Data Science Africa 2016
Kampala, Uganda
The last few years have witnessed an explosion in the quantity and variety of data available in Africa, produced either as a by-product of digital services, from sensors or measuring devices, satellites and from many other sources. A number of practical fields have been transformed by the ability to collect large volumes of data: for example, bioinformatics with the development of high throughput sequencing technology capable of measuring gene expression in cells, or agriculture with the widespread availability of high quality remote sensing data. For other data sources – such as mobile phone usage records from telecoms operators, which can be used to measure population movement and economic activity – we are just beginning to understand the practical possibilities.
Data science seeks to exploit advances in machine learning and statistics to make sense of the growing amounts of data available from various sources. In Africa, a number of problems in areas such as healthcare, agriculture, disaster response and wildlife conservation would benefit greatly if domain experts were exposed to data science techniques. These skills would allow practitioners to extract useful information from these abundant sources of raw data.
In the tradition of previous Africa Data Science workshops, a summer school on machine learning and data science will be held prior to the main workshop. This summer school will target graduate students, researchers and professionals working with huge amounts of data or unique datasets.
The summer school will focus on introductory and advanced lectures in data science and machine learning as well as moderate to advanced practical and tutorial sessions where participants will get their hands wet wrangling and munging datasets and applying cutting edge machine learning techniques to derive inference from the data. Lectures will be given by distinguished world renown researchers and practitioners including researchers from Sheffield University, IBM Research, Facebook, Pulse Lab Kampala and the AI and Data Science (AIR) lab-Makerere University.
The school will also involve end-to-end tutorial sessions from professionals walking the participants through a real data analytics problem from data acquisition to data presentation. To benefit from this course participants are encouraged to have some background in programming particularly programming with Python.
School programme outline:
Stuff to install..
To ensure we hit the ground running, it is essential you install the prerequiste software and test it out and make sure it is working on your computer. The venue for the summer school will have some computers on which the software will have been installed but you are advised to come with your own laptop with the software installed.
Luckily all the software required has already been prepackaged in a bundle called Anaconda. You can download the various versions of the software for your laptop OS and architecture from the Anaconda website
Stuff to do..
To ensure that the software is working fine on your machine and to get you up and running, download the following jupyter notebook and do the exercises in there. If you have not used jupyter notebook before, make friends with Google - a friend in need …
Time |
Activity |
Material |
|---|---|---|
08:00-08:30 |
Arrival and Registration |
|
08:30-09:00 |
Opening Remarks |
|
| Session 1 (Machine Learning and Data Science) |
||
09:00-10:00 |
Lecture 1: Introduction to Data Science and Machine Learning |
|
10:00-10:30 |
Break |
|
| Session 2 (Machine Learning) |
||
10:30-12:00 |
Lecture 2: Introduction to Classification |
|
12:00-13:00 |
Lecture 2: Practice Session |
|
13:00-14:00 |
Lunch |
|
14:00-15:20 |
Lecture 2: Practice Session |
|
15:20-15:30 |
Break |
|
| Session 3 (Data Science) |
||
16:00-16:30 |
Lecture 3A: Spatial Data Analysis |
|
16:30-17:00 |
Lecture 3B: From raw data to meaningful features |
|
17:00-18:00 |
Lecture 3: Practice Session |
Time |
Activity |
Material |
|---|---|---|
| Session 4 (Data Science) |
||
09:00-10:00 |
Lecture 4: Data Wrangling with Pandas |
|
10:00-10:30 |
Break |
|
10:30-12:00 |
Lecture 4: Practical Session |
|
| Session 5 (Machine Learning) |
||
12:00-13:00 |
Lecture 5: Classification Continued |
|
13:00-14:00 |
Lunch |
|
14:00-15:20 |
Lecture 5: Practical Session Malaria Detection |
|
15:20-15:30 |
Break |
|
| Session 6 (Data Science) |
||
15:30-16:30 |
Lecture 6: Data Exploration and Visualization |
|
16:30-18:00 |
Lecture 6 Practical Session |
Time |
Activity |
Material |
|---|---|---|
| Session 7 (Data Science) |
||
09:00-10:00 |
Lecture 7: Text Mining |
|
10:00-10:30 |
Break |
|
10:30-12:00 |
Lecture 7: Practical Session |
|
| Session 8 (Machine Learning) |
||
12:00-13:00 |
Model Selection |
|
13:00-14:00 |
Lunch |
|
14:00-15:20 |
Lecture 8: Practical Session |
|
15:20-15:30 |
Break |
|
| Session 9 (Data Science) |
||
15:30-16:30 |
Lecture 9 |
|
16:30-18:00 |
Lecture 9: Practical Session |
|
18:00-19:30 |
Cocktail |
The summer school is now fully subscribed, and registration has closed.
Theme
Using data science to monitor and achieve the global goals in Africa
Call for Registration
The workshop will be organized around interactive panel discussions. Each panel will discuss how data science can advance the achievement of a specific Global Goal on the African continent.
This is part of the event will unite a wide range of stakeholders, uniting data scientists with representatives from government, development practitioners and the private sector; a unique setting in which innovative solution driven ideas can thrive.
Participants will also develop a framework for attracting young African talent, mentors and researchers from academia, the public sector and the private sector in Africa to engage in activities geared towards harnessing big data and real-time analytics for the public good.
Workshop programme outline:
Time |
Presentation |
|
|---|---|---|
09:00-09:30 |
Workshop Opening |
|
| Remarks by UN Resident Country Coordinator Ms Rosa Molango |
||
09:30-10:00 |
Introduction Presentation |
|
10:00-10:20 |
Break |
|
10:20-11:00 |
Current data science work at IBM Research Africa, including Cognitive Companions in Healthcare and Education. |
|
11:00-13:00 |
Data Science for Agriculture |
|
| Big Data for Agriculture: Opportunities in Africa |
||
| Smartphone-based Disease Surveillance |
||
| KUDU: Mobile-Based Agricultural Market in Uganda |
||
| A Framework for Decision Support Tools to Optimize Smallholder Dairy Production in East Africa |
||
| Data on Livelihoods to Target and Track Agricultural Interventions |
||
| Breed Composition of Tanzania Crossbred Dairy Cattle |
||
13:00-14:00 |
Lunch |
|
14:00-15:30 |
Data Science for Sustainable Cities |
|
| Sustainable Urban Planning Using Big Data from Mobile Phones |
||
| An Atlas of Kampala Buildings |
||
| Telemetry for Urban Planning Case Study: Boda Boda |
||
| Crowd Sourced Transcription of Kampala's Traffic Collision Data |
||
16:00-16:30 |
Data Collection and Curation |
|
| Open Data Practice and Principles with the Kenya Open Data Initiative |
||
| IVR Surveys |
||
16:30-17:00 |
AI Research at Facebook |
|
17:00-18:00 |
Networking |
Time |
Presentation |
|
|---|---|---|
09:30-10:00 |
The Kenya Bioacoustics Project |
|
10:00-10:30 |
New Directions in Data Science |
|
630.0 |
An Axis of Data Science Research |
|
10:30-11:00 |
Break |
|
11:00-13:30 |
Data Science for Health |
|
| Data Science for Malaria Elimination |
||
| Social Science Approaches to Data Science |
||
| Automated Mobile Microscopic Diagnosis |
||
| Monitoring Option B+ in Real Time |
||
|
|
||
13:30-14:30 |
Refereshments |
|
14:30-15:30 |
Data Science for Planning and the Environment |
|
| Data Science at UNICEF |
||
| Enhancing Water Quality Monitoring Efforts in the Lake Victoria Using Satellite Imagery |
||
|
|
||
|
|
||
15:30-16:30 |
Data Science Training and Mentorship in Africa |
|
|
|
||
| 'Data Science' Training & Mentoriship Programs: A Silicon Valley Hiring Manager Perspective |
||
|
|
||
16:30-17:30 |
Networking |
The workshop is now fully subscribed, and registration has closed.
Collaborators
Sponsorship
Sponsoring Data Science Africa 2016 Event is a great way to communicate your commitment to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals. We thank this year's sponsors:


Theming can be done overriding Sass variables and custom CSS as well as in the bootstrap.
The sidebar comes with two predefined animations:
| Animation | Description |
|---|---|
.sidebar-fade |
Fade in and fade out effects. |
.sidebar-slide-left |
Slide from left to right. |
The width of sidebar can be changed overriding the Sass variable. But also can be changed using custom CSS:
The app structure is complete. From here you can decide what you want to see next.


