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PETITIONER: M.C. MEHTA Vs. RESPONDENT: UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS DATE OF JUDGMENT22/09/1987 BENCH: VENKATARAMIAH, E.S. (J) BENCH: VENKATARAMIAH, E.S. (J) SINGH, K.N. (J) CITATION: 1988 AIR 1115 1988 SCR (2) 530 1988 SCC (1) 471 JT 1988 (1) 69 ACT: Constitution of India, 1950: Articles 48A and 51A-State to protect and improve environment-Fundamental duty of every citizen to improve natural environment. Environmental Law Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: 'Environment'-Discharge of effluents from tannery into the River Ganga-Necessity to establish primary treatment plants-Closure of tanneries directed on failure to comply- Life, health and ecology have great importance. Practice and Procedure: Court can issue appropriate directions if it finds public nuisance being committed and statutory authorities not taking adequate steps to rectify the grievance. HEADNOTE: The petitioner, an active social worker, filed a petition before this Court complaining that neither the Government nor the people were giving adequate attention to stop the pollution of the river Ganga and it was, therefore, necessary to take steps for the purpose of protecting the cleanliness of the stream in the river Ganga which was in fact the life sustainer of a large part of the northern India, and sought the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus to the respondents other than respondents Nos. 1 and 7 to 9 restraining them from letting out the trade effluents into the river Ganga till such time they put necessary treatment plants for treating the trade effluents in order to arrest the pollution of water in the said river. This Court directed issue of notice under order 1 Rule 8 of the 280 Code of Civil Procedure treating the case as a representative action by publishing the gist of the petition in the newspapers in circulation in northern India and calling upon industrialists and the municipal corporations and town municipal councils having jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows to appear before the Court to show cause as to why direction should not be issued as prayed for by the petitioner asking them not to allow trade effluents and sewage into the river Ganga without appropriately treating them before discharging them into the river. Pursuant to the aforesaid notice a large number of industrialists and legal bodies entered appearance. Some filed counter affidavits ex-plaining the steps taken by them for treating trade effluents before discharging them into the river. The case against the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur, was first taken up by the Court for consideration. Forty three respondents admitted in their counter affidavits that the tanneries discharged their trade effluents into the sewage nallah which led to the municipal sewage plant before they were thrown into the river Ganga. The Court was informed that six of the tanneries had already set up and fourteen were engaged in construction of primary treatment plants, and some others pleaded for time to do so. It was submitted on behalf of the respondents that it would not be possible for them to have secondary system for treating waste water in view of the enormous expenditure involved, which the tanneries would not be able to meet. Some of the tanneries neither appeared nor were represented by counsel in this Court. Issuing interim directions, this Court, ^ HELD: 1.1 Article 48-A of the Constitution provides that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. Article 51-A of the Constitution imposes as one of the fundamental duties on every citizen the duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have campassion for living creatures. [285C-D] Realising the importance of the prevention and control of pollution of water for human existence, Parliament passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, to provide for the 281 prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith Sections 16 and 17 of the Act describes the functions of the Central and the State Board. The Act was adopted by the State of Uttar Pradesh. In addition, Parliament also passed the Environmental (Prevention) Act, 1986 which came into effect from November, 1986 throughout India. [288B-D; 289A, F] 1.2 Notwithstanding the comprehensive provisions contained in the Act of 1974, no effective steps appear to have been taken by the State Board so far to prevent the discharge of effluents of the Jajmau near Kanpur to the river Ganga. The fact that such effluents are being first discharged into the municipal sewerage does not absolve the tanneries from being proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from the sewerage system of the municipality. Not much has been done even under the Act of 1986 by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur. [289-E; 290C] 1.3 There is no doubt that the discharge of the trade effluents from the tanneries into the river Ganga has been causing considerable damage to the life of the people who use the water of the river and also to the aquatic life in the river. The effluents discharged from a tannery is 10 times noxious when compared with the domestic sewage which flows into the river from any urban area on its banks. The tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur cannot be allowed to continue to carry on the industrial activity unless they take steps to establish primary treatment plant. [298E-F] No doubt it may not be possible for the tanneries to establish immediately the secondary system plant in view of the large expenses involved, but having regard to the adverse effect the effluents are having on the river water, the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur, should at least set up primary treatment plants, which is the minimum that the tanneries should do in the circumstances of the case. The financial capacity of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. Just like an industry which cannot pay minimum wages to its workers cannot be allowed to exist, a tannery, which cannot set up a primary treatment plant, cannot be permitted to continue to be in existence for the adverse 282 effect on the public at large which is likely to ensue by the discharging of the trade effluents from the tannery to the river Ganga would be immense and it will outweigh any inconvenience that may be caused to the management and the labour employed by it on account of its closure. Moreover, the tanneries involved in this case are not taken by surprise. For several years they are being asked to take necessary steps to prevent the flow of untreated water from their factories into the river. Some of them have already complied with the demand. [298C-E] 1.4 In cases of this nature this Court may issue appropriate directions if it finds that the public nuisance or other wrongful act affecting or likely to affect public is being committed and the statutory authorities which are charged with the duty to prevent it are not taking adequate steps to rectify the grivevance. For every breach of right there should be a remedy. [298F-G] It is unfortunate that a number of tanneries at Jajmau even though they are aware of these proceedings have not cared even to enter appearance in this Court to express their willingness to take appropriate steps to establish the pretreatment plants. So far as they are concerned, they are directed to stop running of their tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents either directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subjecting the trade effluents to a pretreatment process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Board with effect from October 1, 1987. Time granted till 31.3.1988 to other tanneries who are members of the Hindustan Chambers of Commerce and the other tanneries to establish primary treatment plants within six months. If any of these tanneries does not set up a primary treatment plant within 31.3.1988 such a tannery will stop business with effect from 1.4.1988. [298G-H; 299D, G-H; 300A] Such of those tanneries who have already put up primary treatment plants may continue running provided they keep the plants in sound working order.[299Fl The Central Government, the Uttar Pradesh Board, established under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the District Magistrate, Kanpur are directed to enforce this order. [30OB l Per Singh, J: (supplementing) The pollution of the river Ganga is affecting the life, health and 283 ecology of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The (Government as well as Parliament both have taken a number of steps to control the water pollution, but nothing substantial has been achieved. No law or authority can succeed in removing the pollution unless the people cooperate. It is the sacred duty of all those who reside or carry on business around the river Ganga to ensure the purity of Ganga. Tanneries at Jajmau area near Kanpur have been polluting the Ganga in a big way. Though notices were issued many industrialists have not bothered either to respond to the notice or to take elementary steps for the treatment of industrial effluent before discharging the same into the river. Those tanneries which have failed to take minimum steps required for the primary treatment of industrial effluent are directed to be closed. No doubt closure of tanneries may bring unemployment, loss of revenue, but life, health and ecology have greater importance to the people. [301G-H; 302A-B] JUDGMENT:
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition No. 3727 of 1985 Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India. M.C. Mehta (Petitioner-in-person).
B. Datta, Additional Solicitor General, R.P. Kapur, P.P Singh and Ms. A Subhashini for Respondent Nos. 2 and 3 R.A. Gupta for Respondent No. 87.
S.K. Dholakia, Deepak K. Thakur, Mukul Mudgal and P. Narasimhan for Respondent No. 89.
Miss Bina Gupta, B.P. Singh, S.R. Srivastava, Krishan Kumar, Vineet Kumar, R. Mohan, Mrs. Shobha Dikshit, A. Sharan, D. Goburdhan, Mrs. G.S. Mishra, Parijat Sinha, R.C. Verma, R.P. Singh, Ranjit Kumar, R.B. Mehrotra, Manoj Swarup & Co. Raj Birbal, J.B.D. & Co. S.S. Khanduja, B.P Singh, E.C. Aggrawala, Khaitan & Co., A.K. Srivastava, Swarup John & Co., Mehta Dave, R.S. Sodhi, Subodh Markandey, T.V.S.N. Chari, Ashok Grover, Narain and P.C. Kapur for the Respondents.
B.R.L. Iyenger and Surya Kant for the Intervener. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by VENKATARAMIAH, J. This is a public interest litigation The 284 petitioner who is an active social worker has filed this petition inter alia for the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus to the respondents other than Respondents 1, and 7 to 9 restraining them from letting out the trade effluents into the river Ganga till such time they put up necessary treatment plants for treating the trade effluents in order to arrest the pollution of water in the said river. Respondent 1 is the Union of India, Respondent 7 is the Chairman of the Central Board for Prevention and Control of Pollution, Respondent 8 is the Chairman, Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board and Respondent 9 is the Indian Standards Institute.
Water is the most important of the elements of nature. River valleys are the credles of civilization from beginning of the world. Aryan civilization grew around the towns and villages on the banks of the river Ganga. Varanasi which is one of the cities on the banks of the river Ganga is considered to be one of the oldest human settlements in the world. It is the popular belief that the river Ganga is the purifier of all but we are now led to the situation that action has to be taken to prevent the pollution of the water of the river Ganga since we have reached a stage that any further pollution of the river water is likely to lead to a catastrophe. There are today large towns inhabited by millions of people on the banks of the river Ganga. There are also large industries on its banks. Sewage of the towns and cities on the banks of the river and the trade effluents of the factories and other industries are continuously being discharged into the river. It is the complaint of the petitioner that neither the Government nor the people are giving adequate attention to stop the pollution of the river Ganga. Steps have, therefore, to be taken for the purpose of protecting the cleanliness of the stream in the river Ganga, which is in fact the life sustainer of a large part of the northern India.
