also invited to the school to talk to the children - he is seen here with l-r Tyler Riley, Thomas Carne,m Stacey Tidy, Ethan Smith, Lucy Quinton and Leah Corbett at rear. Pic by Paul Slater 12/10/2012 - Ernesettle Community Primary School has won the British Councils International School Award. L-r are pupils Holly Bone, Abbi Mason and Jack Mansfield. Pic by Paul Slater 24/10/2012 - Ernesettle Community School held a Greek Day with Menelaus aka Ian Johnstone (pictured) comeing into the school to talk about greek artifacts. Ellie Sibley is pictured with an Aryballos. Pic by Paul Slater 27/11/2012 Pic by: Penny Cross Multicultural Day at Milford School in Ernesettle with samba drumming, dancing and cooking. Pictured: Reece helps with the cooking 14/12/2012 JOHN ALLEN Ernesettle Community School pupils entertain senior citizens Doreen White is offered a selection of snacks by pupils 16/12/2013 Pic by: Penny Cross Nativity Ernesettle Community school, Year CP and 4RB 01/12/2013 Pic by: Penny Cross ZONE - Kathy Weaver-Gore runs her 12th half-marathon of the year to fundraise for Mill Ford special school in Ernesettle. Since there is no organised half-marathon in the South West she will be running around Burrator reservoir three times to make up the distance. Other staffers from the school, along with Plymouth Musketeers running club, should be joining her for parts of the way. Ernesettle Library Book Launch, 16th May 1973 08/07/2014 JOHN ALLEN Last Class: Ernesettle Community School Last Class Class 6JO 04/12/2014 JOHN ALLEN NATIVITY Nativity: Ernesettle Community Sch Reception class Gracie, Maisie and Jayden Ernesettle Labour Party Childrens Party, 22nd Jan 1976 Ernesettle Infants School on trip to Plymouth Zoo, 20 June 1968 03/03/2016 JOHN ALLEN Ernesettle Community School: World Book Day, children will be dressed up as characters out of Alice in Wonderland 23/10/2018 Pic by: Penny Cross Launch of Together for Childhood in Plymouth The community of Ernesettle, the chosen pilot site, launch NSPCCs Together for Childhood , which sees the NSPCC, Plymouth City Council, Plymouth Safeguarding Children's Board and wider community working in partnership to build a better future for children. Held at Parkway Social Club. Pictured: Zahra , NSPCC has participation group 19/05/2012 Groom Alex Thomas is arriving at his wedding in Southway on a Harley Davidson withn a convoy of 30 bikes. Groom Alex Thomas meets his fellow bikers at the Bull and Bush before the convoy pic by Lucy Duval


Parents or adults in home ever slapped, hit, kicked, punched or beat each other up.
A household member was a problem drinker or alcoholic or used street drugs or abused prescription medications.
Living with a family member who had a drinking problem had the highest prevalence within household challenges, being experienced by at least 24% of those surveyed
A household member was depressed or mentally ill or a household member attempted suicide.
Parents were ever separated or divorced.
A household member went to prison.
| ACE | State | Race | Sex | Education | Income |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Illness | Washington | Native American | F | Graduated college or tech school | Less than $15000 |
| Substance Abuse: Alcohol | Nevada | Native American | F | Didn't graduate high school | Less than $15000 |
| Substance Abuse: Drugs | Nevada | Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander | M | Didn't graduate high school | Less than $15000 |
| Incarcerated Family Member | North Carolina | Native American | M | Didn't graduate high school | Less than $15000 |
| Parental Separation or Divorce | Nevada | Black | F | Didn't graduate high school | Less than $15000 |
| Intimate Partner Violence | Nevada | Native American | F | Didn't graduate high school | Less than $15000 |


The 24-hour rest is the most obvious strategic move of the 1,000-mile race. Mushers want to time the rest—far longer than any other rest periods in the race—so that their dogs can best benefit from the uninterrupted cycle of feeding, napping, muscle massages, and foot care. And the strong checkpoint hospitality and management history in Takotna (and the record of winning mushers taking rest there) factors into the decision as well. But mushers seeking atonement in a 24 may be asking for too much. As Jeff King said in 2016, "you don’t absolve sins [committed] before the 24 hour break, by taking a 24 hour break."
The last time the southern route was completed was run in 2013 (the 2015 and 2017 races were moved to Fairbanks due to bad snow conditions) the Iditarod saw the emergence of a new strategy. 2013 saw Martin Buser pull off what—if successful— would have been regarded as one final move of mushing genius by running his team almost nonstop from the start in Willow to Rohn - nearly 200 miles with only short breaks.
He then declared his 24-hour rest executing the key move in a race plan aimed at tapping into sled dogs' immense and unknown physiological capacity. After the rest, his team raced to the front of the pack and had a hours on his chasers when the teams had banked their 24 hour breaks hundreds of miles down the trail. But the Buser team slowed significantly as the race pushed through Iditarod he finished in 17th. The strategy may not be done though. Buser tried a variation in 2014 and earned his best finish in six years.


Much Ado About Nothing...
| DOSE: |
8.5 g |
oral |
Kava |
(liquid) |
The first time me and one of my friends tried Kava, we unfortunately didnīt have any lecithin to mix with it. We took approx. 16 grams of Kava Kava powder (8 grams per person) with 1 litre 3% fat milk. We simply put the Kava powder in the milk and stirred for approx. 10 minutes. Nothing besides a slight numbing sensation in the mouth was felt. Totally pointless if you ask me.....
Next time we got hold of some lecithin and that seemed to make all the difference! This time we were three people. Together we made a brew with 2 litres of 3% milk and 25 grams of Kava Kava powder (from the same batch of Kava Kava powder as before), 6 spoons (ordinary kitchen spoons) of lecithin granulate (it said on the lecethen container that 2-3 spoons a day - was a normal dose) and 4 spoons (kitchen spoons) of olive oil - and put this into a blender for 7 minutes or so. Then we put the stuff in the fridge for about 2 hours - so the lecithin could do its 'work' on the Kava powder.
One of us drank 3/6 (approx. 12.5 grams of Kava powder) of the brew, another one of us (me) drank 2/6 (8.5 grams of Kava powder) and the third person drank 1/6 of the brew (4 grams of Kava powder). There was an obvious difference between this time and the first time we tried Kava. This time (with the lecithin) after approx 20 minutes or so - we got a minor feeling of 'numbness' in our heads. Besides this the only other 'effect' we got was 'feeling sleepy'.
There was an obvious difference between the three of us. The guy taking only 4 grams was not particularly sleepy, while I (taking 8.5 grams) felt like I could have fallen asleep easily on the couch - there and then. The person taking 12.5 grams of Kava powder actually did fall asleep - about one hour after drinking the Kava. Although we were all a bit tired to start with (it was friday evening and we had all been working the whole week) the time was only 10.30 pm in the evening when my friend fell asleep (and boy did he sleep). He managed to this while we were all watching an action film.
The only other thing I can say about the Kava is that it might have influenced my dreams that night. I got a lot of vivid dreams that I could easily remember when I woke up.
My conclusion: Kava prepared the 'wrong way' did nothing at all. Kava prepared 'the right' got us sleepy and maybe a little 'numb in the head'. As a sleeping remedy it seems to be great but as a 'recreational drug' itīs almost worthless. Considering the fact that large doses (or prolonged use) of kava might be toxic to the liver - it simply doesnīt seem to be worth the effort. The 'Kava hype' seems to be much ado about nothing special.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.