{% extends 'djpaste/base.html' %} {% block content %}
DjPaste is a pastebin written in Django. It was built as part of 7days7apps project.
It is heavily stolen inspired from Dpaste.com, but the codebase is in no way related.
Pasting content with DjPaste is very easy. You just choose the type of the code you are pasing, paste, and hit the button. Magic starts happening. Only text is the required field. All other fields are optional.
Super Special Features:


Styling reference
Table of contents
Note: styling Polymer elements is no different than styling custom elements. For a complete guide on the basics, see “A Guide to Styling Elements”.
In addition to the standard features for styling Custom Elements, Polymer contains extra goodies for fully controlling element styling. This document outlines those features, including FOUC prevention, the specifics on how the the Shadow DOM polyfill applies styles, and workarounds for current limitations.
FOUC prevention
Before custom elements upgrade they may display incorrectly. To help mitigate FOUC issues, Polymer provides
a polyfill solution for the :unresolved
pseudo class. The [unresolved]
attribute initially hides the element it’s applied to:
<x-foo unresolved>If you see me, elements are upgraded!</x-foo>

| Class name | Behavior when applied to an element |
|---|---|
[unresolved] |
Makes the element opacity: 0; display: block; overflow: hidden . |
[resolved] |
Fades-in the element over 200ms. |
Upon polymer-ready
firing, Polymer runs the following steps:
- removes the
[unresolved]
attribute from elements that have it - adds the
[resolved]
attribute - removes
[resolved]
on the firsttransitionend
event the element receives
Unveiling elements after boot time
The veiling process can be used to prevent FOUC at times other than page load. To do so, apply the [unresolved]
attribute to the desired elements and swap it out for the [resolved]
attribute when the elements should be displayed. For example,
element.setAttribute('unresolved', '');
// ... some time late ...
element.setAttribute('resolved', '');
element.removeAttribute('unresolved');
Polyfill styling directives
When running under the polyfill, Polymer has @polyfill-*
directives to give you more control for how Shadow DOM styling is shimmed.
@polyfill
The @polyfill
directive is used to replace a native CSS selector with one that
will work under the polyfill. For example, targeting distributed nodes using ::content
only works under native Shadow DOM. Instead, you can tell Polymer to replace said
rules with ones compatible with the polyfill.
To replace native rules, place @polyfill
inside a CSS comment above the
style rule you want to replace. The string next to "@polyfill"
indicates a
CSS selector to replace the next style rule with. For example:
/* @polyfill .bar */
::content .bar {
color: red;
}
/* @polyfill :host > .bar */
::content .bar {
color: blue;
}
/* @polyfill .container > * */
::content > * {
border: 1px solid black;
}
Under native Shadow DOM nothing changes. Under the polyfill the native selector
s replaced with the one in the @polyfill
comment above it:
x-foo .bar {
color: red;
}
x-foo > .bar {
color: blue;
}
x-foo .container > * {
border: 1px solid black;
}
Tip: If you use a CSS preprocessor, be careful that it doesn’t strip out the @polyfill
comments.
@polyfill-rule
The @polyfill-rule
directive is used to create a style rule that should apply only when the Shadow DOM polyfill is in use. It’s a useful catch-all when it’s not possible to write a rule that can automatically morph between native Shadow DOM and polyfill Shadow DOM. Because of the simulated styling Polymer provides, you should rarely need to use this directive.
To create a rule that only applies under the polyfill, place the @polyfill-rule
directive entirely inside a CSS comment:
/* @polyfill-rule .foo {
background: red;
} */
/* @polyfill-rule :host.foo .bar {
background: blue;
} */
This has no effect under native Shadow DOM but under the polyfill, the comment is removed and the selector prefixed with the element name:
x-foo .foo {
background: red;
}
x-foo.foo .bar {
background: blue;
}
@polyfill-unscoped-rule
@polyfill-unscoped-rule
is exactly the same as @polyfill-rule
except that the rules inside it are not scoped by the polyfill. The rule you write is exactly what will be applied.
@polyfill-unscoped-rule
should only be needed in rare cases. Polymer uses CSSOM to modify styles and there are a several known rules that don’t round-trip correctly via CSSOM (on some browsers). One example using CSS calc()
in Safari. It’s only in these rare cases that @polyfill-unscoped-rule
should be used.
Polyfill details
Handling scoped styles
Native Shadow DOM gives us style encapsulation for free via scoped styles. For browsers that lack native support, Polymer’s polyfills attempt to shim some of the scoping behavior.
Because polyfilling the styling behaviors of Shadow DOM is difficult, Polymer has opted to favor practicality and performance over correctness. For example, the polyfill’s do not protect Shadow DOM elements against document level CSS.
When Polymer processes element definitions, it looks for  ...
becomes:
<polymer-element name="x-foo"> <template>  ...
-
Prepend selectors with the element name, creating a descendant selector. This ensures styling does not leak outside the element’s shadowRoot (e.g. upper bound encapsulation).
For example, this rule inside an
x-foo
:<polymer-element name="x-foo"> <template>  ...
becomes:
<polymer-element name="x-foo"> <template>  ...
Note, this technique does not enforce lower bound encapsulation. For that, you need to forcing strict styling.
-
Replace
^
and^^
with a<space>
character.
Forcing strict styling
By default, Polymer does not enforce lower bound styling encapsulation. The lower bound is the boundary between insertion points and the shadow host’s children.
You can turn lower bound encapsulation by setting Platform.ShadowCSS.strictStyling
:
Platform.ShadowCSS.strictStyling = true
This isn’t the yet the default because it requires that you add the custom element’s name as an attribute on all DOM nodes in the shadowRoot (e.g.
).


Protodoc is not finished, and may never be. I'm releasing it as part of my 2007 house cleaning. For now, you can use the link above to download it, or see how it's used in Functional and Sequentially.
Examples (source)Examples failed to load.
|
Documentation (source)Documentation failed to load.
|


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 11. Indexes | Next |
An index column need not be just a column of the underlying table, but can be a function or scalar expression computed from one or more columns of the table. This feature is useful to obtain fast access to tables based on the results of computations.
For example, a common way to do case-insensitive comparisons is to
use the lower
function:
SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE lower(col1) = 'value';
This query can use an index if one has been defined on the result of the lower(col1) function:
CREATE INDEX test1_lower_col1_idx ON test1 (lower(col1));
If we were to declare this index UNIQUE, it would prevent creation of rows whose col1 values differ only in case, as well as rows whose col1 values are actually identical. Thus, indexes on expressions can be used to enforce constraints that are not definable as simple unique constraints.
As another example, if one often does queries like:
SELECT * FROM people WHERE (first_name || ' ' || last_name) = 'John Smith';
then it might be worth creating an index like this:
CREATE INDEX people_names ON people ((first_name || ' ' || last_name));
The syntax of the CREATE INDEX command normally requires writing parentheses around index expressions, as shown in the second example. The parentheses can be omitted when the expression is just a function call, as in the first example.
Index expressions are relatively expensive to maintain, because the derived expression(s) must be computed for each row upon insertion and whenever it is updated. However, the index expressions are not recomputed during an indexed search, since they are already stored in the index. In both examples above, the system sees the query as just WHERE indexedcolumn = 'constant' and so the speed of the search is equivalent to any other simple index query. Thus, indexes on expressions are useful when retrieval speed is more important than insertion and update speed.


Hiking alone is riskier—for all genders. But, statistically, women who get lost or injured in the backcountry are more likely to make it out alive.
Intelligent and emotional, wild horses are certainly not predators. They’re also tough and well aware that they can defend themselves.
From stunning waterfalls to black sand beaches and glacier lagoons, here is day 4 of my trek through Iceland.
Your most important allies are your hiking shoes. If they’re not up to the task you’re going to tire more easily and be more susceptible to injury.


Plot the summary graphic called the persistence terrace for topological inference. It also provides the aid tool called the terrace area plot for determining the number of significant topological features. Moon, C., Giansiracusa, N., and Lazar, N. A. (2018) <doi:10.1080/10618600.2017.1422432>.
| Version: | 1.0 |
| Imports: | TDA, doParallel, foreach, plotly, viridis |
| Published: | 2018-11-16 |
| Author: | Chul Moon |
| Maintainer: | Chul Moon <chulm at smu.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | pterrace results |
| Reference manual: | pterrace.pdf |
| Package source: | pterrace_1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: pterrace_1.0.zip, r-release: pterrace_1.0.zip, r-oldrel: pterrace_1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: pterrace_1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: pterrace_1.0.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pterrace to link to this page.


Politico
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Location:
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Stop
Start at 00
Start0 - del 500
Start0 - del 1000
Start0 - del 2000
Start at currentTime
Pause
sendwrite
seek (between 0 and 600s):
/ITL/log write "debug-oddduttttt"; -->
size
distance
hauteur


This a was limited beta for the 5 second test tool. You can learn more about the development roadmap by clicking the link below.


Toggle navigation
Executive
Summary
Organizational
Excellence
Public
Infrastructure
Economic
Development
Safe, Livable and
Family Friendly
Environmental
Stewardship


Sports Clubs provide a fantastic infrastructure for people to practice and enjoy sports but we recognise that running a club can be a difficult task.
CATALOGUE
Our catalogue highlights the best products that will meet the needs of the beginner, intermediate, and expert users
COMMUNITY BUILDING
We envision to collectively enchance the skills of sports enthusiasts by providing the right infrastructure and coaching to create a wholesome experience.
TOURNAMENT & EVENTS
Sports 360 is open to providing our sports grounds as well as equipments for organizing events, training, and tournaments.
GST & DELIVERY
For GST mentioned invoice and delivery at your doorstep, please register as a B2B partner by writing to:


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
Looks like an error.
Head back home or email us if this is a bug.


@(ban: lila.playban.TempBan)(implicit ctx: Context)
Temporarily banned from lobby games!
You will be able to play again @secondsFromNow(ban.remainingSeconds).
Either you have aborted too many games,
or you have not played the games you started,
or you quit games without resigning.
Once you start a game, you must play it!
To avoid starting unwanted games,
make use of the filters available when creating a game.
To avoid playing a particular player,
block them using the block button on their profile page.
Just wait until you can create/join games again!
Maybe join a tournament,
or play some training puzzles,
or watch chess videos!


My first exposure to coding came at 13, when I bought an old C primer at a used book sale. Quickly realizing the book was a bit over my head, I moved on to more manageable projects, like making webpages with HTML and CSS, writing text-based adventures in BASIC on my TI-84, and remaking Space Invaders with my cousin using the GameMaker framework.
While at Harvard, I dove into coding in CS50: Introduction to Computer Science. Besides finally learning how to code in C, I got my first taste of scripting languages, using PHP and Javascript, as well as a MySQL database, to build a site to solve a pressing on-campus problem: organizing the a cappella auditions process. I became a peer tutor for the course, helping other students work through projects like building a web server and integrating with the Google Maps API.