When this petition came up for preliminary hearing, the Court directed the issue of notice under order 1 rule 8 of the Code of Civil Procedure treating this case as a representative action by publishing the gist of the petition in the newspapers in circulation in northern India and calling upon all the industrialists and the municipal corporations and the town municipal councils having jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows to appear before the Court and to show cause as to why directions should not be issued to them as prayed by the petitioner asking them not to allow the trade effluents and the sewage into the river Ganga without appropriately treating them before discharging them into the river. Pursuant to the said notice a large number of industrialists and local bodies have entered 285 appearance before the Court. Some of them have filed counteraffidavits explaining the steps taken by them for treating the trade effluents before discharging t-hem into the river. When the above case came up for consideration before the Court on the last date of hearing we directed that the case against the tanneries at Jajmau area near Kanpur would be taken up for hearing first. Respondents 14 to 87 and 89 are the tanneries near Kanpur. Of them respondents 16 to 32, 34 to 36, 43, 47, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60 to 62, 64, 67 to 69, 72, 74, 75, 77 to 82, 85, 87 and 89 are represented by counsel. The remaining tanneries did not appear before the Court at the time of the hearing nor were they represented by any counsel.
Before proceeding to consider the facts of this case it is necessary to state a few words about the importance of and need for protecting our environment. Article 48-A of the Constitution provides that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country. Article 51-A of the Constitution imposes as one of the fundamental duties on every citizen the duty to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures. The proclamation adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment which took place at Stockholm from 5th to 16th of June, 1972 and in which the Indian delegation led by the Prime Minister of India took a leading role runs thus:
"1. Man is both creature and moulder of his environment which gives him physical sustenance and affords him the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth. In the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet a stage has been reached when through the rapid acceleration of science and technology, man has acquired the power to transform his environment in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of man's environment, the natural and the man-made, are essential to his well-being and to the enjoyment of basic human rights-even the right to life itself.
2. The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world; it is the urgent desire of the peoples of the whole world and the duty of all Governments.286
3. Man has constantly to sum up experience and go on discovering, inventing, creating and advancing. In our time man's capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefits of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and the human environment. We see around us growing evidence of man-made harm in many regions of the earth; dangerous levels of pollution in water, air, earth and living beings; major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere; destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources; and gross deficiencies harmful to the physical, mental and social health of man, in the man-made environment; particularly in the living and working environment.
A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well- being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping with human needs and hopes. There are broad vistas for the enhancement of environmental quality and the creation of a good life. What is needed is an enthusiastic but calm state of mind and intense but orderly work. For the purpose of attaining freedom in the world of nature, man must use knowledge to build in collaboration with nature a better environment. To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind-a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of world-wide economic and social development.
To achieve this environmental goal will demand the acceptance of responsibility by citizens and communities and by enterprises and institutions at every level, all sharing equitably in common efforts. Individuals in all walks of life as well as organizations in many fields, by their values and the sum of their actions, will shape the world environ-287
ment of the future. Local and National Governments will bear the greatest burden for large-scale environmental policy and action within their jurisdictions. International co-operation is also needed in order to raise resources to support the developing countries carrying out their responsibilities in this field. A growing class of environmental problems, because they are regional or global in extent or because they affect the common international realm, will require extensive co-operation among nations and action by international organizations in the common interest. The Conference calls upon the Governments and peoples to exert common efforts for the preservation and improvement of the human environment, for the benefit of all the people and for their posterity."
The proclamation also contained certain common convictions of the participant nations and made certain recommendations on development and environment. The common convictions stated include the conviction that the discharge of toxic substances or of other substances and the release of heat in such quantities or concentrations as to exceed the capacity of environment to render them harmless must be halted in order to ensure that serious or irreversible damage is not inflicted upon eco systems, that States shall take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the seas so that hazards to human health, harm to living resources and marine life, damage to the amenities or interference with other legitimate uses of seas is avoided that the environmental policies would enhance and not adversely affect the present and future development potential of development countries, that science and technology as part of their contributions to economic and social development must be applied with identification, avoidance and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems and for the common good of mankind, that States have the responsibility to ensure that activities of exploitation of their own resources within their jurisdiction are controlled and do not cause damage to the environment of other States or areas beyond the limit of national jurisdiction, that it will be essential in all cases to consider the systems of values prevailing in each country and the extent of the applicability of standards which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate 288 and of unwarranted social cost and that man and his environment must be spared the effects of nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction. These are only some of the statements of principles proclaimed by the Stockholm Conference.
(Vide Lal's Commentaries on Water and Air Pollution Laws (2nd Edn. ) pages 6-7 Realising the importance of the prevention and control of pollution of water for human existence Parliament has passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Act 6 of 1974) (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith. The Act was passed pursuant to resolutions passed by all the Houses of Legislatures of the States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura and West Bengal under clause (1) of Article 252 of the Constitution to the effect that the prevention and control of water pollution should be regulated in those States by Parliamentary legislation. The Act has been since adopted by the State of Uttar Pradesh also by resolutions passed in that behalf by the Houses of Legislature of the said State in the year 1975 (vide notification No. 897/ix-3-l00-74 dated 3.2.1975). Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of any stream or well for disposal of polluting matter etc. It provides that subject to the provisions of the said section no person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards as may be laid down by the State Board to enter whether directly or indirectly into any stream or well or no person shall knowingly cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter which may tend either directly or in combination with similar matters to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution due to other causes or of its consequences. The expression stream is defined by section 2(j) of the Act as including river, water course whether flowing or for the time being dry, inland water whether natural or artificial, sub-terranean waters, sea or tidal waters to such extent or as the case may be to such point as the State Government may by notification in the official Gazette, 289 specify in that behalf. Under the Act it is permissible to establish a Central Board and the State Boards. The functions of the Central Board and the State Boards are described in section 16 and 17 respectively. One of the functions of the State Board is to inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents, and to review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents. 'Trade effluent' includes any liquid, gaseous or solid substance which is discharged from any premises used for carrying on any trade or industry, other than domestic sewage. The State Board is also entrusted with the work of laying down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of such effluents. The State Board is also entrusted with the power of making application to courts for restraining apprehended pollution of water in streams or wells. Notwithstanding the comprehensive provisions contained in the Act no effective steps appear to have been taken by the State Board so far to prevent the discharge of effluents of the Jajmau near Kanpur to the river Ganga. The fact that such effluents are being first discharged into the municipal sewerage does not absolve the tanneries from being proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from the sewerage system of the municipality.
In addition to the above Act, Parliament has also passed the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) which has been brought into force throughout India with effect from November 19, 1986. Section 3 of this Act confers power on the Central Government to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. 'Environment' includes water, air and land and the inter- relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property. (Vide section 2(a) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986). Under Section 3(2)(iv) of the said Act the Central Government may lay down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law but subject to the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central Government may under section S of the 290 Act, in the exercise of its powers and performance of its functions under that Act issue directions in writing to any person, officer or authority and such authority is bound to comply with such directions. The power to issue directions under the said section includes the power to direct the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation or process or stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity or water or any other service. Section 9 of the said Act imposes a duty on every person to take steps to prevent or mitigate the environmental pollution. Section 15 of the said Act contains provisions relating to penalties that may be imposed for the contravention of any of the provisions of the said Act or directions issued thereunder. It is to be noticed that not much has been done even under this Act by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur.
All the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur which were represented by counsel, except respondent Nos. 87 and 89 have relied upon a common counter-affidavit filed by them and their case is argued by Shri S.K. Dholakia and Shri Mukul Mudgal. Respondent No. 87 is represented by Shri R.P. Gupta and respondent No. 89 is represented by Shri P. Narasimhan. There is not much dispute on the question that the discharge of the trade effluents from these tanneries into the river Ganga has been causing considerable damage to the life of the people who use the water of the river Ganga and also to the aquatic life in the river. The tanneries at Jajmau in Kanpur have themselves formed an association called Jajmau Tanners Pollution Control Association with the objects among others:
(1) To establish, equip and maintain laboratories, workshop, institutes, organisations and factories for conducting and carrying on p experiments and to provide funds for the main objects of the Company.
(2) To procure and import wherever necessary the chemicals etc. for the purpose of pollution control in tanning industries.
(3) To set up and maintain common effluent treatment plant for member tanners in and around Jajmau.
(4) To make periodical charges on members for the effluent treatment based on the benefit he/it derives from time to time to meet the common expenses for maintenance, replacement incurred towards effluent treatment.
291In the Fiscal Plan for setting up common Effluent Treatment Plants for Indian Tanning Industry-(March, 1986) prepared by the committee constituted by the Directorate General of Technical Development (Government of India) it is observed thus:-
"Leather industry is one of the three major industries besides paper and textiles consuming large quantities of water for processing of hides and skins into leather Naturally most of the water used is discharged as wastewater. The wastewater contains putrescible organic and toxic inorganic materials which when discharged as such will deplete dissolved oxygen content of the receiving water courses resulting in the death of all acquatic life and emanating foul odour. Disposal of these untreated effluents on to land will pollute the ground water resources. Discharging of these effluents without treatment into public sewers results in the choking of sewers.
