Sign-Stealing Equipment Was Reportedly Seen Being Taken Down In Unearthed 2017 World Series Clip (PICS)
by Darrelle LincolnThe Astros weren’t really too shy about what they were reportedly doing over the years, as we continue to find more and more evidence of the team possibly taking the stealing of signs to a whole other level.
This time around, somebody went back and watched the 2017 World Series DVD that seemingly shows a guy removing a TV, a laptop, and other things from a table after a game.
We already knew about a TV being set back there due to former Astros pitcher Mike Fiers and other ex employees who blew the whistle on the franchise. Right by that table was a trash can that was also stated to be used with players or employees banging on it to relay messages to batters that an off-speed pitch was coming.
There were also strategically placed towels that tried to keep that employee hidden from view.
It’s just crazy that this franchise would go through so much trouble and involve so many people as if they thought these folks wouldn’t eventually leave the team and blow the whistle on what they were doing one day.
Once the MLB is done with their investigation, we could see a punishment unlike any other in recent memory.


Note – Listable is still experimental :see_no_evil:. While it is shipping in Square Point of Sale in several places, we’re still actively iterating on the API, and backfilling comprehensive tests. As such, expect things to break and change in the coming months.
Listable
Listable is a declarative list framework for iOS, which allows you to concisely create rich, live updating list based layouts which are highly customizable across many axes: padding, spacing, number of columns, alignment, etc. It’s designed to be performant: Handling lists of 10k+ items without issue on most devices.
self.listView.setContent { list in
list += Section("section-1") { section in
section.header = HeaderFooter(with: DemoHeader(title: "This Is A Header"))
section += DemoItem(text: "And here is a row")
section += DemoItem(text: "And here is another row.")
let rows = [
"You can also map rows",
"Like this"
]
section += rows.map {
DemoItem(text: $0)
}
}
list += Section("section-2") { section in
section.header = HeaderFooter(with: DemoHeader(title: "Another Header"))
section += DemoItem(text: "The last row.")
}
}
Features
Declarative Interface & Intelligent Updates
The core power and benefit of Listable comes from its declarative-style API, which allows you to implement SwiftUI or React style one-way data flow within your app’s list views, eliminating many common state management bugs you encounter with standard UITableView or UICollectionView delegate-based solutions. You only need to tell the list what should be in it right now – it does the hard parts of diffing the changes to perform rich animated updates when new content is provided.
Let’s say you start with an empty table, like so:
self.listView.setContent { list in
// No content right now.
}
And then push in new content, so there is one row with one section:
self.listView.setContent { list in
list += Section("section-1") { section in
section.header = HeaderFooter(with: DemoHeader(title: "This Is A Header"))
section += DemoItem(text: "And here is a row")
}
}
This new section will be animated into place. If you then insert another row:
self.listView.setContent { list in
list += Section("section-1") { section in
section.header = HeaderFooter(with: DemoHeader(title: "This Is A Header"))
section += DemoItem(text: "And here is a row")
section += DemoItem(text: "Another row!")
}
}
It will also be animated into place by the list. The same goes for any change you make to the table – a diff will be performed, and the changes will be animated into place. Content that did not change between updates will be unaffected.
Performant
A core design principle of Listable is performance! Lists are usually small, but not always! For example, within Square Point of Sale, a seller may have an item catalog of 1,000, 10,000, or even more items. When designing Listable, it was important to ensure that it could support lists of these scales with minimum performance cost, to make it easy to build them without paying for performance, or without having to drop back down to standard UITableView
or UICollectionView
APIs, which are easy to misuse.
This performance is achieved through an internal batching system, which only queries and diffs the items needed to display the current scroll point, plus some scrollover. Views are only created for what is currently on screen. This allows culling of most content pushed into the list for long lists.
Further, height and sizing measurements are cached more efficiently than in a regular collection view implementation, which for large lists, can boost scrolling performance and prevent dropped frames.
Highly Customizable
Listable makes very few assumptions of the appearance of your content. The currency you deal with is plain UIViews
(not UICollectionViewCells
), so you can draw content however you wish.
Further, the layout and appearance controls vended by ListView
allow for customization of the layout to draw lists in nearly any way desired.
This is primarily controlled through the Appearance
object:
public struct Appearance : Equatable
{
public var backgroundColor : UIColor
public var direction : LayoutDirection
public var stickySectionHeaders : Bool
public var list : TableAppearance
}
You use the TableAppearance.Sizing
struct to control the default measurements within the list: How tall are standard rows, headers, footers, etc.
public struct TableAppearance.Sizing : Equatable
{
public var itemHeight : CGFloat
public var sectionHeaderHeight : CGFloat
public var sectionFooterHeight : CGFloat
public var listHeaderHeight : CGFloat
public var listFooterHeight : CGFloat
public var itemPositionGroupingHeight : CGFloat
}
You can use TableAppearance.Layout
to customize the padding of the entire list, how wide the list should be (eg, up to 700px, more than 400px, etc) plus control spacing between items, headers, and footers.
public struct TableAppearance.Layout : Equatable
{
public var padding : UIEdgeInsets
public var width : WidthConstraint
public var interSectionSpacingWithNoFooter : CGFloat
public var interSectionSpacingWithFooter : CGFloat
public var sectionHeaderBottomSpacing : CGFloat
public var itemSpacing : CGFloat
public var itemToSectionFooterSpacing : CGFloat
public var stickySectionHeaders : Bool
}
Finally, the Behavior
and Behavior.Underflow
allows customizing what happens when a list’s content is shorter than its container view: Should the scroll view bounce, should the content be centered, etc.
public struct Behavior : Equatable
{
public var keyboardDismissMode : UIScrollView.KeyboardDismissMode
public var underflow : Underflow
struct Underflow : Equatable
{
public var alwaysBounce : Bool
public var alignment : Alignment
public enum Alignment : Equatable
{
case top
case center
case bottom
}
}
Self-Sizing Cells
Another common pain-point for standard UITableViews
or UICollectionViews
is handling dynamic and self sizing cells. Listable handles this transparently for you, and provides many ways to size content. Each Item
has a sizing
property, which can be set to any of the following values. .default
pulls the default sizing of the item from the List.Measurement
mentioned above, where as the thatFits
and autolayout
values size the item based on sizeThatFits
and systemLayoutSizeFitting
, respectively.
public enum Sizing : Equatable
{
case `default`
case fixed(CGFloat)
case thatFits(Constraint = .noConstraint)
case autolayout(Constraint = .noConstraint)
}
Integrates With Blueprint
Listable integrates closely with Blueprint, Square’s framework for declarative UI construction and management (if you’ve used SwiftUI, Blueprint is similar). Listable provides wrapper types and default types to make using Listable lists within Blueprint elements simple, and to make it easy to build Listable items out of Blueprint elements.
All you need to do is take a dependency on the BlueprintUILists
pod, and then import BlueprintUILists
to begin using Blueprint integration.
In this example, we see how to declare a List
within a Blueprint element hierarchy.
var elementRepresentation : Element {
List { list in
list += Section("podcasts") { section in
section += self.podcasts.map {
PodcastRow(podcast: $0)
}
}
}
}
And in this example, we see how to create a simple BlueprintItemContent
that uses Blueprint to render its content.
struct DemoItem : BlueprintItemContent, Equatable
{
var text : String
// ItemContent
var identifierValue: String {
return self.text
}
// BlueprintItemContent
func element(with info : ApplyItemContentInfo) -> Element
{
var box = Box(
backgroundColor: .white,
cornerStyle: .rounded(radius: 6.0),
wrapping: Inset(
uniformInset: 10.0,
wrapping: Label(text: self.text)
)
)
box.borderStyle = .solid(color: .white(0.9), width: 2.0)
return box
}
}
Instruments.app Integration
Listable provides integration with the os_signpost
API for measuring the duration of events in your application. If you are experiencing issues with list performance in your app, you can profile it in Instruments, and add the os_signpost
instrument to inspect the timing for various layout and update passes.
Primary API & Surface Area
Most of your interaction will be three primary families of types: ListView
, Item
, HeaderFooter
, and Section
.
ListView
The list that you put content into! Beyond allocating a list and putting it on screen, the bulk of your interaction with ListView
will be through the setContent
API shown above.
self.listView.setContent { list in
// Set list appearance, specify content, etc...
}
What is that list
parameter, you ask…?
ListProperties
ListProperties
is a struct which contains all the information required to render a list update.
public struct ListProperties
{
public var animatesChanges : Bool
public var layoutType : ListLayoutType
public var appearance : Appearance
public var behavior : Behavior
public var autoScrollAction : AutoScrollAction
public var scrollInsets : ScrollInsets
public var accessibilityIdentifier: String?
public var content : Content
}
This allows you to configure the list view however needed within the configure
update.
Item
You can think of Item
as the wrapper for the content you provide to the list – similar to how a UITableViewCell
or UICollectionViewCell
wraps a content view and provides other configuration options.
An Item
is what you add to a section to represent a row in a list. It contains your provided content (ItemContent
), alongside things like sizing, layout customization, selection behavior, reordering behavior, and callbacks which are performed when an item is selected, displayed, etc.
public struct Item<Content:ItemContent> : AnyItem
{
public var identifier : Content.Identifier
public var content : Content
public var sizing : Sizing
public var layout : ItemLayout
public var selection : ItemSelection
public var swipeActions : SwipeActions?
public var reordering : ItemReordering?
public typealias OnSelect = (Content) -> ()
public var onSelect : OnSelect?
public typealias OnDeselect = (Content) -> ()
public var onDeselect : OnDeselect?
public typealias OnDisplay = (Content) -> ()
public var onDisplay : OnDisplay?
public typealias OnEndDisplay = (Content) -> ()
public var onEndDisplay : OnEndDisplay?
}
You can add an item to a section via either the add
function, or via the +=
override.
section += Item(
YourContent(title: "Hello, World!"),
sizing: .default,
selection: .notSelectable
)
However, if you want to use all default values from the Item
initializer, you can skip a step and simply add your ItemContent
to the section directly.
section += YourContent(title: "Hello, World!")
ItemContent
The core value type which represents an item’s content.
This view model describes the content of a given row / item, via the identifier
, plus the wasMoved
and isEquivalent
methods.
To convert an ItemContent
into views for display, the createReusableContentView(:)
method is called to create a reusable view to use when displaying the content (the same happens for background views as well).
To prepare the views for display, the apply(to:for:with:)
method is called, which is where you push the content from your ItemContent
onto the provided views.
public protocol ItemContent
{
associatedtype IdentifierValue : Hashable
var identifierValue : IdentifierValue { get }
func apply(
to views : ItemContentViews<Self>,
for reason: ApplyReason,
with info : ApplyItemContentInfo
)
func wasMoved(comparedTo other : Self) -> Bool
func isEquivalent(to other : Self) -> Bool
associatedtype ContentView:UIView
static func createReusableContentView(frame : CGRect) -> ContentView
associatedtype BackgroundView:UIView = UIView
static func createReusableBackgroundView(frame : CGRect) -> BackgroundView
associatedtype SelectedBackgroundView:UIView = BackgroundView
static func createReusableSelectedBackgroundView(frame : CGRect) -> SelectedBackgroundView
}
Note however, you usually do not need to implement all these methods! For example, if your ItemContent
is Equatable
, you get isEquivalent
for free – and by default, wasMoved
is the same was isEquivalent(other:) == false
.
public extension ItemContent
{
func wasMoved(comparedTo other : Self) -> Bool
{
return self.isEquivalent(to: other) == false
}
}
public extension ItemContent where Self:Equatable
{
func isEquivalent(to other : Self) -> Bool
{
return self == other
}
}
The BackgroundView
and SelectedBackgroundView
views also default to a plain UIView
which do not display any content of their own. You only need to provide these background views if you wish to support customization of the appearance of the item during highlighting and selection.
public extension ItemContent where BackgroundView == UIView
{
static func createReusableBackgroundView(frame : CGRect) -> BackgroundView
{
BackgroundView(frame: frame)
}
}
The SelectedBackgroundView
also defaults to the type of BackgroundView
unless you explicitly want two different view types.
public extension ItemContent where BackgroundView == SelectedBackgroundView
{
static func createReusableSelectedBackgroundView(frame : CGRect) -> BackgroundView
{
self.createReusableBackgroundView(frame: frame)
}
}
This is all a bit abstract, so consider the following example: An ItemContent
which provides a title and detail label.
struct SubtitleItem : ItemContent, Equatable
{
var title : String
var detail : String
// ItemContent
func apply(to views : ItemContentViews<Self>, for reason: ApplyReason, with info : ApplyItemContentInfo)
{
views.content.titleLabel.text = self.title
views.content.detailLabel.text = self.detail
}
typealias ContentView = View
static func createReusableContentView(frame : CGRect) -> ContentView
{
View(frame: frame)
}
private final class View : UIView
{
let titleLabel : UILabel
let detailLabel : UILabel
...
}
}
HeaderFooter
How to describe a header or footer within a list. Very similar API to Item
, but with less stuff, as headers and footers are display-only.
public struct HeaderFooter<Content:HeaderFooterContent> : AnyHeaderFooter
{
public var content : Content
public var sizing : Sizing
public var layout : HeaderFooterLayout
}
You set headers and footers on sections via the header
and footer
parameter.
self.listView.configure { list in
list += Section("section-1") { section in
section.header = HeaderFooter(DemoHeader(title: "This Is A Header"))
section.footer = HeaderFooter(DemoFooter(text: "And this is a footer. Please check the EULA for details."))
}
}
HeaderFooterContent
Again, a similar API to ItemContent
, but with a reduced surface area, given the reduced concerns of header and footers.
public protocol HeaderFooterContent
{
func apply(to view : Appearance.ContentView, reason : ApplyReason)
func isEquivalent(to other : Self) -> Bool
associatedtype ContentView:UIView
static func createReusableContentView(frame : CGRect) -> ContentView
associatedtype BackgroundView:UIView
static func createReusableBackgroundView(frame : CGRect) -> BackgroundView
associatedtype PressedBackgroundView:UIView
static func createReusablePressedBackgroundView(frame : CGRect) -> PressedBackgroundView
}
As is with Item
, if your HeaderFooterContent
is Equatable
, you get isEquivalent
for free.
public extension HeaderFooterContent where Self:Equatable
{
func isEquivalent(to other : Self) -> Bool
{
return self == other
}
}
A standard implementation may look like this:
struct Header : HeaderFooterContent, Equatable
{
var title : String
func apply(to view : Appearance.ContentView, for reason: ApplyReason)
{
view.titleLabel.text = self.title
}
typealias ContentView = View
static func createReusableContentView(frame : CGRect) -> ContentView
{
View(frame: frame)
}
private final class View : UIView
{
let titleLabel : UILabel
...
}
}
Section
Section
– surprise – represents a given section in a list. Most of your interaction with Section
will be through the init & builder API, as shown above.
Section("section") { section in
section += self.podcasts.map {
PodcastRow(podcast: $0)
}
}
However, section has many properties to allow for configuration. You can customize the layout, the number of and layout of columns, set the header and footer, and obviously provide items, via the items
property, and via the many provided overrides of the +=
operator.
public struct Section
{
public var layout : Layout
public var columns : Columns
public var header : AnyHeaderFooter?
public var footer : AnyHeaderFooter?
public var items : [AnyItem]
}
Integration With Blueprint
If you’re using Blueprint integration via the BlueprintUILists
module, you will also interact with the following types.
List
When using ListView
directly, you’d use list.configure { list in ... }
to set the content of a list.
However, Blueprint element trees are just descriptions of UI – as such, List
is just a Blueprint Element
which describes a list. The parameter passed to List { list in ... }
is the same type (ListProperties
) that is passed to list.configure { list in ... }
.
var elementRepresentation : Element {
List { list in
list += Section("section") { section in
section += self.podcasts.map {
PodcastRow(podcast: $0)
}
}
}
}
BlueprintItemContent
BlueprintItemContent
simplifies the ItemContent
creation process, asking you for a Blueprint Element
description, instead of view types and view instances.
Unless you are supporting highlighting and selection of your ItemContent
, you do not need to provide implementations of backgroundElement(:)
and selectedBackgroundElement(:)
– they default to returning nil. Similar to ItemContent
, wasMoved(:)
and isEquivalent(:)
are also provided based on Equatable
conformance.
public protocol BlueprintItemContent : ItemContent
{
associatedtype IdentifierValue : Hashable
var identifierValue : IdentifierValue { get }
func wasMoved(comparedTo other : Self) -> Bool
func isEquivalent(to other : Self) -> Bool
func element(with info : ApplyItemContentInfo) -> Element
func backgroundElement(with info : ApplyItemContentInfo) -> Element?
func selectedBackgroundElement(with info : ApplyItemContentInfo) -> Element?
}
A standard BlueprintItemContent
may look something like this:
struct MyPerson : BlueprintItemContent, Equatable
{
var name : String
var phoneNumber : String
var identifierValue : String {
self.name
}
func element(with info : ApplyItemContentInfo) -> Element {
Row {
$0.add(child: Label(text: name))
$0.add(child: Spacer())
$0.add(child: Label(text: name))
}
.inset(by: 15.0)
}
}
BlueprintHeaderFooterContent
Similarly, BlueprintHeaderFooterContent
makes creating a header or footer easy – just implement elementRepresentation
, which provides the content element for your header or footer. As usual, isEquivalent(to:)
is provided if your type is Equatable
.
public protocol BlueprintHeaderFooterContent : HeaderFooterElement
{
func isEquivalent(to other : Self) -> Bool
var elementRepresentation : Element { get }
}
A standard BlueprintHeaderFooterContent
may look something like this:
struct MyHeader : BlueprintHeaderFooterContent, Equatable
{
var name : String
var itemCount : String
var elementRepresentation : Element {
Row {
$0.add(child: Label(text: name))
$0.add(child: Spacer())
$0.add(child: Label(text: itemCount))
}
.inset(by: 15.0)
}
}
Getting Started
Listable is published on CocoaPods. You can add a dependency on Listable or it’s Blueprint wrapper with the following in your Podspec:
s.dependency 'ListableUI'
s.dependency 'BlueprintUILists'
If you want to depend on bleeding-edge changes, you can add the pods to your Podfile via the git repo like so:
pod 'BlueprintUILists', git: 'ssh://git@github.com:kyleve/Listable.git'
pod 'ListableUI', git: 'ssh://git@github.com:kyleve/Listable.git'
Demo Project
If you’d like to see examples of Listable in use, clone the repo, and then run bundle exec pod install
in the root of the repo. This will create the Demo/Demo.xcworkspace
workspace, which you can open and run. It contains examples of various types of screens and use cases.
Other Neat Stuff
You can nest Lists in other lists.
You can nest horizontal scrolling Lists within vertical scrolling lists to create advanced, custom layouts. Listable provides a ListItemElement
to make this easy.
You can override many layout parameters on a per-item and per-header/footer basis.
By setting the layout
parameter on Item
or HeaderFooter
, you can specify the alignment of each item within a layout, how much padding it should have, how much spacing it can have, etc.
Appendix
Implementation Details
Rendering & Display
Listable is built on top of UICollectionView
, with a custom UICollectionViewLayout
though this is not exposed to consumers.
Performance
Internally, performance is achieved through transparent batching of content that is loaded into the collection view itself. This allows pushing large amounts
of content into the list, but ListView
is intelligent enough to only load, measure, diff, etc, enough of that content to display the current scroll position,
plus some scroll overflow. In practice, this means that even if you put 50,000 items into a list, if the user is scrolled at the top of the table, only a few hundred
items will be measured, diffed, and take up computation time during initial rendering and updates. This allows performance to remain nearly constant, regardless
of what content is pushed into the list. The farther down a user scrolls, the more computation must be completed.
View State Management
Internally, every item drawn on screen and visible in the list is represented by a long-lived PresentationState
instance, which tracks visible cells, sizing measurements, etc.
This long lived object allows an extra layer which means it’s easy to cache height calculations across multiple content updates in the list view, allowing for further performance
improvements and optimizations. This is transparent to the developer.
Why?
Building rich and interactive list views and lists on iOS remains a challenge. Maintaining state and performing animations on changes is tricky and error prone. More often than not, there are lurking state bugs that result in inconsistent data or crashes that are hard to diagnose and debug.
Historically, we have managed list view state one of a few ways…
1) Via Core Data and NSFetchedResultsController, which handles diffing and updates. However, this binds your UI tightly to the underlying core data model, which makes changes difficult and error prone. You end up needing to model UI concerns deep in your Core Data model to sort and section your data as you want. No good.
2) Use other options such as common block-based table view or collection view builders – which abstracts some of the complexity away from developers, but it still deals in the currency of cells and views – and makes it difficult to properly handle animations and updates.
3) Sometimes, you end up just giving up and calling reloadData() any time anything in your table’s data source changes – this sucks because users don’t see animations which indicate to them what changed.
4) Or, even worse, you end up managing insertions, deletions, and updates yourself, which usually goes something like this…
Call beginUpdates
Call insertRow:atIndexPath: Call insertRow:atIndexPath: Call moveRowAtIndexPath:toIndexPath: Etc..
Call endUpdates
Assertion failure in UITableView/UICollectionView.m:20000000: The number of rows before the update is not equal to > the number of rows after the update, plus or minus the added and removed rows.
[Crash]
Needless to say, none of these options are great, and all of these are state-of-the-art circa about 2011 – which was a long time ago.
Legal Stuff
Copyright 2019 Square, Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the “License”); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an “AS IS” BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License