/*
This is mostly borrowed from an example from Foundations of Ajax by Asleson and Shutta
that serves as an outline on how to use AJAX with JSON.
Adapted and modified for use on project.
date : 4/28/16
student: Kevin Ornellas
*/
Adapted from Example from ch 3 Foundations of Ajax by Asleson and Schutta


fopbot
Classes
Block
Coin
FieldEntity
GuiPanel
KarelWorld
PaintUtils
Robot
Wall
World
Enums
Direction


Password:
Sentence:
From:
Random
Keywords
Initials
PIN
Hint:
Password type:
Initialism
Diceware
PIN
Generate
Note:
PIN memorization uses
Mnemonic Major system
:
0: s, z, x; 1: t, th; 2: n; 3: m; 4: r; 5: l; 6: d; 7: c, k, g, q; 8: b, h, v, w; 9: p, f


Counter Service
control panel using
Smoothie Charts
.
Control Counter Service
Count UP
Count DOWN
Set Counter Value:
Set
Control Filter Service
Filter Constant Value (0.0 - 1.0):
Set


This is a simple site that makes it possible students, parents and teachers got information for each student marks and subjects in current school. You can register from the form on the homepage and watch statistics page.


WGET(1) GNU Wget WGET(1) NAME Wget - The non-interactive network downloader. SYNOPSIS wget [option]... [URL]... DESCRIPTION GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, as well as retrieval through HTTP proxies. Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background, while the user is not logged on. This allows you to start a retrieval and disconnect from the system, letting Wget finish the work. By contrast, most of the Web browsers require constant user's presence, which can be a great hindrance when transferring a lot of data. Wget can follow links in HTML, XHTML, and CSS pages, to create local versions of remote web sites, fully recreating the directory structure of the original site. This is sometimes referred to as "recursive downloading." While doing that, Wget respects the Robot Exclusion Standard (/robots.txt). Wget can be instructed to convert the links in downloaded files to point at the local files, for offline viewing. Wget has been designed for robustness over slow or unstable network connections; if a download fails due to a network problem, it will keep retrying until the whole file has been retrieved. If the server supports regetting, it will instruct the server to continue the download from where it left off. OPTIONS Option Syntax Since Wget uses GNU getopt to process command-line arguments, every option has a long form along with the short one. Long options are more convenient to remember, but take time to type. You may freely mix different option styles, or specify options after the command-line arguments. Thus you may write: wget -r --tries=10 http://fly.srk.fer.hr/ -o log The space between the option accepting an argument and the argument may be omitted. Instead of -o log you can write -olog. You may put several options that do not require arguments together, like: wget -drc <URL> This is completely equivalent to: wget -d -r -c <URL> Since the options can be specified after the arguments, you may terminate them with --. So the following will try to download URL -x, reporting failure to log: wget -o log -- -x The options that accept comma-separated lists all respect the convention that specifying an empty list clears its value. This can be useful to clear the .wgetrc settings. For instance, if your .wgetrc sets "exclude_directories" to /cgi-bin, the following example will first reset it, and then set it to exclude /~nobody and /~somebody. You can also clear the lists in .wgetrc. wget -X " -X /~nobody,/~somebody Most options that do not accept arguments are boolean options, so named because their state can be captured with a yes-or-no ("boolean") variable. For example, --follow-ftp tells Wget to follow FTP links from HTML files and, on the other hand, --no-glob tells it not to perform file globbing on FTP URLs. A boolean option is either affirmative or negative (beginning with --no). All such options share several properties. Unless stated otherwise, it is assumed that the default behavior is the opposite of what the option accomplishes. For example, the documented existence of --follow-ftp assumes that the default is to not follow FTP links from HTML pages. Affirmative options can be negated by prepending the --no- to the option name; negative options can be negated by omitting the --no- prefix. This might seem superfluous---if the default for an affirmative option is to not do something, then why provide a way to explicitly turn it off? But the startup file may in fact change the default. For instance, using "follow_ftp = on" in .wgetrc makes Wget follow FTP links by default, and using --no-follow-ftp is the only way to restore the factory default from the command line. Basic Startup Options -V --version Display the version of Wget. -h --help Print a help message describing all of Wget's command-line options. -b --background Go to background immediately after startup. If no output file is specified via the -o, output is redirected to wget-log. -e command --execute command Execute command as if it were a part of .wgetrc. A command thus invoked will be executed after the commands in .wgetrc, thus taking precedence over them. If you need to specify more than one wgetrc command, use multiple instances of -e. Logging and Input File Options -o logfile --output-file=logfile Log all messages to logfile. The messages are normally reported to standard error. -a logfile --append-output=logfile Append to logfile. This is the same as -o, only it appends to logfile instead of overwriting the old log file. If logfile does not exist, a new file is created. -d --debug Turn on debug output, meaning various information important to the developers of Wget if it does not work properly. Your system administrator may have chosen to compile Wget without debug support, in which case -d will not work. Please note that compiling with debug support is always safe---Wget compiled with the debug support will not print any debug info unless requested with -d. -q --quiet Turn off Wget's output. -v --verbose Turn on verbose output, with all the available data. The default output is verbose. -nv --no-verbose Turn off verbose without being completely quiet (use -q for that), which means that error messages and basic information still get printed. -i file --input-file=file Read URLs from a local or external file. If - is specified as file, URLs are read from the standard input. (Use ./- to read from a file literally named -.) If this function is used, no URLs need be present on the command line. If there are URLs both on the command line and in an input file, those on the command lines will be the first ones to be retrieved. If --force-html is not specified, then file should consist of a series of URLs, one per line. However, if you specify --force-html, the document will be regarded as html. In that case you may have problems with relative links, which you can solve either by adding "<base href="url">" to the documents or by specifying --base=url on the command line. If the file is an external one, the document will be automatically treated as html if the Content-Type matches text/html. Furthermore, the file's location will be implicitly used as base href if none was specified. -F --force-html When input is read from a file, force it to be treated as an HTML file. This enables you to retrieve relative links from existing HTML files on your local disk, by adding "<base href="url">" to HTML, or using the --base command-line option. -B URL --base=URL Resolves relative links using URL as the point of reference, when reading links from an HTML file specified via the -i/--input-file option (together with --force-html, or when the input file was fetched remotely from a server describing it as HTML). This is equivalent to the presence of a "BASE" tag in the HTML input file, with URL as the value for the "href" attribute. For instance, if you specify http://foo/bar/a.html for URL, and Wget reads ../baz/b.html from the input file, it would be resolved to http://foo/baz/b.html. --config=FILE Specify the location of a startup file you wish to use. Download Options --bind-address=ADDRESS When making client TCP/IP connections, bind to ADDRESS on the local machine. ADDRESS may be specified as a hostname or IP address. This option can be useful if your machine is bound to multiple IPs. -t number --tries=number Set number of retries to number. Specify 0 or inf for infinite retrying. The default is to retry 20 times, with the exception of fatal errors like "connection refused" or "not found" (404), which are not retried. -O file --output-document=file The documents will not be written to the appropriate files, but all will be concatenated together and written to file. If - is used as file, documents will be printed to standard output, disabling link conversion. (Use ./- to print to a file literally named -.) Use of -O is not intended to mean simply "use the name file instead of the one in the URL;" rather, it is analogous to shell redirection: wget -O file http://foo is intended to work like wget -O - http://foo > file; file will be truncated immediately, and all downloaded content will be written there. For this reason, -N (for timestamp-checking) is not supported in combination with -O: since file is always newly created, it will always have a very new timestamp. A warning will be issued if this combination is used. Similarly, using -r or -p with -O may not work as you expect: Wget won't just download the first file to file and then download the rest to their normal names: all downloaded content will be placed in file. This was disabled in version 1.11, but has been reinstated (with a warning) in 1.11.2, as there are some cases where this behavior can actually have some use. Note that a combination with -k is only permitted when downloading a single document, as in that case it will just convert all relative URIs to external ones; -k makes no sense for multiple URIs when they're all being downloaded to a single file; -k can be used only when the output is a regular file. -nc --no-clobber If a file is downloaded more than once in the same directory, Wget's behavior depends on a few options, including -nc. In certain cases, the local file will be clobbered, or overwritten, upon repeated download. In other cases it will be preserved. When running Wget without -N, -nc, -r, or -p, downloading the same file in the same directory will result in the original copy of file being preserved and the second copy being named file.1. If that file is downloaded yet again, the third copy will be named file.2, and so on. (This is also the behavior with -nd, even if -r or -p are in effect.) When -nc is specified, this behavior is suppressed, and Wget will refuse to download newer copies of file. Therefore, ""no-clobber"" is actually a misnomer in this mode---it's not clobbering that's prevented (as the numeric suffixes were already preventing clobbering), but rather the multiple version saving that's prevented. When running Wget with -r or -p, but without -N, -nd, or -nc, re- downloading a file will result in the new copy simply overwriting the old. Adding -nc will prevent this behavior, instead causing the original version to be preserved and any newer copies on the server to be ignored. When running Wget with -N, with or without -r or -p, the decision as to whether or not to download a newer copy of a file depends on the local and remote timestamp and size of the file. -nc may not be specified at the same time as -N. Note that when -nc is specified, files with the suffixes .html or .htm will be loaded from the local disk and parsed as if they had been retrieved from the Web. -c --continue Continue getting a partially-downloaded file. This is useful when you want to finish up a download started by a previous instance of Wget, or by another program. For instance: wget -c ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/ls-lR.Z If there is a file named ls-lR.Z in the current directory, Wget will assume that it is the first portion of the remote file, and will ask the server to continue the retrieval from an offset equal to the length of the local file. Note that you don't need to specify this option if you just want the current invocation of Wget to retry downloading a file should the connection be lost midway through. This is the default behavior. -c only affects resumption of downloads started prior to this invocation of Wget, and whose local files are still sitting around. Without -c, the previous example would just download the remote file to ls-lR.Z.1, leaving the truncated ls-lR.Z file alone. Beginning with Wget 1.7, if you use -c on a non-empty file, and it turns out that the server does not support continued downloading, Wget will refuse to start the download from scratch, which would effectively ruin existing contents. If you really want the download to start from scratch, remove the file. Also beginning with Wget 1.7, if you use -c on a file which is of equal size as the one on the server, Wget will refuse to download the file and print an explanatory message. The same happens when the file is smaller on the server than locally (presumably because it was changed on the server since your last download attempt)---because "continuing" is not meaningful, no download occurs. On the other side of the coin, while using -c, any file that's bigger on the server than locally will be considered an incomplete download and only "(length(remote) - length(local))" bytes will be downloaded and tacked onto the end of the local file. This behavior can be desirable in certain cases---for instance, you can use wget -c to download just the new portion that's been appended to a data collection or log file. However, if the file is bigger on the server because it's been changed, as opposed to just appended to, you'll end up with a garbled file. Wget has no way of verifying that the local file is really a valid prefix of the remote file. You need to be especially careful of this when using -c in conjunction with -r, since every file will be considered as an "incomplete download" candidate. Another instance where you'll get a garbled file if you try to use -c is if you have a lame HTTP proxy that inserts a "transfer interrupted" string into the local file. In the future a "rollback" option may be added to deal with this case. Note that -c only works with FTP servers and with HTTP servers that support the "Range" header. --progress=type Select the type of the progress indicator you wish to use. Legal indicators are "dot" and "bar". The "bar" indicator is used by default. It draws an ASCII progress bar graphics (a.k.a "thermometer" display) indicating the status of retrieval. If the output is not a TTY, the "dot" bar will be used by default. Use --progress=dot to switch to the "dot" display. It traces the retrieval by printing dots on the screen, each dot representing a fixed amount of downloaded data. When using the dotted retrieval, you may also set the style by specifying the type as dot:style. Different styles assign different meaning to one dot. With the "default" style each dot represents 1K, there are ten dots in a cluster and 50 dots in a line. The "binary" style has a more "computer"-like orientation---8K dots, 16-dots clusters and 48 dots per line (which makes for 384K lines). The "mega" style is suitable for downloading very large files---each dot represents 64K retrieved, there are eight dots in a cluster, and 48 dots on each line (so each line contains 3M). Note that you can set the default style using the "progress" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be overridden from the command line. The exception is that, when the output is not a TTY, the "dot" progress will be favored over "bar". To force the bar output, use --progress=bar:force. -N --timestamping Turn on time-stamping. --no-use-server-timestamps Don't set the local file's timestamp by the one on the server. By default, when a file is downloaded, it's timestamps are set to match those from the remote file. This allows the use of --timestamping on subsequent invocations of wget. However, it is sometimes useful to base the local file's timestamp on when it was actually downloaded; for that purpose, the --no-use-server-timestamps option has been provided. -S --server-response Print the headers sent by HTTP servers and responses sent by FTP servers. --spider When invoked with this option, Wget will behave as a Web spider, which means that it will not download the pages, just check that they are there. For example, you can use Wget to check your bookmarks: wget --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html This feature needs much more work for Wget to get close to the functionality of real web spiders. -T seconds --timeout=seconds Set the network timeout to seconds seconds. This is equivalent to specifying --dns-timeout, --connect-timeout, and --read-timeout, all at the same time. When interacting with the network, Wget can check for timeout and abort the operation if it takes too long. This prevents anomalies like hanging reads and infinite connects. The only timeout enabled by default is a 900-second read timeout. Setting a timeout to 0 disables it altogether. Unless you know what you are doing, it is best not to change the default timeout settings. All timeout-related options accept decimal values, as well as subsecond values. For example, 0.1 seconds is a legal (though unwise) choice of timeout. Subsecond timeouts are useful for checking server response times or for testing network latency. --dns-timeout=seconds Set the DNS lookup timeout to seconds seconds. DNS lookups that don't complete within the specified time will fail. By default, there is no timeout on DNS lookups, other than that implemented by system libraries. --connect-timeout=seconds Set the connect timeout to seconds seconds. TCP connections that take longer to establish will be aborted. By default, there is no connect timeout, other than that implemented by system libraries. --read-timeout=seconds Set the read (and write) timeout to seconds seconds. The "time" of this timeout refers to idle time: if, at any point in the download, no data is received for more than the specified number of seconds, reading fails and the download is restarted. This option does not directly affect the duration of the entire download. Of course, the remote server may choose to terminate the connection sooner than this option requires. The default read timeout is 900 seconds. --limit-rate=amount Limit the download speed to amount bytes per second. Amount may be expressed in bytes, kilobytes with the k suffix, or megabytes with the m suffix. For example, --limit-rate=20k will limit the retrieval rate to 20KB/s. This is useful when, for whatever reason, you don't want Wget to consume the entire available bandwidth. This option allows the use of decimal numbers, usually in conjunction with power suffixes; for example, --limit-rate=2.5k is a legal value. Note that Wget implements the limiting by sleeping the appropriate amount of time after a network read that took less time than specified by the rate. Eventually this strategy causes the TCP transfer to slow down to approximately the specified rate. However, it may take some time for this balance to be achieved, so don't be surprised if limiting the rate doesn't work well with very small files. -w seconds --wait=seconds Wait the specified number of seconds between the retrievals. Use of this option is recommended, as it lightens the server load by making the requests less frequent. Instead of in seconds, the time can be specified in minutes using the "m" suffix, in hours using "h" suffix, or in days using "d" suffix. Specifying a large value for this option is useful if the network or the destination host is down, so that Wget can wait long enough to reasonably expect the network error to be fixed before the retry. The waiting interval specified by this function is influenced by "--random-wait", which see. --waitretry=seconds If you don't want Wget to wait between every retrieval, but only between retries of failed downloads, you can use this option. Wget will use linear backoff, waiting 1 second after the first failure on a given file, then waiting 2 seconds after the second failure on that file, up to the maximum number of seconds you specify. By default, Wget will assume a value of 10 seconds. --random-wait Some web sites may perform log analysis to identify retrieval programs such as Wget by looking for statistically significant similarities in the time between requests. This option causes the time between requests to vary between 0.5 and 1.5 * wait seconds, where wait was specified using the --wait option, in order to mask Wget's presence from such analysis. A 2001 article in a publication devoted to development on a popular consumer platform provided code to perform this analysis on the fly. Its author suggested blocking at the class C address level to ensure automated retrieval programs were blocked despite changing DHCP- supplied addresses. The --random-wait option was inspired by this ill-advised recommendation to block many unrelated users from a web site due to the actions of one. --no-proxy Don't use proxies, even if the appropriate *_proxy environment variable is defined. -Q quota --quota=quota Specify download quota for automatic retrievals. The value can be specified in bytes (default), kilobytes (with k suffix), or megabytes (with m suffix). Note that quota will never affect downloading a single file. So if you specify wget -Q10k ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/ls-lR.gz, all of the ls-lR.gz will be downloaded. The same goes even when several URLs are specified on the command-line. However, quota is respected when retrieving either recursively, or from an input file. Thus you may safely type wget -Q2m -i sites---download will be aborted when the quota is exceeded. Setting quota to 0 or to inf unlimits the download quota. --no-dns-cache Turn off caching of DNS lookups. Normally, Wget remembers the IP addresses it looked up from DNS so it doesn't have