Realising the importance of keeping the environment clean, the Government of India has enacted the Water Pollution Control Act (Central Act 6 of 1974) and almost all the State Government have adopted the Act and implementing the Act by forming the Pollution Control Boards in their respective states. The Pollution Control Boards have been insisting that all industries have to treat their effluents to the prescribed standards and leather industry is no exception to this rule. Tanneries situated all over the country have been faced with the problem of treating their effluents. Seized with the problem of finding out a solution, the Central Leather Research Institute, Madras has brought out a Management Investment Report (CLRI Core Committee Report) as early as 1976 which contains 14 flow sheets indicating the treatment technologies for various types of leather processing techniques, quantity of effluents etc. including the cost of treatment."
A monograph entitled 'Treatment Technology of Tannery Effluents' prepared by S. Rajamani, W. Madavakrishna and G. Thyagarajan of the Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Madras states that generally the wastewater from beam house process namely soaking, liming, deliming etc. are highly alkaline containing decomposing organic matter, hair, lime sulphide etc. and is nearly ten times as strong as domestic sewage and refers to the various methods 292 by which the effluents of the tanneries could be treated before their discharge into any river. They recommend four types of wastewater treatment technology so far as the tanneries are concerned -1) segregation or mixing of suitable sectional waste water from different processes; (2) primary treatment; (3) secondary biological treatment; and (4) disposal of solid wastes from the treatment system. The said monograph explains the work at the primary treatment unit thus:-
"The primary treatment units principally comprise of coarse screens, two numbers of settling tanks and sludge drying beds. The settling tank, each of about 1-2 days capacity acts as an equalisation- cum-setting tank as well. As an alternative, clarifier can be provided in place of settling tank for treating higher capacity effluents. Depending on the quality of composite effluent, addition of neutralising chemicals like lime, alum, ferric chloride etc. would be required for effective precipitation of chromium and removal of suspended solids in the sedimentation process. The sludge from the settling tanks and clarifier is removed and dried on sludge drying beds made up of filtering media gravel, sand and supporting masonary structure. For operational reasons, sludge drying beds are divided into four or more compartments. The dried sludge from the sludge drying beds can be used as manure or for landfill if it is vegetable tannery waste. In case of chrome tannery waste, the dried sludge should be buried or disposed off suitably as per the directions of regulatory agencies and local bodies. "
The secondary treatment units are explained in the said monograph thus:
"The pre-treated effluent needs suitable secondary biological treatment to meet the pollution control standards. The general biological treatment units which can be adopted under Indian conditions are anaerobic lagoon, aerated lagoon, extended aeration systems like oxidation ditch, activated sludge process etc. Anaerobic lagoon is a simple anaerobic treatment unit suitable for effluents with high BOD like vegetable tannery (Raw to E. 1) wastewater. In depth of the lagoon varies from 3-5 metres and detention time from l0-20 days 293 depending upon the pollutional load and atmospheric conditions. This is an open type digester with no provision for gas collection. No power is required for this system and its performance is proved to be efficient in South Indian conditions.
Anaerobic contract filter is also an anaerobic treatment unit. This is a closed tank type unit made up of R.C.C. Or masonry structure filled up with media like broken granite stones etc. This unit occupies less land area since the detention time is about 1-2 days only. This system is reported to be efficient for treating high organic load, but the capital cost would be comparatively high.
Aerated lagoon is a shallow water tight pond of about 2-3 metres depth with a detention time of about 4-6 days. Fixed or floating type surface aerators are provided to transfer oxygen from atmospheric air to the effluent for biological treatment using micro-organisms under aerobic conditions. The system is suitable for treating low organic load.
Extended aeration systems like 'activated sludge process' and 'oxidation ditch' are the improved aerobic biological treatment systems occupying less land area since the detention time/capacity would be only about 1-2 days. These units require secondary settling tank and sludge recirculation arrangements. Extended aeration systems are proved to be efficient. The operational and maintenance cost is comparatively high for smaller installations, but economical for treatment capacity of 150 M3 and above per day. "
A study of the conditions prevailing at Jajmau, Kanpur was made by the Sub-Committee on Effluent Disposal constituted by the Development Council for Leather and Leather Goods Industries along with the various tanneries situated in some other parts of India and in its report submitted in April, 1984, the Sub-Committee has observed in the case of the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur thus:-
"In the case of Jajmau, Kanpur, the committee visited few tanneries where the effort has been made to have primary treatment of the effluent before it is dis-294
charged to the common drain/the river Ganges. There are 60 tanneries in Jajmau which will be covered under joint effluent disposal. The total production is to the tune of 12000 hides with a total discharge of 5 million litres per day. The State Government has taken appropriate steps in preparation of the feasibility report under the guidance of U.P. Pollution Control Board. This proposal was also supported by Central Pollution Board, Delhi by sharing the total fee of Rs.80,000 to be paid to the Public Health Engineering Consultancy, Bombay which has prepared the report with the help of IIT, Bombay. The report suggests that each tannery should make arrangement for the primary treatment of their effluent and then it will be discharged into common treatment plant."
There is a reference to the Jajmau tanneries in 'an Action Plan for Prevention of Pollution of the Ganga' prepared by the Department of Environment, Government of India in the year 1985, which is as under:-
"1.1 The Ganga drains eight States Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and the Union Territory of Delhi. It is also the most important river of India and has served as the cradle of Indian Civilization. Several major pilgrim centres have existed on its banks for centuries and millions of people come to bathe in the river during religious festivals, especially the Kumbhs of Haridwar and Allahabad. Many towns on the Ganga, e.g., Kanpur. Allahabad, Patna and Calcutta have very large populations and the river also serves as the source of water supply for these towns. The Ganga is, however, being grossly polluted especially near the towns situated on its banks. Urgent steps need to be taken to prevent this pollution and restore the purity of river water.
2.0. Sources of Pollution 2.1 The main sources of pollution of the Ganga are the following:-
Urban liquid waste (Sewage, storm drainage mixed with sewage, human, cattle and kitchen wastes carried by drains etc. ) 295 Industrial liquid waste A Surface run-off of cultivated land where cultivators use chemical fertilisers, pesticides, insecticides and such manures the mixing of which may make the river water unsafe for drinking and bathing.
Surface run-off from areas on which urban solid wastes are dumped Surface run-off from areas on which industrial solid wastes are dumped ......................................... 4.4.12 Effluent from industries:
Under the laws of the land the responsibilty for treatment of the industrial effluents is that of the industry. While the concept of 'Strict Liability' should be adhered to in some cases, circumstances may require that plans for sewerage and treatment systems should consider industrial effluents as well. Clusters of small industries located in a contiguous area near the river bank and causing direct pollution to the river such as the tanneries in Jajmau in Kanpur is a case in point. In some cases, waste waters from some industrial units may have already been connected to the city sewer and, therefore, merit treatment along with the sewage in the sewage treatment plant. It may also be necessary in some crowded areas to accept wastewaters of industries in a city sewer to be fed to the treatment plant, provided the industrial waste is free from heavy metals, toxic chemicals and is not abnormally acidic or alkaline.
In such circumstances, scheme proposals have to carefully examine the case of integrating or segregating industrial wastes for purposes of conveyance and treatment as also the possibilities for appointment of capital and operating costs between the city authorities and the industries concerned." (emphasis added) Appearing on behalf of the Department of Environment, (Government of India, Shri B. Dutta the learned Ist Additional H 296 Solicitor General of India placed before us a memorandum explaining the existing situation at Jajmau area of Kanpur. It reads thus:
"Status regarding construction of treatment facilities for treatment of wastes from Tanneries in Jajmau area of Kanpur.
1. About 70 small, medium and large tanneries are located in Jajmau area of Kanpur. On an average they generate 4.5 MLD of waste water.
2. Under the existing laws, tanneries like other industries are expected to provide treatment of their effluents to different standards depending on whether these are discharged into stream or land. It is the responsibility of the industry concerned to ensure that the quality of the wastewater conforms to the standards laid down
3. From time to time, tanneries of Kanpur have re presented that due to lack of physical facilities, technical knowhow and funds, it has not been possible to install adequate treatment facilities.
4. Jajmau is an environmentally degraded area of Kanpur. The location of numerous tanneries in the area is a major cause of the degradation. Civic facilities for water supply, sanitation, solid waste removal etc. are also highly inadequate. Because the area abuts the Ganga river, its pollution affects the river quality as well. Accordingly, under the Ganga Action Plan an integrated sanitation project is being taken up for the Jajmau area. Some aspects of the Plan relate to tannery wastes as follows:
(i) The medium and large units will have to up pre treatment facilities to ensure that the standard of sewage discharged into the municipal sewer also conform to the standards laid down. Scientific institutions such as Central Leather Research Institute are looking into the possibility of pretreatment including recovery of materials such as chromium. The setting up of pre- treatment facility in the respective units will be the responsibility of the individual units concerned. The Ganga Project Directorate as part of the Ganga Action Plan, will play a facilitative role to 297 demonstrate application of modern technologies for cost A effective pre-treatment which the small tanners can afford.