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Create
The user-defined menu enriches official account interfaces so that the users can better and quickly understand the official account's features. An example of an official account with a user-defined menu is shown below:
A user-defined menu can include up to three level-one menus, and each level-one menu can include up to five level-two menus. A user-defined menu will show on WeChat client 24 hours after it is created due to the client's caching function. You can unfollow the official account and then re-follow it to check the menu's status.
The user-defined menu API enables the following button types:
1. click:push click event Clicking a clickable button causes the WeChat server to push the click event to the developer through an event-type message API. The key value filled in by the developer is included on the button. The developer can reply to messages based on the user-defined key value. 2. view:open URL Clicking a view-only button causes the WeChat client to open the URL entered by the developer on the button. Developers can use this type of button together with the Obtain User Basic Information via Web Authorization to obtain user information. 3. scancode_push: Scanning Clicking this type of menu item causes the WeChat client to call the scanning software and display a scanning page (or redirect to a new URL) after scanning. The scanning result will be sent to the developer so that the developer's backend system can deliver a corresponding message based on the result. 4. scancode_waitmsg: Scanning and popping up "receiving message" Clicking this type of menu item causes the WeChat client to call the scanning software. After scanning, the scanning result will be sent to the developer's backend system and the scanning software will be closed to display a "receiving message" prompt window. Later, the WeChat client may receive a message sent from the developer's backend system. 5. pic_sysphoto: popping up System Camera window Clicking this type of menu item causes the WeChat client to call the camera. After taking a photo, the photo will be sent to the developer’s backend system, a photo event message will be pushed to the developer’s backend system, and the camera will be closed. Later, the WeChat client may receive a message sent from the developer’s backend system. 6. pic_photo_or_album: popping up System Images or Camera window Clicking this type of menu item causes the WeChat client to prompt a selection menu for users to select "Take Photo" / "Photo Album". After users select, the selected method will be shown. 7. pic_weixin:poping up WeChat My Posts window Clicking this type of menu item causes the WeChat client to open the album. After images are selected, the images will be sent to the developer's backend system,then the album will be closed. Later, the WeChat client may receive a message sent by the developer’s backend system. 8. location_select: popping up Location window Clicking this type of button causes the WeChat client to call the location selector. After a point-of-interest (POI) is selected, location information will be sent to the developer’s backend system and the location selector will be closed. Later, the WeChat client may receive a message sent by the developer’s backend system.
Note that buttons of types 3-8 are available to users in WeChat versions iOS v5.4.1 or greater and Android v5.4 or greater. For WeChat users running earlier versions of WeChat, the buttons will be grayed out and selecting them not result in the developer’s backend system to receive event messages as normal.
Request Description
HTTP request method: POST (Use Https protocol) https://api.wechat.com/cgi-bin/menu/create?access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN
Request Example:
{ "button":[ { "type":"click", "name":"Daily Song", "key":"V1001_TODAY_MUSIC" }, { "type":"click", "name":" Artist Profile", "key":"V1001_TODAY_SINGER" }, { "name":"Menu", "sub_button":[ { "type":"view", "name":"Search", "url":"http://www.soso.com/" }, { "type":"view", "name":"Video", "url":"http://v.qq.com/" }, { "type":"click", "name":"Like us", "key":"V1001_GOOD" }] }] }
Example about other menu item actions：
"button": [ { "name": "Scan", "sub_button": [ { "type": "scancode_waitmsg", "name": "Scan & prompt", "key": "rselfmenu_0_0", "sub_button": [ ] }, { "type": "scancode_push", "name": "Scan&push", "key": "rselfmenu_0_1", "sub_button": [ ] } ] }, { "name": "Post picture", "sub_button": [ { "type": "pic_sysphoto", "name": "Take photo & post picture", "key": "rselfmenu_1_0", "sub_button": [ ] }, { "type": "pic_photo_or_album", "name": "Take photo | Photo Album", "key": "rselfmenu_1_1", "sub_button": [ ] }, { "type": "pic_weixin", "name": "Post album image", "key": "rselfmenu_1_2", "sub_button": [ ] } ] }, { "name": "Select location", "type": "location_select", "key": "rselfmenu_2_0" } ] }
Parameter Description
| Parameter | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
| button | Yes | Level-one menu array: 1-3 buttons |
| sub_button | No | Level-two menu array: 1-5 buttons |
| type | Yes | Button type: click and view |
| name | Yes | Button name up to 16 characters; sub menu up to 40 characters. |
| key | Must be a Click type | Button key value: used for pushing the message API (event type); up to 128 characters. |
| url | Must be a View type | Web URL: opened by clicking the menu; up to 256 bytes |
Return Description
An example of a successful JSON response is as follows:
{"errcode":0,"errmsg":"ok"}
An example of an unsuccessful JSON response (caused by an invalid button name size) is as follows:
{"errcode":40018,"errmsg":"invalid button name size"}