to repeatedly contact the DNS server for the same (typically small) set of hosts it retrieves from. This cache exists in memory only; a new Wget run will contact DNS again. However, it has been reported that in some situations it is not desirable to cache host names, even for the duration of a short- running application like Wget. With this option Wget issues a new DNS lookup (more precisely, a new call to "gethostbyname" or "getaddrinfo") each time it makes a new connection. Please note that this option will not affect caching that might be performed by the resolving library or by an external caching layer, such as NSCD. If you don't understand exactly what this option does, you probably won't need it. --restrict-file-names=modes Change which characters found in remote URLs must be escaped during generation of local filenames. Characters that are restricted by this option are escaped, i.e. replaced with %HH, where HH is the hexadecimal number that corresponds to the restricted character. This option may also be used to force all alphabetical cases to be either lower- or uppercase. By default, Wget escapes the characters that are not valid or safe as part of file names on your operating system, as well as control characters that are typically unprintable. This option is useful for changing these defaults, perhaps because you are downloading to a non-native partition, or because you want to disable escaping of the control characters, or you want to further restrict characters to only those in the ASCII range of values. The modes are a comma-separated set of text values. The acceptable values are unix, windows, nocontrol, ascii, lowercase, and uppercase. The values unix and windows are mutually exclusive (one will override the other), as are lowercase and uppercase. Those last are special cases, as they do not change the set of characters that would be escaped, but rather force local file paths to be converted either to lower- or uppercase. When "unix" is specified, Wget escapes the character / and the control characters in the ranges 0--31 and 128--159. This is the default on Unix-like operating systems. When "windows" is given, Wget escapes the characters \, |, /, :, ?, ", *, <, >, and the control characters in the ranges 0--31 and 128--159. In addition to this, Wget in Windows mode uses + instead of : to separate host and port in local file names, and uses @ instead of ? to separate the query portion of the file name from the rest. Therefore, a URL that would be saved as www.xemacs.org:4300/search.pl?input=blah in Unix mode would be saved as www.xemacs.org+4300/search.pl@input=blah in Windows mode. This mode is the default on Windows. If you specify nocontrol, then the escaping of the control characters is also switched off. This option may make sense when you are downloading URLs whose names contain UTF-8 characters, on a system which can save and display filenames in UTF-8 (some possible byte values used in UTF-8 byte sequences fall in the range of values designated by Wget as "controls"). The ascii mode is used to specify that any bytes whose values are outside the range of ASCII characters (that is, greater than 127) shall be escaped. This can be useful when saving filenames whose encoding does not match the one used locally. -4 --inet4-only -6 --inet6-only Force connecting to IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. With --inet4-only or -4, Wget will only connect to IPv4 hosts, ignoring AAAA records in DNS, and refusing to connect to IPv6 addresses specified in URLs. Conversely, with --inet6-only or -6, Wget will only connect to IPv6 hosts and ignore A records and IPv4 addresses. Neither options should be needed normally. By default, an IPv6-aware Wget will use the address family specified by the host's DNS record. If the DNS responds with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, Wget will try them in sequence until it finds one it can connect to. (Also see "--prefer-family" option described below.) These options can be used to deliberately force the use of IPv4 or IPv6 address families on dual family systems, usually to aid debugging or to deal with broken network configuration. Only one of --inet6-only and --inet4-only may be specified at the same time. Neither option is available in Wget compiled without IPv6 support. --prefer-family=none/IPv4/IPv6 When given a choice of several addresses, connect to the addresses with specified address family first. The address order returned by DNS is used without change by default. This avoids spurious errors and connect attempts when accessing hosts that resolve to both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses from IPv4 networks. For example, www.kame.net resolves to 2001:200:0:8002:203:47ff:fea5:3085 and to <IP_ADDRESS>. When the preferred family is "IPv4", the IPv4 address is used first; when the preferred family is "IPv6", the IPv6 address is used first; if the specified value is "none", the address order returned by DNS is used without change. Unlike -4 and -6, this option doesn't inhibit access to any address family, it only changes the order in which the addresses are accessed. Also note that the reordering performed by this option is stable---it doesn't affect order of addresses of the same family. That is, the relative order of all IPv4 addresses and of all IPv6 addresses remains intact in all cases. --retry-connrefused Consider "connection refused" a transient error and try again. Normally Wget gives up on a URL when it is unable to connect to the site because failure to connect is taken as a sign that the server is not running at all and that retries would not help. This option is for mirroring unreliable sites whose servers tend to disappear for short periods of time. --user=user --password=password Specify the username user and password password for both FTP and HTTP file retrieval. These parameters can be overridden using the --ftp-user and --ftp-password options for FTP connections and the --http-user and --http-password options for HTTP connections. --ask-password Prompt for a password for each connection established. Cannot be specified when --password is being used, because they are mutually exclusive. --no-iri Turn off internationalized URI (IRI) support. Use --iri to turn it on. IRI support is activated by default. You can set the default state of IRI support using the "iri" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be overridden from the command line. --local-encoding=encoding Force Wget to use encoding as the default system encoding. That affects how Wget converts URLs specified as arguments from locale to UTF-8 for IRI support. Wget use the function "nl_langinfo()" and then the "CHARSET" environment variable to get the locale. If it fails, ASCII is used. You can set the default local encoding using the "local_encoding" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be overridden from the command line. --remote-encoding=encoding Force Wget to use encoding as the default remote server encoding. That affects how Wget converts URIs found in files from remote encoding to UTF-8 during a recursive fetch. This options is only useful for IRI support, for the interpretation of non-ASCII characters. For HTTP, remote encoding can be found in HTTP "Content-Type" header and in HTML "Content-Type http-equiv" meta tag. You can set the default encoding using the "remoteencoding" command in .wgetrc. That setting may be overridden from the command line. --unlink Force Wget to unlink file instead of clobbering existing file. This option is useful for downloading to the directory with hardlinks. Directory Options -nd --no-directories Do not create a hierarchy of directories when retrieving recursively. With this option turned on, all files will get saved to the current directory, without clobbering (if a name shows up more than once, the filenames will get extensions .n). -x --force-directories The opposite of -nd---create a hierarchy of directories, even if one would not have been created otherwise. E.g. wget -x http://fly.srk.fer.hr/robots.txt will save the downloaded file to fly.srk.fer.hr/robots.txt. -nH --no-host-directories Disable generation of host-prefixed directories. By default, invoking Wget with -r http://fly.srk.fer.hr/ will create a structure of directories beginning with fly.srk.fer.hr/. This option disables such behavior. --protocol-directories Use the protocol name as a directory component of local file names. For example, with this option, wget -r http://host will save to http/host/... rather than just to host/.... --cut-dirs=number Ignore number directory components. This is useful for getting a fine-grained control over the directory where recursive retrieval will be saved. Take, for example, the directory at ftp://ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/. If you retrieve it with -r, it will be saved locally under ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/. While the -nH option can remove the ftp.xemacs.org/ part, you are still stuck with pub/xemacs. This is where --cut-dirs comes in handy; it makes Wget not "see" number remote directory components. Here are several examples of how --cut-dirs option works. No options -> ftp.xemacs.org/pub/xemacs/ -nH -> pub/xemacs/ -nH --cut-dirs=1 -> xemacs/ -nH --cut-dirs=2 -> . --cut-dirs=1 -> ftp.xemacs.org/xemacs/ ... If you just want to get rid of the directory structure, this option is similar to a combination of -nd and -P. However, unlike -nd, --cut-dirs does not lose with subdirectories---for instance, with -nH --cut-dirs=1, a beta/ subdirectory will be placed to xemacs/beta, as one would expect. -P prefix --directory-prefix=prefix Set directory prefix to prefix. The directory prefix is the directory where all other files and subdirectories will be saved to, i.e. the top of the retrieval tree. The default is . (the current directory). HTTP Options --default-page=name Use name as the default file name when it isn't known (i.e., for URLs that end in a slash), instead of index.html. -E --adjust-extension If a file of type application/xhtml+xml or text/html is downloaded and the URL does not end with the regexp \.[Hh][Tt][Mm][Ll]?, this option will cause the suffix .html to be appended to the local filename. This is useful, for instance, when you're mirroring a remote site that uses .asp pages, but you want the mirrored pages to be viewable on your stock Apache server. Another good use for this is when you're downloading CGI-generated materials. A URL like http://site.com/article.cgi?25 will be saved as article.cgi?25.html. Note that filenames changed in this way will be re-downloaded every time you re-mirror a site, because Wget can't tell that the local X.html file corresponds to remote URL X (since it doesn't yet know that the URL produces output of type text/html or application/xhtml+xml. As of version 1.12, Wget will also ensure that any downloaded files of type text/css end in the suffix .css, and the option was renamed from --html-extension, to better reflect its new behavior. The old option name is still acceptable, but should now be considered deprecated. At some point in the future, this option may well be expanded to include suffixes for other types of content, including content types that are not parsed by Wget. --http-user=user --http-password=password Specify the username user and password password on an HTTP server. According to the type of the challenge, Wget will encode them using either the "basic" (insecure), the "digest", or the Windows "NTLM" authentication scheme. Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself. Either method reveals your password to anyone who bothers to run "ps". To prevent the passwords from being seen, store them in .wgetrc or .netrc, and make sure to protect those files from other users with "chmod". If the passwords are really important, do not leave them lying in those files either---edit the files and delete them after Wget has started the download. --no-http-keep-alive Turn off the "keep-alive" feature for HTTP downloads. Normally, Wget asks the server to keep the connection open so that, when you download more than one document from the same server, they get transferred over the same TCP connection. This saves time and at the same time reduces the load on the server. This option is useful when, for some reason, persistent (keep-alive) connections don't work for you, for example due to a server bug or due to the inability of server-side scripts to cope with the connections. --no-cache Disable server-side cache. In this case, Wget will send the remote server an appropriate directive (Pragma: no-cache) to get the file from the remote service, rather than returning the cached version. This is especially useful for retrieving and flushing out-of-date documents on proxy servers. Caching is allowed by default. --no-cookies Disable the use of cookies. Cookies are a mechanism for maintaining server-side state. The server sends the client a cookie using the "Set-Cookie" header, and the client responds with the same cookie upon further requests. Since cookies allow the server owners to keep track of visitors and for sites to exchange this information, some consider them a breach of privacy. The default is to use cookies; however, storing cookies is not on by default. --load-cookies file Load cookies from file before the first HTTP retrieval. file is a textual file in the format originally used by Netscape's cookies.txt file. You will typically use this option when mirroring sites that require that you be logged in to access some or all of their content. The login process typically works by the web server issuing an HTTP cookie upon receiving and verifying your credentials. The cookie is then resent by the browser when accessing that part of the site, and so proves your identity. Mirroring such a site requires Wget to send the same cookies your browser sends when communicating with the site. This is achieved by --load-cookies---simply point Wget to the location of the cookies.txt file, and it will send the same cookies your browser would send in the same situation. Different browsers keep textual cookie files in different locations: Netscape 4.x. The cookies are in ~/.netscape/cookies.txt. Mozilla and Netscape 6.x. Mozilla's cookie file is also named cookies.txt, located somewhere under ~/.mozilla, in the directory of your profile. The full path usually ends up looking somewhat like ~/.mozilla/default/some-weird-string/cookies.txt. Internet Explorer. You can produce a cookie file Wget can use by using the File menu, Import and Export, Export Cookies. This has been tested with Internet Explorer 5; it is not guaranteed to work with earlier versions. Other browsers. If you are using a different browser to create your cookies, --load-cookies will only work if you can locate or produce a cookie file in the Netscape format that Wget expects. If you cannot use --load-cookies, there might still be an alternative. If your browser supports a "cookie manager", you can use it to view the cookies used when accessing the site you're mirroring. Write down the name and value of the cookie, and manually instruct Wget to send those cookies, bypassing the "official" cookie support: wget --no-cookies --header "Cookie: <name>=<value>" --save-cookies file Save cookies to file before exiting. This will not save cookies that have expired or that have no expiry time (so-called "session cookies"), but also see --keep-session-cookies. --keep-session-cookies When specified, causes --save-cookies to also save session cookies. Session cookies are normally not saved because they are meant to be kept in memory and forgotten when you exit the browser. Saving them is useful on sites that require you to log in or to visit the home page before you can access some pages. With this option, multiple Wget runs are considered a single browser session as far as the site is concerned. Since the cookie file format does not normally carry session cookies, Wget marks them with an expiry timestamp of 0. Wget's --load-cookies recognizes those as session cookies, but it might confuse other browsers. Also note that cookies so loaded will be treated as other session cookies, which means that if you want --save-cookies to preserve them again, you must use --keep-session-cookies again. --ignore-length Unfortunately, some HTTP servers (CGI programs, to be more precise) send out bogus "Content-Length" headers, which makes Wget go wild, as it thinks not all the document was retrieved. You can spot this syndrome if Wget retries getting the same document again and again, each time claiming that the (otherwise normal) connection has closed on the very same byte. With this option, Wget will ignore the "Content-Length" header---as if it never existed. --header=header-line Send header-line along with the rest of the headers in each HTTP request. The supplied header is sent as-is, which means it must contain name and value separated by colon, and must not contain newlines. You may define more than one additional header by specifying --header more than once. wget --header='Accept-Charset: iso-8859-2' \ --header='Accept-Language: hr' \ http://fly.srk.fer.hr/ Specification of an empty string as the header value will clear all previous user-defined headers. As of Wget 1.10, this option can be used to override headers otherwise generated automatically. This example instructs Wget to connect to localhost, but to specify foo.bar in the "Host" header: wget --header="Host: foo.bar" http://localhost/ In versions of Wget prior to 1.10 such use of --header caused sending of duplicate headers. --max-redirect=number Specifies the maximum number of redirections to follow for a resource. The default is 20, which is usually far more than necessary. However, on those occasions where you want to allow more (or fewer), this is the option to use. --proxy-user=user --proxy-password=password Specify the username user and password password for authentication on a proxy server. Wget will encode them using the "basic" authentication scheme. Security considerations similar to those with --http-password pertain here as well. --referer=url Include `Referer: url' header in HTTP request. Useful for retrieving documents with server-side processing that assume they are always being retrieved by interactive web browsers and only come out properly when Referer is set to one of the pages that point to them. --save-headers Save the headers sent by the HTTP server to the file, preceding the actual contents, with an empty line as the separator. -U agent-string --user-agent=agent-string Identify as agent-string to the HTTP server. The HTTP protocol allows the clients to identify themselves using a "User-Agent" header field. This enables distinguishing the WWW software, usually for statistical purposes or for tracing of protocol violations. Wget normally identifies as Wget/version, version being the current version number of Wget. However, some sites have been known to impose the policy of tailoring the output according to the "User-Agent"-supplied information. While this is not such a bad idea in theory, it has been abused by servers denying information to clients other than (historically) Netscape or, more frequently, Microsoft Internet Explorer. This option allows you to change the "User-Agent" line issued by Wget. Use of this option is discouraged, unless you really know what you are doing. Specifying empty user agent with --user-agent="" instructs Wget not to send the "User-Agent" header in HTTP requests. --post-data=string --post-file=file Use POST as the method for all HTTP requests and send the specified data in the request body. --post-data sends string as data, whereas --post-file sends the contents of file. Other than that, they work in exactly the same way. In particular, they both expect content of the form "key1=value1&key2=value2", with percent-encoding for special characters; the only difference is that one expects its content as a command-line parameter and the other accepts its content from a file. In particular, --post-file is not for transmitting files as form attachments: those must appear as "key=value" data (with appropriate percent-coding) just like everything else. Wget does not currently support "multipart/form-data" for transmitting POST data; only "application/x-www-form-urlencoded". Only one of --post-data and --post-file should be specified. Please be aware that Wget needs to know the size of the POST data in advance. Therefore the argument to "--post-file" must be a regular file; specifying a FIFO or something like /dev/stdin won't work. It's not quite clear how to work around this limitation inherent in HTTP/1.0. Although HTTP/1.1 introduces chunked transfer that doesn't require knowing the request length in advance, a client can't use chunked unless it knows it's talking to an HTTP/1.1 server. And it can't know that until it receives a response, which in turn requires the request to have been completed -- a chicken-and-egg problem. Note: if Wget is redirected after the POST request is completed, it will not send the POST data to the redirected URL. This is because URLs that process POST often respond with a redirection to a regular page, which does not desire or accept POST. It is not completely clear that this behavior is optimal; if it doesn't work out, it might be changed in the future. This example shows how to log to a server using POST and then proceed to download the desired pages, presumably only accessible to authorized users: # Log in to the server. This can be done only once. wget --save-cookies cookies.txt \ --post-data 'user=foo&password=bar' \ http://server.com/auth.php # Now grab the page or pages we care about. wget --load-cookies cookies.txt \ -p http://server.com/interesting/article.php If the server is using session cookies to track user authentication, the above will not work because --save-cookies will not save them (and neither will browsers) and the cookies.txt file will be empty. In that case use --keep-session-cookies along with --save-cookies to force saving of session cookies. --content-disposition