(ii) Since the wastes will be ultimately discharged into the river, the waste will have to further conform to the standards laid down for discharge into the stream. For this purpose, it will be necessary to treat the waste further and as part of the Ganga Action Plan a treatment plant will be constructed for this purpose utilising some advanced processes. It is also proposed to combine the domestic waste with the industrial waste conveyed through the industrial sewer which will then be treated in a treatment plant
(iii) It is estimated that cost of this proposed sewage treatment facility which will treat the waste from the domestic sources and the pretreated wastes from tanneries will be about Rs.2.5 crores. It will have a capacity of 25 MLD and the first demonstration module of about 5 MLD is expected to be installed in early 1988-89. Necessary work for designing of the plant has already been initiated and the infrastructure facilities such as availability of land, soil testing etc. have also been ensured. Tender specifications are being provided and it is expected that the tenders will be floated sometime in October 87. It is expected that in the combined treatment facility of 25 MLD, about 20 MLD will be from the domestic sources and 5 MLD will be from the tanneries after pretreatment in the region."
In the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the Hindustan Chambers of Commerce, of which 43 respondents are members it is admitted that the tanneries discharge their trade effluents into the sewage nullah which leads to the municipal sewage plant before they are thrown into the river Ganga. It is not disputed by any of the respondents that the water in the river Ganga is being polluted grossly by the effluent discharged by the tanneries. We are informed that six of the tanneries have already set up the primary treatment plants for carrying out the pre-treatment of the effluent before it is discharged into the municipal Sewerage which ultimately leads to the river Ganga. About 14 of the tanneries are stated to be engaged in the construction of the primary treatment plants. It is pleaded on behalf of the rest of the tanneries who are the members of the Hindustan Chambers of Commerce and three other tanneries represented by Shir Mukul Mudgal that if some time is given to them to establish the pre-treatment plants they would H 298 do so. lt is, however, submitted by all of them that it would not be possible for them to have the secondary system for treating wastewater as that would involve enormous expenditure which the tanneries themselves would not be able to meet. It is true that it may not be possible for the tanneries to establish immediately the secondary system plant in view of the large expenditure involved but having regard to the adverse effect the effluents are having on the river water, the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur should, at least set up of the primary treatment plants and that is the minimum which the tanneries should do in the circumstances of the case. In the counter-affidavit filed on behalf of the Hindustan Chamber of Commerce it is seen that the cost of pretreatment plant for a 'A' class tannery is Rs.3,68,000, the cost of the plant for a 'B' class tannery is Rs.2,30,000 and the cost of the plant for 'C' class tannery is Rs.50,000 This cost does not appear to be excessive. The financial capacity of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. Just like an industry which cannot pay minimum wages to its workers cannot be allowed to exist a tannery which cannot set up a primary treatment plant cannot be permitted to continue to be in existence for the adverse effect on the public at large which is likely to ensue by the discharging of the trade effluents from the tannery to the river Ganga would be immense and it will outweigh any inconvenience that may be caused to the management and the labour employed by it on account of its closure. Moreover, the tanneries involved in these cases are not taken by surprise. For several years they are being asked to take necessary steps to prevent the flow of untreated wastewater from their factories into the river. Some of them have already complied with the demand. It should be remembered that the effluent discharged from a tannery is ten times noxious when compared with the domestic sewage water which flows into the river from any urban areas on its banks. We feel that the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur cannot be allowed to continue to carry on the industrial activity unless they take steps to establish primary treatment plants. In cases of this nature this Court may issue appropriate directions if it finds that the public nuisance or other wrongful act affecting or likely to affect the public is being committed and the statutory authorities who are charged with the duty to prevent it are not taking adequate steps to rectify the grievance. For every breach of a right there should be a remedy. It is unfortunate that a number of tanneries at Jajmau even though they are aware of these proceedings have not cared even to enter appearance in this Court to express their willingness to take appropriate steps to establish the pretreatment plants. So far as they are concerned an order directing them to stop working their tanneries should be passed.
299We accordingly direct M/s. Delight Tannery (respondent 14), M/s. Hindustan Tannery (respondent 15), M/s. Primer Allarmin Tannery (respondent 33), M/s. Mahaboob Tannery (respondent
37), M/s. Popular Tannery (respondent 38), M/s. Standard Tannery (respondent 39), M/s. Vikash Tarmery (respondent
40), M/s. New Golden Tannery (respondent 41), M/s. D.D. Tannery (respondent 42), M/s. Himalaya Tannery (respondent
44), M/s. Commercial Industry (respondent 45), M/s. Madina Tannery (respondent 46), M/s. Kanpur Tannery (respondent
48), M/s. New Jab Tannery (respondent 49), M/s. Famous Tannery (respondent 50), M/s. Glaxy Tannery (respondent 53), M/s. Bengal Tannery (respondent 56), M/s. Chhangal Tannery (respondent 59), M/s.Nadari Tannery (respondent 63), M/s. Jajmau Tanners (respondent 65), M/s. International Tanning Industry (respondent 66), M/s. Poorwanchal Tanning Industry (respondent 70), M/s. Navratan Tanning (respondent 71), M/s. Haroou Tannery (respondent 73), M/s. Himalaya Tanners (respondent 76), M/s. R.A. Traders (respondent 79, M/s. Alam Tannery (respondent 83), M/s. G.T. Tannery (respondent 84), and M/s. Awadh Tannery (respondent 86) to stop the running of their tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents from their tanneries either directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subjecting the trade effluents to a pretreatment process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Board (respondent 8) with effect from 1. l0.1987.
M/s. Indian Tanning Industry (respondent 30), the U.P. Tannery (respondent 19), M/s. Zaz Tannery (respondent 28), M/s. Super Tannery India Ltd. (respondent 21), M/s. Shewan Tannery (respondent 20), M/s. Pioneer Tannery (respondent
23), and M/s. M.K.J. Corporation (respondent 89) who have already put up the primary treatment plants may continue to carry on production in their factories subject to the condition that they should continue to keep the primary treatment plants established by them in sound working order.
Shri S.K. Dholakia, learned counsel for the other tanneries who are members of the Hindustan Chambers of Commerce and the other tanneries who have entered appearance through Shri Mukul Mudgal submits that they will establish primary treatment plants within six months and he further submits that in the event of their not completing the construction of the primary treatment plants as approved by the State Board (respondent 8) and bringing them into operation within the period of six months the said tanneries will stop carrying on their business. We record the statement made by the learned counsel and grant them time till 31.3.1988 to set up the primary treatment plants. If 300 any of these tanneries does not set up a primary treatment plant within 31.3.1988 it is directed to stop its business with effect from 1.4.1988.
We issue a direction to the Central Government, the Uttar Pradesh Board, established under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the District Magistrate, Kanpur to enforce our order faithfully. Copies of this order shall be cent to them for information The case is adjourned to 27th October, 1987 to consider the case against the municipal bodies in the State of Uttar Pradesh having jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga is passing.
SINGH, J. I respectfully agree with every word what my learned brother Venkataramiah, J. has stated in the proposed order and the directions issued by that order. However, I wish to add few words.
The river Ganga is one of the greatest rivers of the world, although its entire course is only 1560 miles from its source in Himalaya to the sea. There are many rivers larger in shape and longer in size but no river in the world has been so great as the Ganga. It is great because to millions of people since centuries it is the most sacred river. It is called "Sursari" river of the Gods, 'Patitpawani' purifier of all sins and 'Ganga Ma' Mother Ganges. To millions of Hindus, it is the most sacred, most venerated river on earth. According the Hindu belief and mythology to bathe in it, is to wash away guilt, to drink the water, having bathed in it, and to carry it away in containers for those who may have not had the good fortune to make the pilgrimage, to it, is meritorious. To be cremated on its banks, or to die there, and to have one's ashes cast on its waters, is the wish of every Hindu. Many P saints and sages have persued their quest for knowledge and enlightenment on the banks of the river Ganga. Its water has not only purified the body and soul of the millions but it has given fertile land to the country in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Ganga has been used as means of water transport for trade and commerce. The Indian civilization of the Northern India thrived in the plains of Ganga and most of the important towns and places of pilgrimage are situated on its banks. The river Ganga has been part of Hindu civilization. Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru who did not consider himself a devout Hindu gave expression to his feelings for the Ganga that is to be found in his Will and Testament, a short extract from which is as under:
"My desire to have a handful of my ashes thrown into the 301 Ganga at Allahabad has no religious significance, so far as I am concerned. I have no religious sentiment in the matter. I have been attached to the Ganga and the Jamuna rivers in Allahabad ever since my childhood and, as I have grown older, this attachment has also grown. I have watched their varying moods as the seasons changed, and have often thought of the history and myth and tradition and song and story that have become attached to them through the long ages and become part of their flowing waters. The Ganga, especially, as the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her racial memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age-long culture and civilization, ever-changing, ever-flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga. She reminds me of the snow-covered peaks and the deep valleys of the Himalayas, which I have loved so much, and of the rich and vast plains below, where my life and work have been cast."
The river Ganga is the life line of millions of people of India, Indian culture and civilization has grown around it. This great river drains of eight States of India, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Ganga has always been an integral part of the nation's history, culture and environment. It has been the source of sustenance of the millions of people who have lived on its banks from time immemorial.