Click here for OpenID Connect defaults.
The client must have obtained the key out-of-band during the registration process
The secret is also obtained out-of-band by the client during the registration process
The scope for which to grant access
A credential representing the resource owner's authorization (to access its protected resources) used by the client to obtain an access token
If checked we don't use the playground redirect-uri. After the authorization code is granted you will be redirected to the pre-configured redirect for this client. This of course depends on which authorization server you are using.
The access token endpoint of the Authorization server
The authorization endpoint of the Authorization server
The URL to redirect to for user authentication
The access token for all subsequent OAuth queries
An endpoint on a Resource Server
requestInfo
responseInfo


AliasPrivateKey(alias: String)
PrivateKey wrapper to just store the alias of a private key. Usually, HSM (hardware secure module) key entries are accessed via unique aliases and the private key material never leaves the box. This class wraps a String key alias into a PrivateKey object, which helps on transferring KeyPair objects without exposing the private key material. Then, whenever we need to sign with the actual private key, we provide the alias from this AliasPrivateKey to the underlying HSM implementation.


kdl.prox.qgraph2
Class QueryGraph2CompOp
java.lang.Object
kdl.prox.qgraph2.QueryGraph2CompOp
public class QueryGraph2CompOp
- extends java.lang.Object
A concrete subclass that executes graph query specified by the input
element. This version implements most of the "2.0" QGraph
language. (See developer docs for more information.)
The main entry point to query transformation graph analysis and (optional)
execution is via the static queryGraph() method. Alternatively, applications
that have (or need to get) a graph query Element can call one of the two
constructors - the three-arg non-executing one, or the four-arg executing
one. For the non-executing cases it is up to the caller to choose and execute
a path via execTGPath().
Processing steps: The steps taken by the constructor are:
1) Convert the graph-query Element into a QGraph 2.0 query (Query).
2) Build the query transformation graph (TFMGraph) based on the starting
Query, using available transformations (Transformation).
3) Choose a (preferrably optimal) path (TGPath) through the TFMGraph
to execute.
4) (Optionally) execute a TGPath by generating and executing SQL
corresponding to each TGEdge. Only performed if isExecute is true.
|
Constructor Summary |
QueryGraph2CompOp()
|
QueryGraph2CompOp(org.jdom.Element graphQueryEle)
Three-arg non-executing overload, runs steps 1-3 of the processing,
setting my tfmGraph and tfmPath IVs, but not calling execTGPath(). |
QueryGraph2CompOp(org.jdom.Element graphQueryEle,
Container inputContainer,
java.lang.String outputContainer)
Four-arg executing overload, runs all steps (1-4) of the processing,
including choosing a path and calling execTGPath() on it. |
|
Method Summary |
protected void |
createLinks(Container outputContainer,
java.util.List addLinksList)
Creates update edges after the query is run |
Container |
execTGPath(TGPath tgPath,
java.util.Map cachedItems,
Container sourceContainer,
java.lang.String destContainerName)
Step 4/4 called from constructor, executes the TGPath by generating and
executing MIL corresponding to each TGEdge. |
protected java.util.List |
fetchCachedEdges(java.util.List pathElements,
java.util.Map cachedItems,
TempTableMgr tempTableMgr)
Same as fetchCachedEdges but receives a list of pathElements instead of a tgPath. |
void |
printQuery()
TEST method that prints query's contents. |
static void |
printTGEdge(TGEdge tgEdge)
TEST method called by printTFMGraph(). |
Query |
query()
"Result" accessor. |
static QueryGraph2CompOp |
queryGraph(org.jdom.Element graphQueryEle,
Container inputContainer,
java.lang.String outputContainerName,
boolean isExecute)
Top-level entry point that runs the query specified in the XML file,
saving the results into collection. |
static void |
runQuery(java.io.File queryFile,
java.lang.String inputContainerPath,
java.lang.String outputContainerName)
Runs the passed query. |
static void |
runQuery(java.net.URL fileURL,
java.lang.String inputContainerPath,
java.lang.String outputContainerName)
Overload that uses a URL to specify the query instead of a File. |
TFMGraph |
tfmGraph()
"Result" accessor. |
TGPath |
tgPath()
"Result" accessor. |
static java.util.List |
tgPathsFromTFMGraph(TFMGraph tfmGraph)
Called by chooseTGPath(), returns a List of TGPaths through tfmGraph that
are solutions, i.e., paths that end at a TGVertex that contains a
consolidated Query. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
QueryGraph2CompOp
public QueryGraph2CompOp(org.jdom.Element graphQueryEle)
throws java.lang.Exception
- Three-arg non-executing overload, runs steps 1-3 of the processing,
setting my tfmGraph and tfmPath IVs, but not calling execTGPath().
Callers can use my "result" accessors for post-processing purposes
(graphing, etc.)
- Parameters:
graphQueryEle
-
- Throws:
java.lang.Exception
QueryGraph2CompOp
public QueryGraph2CompOp(org.jdom.Element graphQueryEle,
Container inputContainer,
java.lang.String outputContainer)
throws java.lang.Exception
- Four-arg executing overload, runs all steps (1-4) of the processing,
including choosing a path and calling execTGPath() on it. Callers can
use my "result" accessors for post-processing purposes (graphing, etc.)
- Parameters:
graphQueryEle
- inputContainer
- -- null if the entire databaseoutputContainer
-
- Throws:
java.lang.Exception
QueryGraph2CompOp
public QueryGraph2CompOp()
createLinks
protected void createLinks(Container outputContainer,
java.util.List addLinksList)
- Creates update edges after the query is run
- Parameters:
outputContainer
- addLinksList
-
execTGPath
public Container execTGPath(TGPath tgPath,
java.util.Map cachedItems,
Container sourceContainer,
java.lang.String destContainerName)
throws java.lang.Exception
- Step 4/4 called from constructor, executes the TGPath by generating and
executing MIL corresponding to each TGEdge. Saves results into a new
collection named containerName. Assumes that collection does not already
exist. Throws Exception if problems.
- Throws:
java.lang.Exception
fetchCachedEdges
protected java.util.List fetchCachedEdges(java.util.List pathElements,
java.util.Map cachedItems,
TempTableMgr tempTableMgr)
- Same as fetchCachedEdges but receives a list of pathElements instead of a tgPath. Makes testing easier
- Parameters:
pathElements
- cachedItems
- tempTableMgr
-
printQuery
public void printQuery()
- TEST method that prints query's contents.
printTGEdge
public static void printTGEdge(TGEdge tgEdge)
- TEST method called by printTFMGraph().
query
public Query query()
- "Result" accessor. Useful to callers when processing is complete.
- Returns:
- the input Query instance. null if errors.
queryGraph
public static QueryGraph2CompOp queryGraph(org.jdom.Element graphQueryEle,
Container inputContainer,
java.lang.String outputContainerName,
boolean isExecute)
throws java.lang.Exception
- Top-level entry point that runs the query specified in the XML file,
saving the results into collection. Creates the collection. Errors if it
already exists. Returns the QueryGraph2CompOp instance whose final
results can be obtained via its query(), tfmGraph(), and tgPath()
methods.
- Parameters:
graphQueryEle
- the query's top-level Element. use graphQueryEleForFile() to get from fileinputContainer
- null if the query is to be run against the entire dboutputContainerName
- isExecute
-
- Returns:
-
- Throws:
java.lang.Exception
runQuery
public static void runQuery(java.io.File queryFile,
java.lang.String inputContainerPath,
java.lang.String outputContainerName)
- Runs the passed query. NB: Deletes the containerName if it exists without
prompting. Overload that uses a File to specify the query. This overload
is the one most commonly used.
- Parameters:
queryFile
- file containing queryinputContainerPath
- null if entire databaseoutputContainerName
- collection name to save results in. unused if !isExecute
runQuery
public static void runQuery(java.net.URL fileURL,
java.lang.String inputContainerPath,
java.lang.String outputContainerName)
- Overload that uses a URL to specify the query instead of a File. This
overload is used by DataGenerator, which possibly loads XML files from
JAR files.
- Parameters:
fileURL
- inputContainerPath
- outputContainerName
-
tgPath
public TGPath tgPath()
- "Result" accessor. Useful to callers when processing is complete.
- Returns:
- the selected TGPath instance in my tfmGraph. null if errors.
tgPathsFromTFMGraph
public static java.util.List tgPathsFromTFMGraph(TFMGraph tfmGraph)
- Called by chooseTGPath(), returns a List of TGPaths through tfmGraph that
are solutions, i.e., paths that end at a TGVertex that contains a
consolidated Query. The returned List is empty if there are no solutions.
tfmGraph
public TFMGraph tfmGraph()
- "Result" accessor. Useful to callers when processing is complete.
- Returns:
- the final TFMGraph instance. null if errors.