If this is set to on, experimental (not fully-functional) support for "Content-Disposition" headers is enabled. This can currently result in extra round-trips to the server for a "HEAD" request, and is known to suffer from a few bugs, which is why it is not currently enabled by default. This option is useful for some file-downloading CGI programs that use "Content-Disposition" headers to describe what the name of a downloaded file should be. --trust-server-names If this is set to on, on a redirect the last component of the redirection URL will be used as the local file name. By default it is used the last component in the original URL. --auth-no-challenge If this option is given, Wget will send Basic HTTP authentication information (plaintext username and password) for all requests, just like Wget 1.10.2 and prior did by default. Use of this option is not recommended, and is intended only to support some few obscure servers, which never send HTTP authentication challenges, but accept unsolicited auth info, say, in addition to form-based authentication. HTTPS (SSL/TLS) Options To support encrypted HTTP (HTTPS) downloads, Wget must be compiled with an external SSL library, currently OpenSSL. If Wget is compiled without SSL support, none of these options are available. --secure-protocol=protocol Choose the secure protocol to be used. Legal values are auto, SSLv2, SSLv3, and TLSv1. If auto is used, the SSL library is given the liberty of choosing the appropriate protocol automatically, which is achieved by sending an SSLv2 greeting and announcing support for SSLv3 and TLSv1. This is the default. Specifying SSLv2, SSLv3, or TLSv1 forces the use of the corresponding protocol. This is useful when talking to old and buggy SSL server implementations that make it hard for OpenSSL to choose the correct protocol version. Fortunately, such servers are quite rare. --no-check-certificate Don't check the server certificate against the available certificate authorities. Also don't require the URL host name to match the common name presented by the certificate. As of Wget 1.10, the default is to verify the server's certificate against the recognized certificate authorities, breaking the SSL handshake and aborting the download if the verification fails. Although this provides more secure downloads, it does break interoperability with some sites that worked with previous Wget versions, particularly those using self-signed, expired, or otherwise invalid certificates. This option forces an "insecure" mode of operation that turns the certificate verification errors into warnings and allows you to proceed. If you encounter "certificate verification" errors or ones saying that "common name doesn't match requested host name", you can use this option to bypass the verification and proceed with the download. Only use this option if you are otherwise convinced of the site's authenticity, or if you really don't care about the validity of its certificate. It is almost always a bad idea not to check the certificates when transmitting confidential or important data. --certificate=file Use the client certificate stored in file. This is needed for servers that are configured to require certificates from the clients that connect to them. Normally a certificate is not required and this switch is optional. --certificate-type=type Specify the type of the client certificate. Legal values are PEM (assumed by default) and DER, also known as ASN1. --private-key=file Read the private key from file. This allows you to provide the private key in a file separate from the certificate. --private-key-type=type Specify the type of the private key. Accepted values are PEM (the default) and DER. --ca-certificate=file Use file as the file with the bundle of certificate authorities ("CA") to verify the peers. The certificates must be in PEM format. Without this option Wget looks for CA certificates at the system- specified locations, chosen at OpenSSL installation time. --ca-directory=directory Specifies directory containing CA certificates in PEM format. Each file contains one CA certificate, and the file name is based on a hash value derived from the certificate. This is achieved by processing a certificate directory with the "c_rehash" utility supplied with OpenSSL. Using --ca-directory is more efficient than --ca-certificate when many certificates are installed because it allows Wget to fetch certificates on demand. Without this option Wget looks for CA certificates at the system- specified locations, chosen at OpenSSL installation time. --random-file=file Use file as the source of random data for seeding the pseudo-random number generator on systems without /dev/random. On such systems the SSL library needs an external source of randomness to initialize. Randomness may be provided by EGD (see --egd-file below) or read from an external source specified by the user. If this option is not specified, Wget looks for random data in $RANDFILE or, if that is unset, in $HOME/.rnd. If none of those are available, it is likely that SSL encryption will not be usable. If you're getting the "Could not seed OpenSSL PRNG; disabling SSL." error, you should provide random data using some of the methods described above. --egd-file=file Use file as the EGD socket. EGD stands for Entropy Gathering Daemon, a user-space program that collects data from various unpredictable system sources and makes it available to other programs that might need it. Encryption software, such as the SSL library, needs sources of non-repeating randomness to seed the random number generator used to produce cryptographically strong keys. OpenSSL allows the user to specify his own source of entropy using the "RAND_FILE" environment variable. If this variable is unset, or if the specified file does not produce enough randomness, OpenSSL will read random data from EGD socket specified using this option. If this option is not specified (and the equivalent startup command is not used), EGD is never contacted. EGD is not needed on modern Unix systems that support /dev/random. FTP Options --ftp-user=user --ftp-password=password Specify the username user and password password on an FTP server. Without this, or the corresponding startup option, the password defaults to -wget@, normally used for anonymous FTP. Another way to specify username and password is in the URL itself. Either method reveals your password to anyone who bothers to run "ps". To prevent the passwords from being seen, store them in .wgetrc or .netrc, and make sure to protect those files from other users with "chmod". If the passwords are really important, do not leave them lying in those files either---edit the files and delete them after Wget has started the download. --no-remove-listing Don't remove the temporary .listing files generated by FTP retrievals. Normally, these files contain the raw directory listings received from FTP servers. Not removing them can be useful for debugging purposes, or when you want to be able to easily check on the contents of remote server directories (e.g. to verify that a mirror you're running is complete). Note that even though Wget writes to a known filename for this file, this is not a security hole in the scenario of a user making .listing a symbolic link to /etc/passwd or something and asking "root" to run Wget in his or her directory. Depending on the options used, either Wget will refuse to write to .listing, making the globbing/recursion/time-stamping operation fail, or the symbolic link will be deleted and replaced with the actual .listing file, or the listing will be written to a .listing.number file. Even though this situation isn't a problem, though, "root" should never run Wget in a non-trusted user's directory. A user could do something as simple as linking index.html to /etc/passwd and asking "root" to run Wget with -N or -r so the file will be overwritten. --no-glob Turn off FTP globbing. Globbing refers to the use of shell-like special characters (wildcards), like *, ?, [ and ] to retrieve more than one file from the same directory at once, like: wget ftp://gnjilux.srk.fer.hr/*.msg By default, globbing will be turned on if the URL contains a globbing character. This option may be used to turn globbing on or off permanently. You may have to quote the URL to protect it from being expanded by your shell. Globbing makes Wget look for a directory listing, which is system-specific. This is why it currently works only with Unix FTP servers (and the ones emulating Unix "ls" output). --no-passive-ftp Disable the use of the passive FTP transfer mode. Passive FTP mandates that the client connect to the server to establish the data connection rather than the other way around. If the machine is connected to the Internet directly, both passive and active FTP should work equally well. Behind most firewall and NAT configurations passive FTP has a better chance of working. However, in some rare firewall configurations, active FTP actually works when passive FTP doesn't. If you suspect this to be the case, use this option, or set "passive_ftp=off" in your init file. --retr-symlinks By default, when retrieving FTP directories recursively and a symbolic link is encountered, the symbolic link is traversed and the pointed-to files are retrieved. Currently, Wget does not traverse symbolic links to directories to download them recursively, though this feature may be added in the future. When --retr-symlinks=no is specified, the linked-to file is not downloaded. Instead, a matching symbolic link is created on the local filesystem. The pointed-to file will not be retrieved unless this recursive retrieval would have encountered it separately and downloaded it anyway. This option poses a security risk where a malicious FTP Server may cause Wget to write to files outside of the intended directories through a specially crafted .LISTING file. Note that when retrieving a file (not a directory) because it was specified on the command-line, rather than because it was recursed to, this option has no effect. Symbolic links are always traversed in this case. Recursive Retrieval Options -r --recursive Turn on recursive retrieving. The default maximum depth is 5. -l depth --level=depth Specify recursion maximum depth level depth. --delete-after This option tells Wget to delete every single file it downloads, after having done so. It is useful for pre-fetching popular pages through a proxy, e.g.: wget -r -nd --delete-after http://whatever.com/~popular/page/ The -r option is to retrieve recursively, and -nd to not create directories. Note that --delete-after deletes files on the local machine. It does not issue the DELE command to remote FTP sites, for instance. Also note that when --delete-after is specified, --convert-links is ignored, so .orig files are simply not created in the first place. -k --convert-links After the download is complete, convert the links in the document to make them suitable for local viewing. This affects not only the visible hyperlinks, but any part of the document that links to external content, such as embedded images, links to style sheets, hyperlinks to non-HTML content, etc. Each link will be changed in one of the two ways: · The links to files that have been downloaded by Wget will be changed to refer to the file they point to as a relative link. Example: if the downloaded file /foo/doc.html links to /bar/img.gif, also downloaded, then the link in doc.html will be modified to point to ../bar/img.gif. This kind of transformation works reliably for arbitrary combinations of directories. · The links to files that have not been downloaded by Wget will be changed to include host name and absolute path of the location they point to. Example: if the downloaded file /foo/doc.html links to /bar/img.gif (or to ../bar/img.gif), then the link in doc.html will be modified to point to http://hostname/bar/img.gif. Because of this, local browsing works reliably: if a linked file was downloaded, the link will refer to its local name; if it was not downloaded, the link will refer to its full Internet address rather than presenting a broken link. The fact that the former links are converted to relative links ensures that you can move the downloaded hierarchy to another directory. Note that only at the end of the download can Wget know which links have been downloaded. Because of that, the work done by -k will be performed at the end of all the downloads. -K --backup-converted When converting a file, back up the original version with a .orig suffix. Affects the behavior of -N. -m --mirror Turn on options suitable for mirroring. This option turns on recursion and time-stamping, sets infinite recursion depth and keeps FTP directory listings. It is currently equivalent to -r -N -l inf --no-remove-listing. -p --page-requisites This option causes Wget to download all the files that are necessary to properly display a given HTML page. This includes such things as inlined images, sounds, and referenced stylesheets. Ordinarily, when downloading a single HTML page, any requisite documents that may be needed to display it properly are not downloaded. Using -r together with -l can help, but since Wget does not ordinarily distinguish between external and inlined documents, one is generally left with "leaf documents" that are missing their requisites. For instance, say document 1.html contains an "<IMG>" tag referencing 1.gif and an "<A>" tag pointing to external document 2.html. Say that 2.html is similar but that its image is 2.gif and it links to 3.html. Say this continues up to some arbitrarily high number. If one executes the command: wget -r -l 2 http://<site>/1.html then 1.html, 1.gif, 2.html, 2.gif, and 3.html will be downloaded. As you can see, 3.html is without its requisite 3.gif because Wget is simply counting the number of hops (up to 2) away from 1.html in order to determine where to stop the recursion. However, with this command: wget -r -l 2 -p http://<site>/1.html all the above files and 3.html's requisite 3.gif will be downloaded. Similarly, wget -r -l 1 -p http://<site>/1.html will cause 1.html, 1.gif, 2.html, and 2.gif to be downloaded. One might think that: wget -r -l 0 -p http://<site>/1.html would download just 1.html and 1.gif, but unfortunately this is not the case, because -l 0 is equivalent to -l inf---that is, infinite recursion. To download a single HTML page (or a handful of them, all specified on the command-line or in a -i URL input file) and its (or their) requisites, simply leave off -r and -l: wget -p http://<site>/1.html Note that Wget will behave as if -r had been specified, but only that single page and its requisites will be downloaded. Links from that page to external documents will not be followed. Actually, to download a single page and all its requisites (even if they exist on separate websites), and make sure the lot displays properly locally, this author likes to use a few options in addition to -p: wget -E -H -k -K -p http://<site>/<document> To finish off this topic, it's worth knowing that Wget's idea of an external document link is any URL specified in an "<A>" tag, an "<AREA>" tag, or a "<LINK>" tag other than "<LINK REL="stylesheet">". --strict-comments Turn on strict parsing of HTML comments. The default is to terminate comments at the first occurrence of -->. According to specifications, HTML comments are expressed as SGML declarations. Declaration is special markup that begins with <! and ends with >, such as <!DOCTYPE ...>, that may contain comments between a pair of -- delimiters. HTML comments are "empty declarations", SGML declarations without any non-comment text. Therefore, <!--foo--> is a valid comment, and so is <!--one-- --two-->, but <!--1--2--> is not. On the other hand, most HTML writers don't perceive comments as anything other than text delimited with <!-- and -->, which is not quite the same. For example, something like <!------------> works as a valid comment as long as the number of dashes is a multiple of four (!). If not, the comment technically lasts until the next --, which may be at the other end of the document. Because of this, many popular browsers completely ignore the specification and implement what users have come to expect: comments delimited with <!-- and -->. Until version 1.9, Wget interpreted comments strictly, which resulted in missing links in many web pages that displayed fine in browsers, but had the misfortune of containing non-compliant comments. Beginning with version 1.9, Wget has joined the ranks of clients that implements "naive" comments, terminating each comment at the first occurrence of -->. If, for whatever reason, you want strict comment parsing, use this option to turn it on. Recursive Accept/Reject Options -A acclist --accept acclist -R rejlist --reject rejlist Specify comma-separated lists of file name suffixes or patterns to accept or reject. Note that if any of the wildcard characters, *, ?, [ or ], appear in an element of acclist or rejlist, it will be treated as a pattern, rather than a suffix. -D domain-list --domains=domain-list Set domains to be followed. domain-list is a comma-separated list of domains. Note that it does not turn on -H. --exclude-domains domain-list Specify the domains that are not to be followed. --follow-ftp Follow FTP links from HTML documents. Without this option, Wget will ignore all the FTP links. --follow-tags=list Wget has an internal table of HTML tag / attribute pairs that it considers when looking for linked documents during a recursive retrieval. If a user wants only a subset of those tags to be considered, however, he or she should be specify such tags in a comma-separated list with this option. --ignore-tags=list This is the opposite of the --follow-tags option. To skip certain HTML tags when recursively looking for documents to download, specify them in a comma-separated list. In the past, this option was the best bet for downloading a single page and its requisites, using a command-line like: wget --ignore-tags=a,area -H -k -K -r http://<site>/<document> However, the author of this option came across a page with tags like "<LINK REL="home" HREF="/">" and came to the realization that specifying tags to ignore was not enough. One can't just tell Wget to ignore "<LINK>", because then stylesheets will not be downloaded. Now the best bet for downloading a single page and its requisites is the dedicated --page-requisites option. --ignore-case Ignore case when matching files and directories. This influences the behavior of -R, -A, -I, and -X options, as well as globbing implemented when downloading from FTP sites. For example, with this option, -A *.txt will match file1.txt, but also file2.TXT, file3.TxT, and so on. -H --span-hosts Enable spanning across hosts when doing recursive retrieving. -L --relative Follow relative links only. Useful for retrieving a specific home page without any distractions, not even those from the same hosts. -I list --include-directories=list Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to follow when downloading. Elements of list may contain wildcards. -X list --exclude-directories=list Specify a comma-separated list of directories you wish to exclude from download. Elements of list may contain wildcards. -np --no-parent Do not ever ascend to the parent directory when retrieving recursively. This is a useful option, since it guarantees that only the files below a certain hierarchy will be downloaded. FILES /etc/wgetrc Default location of the global startup file. .wgetrc User startup file. BUGS You are welcome to submit bug reports via the GNU Wget bug tracker (see <http://wget.addictivecode.org/BugTracker>). Before actually submitting a bug report, please try to follow a few simple guidelines. 1. Please try to ascertain that the behavior you see really is a bug. If Wget crashes, it's a bug. If Wget does not behave as documented, it's a bug. If things work strange, but you are not sure about the way they are supposed to work, it might well be a bug, but you might want to double-check the documentation and the mailing lists. 2. Try to repeat the bug in as simple circumstances as possible. E.g. if Wget crashes while downloading wget -rl0 -kKE -t5 --no-proxy http://yoyodyne.com -o /tmp/log, you should try to see if the crash is repeatable, and if will occur with a simpler set of options. You might even try to start the download at the page where the crash occurred to see if that page somehow triggered the crash. Also, while I will probably be interested to know the contents of your .wgetrc file, just dumping it into the debug message is probably a bad idea. Instead, you should first try to see if the bug repeats with .wgetrc moved out of the way. Only if it turns out that .wgetrc settings affect the bug, mail me the relevant parts of the file. 3. Please start Wget with -d option and send us the resulting output (or relevant parts thereof). If Wget was compiled without debug support, recompile it---it is much easier to trace bugs with debug support on. Note: please make sure to remove any potentially sensitive information from the debug log before sending it to the bug address. The "-d" won't go out of its way to collect sensitive information, but the log will contain a fairly complete transcript of Wget's communication with the server, which may include passwords and pieces of downloaded data. Since the bug address is publically archived, you may assume that all bug reports are visible to the public. 4. If Wget has crashed, try to run it in a debugger, e.g. "gdb `which wget` core" and type "where" to get the backtrace. This may not work if the system administrator has disabled core files, but it is safe to try. SEE ALSO This is not the complete manual for GNU Wget. For more complete information, including more detailed explanations of some of the options, and a number of commands available for use with .wgetrc files and the -e option, see the GNU Info entry for wget. AUTHOR Originally written by Hrvoje Niksic<EMAIL_ADDRESS>COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". GNU Wget 1.13.4 2014-11-02 WGET(1)