Millions of our people bathe in the Ganga drink its water under an abiding faith and belief to purify themselves and to achieve moksha release from the cycle of birth and death. It is tragic that the Ganga, which has since time immemorial, purified the people is being polluted by man in numerous ways, by dumping of garbage, throwing carcass of dead animals and discharge of effluents. Scientific investigations and survey reports have shown that the Ganga which serves one-third of the India's population is polluted by the discharge of municipal sewage and the industrial effluents in the river. The pollution of the river Ganga is affecting the life, health, and ecology of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Government as well as Parliament both have taken a number of steps to control the water pollution, but nothing substantial has been achieved. I need not refer to those steps as my learned brother has referred to them in detail. No law or authority can succeed in removing the pollution unless the people cooperate. To my mind, it is the sacred duty of all those who reside or carry on business around 302 the river Ganga to ensure the purity of Ganga. Tanneries at Jajmau area near Kanpur have been polluting the Ganga in a big way. This Court issued notices to them but in spite of notice many industrialists have not bothered either to respond to the notice or to take elementary steps for the treatment of industrial effluent before discharging the same into the river. We are therefore issuing the directions for the closure of those tanneries which have failed to take minimum steps required for the primary treatment of industrial effluent. We are conscious that closure of tanneries may bring unemployment, loss of revenue, but life, health and ecology have greater importance to the people. N.P.V.
303


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HATE (LA HAINE) A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1996 James Berardinelli
RATING (0 TO 10): 8.0 Alternative Scale: ***1/2 out of ****
France, 1995 U.S. Release Date: beginning 2/96 (limited) Running Length: 1:35 MPAA Classification: R (Profanity, violence) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 1.66:1
Cast: Vincent Cassel, Hubert Kounde, Said Taghmaoui, Francois Levantal, Marc Duret Director: Mathieu Kassovitz Producer: Christophe Rossignon Screenplay: Mathieu Kassovitz Cinematography: Pierre Aim U.S. Distributor: Gramercy Pictures In French with subtitles
If there's one thing that Mathieu Kassovitz's black-and-white feature proves, it's that hate knows no boundaries -- international, racial, or generational. With a perspective that's part KIDS, part BOYZ 'N THE HOOD, part Scorsese, and part all its own, HATE offers a raw, powerful look at urban class struggles in and around Paris. If not for the subtitled French dialogue, this story could just as easily have taken place in New York, Los Angeles, London, or dozens of other cities.
HATE, which captured three Cesar awards last year, is an angry film from a passionate young film maker. The narrative is sparse, bordering on nonexistent, and the trio of main characters aren't the sort of people you'd want to meet in real life. But HATE never asks its audience to sympathize with the protagonists, only to understand some of the factors that make them act as they do. For ninety minutes, they rail against "the system" which has warped their existence, until the consequences of violence overtake them. You can only run so far, so fast.
The first of the three principals is Said (Said Taghmaoui), a French youth of Arab decent who often represents the voice of reason (such as it is). Next, there's Vinz (Vincent Cassel), a Jew who sees himself as a thug in the Robert De Niro mold (he does a pretty good imitation of TAXI DRIVER's "You talking to me?" line). The other member of the small group is Hubert (Hubert Kounde), an African French teen. HATE follows these characters for twenty-four hours as they meander through Paris' seedier districts. They have many enemies -- the police, skinheads, and the privileged, to name a few, and, when Vincent confesses that he has a gun, each of the three feels a thrill of power. Suddenly, they have the means to strike back, if only briefly, against the forces that have penned them into their unpromising life.
RAGE would be as appropriate a title as HATE, since there are plenty of both emotions boiling over here. The film's most distinguishing characteristic, aside from some innovative cinematography, is the ability to convey naked passion to the audience. HATE's portrayal of today's generation of frustrated, disillusioned youths understands that violence is a response to seeming impotence. And, although he doesn't have any answers, Kassovitz knows all the questions.
In HATE's culture, going to jail is a badge of honor and guns are viewed with awe (in France, they aren't as readily available as in the United States). Someone with a gun can make the transition from victim to enforcer -- they are empowered by something more tangible than a fickle badge of authority. Death doesn't mean much -- it is taken as inevitable, either sooner or later. The film uses a repeated, and somewhat chilling, metaphor comparing life in urban France to someone jumping off a skyscraper. All the way down, with each passing floor, the jumper thinks "So good, so far." Then he hits bottom. In the end, it's not how far you fall that matters, but how you land. HATE may portray young men who explode on impact, but the film itself has a solid touchdown.
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>web: http://www.cybernex.net/~berardin
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Lesson 2 Collaborate: git, Github
2.1 Overview
Objectives
- Create a repository in Github
- Learn basic markdown to format text in
README.md
. - Commit changes.
- Create
docs/index.md
as a temporary website. - Create an Rmarkdown document at
docs/index.Rmd
as new website.
2.2 What are git and Github?
The two main tools you’ll learn about to start are:
Git is a version control system that lets you track changes to files over time. These files can be any kind of file (eg doc, pdf, xls), but free text differences are most easily visible (eg txt, csv, md). You can rollback changes made by you, or others. This facilitates a playground for collaboration, without fear of experimentation (you can always rollback changes).
Github is a website for storing your git versioned files remotely. It has many nice features to be able visualize differences between images, geojson spatial files with geojson differencing, csv tables, and track changes in text.
2.3 Create repository in Github
Now you will create a Github repository for this project.
Create a repository called
calcoastpoll-analysis
.Please be sure to tick the box to Initialize this repository with a README. Otherwise defaults are fine.
2.3.1 Edit README.md
as markdown and commit changes
Commit your first change by editing the README.md
which is in markdown, simple syntax for formatting web content (ie HTML). Now update the contents of the README.md
with the following, having a link and a numbered list:
# calcoastpoll-analysis
California Coastal Poll analysis at [CSUCI ESRM](https://esrm.zone)
## Introduction
This repository demonstrates **software** and _formats_:
1. **Git**
1. **Github**
1. _Markdown_
1. _Rmarkdown_
## Conclusion
![](https://octodex.github.com/images/labtocat.png)
Now click on the Preview changes to see the markdown rendered as HTML:
Notice the syntax for:
- numbered list gets automatically sequenced:
1.
,1.
- headers get rendered at multiple levels:
#
,##
- link:
[](http://...)
- image:
![](http://...)
- italics:
_word_
- bold:
**word**
See Mastering Markdown · GitHub Guides and add some more personalized content to the README of your own, like a bulleted list or blockquote.
Commit changes with a message.
Check out the Raw, Blame and History buttons in the upper right.
2.4 Create docs/index.md
and turn on Github Pages
Now we’ll create a placeholder for a website. Go to your main repository site by clicking on the USER/calcoastpoll-analysis link at top left, and then click on the “Create new file” button and enter docs/index.md
. Paste in something simple (we’ll delete this later) like:
# Hello world
Just testing.
Now we’ll turn on the hosting of a website for this repository using the docs
folder with the Github Pages feature.
Go to the Settings top tab (and default Options left tab), scroll down to Github Pages and update the Source to using the /docs
folder:
Now you should be able to visit your Github Pages at:
https://USER.github.io/calcoastpoll-analysis
Be sure to replace USER
with your username. It should something like this:
The extra repository header “calcoastpoll-analysis” and footer “This site is open source. Improve this page.” come from Github’s default use of a static website templating system called Jekyll, which we’re not going to use.
Instead, we’ll next get this repository onto our own machine, weave in chunks of interpreted R code with basic formatted markdown and generate our own data-driven web page to replace this index.md
.
2.5 Setup git
To get the repository onto your local machine you’ll need to configure the previously installed git on your machine.
Open up the Git Bash on Windows, or Terminal on Mac and type the following on the command line, replacing:
# display your version of git
git --version
# name: replace USER with your Github user account
git config –-global user.name USER
# email: replace<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with the email you used to register with Github
git config –-global user.email<EMAIL_ADDRESS># list your config to confirm user.* variables set
git config --list
2.6 Github Workflows
The two most common workflow models for working Github repositories is based on your permissions:
writable: Push & Pull (simplest)
read only: Fork & Pull Request (extra steps)
We will only go over the first writable mode. For more on the second mode, see Forking Projects · GitHub Guides.
Push & Pull:
| repo location | initialize | edit | update |
|---|---|---|---|
github.com/OWNER/REPO |
create | ||
~/github/REPO |
clone | commit , push | pull |
Note that OWNER could be either an individual USER or group ORGANIZATION, which has member USERs.
2.7 Create RStudio Project with Github repo
Next, you will clone the repository onto your local machine using RStudio. I recommend creating it in a folder github
under your user or Documents folder.
Open RStudio and under the menu File -> New Project… -> Version Control -> git and enter the URL with the .git
extension (also available from the repository’s green Clone button):
If it all works correctly then you should see the files downloaded and showing up in the Files pane of RStudio. If RStudio is configured correctly to work with git, then you should also see a Git pane.
2.8 Create docs/index.Rmd
in Rmarkdown
Rmarkdown allows you to weave markdown text with chunks of R code to be evaluated to output content like tables and plots.
File -> New File -> Rmarkdown… -> Document of output format HTML, OK.
You can give it a Title of “Analysis”. After you click OK, most importantly File -> Save as index
(which will get named with the filename extension index.Rmd
).
Some initial text is already provided for you. Let’s go ahead and click on the “Knit” button at the top of the code pane.