EgBrake Version 3 Brake Calculator, Design Study
This version is based on a totally new database design.
Database will be adjusted as we go along with the calculation, which is the central issue of this study.
Please note that there are design elements on the HTML pages which are not part of the design but which are
solely for debugging purposes, e.g. the red boxes around certain elements.
If you try to reload the page, or leave the page entirely by entering a new URL into the browsers URL field you will be prompted
to confirm this leave request. This has been implemented in order to loose unsaved data and avoid unintentional page reloads,
e.g. on Mac OS by simply swiping one finger on the Magic Mouse to the left.


The keywords of a programming language are words which have special, predefined syntactic meanings in a program. In Pascal, the keywords are reserved, and cannot be used as identifiers. Like identifiers, Pascal keywords are not case sensitive.
The first list contains the keywords of ISO 7185 Standard Pascal. This is the baseline: the other lists are additions. Borland Delphi also includes the Borland Turbo Pascal keywords, and Free Pascal also includes the Borland Turbo Pascal and Delphi keywords.
| And | Downto | If | Or | Then |
| Array | Else | In | Packed | To |
| Begin | End | Label | Procedure | Type |
| Case | File | Mod | Program | Until |
| Const | For | Nil | Record | Var |
| Div | Function | Not | Repeat | While |
| Do | Goto | Of | Set | With |
In addition to the keywords designated in ISO 7185, ISO 10206 designates additional keywords:
| And_then | Import | Module | Otherwise | Qualified |
| Bindable | Implementation | Only | Pow | Restricted |
| Export | Interface | Or_else | Protected | Value |
| Absolute | Destructor | Inline | Shl | Uses |
| Asm | Implementation | Interface | Shr | Virtual |
| Constructor | Inherited | Object | Unit | Xor |
| as | exports | initialization | on | threadvar |
| class | finalization | is | property | try |
| except | finally | library | raise |
| dispose | exit | false | new | true |
| Abstract | Constructor | Inherited | Object | View |
| Class | Destructor | Is | Property | Virtual |
| All | Asm | Inline |
| Module | Operator |
| Free Pascal | Reserved Words |
| GNU Pascal | Pascal keywords and operators supported by GNU Pascal. |


Cumulative Benefit Games: Achieving Cooperation when Players Discount
the Future
Stephens D.W.
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7 July 2000, vol. 205, no. 1, pp. 1-16(16)
Abstract:
Experimental studies with captive animals show strong preferences for immediate
reward. Several authors have argued that these tendencies to discount delayed
reward may severely limit the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game as a model
of animal cooperation. This paper explores a simple mechanism, dubbed cumulative
games, that can, in principle, promote cooperative action even when there
is strong temporal discounting. In the simplest type of cumulative game a
pair of players does not receive benefits at the end of each play, as in a
conventional repeated game, but must complete a sequence of games before collecting
the accumulated benefits. In a preliminary analysis pitting tit-for-tat against
all-D, I show that accumulation can promote a conditionally cooperative strategy
even when there is strong temporal discounting. However, the delays created
by accumulation de-value the pairwise interaction, so although the relative
value of cooperation increases, the total value of the interaction decreases.
I investigate accumulation further by simulating the evolution of a broader
class of strategies. These simulation studies show that accumulation, and
small discounting rates (high future value) can both promote cooperative action.
The limitations of these results are discussed.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Biological Games
Martin A. Nowak and Karl Sigmund
Science, Vol 303, Issue 5659, 793-799 , 6 February 2004
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/303/5659/793
Abstract:
Darwinian dynamics based on mutation and selection form the core of mathematical
models for adaptation and coevolution of biological populations. The evolutionary
outcome is often not a fitness-maximizing equilibrium but can include oscillations
and chaos. For studying frequency-dependent selection, game-theoretic arguments
are more appropriate than optimization algorithms. Replicator and adaptive
dynamics describe short- and long-term evolution in phenotype space and have
found applications ranging from animal behavior and ecology to speciation,
macroevolution, and human language. Evolutionary game theory is an essential
component of a mathematical and computational approach to biology.
The Continuous Prisoner:s Dilemma: I. Linear Reactive Strategies
Lindi M. Wahl, Martin A. Nowak
J. theor. Biol. (1999) 200, 307
Abstract:
We present a general model for the Prisoner's Dilemma in which variable
degrees of cooperation are possible, and payoffs are scaled accordingly.
We describe a continuous strategy space, and divide this space into strategy
families. We derive the payoff function for these families analytically,
and study the evolutionary outcome when a wide range of strategies play against
each other. Our results show that the initial degree of cooperation offered
by a strategy is a decisive factor for evolutionary robustness: the most
successful strategies in our model offer full cooperation as an initial move,
but thereafter cooperate fully only if their opponent does the same. These
strategies gradually raise the stakes when playing a strategy which is initially
reticent to cooperate, but differ from the strategies predicted by other
continuous models in that they are not only generous, but are also consistently
optimistic and uncompromising.
The continuous Prisoner's dilemma: II. Linear reactive strategies with noise
Wahl LM, Nowak MA.
J. Theor Biol. 1999 Oct 7;200(3):323-38.
Abstract:
We present a general model for the Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma and study
the effect of errors. We find that cooperative strategies that can resist
invasion by defectors are optimistic (make high initial offers), generous
(always offer more cooperation than the partner did in the previous round)
and uncompromising (offer full cooperation only if the partner does). A necessary
condition for the emergence of cooperation in the continuous Prisoner's Dilemma
with noise is b (1-p)>c, where b and c denote, respectively, the benefit
and cost of cooperation, while p is the error rate. This relation can be reformulated
as an error threshold: cooperation can only emerge if the probability of
making a mistake is below a critical value. We note, however, that cooperation
in the continuous Prisoner's Dilemma with noise does not seem to be evolutionarily
stable: while it is possible to find cooperative strategies that resist invasion
by defectors, such cooperators are generally invaded by more cooperative strategies
which eventually yield to defectors. Thus, the long-term evolution of the
continuous Prisoner's Dilemma is either characterized by unending cycles
or by stable polymorphisms of cooperators and defectors.
Invading wave of cooperation in a spatial iterated prisoner's dilemma.
Ferriere R, Michod RE.
Proc Biol Sci.
1995 Jan 23;259(1354):77-83.
Abstract:
Explaining the emergence of cooperative behaviours in a selfish world remains
a major challenge for sociobiology. The iterated prisoner's dilemma offers
a well-studied metaphor with which to explore theoretically the evolution
of cooperation by reciprocation. Our current understanding is that 'tit-for-tat'
should be the very first step (if not the aim) of evolution towards cooperation,
but that mobility of the players in space seems to raise a devastating obstacle
to the spread of tit-for-tat, by allowing egoists to exploit cooperation
and escape retaliation. The second point is based on models that represent
mobility only implicitly (in terms of travelling costs) and assume random
interactions. Here we develop a more explicit theory of spatial iterated
games: individual mobility is represented in terms of a diffusion process
and interactions--defined locally--are inherently non-random. Our model reveals
the existence of critical levels of individual mobility allowing for the
evolution of cooperation. In fact, tit-for-tat can spread and take over among
mobile players even when originating from extreme rarity. The dynamics of
invasion of tit-for-tat develop as a travelling wave which propagates the
cooperative strategy through space. Significant mobility is required to make
the pioneering moves of cooperators towards the front of invasion less hazardous;
it also contributes to neutralizing those defectors who may intrude the core
of a cluster of cooperative players.
The Influence of Evolutionary Selection Schemes on the Iterated Prisoner's
Dilemma
van Bragt; van Kemenade; la Poutr?
Computational Economics, June 2001, vol. 17, no. 2-3, pp. 253-263(11)
Abstract:
Many economic and social systems are essentially large multi-agent systems.
By means of computational modeling, the complicated behavior of such systems
can be investigated. Modeling a multi-agent system as an evolutionary agent
system, several important choices have to be made for evolutionary operators.
Especially, it is to be expected that evolutionary dynamics substantially
depend on the selection scheme. We therefore investigate the influence of
evolutionary selection mechanisms on a fundamental problem: the iterated prisoner's
dilemma (IPD), an elegant model for the emergence of cooperation in a multi-agent
system. We observe various types of behavior, cooperation level, and stability,
depending on the selection mechanism and the selection intensity. Hence,
our results are important for (1) the proper choice and application of selection
schemes when modeling real economic situations and (2) assessing the validity
of the conclusions drawn from computer experiments with these models. We
also conclude that the role of selection in the evolution of multi-agent
systems should be investigated further, for instance using more detailed
and complex agent interaction models.
Spatialization and greater generosity in the stochastic Prisoner's Dilemma
Grim P.1
Biosystems, 1996, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 3-17(15)
Abstract:
The iterated Prisoner's Dilemma has become the standard model for the evolution
of cooperative behavior within a community of egoistic agents, frequently
cited for implications in both sociology and biology. Due primarily to the
work of Axelrod (1980a, 1980b, 1984, 1985), a strategy of tit for tat (TFT)
has established a reputation as being particularly robust. Nowak and Sigmund
(1992) have shown, however, that in a world of stochastic error or imperfect
communication, it is not TFT that finally triumphs in an ecological model
based on population percentages (Axelrod and Hamilton 1981), but 'generous
tit for tat' (GTFT), which repays cooperation with a probability of cooperation
approaching 1 but forgives defection with a probability of 1. In this paper,
we consider a spatialized instantiation of the stochastic Prisoner's Dilemma,
using two-dimensional cellular automata (Wolfram, 1984, 1986; Gutowitz, 1990)
to model the spatial dynamics of populations of competing strategies. The
surprising result is that in the spatial model it is not GTFT but still more
generous strategies that are favored. The optimal strategy within this spatial
ecology appears to be a form of 'bending over backwards', which returns cooperation
for defection with a probability of 2 -- a rate twice as generous as GTFT.
Spatial prisoner's dilemma optimally played in small-world networks
Masuda N.; Aihara K.
Physics Letters A, 23 June 2003, vol. 313, no. 1, pp. 55-61(7)
Abstract:
Cooperation is commonly found in ecological and social systems even when
it apparently seems that individuals can benefit from selfish behavior. We
investigate how cooperation emerges with the spatial prisoner's dilemma played
in a class of networks ranging from regular lattices to random networks. We
find that, among these networks, small-world topology is the optimal structure
when we take into account the speed at which cooperative behavior propagates.
Our results may explain why the small-world properties are self-organized
in real networks.