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#include <constraint_solveri.h>
Definition at line 1655 of file constraint_solveri.h.
◆ LocalSearchMonitor()
| operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::LocalSearchMonitor |
( |
Solver *const |
solver | ) |
|
|
explicit |
◆ ~LocalSearchMonitor()
| operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::~LocalSearchMonitor |
( |
| ) |
|
|
override |
◆ DebugString()
| std::string operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::DebugString |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
◆ BeginOperatorStart()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::BeginOperatorStart |
( |
| ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
◆ EndOperatorStart()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::EndOperatorStart |
( |
| ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
◆ BeginMakeNextNeighbor()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::BeginMakeNextNeighbor |
( |
const LocalSearchOperator * |
op | ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
◆ EndMakeNextNeighbor()
◆ BeginFilterNeighbor()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::BeginFilterNeighbor |
( |
const LocalSearchOperator * |
op | ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
◆ EndFilterNeighbor()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::EndFilterNeighbor |
( |
const LocalSearchOperator * |
op, |
|
|
bool |
neighbor_found |
|
) |
| |
|
pure virtual |
◆ BeginAcceptNeighbor()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::BeginAcceptNeighbor |
( |
const LocalSearchOperator * |
op | ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
◆ EndAcceptNeighbor()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::EndAcceptNeighbor |
( |
const LocalSearchOperator * |
op, |
|
|
bool |
neighbor_found |
|
) |
| |
|
pure virtual |
◆ BeginFiltering()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::BeginFiltering |
( |
const LocalSearchFilter * |
filter | ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
◆ EndFiltering()
| virtual void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::EndFiltering |
( |
const LocalSearchFilter * |
filter, |
|
|
bool |
reject |
|
) |
| |
|
pure virtual |
◆ Install()
| void operations_research::LocalSearchMonitor::Install |
( |
| ) |
|
|
overridevirtual |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