Notice how the markdown is rendered similar to as before + R code chunks are surrounded by 3 backticks and {r LABEL}
. These are evaluated and return the output text in the case of summary(cars)
and the output plot in the case of plot(pressure)
.
Notice how the code plot(pressure)
is not shown in the HTML output because of the R code chunk option echo=FALSE
.
Before we continue exploring Rmarkdown, visit the Git pane, check all modified (M) or untracked (?) files, click Commit, enter a message like “added index.Rmd” and click the “Commit” button. Then Push (up green arrow) to push the locally committed changes on your machine up to the Github repository online.
This will update https://github.com/USER/calcoastpoll-analysis, and now you can also see your project website with a default index.html
viewable at http://USER.github.io/calcoastpoll-analysis
For more on Rmarkdown:


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#assign otherProject = " Website Generator"> <#assign websitegenerator = "active">
Uses Java7 file watch service to monitor a directory structure that has freemarker templates. When changes are detected it generates a html page including support for syntax highlighting for Java, SQL, XML, Javascript.
Typically you install and run this application on a server and setup a cron job that pulls website changes from git or svn. This application detects changes and updates the pages in a destination directory and you use Nginx or Apache to serve the content.
Download the runnable jar from maven central.
Run it specifying a source directory (that has the freemarker templates etc) and a destination directory (where the
resulting html is generated to). Note that the source directory can have an other files (css, js, images, fonts etc) - if the
file extension ends with
The source directory can have an other files (css, js, images, fonts etc). If the
file extension ends with
On a server typically this program is running and there is a cron job that pulls updates into the source directory via git pull or similar. Nginx or similar is configured to serve the pages from the destination directory.
The Java7 file watch service uses OS level file watching events so it is fast and efficient. pygments.org provides the nice server side syntax highlighting and we are using Jyphon to execute this - its slow for the first syntax highlight but then is decent performance.
Uses Freemarker for templating and Jyphon / Pygments for syntax hightlighting. Has a simple template layout inheritance mechanism as described below.
The meta layout
tag defines a parent template to inherit.
In the parent page a div
with an id
of layout-body
defines where in the parent the child page content goes.
If you have a title
tag in the head of the page then this title is used in the final generated page.
Any content you have in the head
section of the page will be incorporated into the final page layout as
long as the parent layout includes a meta
tag with an id
of layout-head
.
Pygments provides the syntax highlighting and Jython is used to execute it.
The supported languages for syntax highlighting is: java, groovy, scala, javascript, sql, sh, and properties
To use the syntax highlighting you prefix the code with 3 backticks followed by the language and terminate it with 3 backticks.
``java // only 2 backticks above ... ``
Example logs from running the application are shown below:
```text java -jar avaje-website-generator-1.0.1.jar -s /home/rob/website-source -d /home/rob/site -- -- walks the source directory tree and generates html and copies files into destination directory -- 16:33:26.341 [main] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... render template: websitegenerator/index.html 16:33:31.648 [main] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... render template: index.html 16:33:31.663 [main] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... render template: docs/transactions/begincommit.html ... 16:33:34.409 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... copy file: css/bootstrap.min.css 16:33:34.421 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... copy file: images/favicon.ico 16:33:34.422 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... copy file: README.md 16:33:34.422 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... render template: metrics/index.html 16:33:34.439 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... copy file: js/bootstrap.js 16:33:34.440 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... copy file: js/bootstrap.min.js -- -- After the source directory walk the watcher service is registered on all the directories -- 16:33:34.443 [MainThread] INFO org.avaje.website.generator.WatchDir - Scanning /home/rob/website-source ... 16:33:34.476 [MainThread] INFO org.avaje.website.generator.WatchDir - Watching... -- -- The watch service detects file change events and pages are regenerated -- or files/directories copied/deleted as required -- 16:34:18.315 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... render template: websitegenerator/index.html 16:56:56.423 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... deleted file /home/rob/site/websitegenerator/hellorob.html 16:57:10.528 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... copy file: websitegenerator/docs.css 16:57:32.913 [MainThread] DEBUG o.a.w.generator.SiteWatchRender - ... deleted directory /home/rob/work-avaje/site/websitegenerator/morecss ```


--- layout: page description: "博客页面" ---
...
Posted by {% if post.author %}{{ post.author }}{% else %}{{ site.title }}{% endif %} on {{ post.date | date: "%Y.%m.%-d" }}


Guess the number!
Type a number from 1 - 10 and try guess one of the three numbers that was drawn.
Try


This keyboard layout is designed for Tibetan (People's Republic of China). The keyboard layout follows the Windows 10 Tibetan (People's Republic of China) layout. The package also includes the compatible Unicode Tibetan font DDC Uchen.
(c) 2008-2019 SIL International


This is a simple hero unit, a simple jumbotron-style component for calling extra attention to featured content or information.
It uses utility classes for typography and spacing to space content out within the larger container.
Learn moreCras sit amet nibh libero, in gravida nulla. Nulla vel metus scelerisque ante sollicitudin. Cras purus odio, vestibulum in vulputate at, tempus viverra turpis. Fusce condimentum nunc ac nisi vulputate fringilla. Donec lacinia congue felis in faucibus.
Donec sed odio dui. Nullam quis risus eget urna mollis ornare vel eu leo. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This content is a little bit longer.
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.


Helping the Homeless
Presenting By - Kleos (13)
Enrich the lives of customers, communities & colleagues
There is a gap in providing those in need with funding and access to daily necessities (Feminine Hygiene, Personal Care, Clothing)
Leverage the Chalmers channel to collect donations via TD mobile experience and partner with relevant retailers. Redemption offers will be available to homeless users.
As a TD customer, I am prompted to donate to a charity that helps connect people in need with goods and services
As a person in need, I can redeem an offer presented to me via Chalmers by visiting a supporting retailer
As a TD customer, I am notified via the TD mobile app when I help a person so that I know my donations are making a difference
Integrate with TD and Chalmers to build new API endpoints and services
- with a high density of TD mobile app users
- where Chalmers shows high usage


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam,quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit.There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which don't look even slightly believable. If you are going to use a passage of Lorem Ipsum, you need to be sure there isn't anything embarrassing hidden in the middle of text.
There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which don't look even slightly believable. If you are going to use a passage of Lorem Ipsum, you need to be sure there isn't anything embarrassing hidden in the middle of text.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
View all posts by: AdminLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing incididunt.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.


Name:
  Gender:
  Date of Birth:
  State:
  Position Running For:
  Runs as:
  Previous Experience:
  Terry McAuliffe
  Male
  2/9/1957
  Virginia
  Governor of Virginia
  Democrat
  Chairman of both the Democratic National Committee and Hilary Clinton's Presidential campaign, co-chairman of President Bill Clinton's re-election campaign, Virginia's Governor
  Taxation:
  Abortion:
  Military:
  Guns:
  Marijuana:
  Same Sex Marriage:
  Immigration:
  Education:
  Environmental:
  Health Care:
  Social Security:
  Death Penalty:
Would like to reduce taxes on businesses. He wants to create a Tax Reform Plan that would reduce or eliminate anti-growth taxes that involve taxes on small businesses, taxes on the cost of machinery for manufacturers, and taxes on businesses for daily inventory . McAuliffe also seeks to expand Virginia™s Medicaid program. Under the Affordable Care Act the federal government will fully cover any state willing to expand Medicaid coverage , although in several years the federal government will drop to only covering 90% of the additional costs.
Supports keeping current Virginia Laws as to when and how abortion can be carried out . Virginia law currently prevents abortions carried during the third-trimester of pregnancy.
Is relatively silent about this issue. McAuliffe stated that Congress and President Obama are in charge of that decision while his focus is on the challenges he faces in Virginia . He has stated that he supports our troops and wants to focus on the improvement of employment, higher education, healthcare, and military family support of our veterans and military personnel.
Supports common sense gun regulations (consisting of universal background checks, limiting the size of magazines, and a return to the 1-gun-per-month rule). He supported the Assaults Weapons Ban (a ten year ban from 1994-2004 that banned civilian use of semi-automatic firearms).
Is silent on this issue.
Supports marriage equality
Supported the DREAM act . The DREAM act allows for conditional permanent residency to immigrants of good moral character who graduate from American schools, immigrated to the US as minors, and lived in the country five years before the bill™s approval. It also includes those who have completed two years of education at an accredited American university or served in the US military , however McAuliffe stated that he does not support people who have been living here illegally and have taken advantage of the system but supports the people who have been here for years and have been paying taxes and raising their families.
Wants to reform the SOL test, decrease costs and fees for college education (especially private four year schools), expand financial aid. McAuliffe supports teachers and wants to reduce administrative workload for teachers, supports Pre-Kindergarten education, supports community colleges via grants and workforce-development programs, and supports the GI Bill (provides tuition and living expenses to veterans for high-school or college education).
Wants to restore Virginias streams, rivers, and the Chesapeake Bay, to preserve natural spaces, and to improve water supply and air quality . McAuliffe supports the Environmental Protection Agencys new restrictions on coal plants, proposed by Obama.
Supports expanding Medicaid and supports Medicaid reforms to payment and delivery systems of Medicaid treatments. He wants to increase mental health facilities, and he wants to pass a bill with a public option for insurance coverage.