| 1 | package com.fasterxml.aalto.util; | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | import java.util.Iterator; | |
| 4 | import java.util.NoSuchElementException; | |
| 5 | ||
| 6 | /** | |
| 7 | * Simple read-only iterator that iterators over one specific item, passed | |
| 8 | * in as constructor argument. | |
| 9 | */ | |
| 10 | public final class SingletonIterator | |
| 11 | implements Iterator<String> | |
| 12 | { | |
| 13 | private final String _value; | |
| 14 | ||
| 15 | private boolean _done = false; | |
| 16 | ||
| 17 | public SingletonIterator(String value) { | |
| 18 | _value = value; | |
| 19 | } | |
| 20 | ||
| 21 | @Override | |
| 22 | public boolean hasNext() { | |
| 23 |
3
1. hasNext : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE 2. hasNext : ROR: changed not equals zero comparison to less than operator → NO_COVERAGE 3. hasNext : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return !_done; |
| 24 | } | |
| 25 | ||
| 26 | @Override | |
| 27 | public String next() { | |
| 28 |
2
1. next : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE 2. next : ROR: changed equals zero comparison to less than operator → NO_COVERAGE |
if (_done) { |
| 29 | throw new NoSuchElementException(); | |
| 30 | } | |
| 31 | _done = true; | |
| 32 |
1
1. next : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/SingletonIterator::next to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return _value; |
| 33 | } | |
| 34 | ||
| 35 | @Override | |
| 36 | public void remove() { | |
| 37 | throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); | |
| 38 | } | |
| 39 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 23 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 28 |
1.1 2.2 |
|
| 32 |
1.1 |


Contents
12. Open and close
|
How to program a text adventure in C
by Ruud Helderman
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Licensed under
MIT License
12. Open and close
In the previous chapter,
we used ‘condition’ functions to make objects disappear.
But of course, there is a much simpler way to achieve the same:
just clear the object’s location attribute!
The cave entrance was a typical example
where condition functions work particularly well.
This is because the entrance is affected by attributes in other objects
(the guard and the silver coin);
the functions make it possible to keep all the logic together.
Let’s take a more straightforward example.
Suppose the cave has a door leading to a backroom.
Just a simple doorway, which the player can open and close.
Just like in the previous chapter, we will use two objects for the passage;
one to represent the open door, and another for when it is closed.
| - backroom
description "a backroom"
tags "backroom"
details "The room is dusty and messy.\n"
- openDoorToBackroom
description "an open door to the south"
tags "south", "door", "doorway"
destination backroom
details "The door is open.\n"
textGo "You walk through the door into the backroom.\n"
- closedDoorToBackroom
description "a closed door to the south"
tags "south", "door", "doorway"
location cave
prospect backroom
details "The door is closed.\n"
textGo "The door is closed.\n"
|
Naturally, the door should be accessible from the other side as well.
| - openDoorToCave
description "an open door to the north"
tags "north", "door", "doorway"
destination cave
details "The door is open.\n"
textGo "You walk through the door into the cave.\n"
- closedDoorToCave
description "a closed door to the north"
tags "north", "door", "doorway"
location backroom
prospect cave
details "The door is closed.\n"
textGo "The door is closed.\n"
|
Notice I only gave the closed doorways a location; the open ones have none.
So initially, the door is closed
(hence the dashed arrows between cave and backroom
in the generated map you see on the right).
To open the door, all we have to do is swap the locations.
| openDoorToBackroom->location = cave;
closedDoorToBackroom->location = NULL;
openDoorToCave->location = backroom;
closedDoorToCave->location = NULL;
|
Let’s create a helper function to accommodate this.
| void swapLocations(OBJECT *obj1, OBJECT *obj2)
{
OBJECT *tmp = obj1->location;
obj1->location = obj2->location;
obj2->location = tmp;
}
|
Now the following statements can be used to open the door;
and once it is open, the same statements will close it again.
| swapLocations(openDoorToBackroom, closedDoorToBackroom);
swapLocations(openDoorToCave, closedDoorToCave);
|
The helper function is particularly convenient
when the object in question is movable.
For example, a box can be opened and closed,
but it is also an item that can be picked up and moved elsewhere.
In other words, its location is not fixed.
Function swapLocations does not rely on a fixed location,
since it passes the current location back and forth between two objects.
Of course, a box is not a passage;
the player is always on the outside, so a single pair of objects will suffice,
and so will a single call to swapLocations.
| swapLocations(openBox, closedBox);
|
This is more or less all we need
to implement some new commands open and close.
Below is a simple implementation of open;
the implementation of close is similar.
| OBJECT *obj = parseObject(noun);
if (obj == closedDoorToBackRoom || obj == closedDoorToCave)
{
swapLocations(openDoorToBackroom, closedDoorToBackroom);
swapLocations(openDoorToCave, closedDoorToCave);
printf("OK.\n");
}
else if (obj == closedBox)
{
swapLocations(openBox, closedBox);
printf("OK.\n");
}
else if (obj == openDoorToBackRoom || obj == openDoorToCave || obj == openBox)
{
printf("That is already open.\n");
}
else
{
printf("That cannot be opened.\n");
}
|
To make things slightly more complicated,
we can put a lock on the door or on the box.
This requires (at least) three mutually exclusive objects;
one for each of the possible states:
open, closed and locked.
But we can still use the same function to swap locations of the objects.
For example, here’s how to unlock a locked box; and vice versa.
| swapLocations(closedBox, lockedBox);
|
There is some overhead involved in the other commands.
Our implementation of command open must be expanded
to handle the new object lockedBox:
| ...
else if (obj == lockedBox)
{
printf("You can't, it is locked.\n");
}
...
|
It may be clear that the number of lines of code
is proportional to the number of doors in the game
(and boxes and other objects that can be opened).
So if your game has more than just a handful of doors,
then it is a good idea to go for a more generic solution.
By the way, this is something that goes for every command:
when it concerns a good many objects, try to write generic code;
but when you are dealing with one or two special cases,
just stick to straightforward, specialized code.
Generic code typically comes with a data-driven approach.
In other words,
we need to add one or more attributes to our object structure.
In this particular case, we will be adding a function pointer
for each of the commands we wish to support:
open, close, lock and unlock.
| object.txt |
- #include <stdbool.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include "object.h"
- #include "toggle.h"
- typedef struct object {
- bool (*condition)(void);
- const char *description;
- const char **tags;
- struct object *location;
- struct object *destination;
- struct object *prospect;
- const char *details;
- const char *contents;
- const char *textGo;
- int weight;
- int capacity;
- int health;
- void (*open)(void);
- void (*close)(void);
- void (*lock)(void);
- void (*unlock)(void);
- } OBJECT;
- extern OBJECT objs[];
- - field
- description "an open field"
- tags "field"
- details "The field is a nice and quiet place under a clear blue sky."
- capacity 9999
- - cave
- description "a little cave"
- tags "cave"
- details "The cave is just a cold, damp, rocky chamber."
- capacity 9999
- - silver
- description "a silver coin"
- tags "silver", "coin", "silver coin"
- location field
- details "The coin has an eagle on the obverse."
- weight 1
- - gold
- description "a gold coin"
- tags "gold", "coin", "gold coin"
- location openBox
- details "The shiny coin seems to be a rare and priceless artefact."
- weight 1
- - guard
- description "a burly guard"
- tags "guard", "burly guard"
- location field
- details "The guard is a really big fellow."
- contents "He has"
- health 100
- capacity 20
- - player
- description "yourself"
- tags "yourself"
- location field
- details "You would need a mirror to look at yourself."
- contents "You have"
- health 100
- capacity 20
- - intoCave
- condition { return guard->health == 0 || silver->location == guard; }
- description "a cave entrance to the east"
- tags "east", "entrance"
- location field
- destination cave
- details "The entrance is just a narrow opening in a small outcrop."
- textGo "You walk into the cave."
- open isAlreadyOpen
- - intoCaveBlocked
- condition { return guard->health > 0 && silver->location != guard; }
- description "a cave entrance to the east"
- tags "east", "entrance"
- location field
- prospect cave
- details "The entrance is just a narrow opening in a small outcrop."
- textGo "The guard stops you from walking into the cave."
- open isAlreadyOpen
- - exitCave
- description "an exit to the west"
- tags "west", "exit"
- location cave
- destination field
- details "Sunlight pours in through an opening in the cave's wall."
- textGo "You walk out of the cave."
- open isAlreadyOpen
- - wallField
- description "dense forest all around"
- tags "west", "north", "south", "forest"
- location field
- details "The field is surrounded by trees and undergrowth."
- textGo "Dense forest is blocking the way."
- - wallCave
- description "solid rock all around"
- tags "east", "north", "rock"
- location cave
- details "Carved in stone is a secret password 'abccb'."
- textGo "Solid rock is blocking the way."
- - backroom
- description "a backroom"
- tags "backroom"
- details "The room is dusty and messy."
- capacity 9999
- - wallBackroom
- description "solid rock all around"
- tags "east", "west", "south", "rock"
- location backroom
- details "Trendy wallpaper covers the rock walls."
- textGo "Solid rock is blocking the way."
- - openDoorToBackroom
- description "an open door to the south"
- tags "south", "door", "doorway"
- destination backroom
- details "The door is open."
- textGo "You walk through the door into a backroom."
- open isAlreadyOpen
- close toggleDoorToBackroom
- - closedDoorToBackroom
- description "a closed door to the south"
- tags "south", "door", "doorway"
- location cave
- prospect backroom
- details "The door is closed."
- textGo "The door is closed."
- open toggleDoorToBackroom
- close isAlreadyClosed
- - openDoorToCave
- description "an open door to the north"
- tags "north", "door", "doorway"
- destination cave
- details "The door is open."
- textGo "You walk through the door into the cave."
- open isAlreadyOpen
- close toggleDoorToCave
- - closedDoorToCave
- description "a closed door to the north"
- tags "north", "door", "doorway"
- location backroom
- prospect cave
- details "The door is closed."
- textGo "The door is closed."
- open toggleDoorToCave
- close isAlreadyClosed
- - openBox
- description "a wooden box"
- tags "box", "wooden box"
- details "The box is open."
- weight 5
- capacity 10
- open isAlreadyOpen
- close toggleBox
- lock isStillOpen
- unlock isAlreadyOpen
- - closedBox
- description "a wooden box"
- tags "box", "wooden box"
- details "The box is closed."
- weight 5
- open toggleBox
- close isAlreadyClosed
- lock toggleBoxLock
- unlock isAlreadyUnlocked
- - lockedBox
- description "a wooden box"
- tags "box", "wooden box"
- location backroom
- details "The box is closed."
- weight 5
- open isStillLocked
- close isAlreadyClosed
- lock isAlreadyLocked
- unlock toggleBoxLock
- - keyForBox
- description "a tiny key"
- tags "key", "tiny key"
- location cave
- details "The key is really small and shiny."
- weight 1
|
Explanation:
- Line 89:
at first sight, isAlreadyOpen may seem inappropriate here;
technically, intoCaveBlocked is a closed passage.
But storywise, it is still an opening.
- Line 169, 180, 191:
If you prefer a heavy treasure chest instead of a box,
then all you have to do is increase the weight
(and adjust the relevant text and tags accordingly).
To avoid
duplicate code,
I deliberately did not use anonymous functions this time.
Instead, we will implement the necessary logic in a separate module.
Function swapLocations is in there too,
but in a slightly extended version,
which will also output feedback to the user.
| toggle.h |
- extern void cannotBeOpened(void);
- extern void cannotBeClosed(void);
- extern void cannotBeLocked(void);
- extern void cannotBeUnlocked(void);
- extern void isAlreadyOpen(void);
- extern void isAlreadyClosed(void);
- extern void isAlreadyLocked(void);
- extern void isAlreadyUnlocked(void);
- extern void isStillOpen(void);
- extern void isStillLocked(void);
- extern void toggleDoorToBackroom(void);
- extern void toggleDoorToCave(void);
- extern void toggleBox(void);
- extern void toggleBoxLock(void);
|
| toggle.c |
- #include <stdbool.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include "object.h"
- static void swapLocations(const char *verb1, OBJECT *obj1,
- const char *verb2, OBJECT *obj2)
- {
- OBJECT *tmp = obj1->location;
- OBJECT *obj = tmp != NULL ? obj1 : obj2;
- const char *verb = tmp != NULL ? verb1 : verb2;
- obj1->location = obj2->location;
- obj2->location = tmp;
- if (verb != NULL) printf("You %s %s.\n", verb, obj->description);
- }
- void cannotBeOpened(void) { printf("That cannot be opened.\n"); }
- void cannotBeClosed(void) { printf("That cannot be closed.\n"); }
- void cannotBeLocked(void) { printf("That cannot be locked.\n"); }
- void cannotBeUnlocked(void) { printf("That cannot be unlocked.\n"); }
- void isAlreadyOpen(void) { printf("That is already open.\n"); }
- void isAlreadyClosed(void) { printf("That is already closed.\n"); }
- void isAlreadyLocked(void) { printf("That is already locked.\n"); }
- void isAlreadyUnlocked(void) { printf("That is already unlocked.\n"); }
- void isStillOpen(void) { printf("That is still open.\n"); }
- void isStillLocked(void) { printf("That is locked.\n"); }
- void toggleDoorToBackroom(void)
- {
- swapLocations(NULL, openDoorToCave, NULL, closedDoorToCave);
- swapLocations("close", openDoorToBackroom, "open", closedDoorToBackroom);
- }
- void toggleDoorToCave(void)
- {
- swapLocations(NULL, openDoorToBackroom, NULL, closedDoorToBackroom);
- swapLocations("close", openDoorToCave, "open", closedDoorToCave);
- }
- void toggleBox(void)
- {
- swapLocations("close", openBox, "open", closedBox);
- }
- void toggleBoxLock(void)
- {
- if (keyForBox->location == player)
- {
- swapLocations("lock", closedBox, "unlock", lockedBox);
- }
- else
- {
- printf("You don't have a key.\n");
- }
- }
|
As announced earlier, the implementations of the four commands
open, close, lock and unlock
are totally generic.
| openclose.h |
- extern void executeOpen(const char *noun);
- extern void executeClose(const char *noun);
- extern void executeLock(const char *noun);
- extern void executeUnlock(const char *noun);
|
| openclose.c |
- #include <stdbool.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include "object.h"
- #include "reach.h"
- void executeOpen(const char *noun)
- {
- OBJECT *obj = reachableObject("what you want to open", noun);
- if (obj != NULL) (*obj->open)();
- }
- void executeClose(const char *noun)
- {
- OBJECT *obj = reachableObject("what you want to close", noun);
- if (obj != NULL) (*obj->close)();
- }
- void executeLock(const char *noun)
- {
- OBJECT *obj = reachableObject("what you want to lock", noun);
- if (obj != NULL) (*obj->lock)();
- }
- void executeUnlock(const char *noun)
- {
- OBJECT *obj = reachableObject("what you want to unlock", noun);
- if (obj != NULL) (*obj->unlock)();
- }
|
Above, I used a generic function reachableObject
to handle objects that are not here;
see below for its implementation.
This way, we don’t have to write the same code four times
(once for every execute function).
More commands will be added in chapter 15;
these will benefit from the same function.
| reach.h |
- extern OBJECT *reachableObject(const char *intention, const char *noun);
|
| reach.c |
- #include <stdbool.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include "object.h"
- #include "misc.h"
- #include "noun.h"
- OBJECT *reachableObject(const char *intention, const char *noun)
- {
- OBJECT *obj = getVisible(intention, noun);
- switch (getDistance(player, obj))
- {
- case distSelf:
- printf("You should not be doing that to yourself.\n");
- break;
- case distHeldContained:
- case distHereContained:
- printf("You would have to get it from %s first.\n",
- obj->location->description);
- break;
- case distOverthere:
- printf("Too far away, move closer please.\n");
- break;
- case distNotHere:
- case distUnknownObject:
- // already handled by getVisible
- break;
- default:
- return obj;
- }
- return NULL;
- }
|
The necessary modifications to object.awk are very straightforward:
| object.awk |
- BEGIN {
- count = 0;
- obj = "";
- if (pass == "c2") {
- print "\nstatic bool alwaysTrue(void) { return true; }";
- print "\nOBJECT objs[] = {";
- }
- }
- /^- / {
- outputRecord(",");
- obj = $2;
- prop["condition"] = "alwaysTrue";
- prop["description"] = "NULL";
- prop["tags"] = "";
- prop["location"] = "NULL";
- prop["destination"] = "NULL";
- prop["prospect"] = "";
- prop["details"] = "\"You see nothing special.\"";
- prop["contents"] = "\"You see\"";
- prop["textGo"] = "\"You can't get much closer than this.\"";
- prop["weight"] = "99";
- prop["capacity"] = "0";
- prop["health"] = "0";
- prop["open"] = "cannotBeOpened";
- prop["close"] = "cannotBeClosed";
- prop["lock"] = "cannotBeLocked";
- prop["unlock"] = "cannotBeUnlocked";
- }
- obj && /^[ \t]+[a-z]/ {
- name = $1;
- $1 = "";
- if (name in prop) {
- prop[name] = $0;
- if (/^[ \t]*\{/) {
- prop[name] = name count;
- if (pass == "c1") print "static bool " prop[name] "(void) " $0;
- }
- }
- else if (pass == "c2") {
- print "#error \"" FILENAME " line " NR ": unknown attribute '" name "'\"";
- }
- }
- !obj && pass == (/^#include/ ? "c1" : "h") {
- print;
- }
- END {
- outputRecord("\n};");
- if (pass == "h") {
- print "\n#define endOfObjs\t(objs + " count ")";
- print "\n#define validObject(obj)\t" \
- "((obj) != NULL && (*(obj)->condition)())";
- }
- }
- function outputRecord(separator)
- {
- if (obj) {
- if (pass == "h") {
- print "#define " obj "\t(objs + " count ")";
- }
- else if (pass == "c1") {
- print "static const char *tags" count "[] = {" prop["tags"] ", NULL};";
- }
- else if (pass == "c2") {
- print "\t{\t/* " count " = " obj " */";
- print "\t\t" prop["condition"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["description"] ",";
- print "\t\ttags" count ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["location"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["destination"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop[prop["prospect"] ? "prospect" : "destination"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["details"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["contents"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["textGo"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["weight"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["capacity"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["health"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["open"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["close"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["lock"] ",";
- print "\t\t" prop["unlock"];
- print "\t}" separator;
- delete prop;
- }
- count++;
- }
- }
|
| Sample output |
Welcome to Little Cave Adventure.
You are in an open field.