10. windows.com
- Component Object Model¶
A module to call COM interfaces from Python or COM vtable in python.
This code is only used in windows.winobject.wmi
and windows.winobject.network
for the firewall.
The ability to create COM vtable is used in the LKD project .
10.1. Using a COM interface¶
It’s possible to directly call COM interface from python. All you need is the definition of the COM interface.
There are three ways to get the definition of the code interface:
- By using it from
windows.generated_def.interfaces
- By writing it yourself : <https://github.com/sogeti-esec-lab/LKD/blob/ba40727d7d257b00f89fc6ca7296c9833b7b75b2/dbginterface/remote.py#L56>`_
- By generating it.
To generate a COM interface you need its definition from the “.c” file.
Then add thisit to PythonForWindows\ctypes_generation\com\MyInterface.txt
.
Finally re-generate the interface using generate.py
.
When you have the COM interface defintion you can create an instance of it.
Then you need to retrieve the interface by using an API returning an object or window.com.create_instance()
.
You can then use the instance to call whatever method you need.
Note
see samples windows.com
10.2. Implementing a COM interface¶
To create COM object you need to:
Note
see samples ICallInterceptor
10.3. API¶
-
windows.com.
create_instance
(clsiid, targetinterface, custom_iid=None, context=5L)[source]¶ A simple wrapper around
CoCreateInstance <https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686615(v=vs.85).aspx>