Wants to reform Social Security and would like to create Retirement Savings Accounts for Americans to save for retirement . McAuliffe received an endorsement from the National Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare. He also says he will work to fully fund benefits that retirees and seniors have paid into.
Is silent on this issue.


WellcomeML’s documentation!¶
Current release: 1.2.1
This package contains common utility functions for usual tasks at Wellcome Data Labs, in particular functionalities for processing, embedding and classifying text data. This includes
An intuitive sklearn-like API wrapping text vectorizers, such as Doc2vec, Bert, Scibert
Common API for off-the-shelf classifiers to allow quick iteration (e.g. Frequency Vectorizer, Bert, Scibert, basic CNN, BiLSTM)
Utils to download and convert academic text datasets for benchmark
Check Example usage for some examples and Clustering data with WellcomeML for clustering-specific documentation.
Quickstart¶
In order to install the latest release, with all the deep learning functionalities:
pip install wellcomeml[deep-learning]
For a quicker installation that only includes certain frequency vectorisers, the io operations and the spacy-to-prodigy conversions:
pip install wellcomeml
Development¶
For installing the latest main branch:
pip install git+https://github.com/wellcometrust/WellcomeML.git[deep-learning]
If you want to contribute, please refer to the issues and documentation in the main github repository


This album front to back is one, if not the best out there. A must have.
Only the best from the best. Timeless music from Wu Tang Clan.
The album that helped G-Eazy rise to fame. A great album for summer vibes.


Bloody Birthday
Bloody Birthday is a movie starring Lori Lethin, Melinda Cordell, and Julie Brown. Three children are born at the height of an eclipse of the sun. Ten years later, they begin to murder the people around them - even their family...


Source code for seawater
"""
Equations of State for Seawater
===============================
This module provides a few simple equations of state that can be used for
seawater. Some are very good (e.g., density) and others are just taken from
tables in the Handbook of Physics and Chemistry for pure water (e.g., surface
tension). Eventually, these should be replaced with routines from the
official seawater equation of state.
"""
# S. Socolofsky, March 2013, Texas A&M University<EMAIL_ADDRESS>from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function)
import numpy as np
# Define some universal constants
g = 9.81 # Acceleration of gravity (m/s^2)
[docs]def density(T, S, P):
"""
Computes the density of seawater from Gill (1982)
Computes the density of seawater using the equation of state in Gill
(1982), *Ocean-Atmosphere Dynamics*, Academic Press, New York. The
equations for this code are taken from Appendix B in Crounse (2000).
Parameters
----------
T : float
temperature (K)
S : float
salinity (psu)
P : float
pressure (Pa)
Returns
-------
rho : float
seawater density (kg/m^3)
"""
# Convert T to dec C and P to bar
T = T - 273.15
P = P * 1.e-5
# Compute the density at atmospheric pressure
rho_sw_0 = (
999.842594 + 6.793952e-2 * T - 9.095290e-3 * T**2
+ 1.001685e-4 * T**3 - 1.120083e-6 * T**4 + 6.536332e-9 * T**5
+ 8.24493e-1 * S - 5.72466e-3 * S**(3./2.) + 4.8314e-4 * S**2
- 4.0899e-3 * T*S + 7.6438e-5 * T**2 * S - 8.2467e-7 * T**3 *
S + 5.3875e-9 * T**4 * S + 1.0227e-4 * T * S**(3./2.)
- 1.6546e-6 * T**2 * S**(3./2.)
)
# Compute the pressure correction coefficient
K = (
19652.21 + 148.4206 * T - 2.327105 * T**2 + 1.360477e-2 * T**3
- 5.155288e-5 * T**4 + 3.239908 * P + 1.43713e-3 * T * P
+ 1.16092e-4 * T**2 * P - 5.77905e-7 * T**3 * P
+ 8.50935e-5 * P**2 - 6.12293e-6 * T * P**2
+ 5.2787e-8 * T**2 * P**2 + 54.6746 * S - 0.603459 * T * S
+ 1.09987e-2 * T**2 * S - 6.1670e-5 * T**3 * S
+ 7.944e-2 * S**(3./2.) + 1.64833e-2 * T * S**(3./2.)
- 5.3009e-4 * T**2 * S**(3./2.) + 2.2838e-3 * P * S
- 1.0981e-5 * T * P * S - 1.6078e-6 * T**2 * P * S
+ 1.91075e-4 * P * S**(3./2.) - 9.9348e-7 * P**2 * S
+ 2.0816e-8 * T * P**2 * S + 9.1697e-10 * T**2 * P**2 * S
)
return rho_sw_0 / (1 - P / K)
[docs]def mu(T, S, P):
"""
Compute the viscosity of seawater
Evaluates the viscosity of seawater as a function of temperature,
salinity, and pressure. The equation accounting for temperature and
salinity is from Sharqawy et al. (2010). The pressure correction is
from McCain (1990), equation B-75 on page 528.
Parameters
----------
T : float
temperature (K)
S : float
salinity (psu)
P : float
pressure (Pa)
Returns
-------
mu : float
dynamic viscosity of seawater (Pa s)
"""
# The following equations use Temperature in deg C
T = T - 273.15
# Get the fit coefficients
a = np.array([1.5700386464E-01, 6.4992620050E+01, -9.1296496657E+01,
4.2844324477E-05, 1.5409136040E+00, 1.9981117208E-02,
-9.5203865864E-05, 7.9739318223E+00, -7.5614568881E-02,
4.7237011074E-04])
# Compute the viscosity of pure water at given temperature
mu_w = a[3] + 1./(a[0] * (T + a[1])**2 + a[2])
# Correct for salinity
S = S / 1000.
A = a[4] + a[5] * T + a[6] * T**2
B = a[7] + a[8] * T + a[9] * T**2
mu_0 = mu_w * (1. + A * S + B * S**2)
# And finally for pressure
P = P * 0.00014503773800721815
mu = mu_0 * (0.9994 + 4.0295e-5 * P + 3.1062e-9 * P**2)
# Return the in situ dynamic viscosity
return mu
[docs]def sigma(T, S):
"""
Compute the surface tension of seawater
Evaluates the surface tension of seawater as a function of temperature and
salinity following equations in Sharqawy et al. (2010), Table 6.
Parameters
----------
T : float
temperature (K)
S : float
salinity (psu)
Returns
-------
sigma : float
interfacial tension of air in seawater (N/m)
"""
# Equations in Sharqawy using deg C and g/kg
T = T - 273.15
S = S / 1000.
# Use equations (27) for pure water surface tension (N/m)
sigma_w = 0.2358 * (1. - (T + 273.15) / 647.096)**1.256 * (1. - 0.625 *
(1. - (T + 273.15) / 647.096))
# Equation (28) gives the salinity correction
if T < 40:
# Salinity correction only valid [0, 40] deg C
sigma = sigma_w * (1. + (0.000226 * T + 0.00946) * np.log(1. + 0.0331 *
S))
else:
# No available salinity correction for hot cases
sigma = sigma_w
return sigma
[docs]def k(T, S, P):
"""
Compute the thermal conductivity of seawater
Evaluates the thermal conductivity of seawater as a function of
temperature, pressure, and salinity following equations in Sharqawy et
al. (2010), Table 4.
Parameters
----------
T : float
temperature (K)
S : float
salinity (psu)
P : float
pressure (Pa)
Returns
-------
k : float
thermal conductivity of seawater (W/(mK))
Notes
-----
Table 4 provides three equations. Equation (14) is valid for temperatures
up to 60 deg C, but I could not reproduce the values in the paper. Hence,
the slightly less-accurate equation (13) is used for temperatures above
30 deg C.
"""
# Thermal conductivity equations use T_68 in deg C
T_68 = (T - 0.0682875) / (1.0 - 0.00025)
T_68 = T_68 - 273.15
# Salinity is in g/kg and pressure in MPa
S = S / 1000.
P = P * 1e-6
# Compute the thermal conductivity from Table 4
if T_68 < 30.:
# Equation (15)
k_sw = 0.55286 + 3.4025e-4 * P + 1.8364e-3 * T_68 - 3.3058e-7 * \
T_68**3
else:
# Equation (13)
k_sw = 10.**(np.log10(240. + 0.0002 * S) + 0.434 * (2.3 - (343.5 +
0.037 * S) / (T_68 + 273.15)) * (1. - (T_68 + 273.15) /
(647. + 0.03 * S)) ** 0.333) / 1000.
return k_sw
[docs]def cp():
"""
Compute the heat capacity of seawater at fixed conditions
Per Figure 5 in Sharqawy et al. (2010), the heat capacity of seawater
only varies +/- 5 percent over practical temperatures and salinities
for deepwater blowouts. If we let heat capacity depend on temperature
and or salinity, computing the temperature of water given the total
heat becomes an implicit calculation. This is a problem for the plume
models. As a result, we choose to set the heat capacity to that of
seawater at 10 deg C and 34.5 psu.
Returns
-------
cp : float
heat capacity of seawater (J/(kg K))
Notes
-----
This approximation is valid since we have treated cp to be a constant in
derivation of the governing equations. If we let cp vary with T and S,
then the governing equations will contain a lot of new terms coming from
gradients of cp due to spatial variation of T and S. This complexity is
unnecessary due to the small variation of cp over the environmental
range. In addition, the temperature T will become an implicit equation
of the heat, H, since H = rho(T) cp(T) T. Note that we have also used
the reference density to define rho in the relation for heat: rho(T) ->
rho_0. This is known as the Boussinesq approximation.