You are in a backroom.
You see:
solid rock all around
an open door to the north
a wooden box
--> unlock box
You unlock a wooden box.
--> open box
You open a wooden box.
--> look box
The box is open.
You see:
a gold coin
--> get gold
You get a gold coin from a wooden box.
--> quit
Bye!
|
The additions to parsexec.c are equally straightforward.
| parsexec.c |
- #include <stdbool.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include "location.h"
- #include "inventory.h"
- #include "openclose.h"
- bool parseAndExecute(char *input)
- {
- char *verb = strtok(input, " \n");
- char *noun = strtok(NULL, "\n");
- if (verb != NULL)
- {
- if (strcmp(verb, "quit") == 0)
- {
- return false;
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "look") == 0)
- {
- executeLook(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "go") == 0)
- {
- executeGo(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "get") == 0)
- {
- executeGet(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "drop") == 0)
- {
- executeDrop(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "give") == 0)
- {
- executeGive(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "ask") == 0)
- {
- executeAsk(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "inventory") == 0)
- {
- executeInventory();
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "open") == 0)
- {
- executeOpen(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "close") == 0)
- {
- executeClose(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "lock") == 0)
- {
- executeLock(noun);
- }
- else if (strcmp(verb, "unlock") == 0)
- {
- executeUnlock(noun);
- }
- else
- {
- printf("I don't know how to '%s'.\n", verb);
- }
- }
- return true;
- }
|
Notes:
- You may have noticed that object.txt has almost doubled in size
in this chapter.
I can already promise you, this is only the beginning.
object.txt is our main source of game data;
once we seriously start adding locations, items and actors,
the number of lines could easily grow to many thousands.
- Function swapLocation
can be used for many other things than doors and locks.
In chapter 15, it will be used again, this time to turn the light on and off.
- As you can see in the sample output,
the player can get the gold from the box,
but he is unable to put it back in again!
Our parser cannot handle ‘complex’ commands like
put coin in box.
So in the next chapter, we will write a whole new parser;
the current two-line implementation badly needs replacement!
Next chapter: 13. The parser


Vegan sues US fast food chain Burger King for ‘meat byproducts’ in vegan Impossible Burger
A vegan has sued US fast food chain Burger King for allegedly misleading customers by cooking vegetable-based patties for their ‘Impossible Whoppers’ on the same grill as their meat products.
The lawsuit was filed by a self-proclaimed vegan in a U.S District Court in Florida and aims to become a class-action.
According to the suit, the man ordered the burger at an Atlanta drive-through and was shocked to find out the plant-based patty was grilled on the same surface as traditional meat burgers - meaning they were potentially contaminated with ‘meat byproducts.’
While Burger King’s ‘Impossible Burgers’ are described as “100% Whopper, 0% Beef”, the website also states “for guests looking for a meat-free option, a non-brioler method of preparation is available on request.”
The news sparked a debate about vegan options in fast food restaurants.