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Jamaica: Witness in Tesha Miller trial says he prefers prison
by Jamaica Observer(JAMAICA OBSERVER) — An admission by a Crown witness that he prefers to remain in prison rather than being released early under a plea bargain deal he signed with the State surprised many people in the Home Circuit Court on day four of the Tesha Miller trial yesterday.
The witness, who is being referred to as Witness One by the Jamaica Observer because the court instructed that all witnesses remain anonymous, made the revelation during cross-examination by defence attorney Bert Samuels in the afternoon session yesterday.
Witness One, who received a life sentence for murder, would have had to serve 16 years before being eligible for parole.
Yesterday, Samuels suggested to him that after serving one-third of his sentence he would have been able to apply for parole next year, and as such would have been eligible to make an application for parole before he made the plea bargain last week.
Samuels suggested to Witness One, who admitted to being a former member of the Klansman gang, that the Director of Public Prosecutions’ (DPP’s) bargain was attractive, that’s why he took it.
“No,” said the 29-year-old witness, who last Friday told the court that he decided to testify after 13 of his family members had been killed between 2013 and 2015.
Insisting that he started giving his statement to the police before he went into custody and pleaded guilty to murder, Witness One said he wanted to put an end to the crime and violence in Spanish Town, St Catherine.
Samuels submitted to the witness that he made no contact with Miller who is on trial for being an accessory before and after the fact in relation to the June 27, 2008 murder of then Jamaica Urban Transit Company Chairman Douglas Chambers.
“Me and him talk before and after,” the witness replied.
“Tesha Miller give mi gun, buy mi Clarks; him buy mi clothes,” he said, asking Samuels if he wanted him to go any further.
“I will pursue my statement. This is not the matter of reducing sentence,” the witness continued. “Anything I am saying is [of] my own.”
Samuels then asked: “So the feeling came over you and you send for the DPP?”
Witness One replied: “I was already giving the statement.”
Samuels asked him if, when he pleaded guilty to murder, he had been aware of the plea bargain system.
Witness One said he told the DPP that he would testify without a reduction in sentence.
“Do you intend to apply for parole after three years?” the attorney asked.
“No,” the witness replied.
“Yuh nuh waan come out?” Samuels pressed.
“Mi alright,” the witness said.
“Yuh nuh waan come out?” Samuels repeated.
“Mi prefer prison dan out a road,” said the witness.
Samuels then asked Witness One if he had refused a reduction in sentence from 16 years to 10 years.
 I have killed people,” the witness stated.
“How many?” Samuels asked.
“A lot,” the witness replied.
In the morning session, after the prosecution completed its evidence-in-chief, Samuels submitted to the witness that his testimony on the stand varies from the original statement that he gave to the police.
Samuels told him that parts of the testimony he gave last week were not in the statement he gave to the police, which he had signed.
Witness One, who sought to explain on numerous occasions during the trial why he said certain things in his 14-page statement that took him 13 months and four days to complete, said: “Everything that I said here from the start to the finish is the truth.”
Insisting that the former gangster took the deal to serve a lesser sentence, Samuels suggested to the witness that he was not being truthful about being a member of the gang for 13 years.
Samuels put to the witness that in his statement to the police, he stated that he was a member of the gang for only five months.
But the witness replied that he could explain why he said so in his statement.
Samuels suggested further that in 2011 the witness, during a question-and-answer session by the police, said “Home Blingers” was the leader of the Klansman gang.
“Yes,” Witness One told the court.
“Did you sign it (question and answer)?” Samuels asked.
“Yes, if I can explain myself you will understand,” replied the witness.
The trial is expected to continue today.
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None of the tests should crash the system. If you kill processes when system calls fail with EFAULT (a valid thing to do) badcall itself may get killed. Otherwise, badcall should not get killed either.
Tests may be selected on the command line; if so, all the tests selected on the command line will be run in order. If nothing is selected on the command line, a menu is printed and tests are prompted for.
The tests for the individual syscalls are specified with the letters `a' through `y'. The numbers 1-4 may also be specified, to test all the system calls that are supposed to work as of the time assignments 1 through 4 (respectively) are complete. `*' may be used to test everything. Use `!' to quit.
At the completion of each assignment, the system should pass the tests for the syscalls associated with that (and previous) assignments. At no time should anything badcall does crash the system.


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You can input a pattern bellow (no need to put in repetitions, it'll handle that itself). If you want houndstooth, for example, you'd go for "0,0,1,1" for both warp and weft.
Each number represents a color saved to memory. 1 might be black, for example, while 0 white. You can specify the colors below as well. |
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