"""
return 3997.4


Situation
Bad Situation
-
predicament: 尴尬的处境；困境；窘境 a difficult or unpleasant situation, especially one where it is difficult to know what to do
-
dilemma: （进退两难的）窘境，困境 a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance
-
plight: 苦难；困境；苦境 a difficult and sad situation
-
scenario: 场景；剧本；情节 an imagined situation or prospects that could possibly happen


Team project at Junior where we were in an embedded partnership with the Product and Marketing teams at Shyp to define and activate a GTM plan for the new Shyp product and services. As a part of this project we built an estimator that got a lot of positive recognition from users and curious tech lovers.
See More
pocktVR lets anyone create and share interactive, 360-degree image experiences that can be viewed with or without VR headsets (like Oculus Rift or Google Cardboard) -- no apps or downloads required -- right on the web.
See More
My MFA Industrial Design Thesis project. Nucleus is a platform that brings together passionate designers and dedicated teachers to create a more interactive, hands-on approach to learning.
See More
VENDOBOX is a continuation of Vend-O-Bot, our overhaul of the previous machine to make it bigger and better in every aspect. The whole rebarnding was focussed on making VENDOBOX a more fun and intimate experience to interact with.
See More
With FlickQuick we set out to change the way people share photos, especially at big events. FlickQuick is our take on a seamless, intuitive and convenient way to share pictures with friends so everyone can have more fun and make sure they dont loose any precious memories.
See More
Our team sought to understand the food culture of Savannah to see who was falling through the cracks and how best we could create services to cater to their needs. So YumMe was created to grant children autonomy in the kitchen.
See More
This was a 10 week sponsored collaborative project. Our goal was to determine what the future of print could be from the perspective of HP's product ecosystem.
See More


Both globally averaged and on a regional basis, annual-mean temperatures on Earth can vary up and down on decadal timescales purely through internal variability, i.e. even in the absence of any human influences or changes to external forcings such as the amount of the sun’s radiation reaching the planet throughout the seasonal cycle. This “decadal variability” affects human society and ecosystems throughout the globe.
At the same time, we know that humans are, in fact, altering the time-mean climate upon which the natural decadal variability acts, leading to the (forgive the pun) natural question: will decadal temperature variability itself change under global warming? In this paper, lead author Patrick Brown and co-authors Wenhong Li, Yi Ming, and myself seek to answer that question.
Using climate model simulations, we show that, compared to preindustrial conditions, decadal-timescale variability in /global-mean/ temperature weakens substantially under global warming (specifically, under quadrupled CO2). In addition, the physical processes underlying that variability change, with the decadal-scale wiggles becoming more exclusively driven by a variability mode known as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, or AMO. In contrast, /local/ decadal-scale surface temperature variability actually /increases/ over many land regions in the Tropics and subtropics, which we link in many of those locations to increased aridity: a drier surface is less able to cool via evaporation, requiring larger swings in temperature in order to regain energy balance.
Adapted from Fig. 1 of Brown et al. 2017)


Jordan to retake lands leased by Israel
DUBAI: Yemeni President Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi instructed all state bodies and institutions to immediately implement the Riyadh agreement and its provisions, state news agency SPA reported on Sunday.
“We wish this agreement would tear a page of suffering and open a new page that deserves to be experienced by the entire Yemeni people to meet their hopes and aspirations,” Hadi said.
In response to Hadi’s demands, Yemen’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs resumed its operations in the current temporary capital of Aden starting Sunday.
Meanwhile, Houthi militants were killed and others wounded in firing carried out by the Yemeni army in Al-Jawf province.
The Iran-backed Houthi militia forces were trying to infiltrate to the army’s positions in the province but the army troops forced them to flee and destroyed some of their vehicles.


joinIn
I often face the problem of wanting to do an activity with friends, but not knowing who would want to join. Once I realized how frequently I face this problem, I decided to create a solution.
Problem: I want to do something with friends, but don't know who's available or interested in joining me.
Solution: To address this problem, I designed an app where interested and available friends come to you.
EXTRACTING USER INSIGHTS
Planning group activities can be difficult without knowing friends' availabilties.
I wanted to see if others faced this problem, and to what extent. I interviewed college students and conducted research on Reddit and Twitter to learn more about user pain points.
Affinity diagramming to cluster observations into insights
Here are a few of the user insights:
BRAINSTORMING DESIGNS
I used user insights to brainstorm features. I looked to popular social apps among college students for visual design inspiration.
I was interested in designing a solution that I could develop myself. I have some iOS app development experience, so I chose to design an app.
Brainstormed app features & design goals based on interview insights
I drew my visual design inspiration from apps that are popular among college students today, such as Venmo, Snapchat, and Instagram.
DESIGNING FEATURES & WIREFRAMES
User testing with mid-fidelity wireframes guided the features and layout of the app.
Mid-fidelity wireframes focused on layout
With users' help, I designed an app with the following features:
DESIGNING THE FINAL PROTOTYPE
I created the prototype on Figma using modern, sans-serif fonts, and a simple, playful color scheme.
Here's the interactive prototype!
RESULTS & REFLECTIONS
90% of user test participants said they would use this app frequently. All users found the app to be easy-to-use and intuitive.
Many users were very excited about the idea and saw themselves using it!
After another design iteration where I address additional details, I plan on beginning to code and develop the actual app.
Eventually, I can measure the success of this app's design using the following metrics:
Takeaways


Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.4.2_03-b02) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 1.4.2_03-b02, mixed mode)The machine used for testing was a Dell X300, 1200 Mhz, 640 Mb, running Windows XP SP1. When started, the total amount of memory used by the JVM was approximately 11 Mb, according to XP.
A dot-graph of the test runs gives a the most accurate view of the different behaviors. The horizontal axis represents time and the vertical axis memory and time.
file storage with file: references (yellow) often is faster than non-reference, but not always. Memory storage (blue) is fast, but uses a lot of memory as expected. Plain non-reference file storage (red) is most memory-efficient. This is because jar files are copied, unpacked and only resources actually used will be loaded into memory.
The full images can be viewed by clicking on the graphs.
|
Startup time
|
Memory usage |
These images were generated from the text file perf_log.csv, using Spotfire DecisionSite |
Note 1: Memory is differences in heap memory, not disk usage. The intention with the file: reference method is to avoid copying a bundle file to another place in the file system. Disk usage is not measured by these tests.
Note 2: The JVM native startup time is not included in the measurements. All timing is done inside of the JVM itself.
Note: Since the memory usage values are differences in heap space from JVM startup, until the FW has completed, not total heap space used, the values are mostly useful for comparing bundle storage methods. The total memory usage is not measured in these tests.
The table below lists the mean values of a test series of 27 runs. Note that these are approximate values, and variations are to be expected.
Note: Memory usage is differences in heap space from JVM startup, until the FW has completed, not total heap space used. Thus, the values are mostly useful for comparing bundle storage methods, not for determining total memory costs.
| Startup time (ms) | Memory usage (kb) | Flags | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 ms | 400 kb | -Dorg.knopflerfish.framework.bundlestorage=file -Dorg.knopflerfish.framework.bundlestorage.file.reference=false |
|
| 900 ms | 480 kb | -Dorg.knopflerfish.framework.bundlestorage=file -Dorg.knopflerfish.framework.bundlestorage.file.reference=true |
|
| 550 ms | 1000 kb | -Dorg.knopflerfish.framework.bundlestorage=memory |
-init
.
log/log_all-1.0.0.jar cm/cm_all-1.0.0.jar console/console_all-1.0.0.jar util/util-1.0.0.jar jaxp/jaxp-1.0.jar jsdk/jsdk-2.2.jar device/device_all-1.0.0.jar useradmin/useradmin_all-1.0.0.jar http/http_all-1.0.0.jar logcommands/logcommands-1.0.0.jar cm_cmd/cm_cmd-1.0.0.jar consoletty/consoletty-1.0.1.jar consoletelnet/consoletelnet-1.0.jar httproot/httproot-1.0.0.jarAdditionally, the test bundle itself was started
tester/tester-1.0.0.jar


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %} {% include 'sidebar.html' %} {% include 'nav.html' %}
This page scans a range of online news outlets for articles mentioning any of the politicians that are tracked on this site. The insight that can be gained from this is currently limited, as a lot of news mentions involve only short quotes from party leaders or Executive Ministers, but we can at least see the visibility that each party and politician has in the media.
This tracks the number of online news articles each week , as collected by NewsCatcher, that include a mention of a member of one of the parties. Party leaders and Assembly ministers tend to dominate the mentions, as can be seen in the list of articles below.
Each news article mentioning a politician is measured for its sentiment, or positivity; results shown are from late September 2020 onwards . The aim here is to identify parties that are reported in a more positive or negative light, on average, but note that some of the articles are directly related to Ministries held by each party, which will affect the estimation of sentiment (see Technical stuff).
These are the news sources in the NewsCatcher search space that most frequently mention NI politicians. In general, the outlets show surprisingly little unionist/nationalist bias.
| Date | Title | Source | Mentions |
|---|
Artwork by Ellistration
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