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Location And Contact
Seattle
- Hours: 6 am - 7 pm
- Contact:<PHONE_NUMBER>
- Location: 2901 3rd Avu #300, Seattle,WA98121
Tokyo
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- Contact:<PHONE_NUMBER>
- Location: 1 Chome-102 oshiage, Sumida, Tokyo 131-8634
Dubai
- Hours: 6 am - 7 pm
- Contact:<PHONE_NUMBER>
- Location: Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashed bived - Dubai
Paris
- Hours: 6 am - 7 pm
- Contact:<PHONE_NUMBER>
- Location: Champete Mars,5 Avenue Anatote France, France, 75007 Paris
Lima
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- Contact:<PHONE_NUMBER>
- Location: Ca. Gral.Borgone Cudra 8, Mira Flores 15074


Press n or j to go to the next uncovered block, b, p or k for the previous block.
| File | Statements | Branches | Functions | Lines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carousel3d.vue |
|
61.94% | 83/134 | 43.43% | 43/99 | 69.44% | 25/36 | 61.36% | 81/132 |
| Controls.vue |
|
100% | 1/1 | 100% | 0/0 | 100% | 1/1 | 100% | 1/1 |
| Slide.vue |
|
81.58% | 31/38 | 72.22% | 26/36 | 90.91% | 10/11 | 81.58% | 31/38 |


Noel Fielding compares election to 'choosing between urine and s*** sandwich'
Noel Fielding has slammed both Labour and the Tories just weeks before the General Election.
The star has recently been stressing the importance of saving the NHS after sharing a video of Rob Delaney talking about its benefits – not that we needed reminding, right?
But it seems the 46-year-old is still struggling to pick who to place his all-important tick next to on 12 December.
Don’t worry Noel, you still have 13 days left to decide.
In a now-deleted tweet, the father-of-one wrote this his followers: ‘I mean I would love to vote but who the f**k for? It’s like choosing between a cup of warm urine and a s*** sandwich.’
Shortly after he got rid of his post, the comedian then shared another featuring a South Park gif of the characters voting in the ‘Offical Mascot Ballot 2004.’
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The options were a ‘Giant Douche’, or a ‘Turd Sandwich.’
Fans were quick to comment and told the star how they were not sad, just ‘disappointed’ in his tweet.
‘Noel, stop it. One wants to end poverty in society, the other wants to continue with the norm. Stop it,’ one wrote while another said: ‘You shared @robdelaney ’s video. Watch it again until you realise how daft this tweet was.’

And it seems Noel isn’t the only A-lister pondering over what to do with their ballot paper, as Liam Payne has recently revealed his uncertainty.
When asked for his thoughts on choosing between Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn next month, the 26-year-old said: ‘I think I will vote but I am always out of the country.
‘We need a mobile app where we can vote with our thumbprint or something. I mean, in regards to Boris or Jeremy, I don’t think we give people enough time.’
He told GQ Magazine: ‘Same with West Brom football club. They always change their manager every week it seems and we never get time to gel with anybody.
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‘So it’s like, if I was changing my manager every week, I’d probably be really s**t too. We need to give someone a chance to at least have a proper go of it or it will never be fixed.’
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a celebrity story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


Ferrari N.V. (pronounced [ferˈrari]) is an Italian sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1939 out of Alfa Romeo's race division as Auto Avio Costruzioni, the company built its first car in 1940. However, the company's inception as an auto manufacturer is usually recognized in 1947, when the first Ferrari-badged car was completed. In 2014, Ferrari was rated the world's most powerful brand by Brand Finance.[3] In May 2012 the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO became the most expensive car in history, selling in a private transaction for US$38.1 million to American communications magnate Craig McCaw.[4] Fiat S.p.A. acquired 50% of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90% in 1988.[5] In October 2014 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its intentions to separate Ferrari S.p.A. from FCA; as of the announcement FCA owned 90% of Ferrari.[6][7][8] The separation began in October 2015 with a restructuring that established Ferrari N.V. (a company incorporated in the Netherlands) as the new holding company of the Ferrari group and the subsequent sale by FCA of 10% of the shares in an IPO and concurrent listing of common shares on the New York Stock Exchange.[9] Through the remaining steps of the separation, FCA's interest in Ferrari's business was distributed to shareholders of FCA, with 10% continuing to be owned by Piero Ferrari.[10] The spin-off was completed on 3 January 2016.


Replete with waterfalls, historical caves, comfortable resorts and homestays, Wayanad in Kerala is famous for its spice plantations and wildlife. Walking through the sprawling spice plantations, trekking to the pre-historic caves and experiencing a resort holiday are one of the many things you can do to get a taste of Wayanad. Wayanad is best known for the wildlife reserves - Wayanad wildlife reserve which is home to an exquisite variety of flora and fauna. Wayanad wildlife reserve is an integral part of the Nilgiri biosphere reserve peacefully located amidst the serene hills of Western Ghats. Wayanad homes a wide variety of wildlife like elephants, leopards, and bears. Wayanad is a perfect weekend idea from the cities of South India. If taking a road trip from Bangalore, you will drive through three national parks: Nagarhole, Bandipur and Mudumalai.
Lying in the lap of the Banasura hills in the Wayanad district is the picturesque Banasura Sagar dam. Banasura Dam is the largest earthen dam in the country and the second-largest in Asia. The view of the sprawling reservoir from the top of the dam is breathtaking.  An earthen dam, also known as an embankment dam is created by placing mounds of clay, sand, rock or soil. The view of Banasura Lake from the top of the hill is mesmerising.
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is the second largest wildlife sanctuary in Kerala and comprises of rare as well as endangered species of both flora and fauna. It is surrounded by the protected areas of Mudumalai in Tamil Nadu as well as Nagarhole and Bandipur in Karnataka. Founded in the year 1973, the wildlife sanctuary is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve which was the first biosphere out of the 14 present in India. The sanctuary is spread over an area of 345 square km and comprises of two parts namely Upper Wayanad and Lower Wayanad. Eucalyptus, as well as bamboo trees, are grown in the region.
With a height 2100 m, the Chembara peak is an attractive destination for Campers and Mountaineers. Many guided expeditions are conducted to the tallest summit of Wayanad.
Famous for its exquisite rock and wall carvings, this pre-historic Edakkal Caves measures 96 ft long and 22 ft wide. You need to trek for one and half hour to hit the cave entrance, and another 45 minutes to reach the mouth of the cave. Boating cost: Pedal boat (Rs 30/2 people, Rs 50/4 people), Row boat (Rs 50/4 people) and Kayaking (Rs 100/30 minutes).
The temperature in Wayanad remains more or less constant throughout the year, but the best time to visit Wayanad is between October and May. These months covers the winter and the beginning of the summer season. During the monsoons, the hill station receives the right amount of rainfall and the wet and humid weather might not be something tourists would be crazy for. So it is not always recommended except for those who wouldn't mind the rains only to be amidst the beautiful hill station covered with a green carpet of dense trees.


| 1 |
Kwong_2020 |
The impact of repeated vaccination using 10-year vaccination history on protection against influenza in older adults: a test-negative design study across the 2010/11 to 2015/16 influenza seasons in Ontario, Canada |
Kwong, Jeffrey C; Chung, Hannah; Jung, James KH; Buchan, Sarah A; Campigotto, Aaron; Campitelli, Michael A; Crowcroft, Natasha S; Gubbay, Jonathan B; Karnauchow, Timothy; Katz, Kevin; McGeer, Allison J; McNally, J Dayre; Richardson, David C; Richardson, Susan E; Rosella, Laura C; Schwartz, Kevin L; Simor, Andrew; Smieja, Marek; Zahariadis, George |
2020 |
2020-01-09 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6961264 |
31937397.0 |
10.2807/1560-7917.es.2<IP_ADDRESS>0245 |
dp90eo2u |
0.766833 |
Azziz-Baumgartner_2012, Cowling_2014, Cowling_2012 |
Sundaram_2013, Kuliese_2017, Su_W_2015, Wu_P_2018 |
| 2 |
Wolff_2020 |
Influenza vaccination and respiratory virus interference among Department of Defense personnel during the 2017–2018 influenza season |
Wolff, Greg G. |
2020 |
2020-01-10 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7126676 |
31607599.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.005 |
30r8zd0l |
0.711180 |
|
Sundaram_2013 |
| 3 |
Yeung_2015 |
Factors associated with uptake of influenza vaccine in people aged 50 to 64 years in Hong Kong: a case–control study |
Yeung, May PS; Ng, Stephen Kam-Cheung; Tong, Edmond Tak Fai; Chan, Stephen Sek-Kam; Coker, Richard |
2015 |
2015-07-07 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4491862 |
26148496.0 |
10.1186/s12889-015-1990-0 |
sig0h723 |
0.709064 |
Cowling_2014, Cowling_2012, Azziz-Baumgartner_2012 |
Hönemann_2019, Elhakim_2020, Su_W_2015 |
| 4 |
Feng_2017 |
Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness With the Test-Negative Design Using Alternative Control Groups: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
Feng, Shuo; Cowling, Benjamin J; Kelly, Heath; Sullivan, Sheena G |
2017 |
2017-06-21 |
PMC |
N |
PMC5860156 |
28641373.0 |
10.1093/aje/kwx251 |
nlll8fay |
0.699370 |
|
Sundaram_2013, van_Doorn_2017, Sáez-López_2019 |
| 5 |
Pockett_2015 |
Burden of Illness in UK Subjects with Reported Respiratory Infections Vaccinated or Unvaccinated against Influenza: A Retrospective Observational Study |
Pockett, Rhys D.; Watkins, John; McEwan, Phil; Meier, Genevieve |
2015 |
2015-08-19 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4546056 |
26287532.0 |
10.1371/journal.pone.0134928 |
dh6foe7y |
0.675245 |
Azziz-Baumgartner_2012, Murray_2015 |
|
| 6 |
Chan_2015 |
A nurse-delivered brief health education intervention to improve pneumococcal vaccination rate among older patients with chronic diseases: A cluster randomized controlled trial |
Chan, Sophia S.C.; Leung, Doris Y.P.; Leung, Angela Y.M.; Lam, Cindy; Hung, Ivan; Chu, Daniel; Chan, Chi Kuen; Johnston, Janice; Liu, Shao Haei; Liang, Raymond; Lam, Tai Hing; Yuen, Kwok Yung |
2015 |
2015-01-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7094619 |
25012957.0 |
10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.06.008 |
exmk6gmu |
0.651888 |
|
|
| 7 |
Scott_2019 |
Using population-wide administrative and laboratory data to estimate type- and subtype-specific influenza vaccine effectiveness: a surveillance protocol |
Scott, Allison Nicole; Buchan, Sarah A; Kwong, Jeffrey C; Drews, Steven J; Simmonds, Kimberley A; Svenson, Lawrence W |
2019 |
2019-09-30 |
None |
N |
PMC6773297 |
31575570.0 |
10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029708 |
606hx36y |
0.614808 |
|
van_Doorn_2017, Su_W_2015, Al-Awaidy_2015, Meerhoff_2006 |
| 8 |
Suzuki_2014 |
Vaccine Effectiveness against Medically Attended Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in Japan, 2011–2012 Season |
Suzuki, Motoi; Minh, Le Nhat; Yoshimine, Hiroyuki; Inoue, Kenichiro; Yoshida, Lay Myint; Morimoto, Konosuke; Ariyoshi, Koya |
2014 |
2014-02-13 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC3923823 |
24551167.0 |
10.1371/journal.pone.0088813 |
kkmv41en |
0.599785 |
|
Sundaram_2013, Simpson_2016 |
| 9 |
Esposito_2010 |
Impact of influenza-like illness and effectiveness of influenza vaccination in oncohematological children who have completed cancer therapy |
Esposito, Susanna; Cecinati, Valerio; Scicchitano, Barbara; Delvecchio, Giovanni Carlo; Santoro, Nicola; Amato, Doriana; Pelucchi, Claudio; Jankovic, Momcilo; De Mattia, Domenico; Principi, Nicola |
2010 |
2010-02-10 |
PMC |
N |
|
20003924.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.055 |
ol9ilsxv |
0.597476 |
|
|
| 10 |
van_Doorn_2017 |
Influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates in the Dutch population from 2003 to 2014: The test-negative design case-control study with different control groups |
van Doorn, Eva; Darvishian, Maryam; Dijkstra, Frederika; Donker, Gé A.; Overduin, Pieter; Meijer, Adam; Hak, Eelko |
2017 |
2017-05-15 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7126814 |
28412077.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.012 |
i8pb32et |
0.587055 |
|
Sundaram_2013, van_Beek_2017, Basile_2019 |
| 11 |
Puig-Barberà_2012 |
Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study |
Puig-Barberà, J.; Díez-Domingo, J.; Arnedo-Pena, A.; Ruiz-García, M.; Pérez-Vilar, S.; Micó-Esparza, J.L.; Belenguer-Varea, A.; Carratalá-Munuera, C.; Gil-Guillén, V.; Schwarz-Chavarri, H. |
2012 |
2012-08-24 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7115682 |
22819720.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.006 |
ouykx6g5 |
0.576588 |
Azziz-Baumgartner_2012 |
Simpson_2016, Carvalho_2013 |
| 12 |
Pelat_2011 |
Field Effectiveness of Pandemic and 2009-2010 Seasonal Vaccines against 2009-2010 A(H1N1) Influenza: Estimations from Surveillance Data in France |
Pelat, Camille; Falchi, Alessandra; Carrat, Fabrice; Mosnier, Anne; Bonmarin, Isabelle; Turbelin, Clément; Vaux, Sophie; van der Werf, Sylvie; Cohen, Jean Marie; Lina, Bruno; Blanchon, Thierry; Hanslik, Thomas |
2011 |
2011-05-10 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC3091864 |
21573005.0 |
10.1371/journal.pone.0019621 |
bn2loscc |
0.557271 |
|
Machablishvili_2018 |
| 13 |
Sundaram_2013 |
Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness |
Sundaram, Maria E.; McClure, David L.; VanWormer, Jeffrey J.; Friedrich, Thomas C.; Meece, Jennifer K.; Belongia, Edward A. |
2013 |
2013-09-15 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7107973 |
23748138.0 |
10.1093/cid/cit379 |
s8j78naz |
0.548906 |
|
Falsey_2014 |
| 14 |
Ridgway_2015 |
Influenza Among Afebrile and Vaccinated Healthcare Workers |
Ridgway, Jessica P.; Bartlett, Allison H.; Garcia-Houchins, Sylvia; Cariño, Sean; Enriquez, Aurea; Marrs, Rachel; Perez, Cynthia; Shah, Mona; Guenette, Caroline; Mosakowski, Steve; Beavis, Kathleen G.; Landon, Emily |
2015 |
2015-06-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7108074 |
25733370.0 |
10.1093/cid/civ163 |
or6h6p9p |
0.518982 |
|
Simpson_2016 |
| 15 |
Sambhara_2009 |
Immunosenescence and Influenza Vaccine Efficacy |
Sambhara, Suryaprakash; McElhaney, Janet E. |
2009 |
2009-06-15 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7121450 |
19768417.0 |
10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_20 |
u441gk55 |
0.468860 |
|
|
| 16 |
Yun_J_2017 |
The Korean Influenza National Immunization Program: History and Present Status |
Yun, Jae-Won; Noh, Ji Yun; Song, Joon Young; Chun, Chaemin; Kim, Yunju; Cheong, Hee Jin |
2017 |
2017-12-21 |
NONCOMM |
N |
PMC5754334 |
29299891.0 |
10.3947/ic.2<IP_ADDRESS> |
wqdszb22 |
0.452793 |
|
Argentinean_2017, Byambasuren_2020, Wu_P_2018 |
| 17 |
Rikin_2018 |
Assessment of temporally-related acute respiratory illness following influenza vaccination |
Rikin, Sharon; Jia, Haomiao; Vargas, Celibell Y.; Castellanos de Belliard, Yaritza; Reed, Carrie; LaRussa, Philip; Larson, Elaine L.; Saiman, Lisa; Stockwell, Melissa S. |
2018 |
2018-04-05 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7115556 |
29525279.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.105 |
bc30df2n |
0.443810 |
Cowling_2012 |
Simpson_2016, Carvalho_2013 |
| 18 |
Kwong_2007 |
Appropriate measures of influenza immunization program effectiveness |
Kwong, Jeffrey C.; Stukel, Thérèse A.; McGeer, Allison J.; Manuel, Douglas G. |
2007 |
2007-01-22 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7127273 |
17052813.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.080 |
zs5m36cp |
0.435920 |
|
Argentinean_2017, Sundaram_2013 |
| 19 |
Su_W_2015 |
Estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness using routine surveillance data among children aged 6–59 months for five consecutive influenza seasons |
Su, Wei-Ju; Chan, Ta-Chien; Chuang, Pei-Hung; Liu, Yu-Lun; Lee, Ping-Ing; Liu, Ming-Tsan; Chuang, Jen-Hsiang |
2015 |
2015-01-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7110782 |
25462180.0 |
10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.011 |
vrcoo0zt |
0.430568 |
Cowling_2014 |
Simpson_2016, Hönemann_2019, Wu_P_2018 |
| 20 |
Brydak_2012 |
Influenza vaccines and vaccinations in Poland – past, present and future |
Brydak, Lidia B.; Kosek, Agnieszka WoŸniak; Nitsch-Osuch, Aneta |
2012 |
2012-11-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC3560607 |
23111751.0 |
10.12659/msm.883534 |
mv273zxn |
0.429705 |
|
Argentinean_2017, Brydak_2013 |
| 21 |
Cowling_2014 |
The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalizations in children in Hong Kong, 2009–2013 |
Cowling, Benjamin J.; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Feng, Shuo; Chan, Eunice L.Y.; Lo, Janice Y.C.; Peiris, J.S. Malik; Chiu, Susan S. |
2014 |
2014-09-15 |
PMC |
N |
|
25092636.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.084 |
98v5kmus |
0.418140 |
Cowling_2012 |
|
| 22 |
Kuliese_2017 |
Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza in 2015–2016: a hospital-based test-negative case–control study in Lithuania |
Kuliese, Monika; Jancoriene, Ligita; Grimalauskaite, Rita; Zablockiene, Birute; Damuleviciene, Gyte; Velyvyte, Daiva; Lesauskaite, Vita; Ambrozaitis, Arvydas; Mickiene, Aukse; Gefenaite, Giedre |
2017 |
2017-10-10 |
NONCOMM |
N |
PMC5652622 |
29018073.0 |
10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017835 |
a28bowqy |
0.406953 |
Cowling_2014 |
Hönemann_2019, Simpson_2016 |
| 23 |
Kee_S_2007 |
Influenza vaccine coverage rates and perceptions on vaccination in South Korea |
Kee, Sae Yoon; Lee, Jin Soo; Cheong, Hee Jin; Chun, Byung Chul; Song, Joon Young; Choi, Won Suk; Jo, Yu Mi; Seo, Yoo Bin; Kim, Woo Joo |
2007 |
2007-09-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7132372 |
17602750.0 |
10.1016/j.jinf.2007.04.354 |
ruf4rzxm |
0.382922 |
|
Yun_J_2017 |
| 24 |
Argentinean_2017 |
Epidemiology and prevention of influenza in children in Argentina and Brazil |
Argentinean Influenza Brazilian Working Group Vaccine, |
2017 |
2017-04-28 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6645205 |
28628185.0 |
10.26633/rpsp.2017.76 |
4xit2zrl |
0.354076 |
|
Wu_P_2018, Hönemann_2019 |
| 25 |
Wu_P_2018 |
Impact of influenza vaccine on childhood otitis media in Taiwan: A population-based study |
Wu, Pei-Wen; Huang, Chien-Chia; Chao, Wei-Chieh; Sun, Chi-Chin; Chiu, Cheng-Hsun; Lee, Ta-Jen |
2018 |
2018-01-05 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5755876 |
29304178.0 |
10.1371/journal.pone.0190507 |
ikaekka7 |
0.326546 |
Azziz-Baumgartner_2012, Cowling_2012 |
|
| 26 |
Chen_2020 |
Novel Coronavirus International Public Health Emergency: Guidance on Radiation Oncology Facility Operation |
Chen, Wei; Su, Xiao-Ye; Wang, Victoria J.; Wang, Edina C.; Xu, Ruizhen; Zhong, Shiyan; Sun, Guoping; Xia, Jun |
2020 |
2020-04-01 |
PMC |
N |
|
|
10.1016/j.adro.2020.03.008 |
no0k0es6 |
0.316115 |
|
|
| 27 |
Lu_P_2012 |
H1N1 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination of U.S. Healthcare Personnel, 2010 |
Lu, Peng-jun; Ding, Helen; Black, Carla L. |
2012 |
2012-09-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7126459 |
22898121.0 |
10.1016/j.amepre.2012.05.005 |
xza7o3s7 |
0.315544 |
Cowling_2014 |
Ridgway_2015 |
| 28 |
Hönemann_2019 |
Influenza B virus infections in Western Saxony, Germany in three consecutive seasons between 2015 and 2018: Analysis of molecular and clinical features |
Hönemann, M.; Martin, D.; Pietsch, C.; Maier, M.; Bergs, S.; Bieck, E.; Liebert, U.G. |
2019 |
2019-10-08 |
None |
N |
PMC7115636 |
31521415.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.027 |
4bheqtk5 |
0.301011 |
|
|


The data can be queried programmatically through our API. Feel free to experiment the current features and report your user experience through our Feedback system. The awesome Socrata API has been inspiring our design, so that there's an almost total compatibility between the two. Stay tuned - more functionality is on its way!
| Format | Description |
|---|---|
| json | An array that contains N members according to the number of results retrieved by the query. In the response header you can find some useful information about itself, for example the number of results (X-DL-Count) and the dataset version (X-DL-datagem-version). Each member is a JSON object containing all key-values pairs corresponding to all columns present in the datagem |
| api | Pretty interface for using the API, the full response, comprehensive of headers, is displayed in a dedicated styled page |
Some datagem fields contain more than one value. For example in the Places datagem the municipality field contains both the name and the acheneID of the municipality. We call these fields composites. "municipality" is the composite root, while "name" and "acheneID" are called composite fields.
You can access composite fields using dot notation: in the above example, you can filter on "municipality.name" and "municipality.acheneID" (but not on "municipality" itself).
In $select, you can get the whole composite using the composite root, or just a field using dot notation.
| Code range | Description |
|---|---|
| 200 - 299 | The request was successful |
| 400 - 499 | The request failed because there was something wrong with the request |
| 500 - 599 | The request failed because there is a problem on the server. Our fault! |
All 4xx error codes are associated with a JSON response, that contains:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| message | a specific error message, that suggests the cause of the error |
| code | the internal error code that the API return |
| data | object with additional error information |
| error | "true" |
The V1 API have no specified requests limit. You are nonetheless invited to throttle your requests so that the service remains responsive for everyone. Anyway there’s a limit on the number of maximum elements that an API response can return, currently set to 100000. Please use pagination if you need to retrieve more elements.


出版商：John Wiley & Sons
语言：英语
本书pdf是 文字版 ，彩图版，书签良好。
Concepts
The Supramolecular Chemistry of Life
Cation-Binding Hosts
Anion Binding
Ion Pair Receptors
Molecular Guests in Solution
Solid-State Inclusion Compounds
Crystal Engineering
Network Solids
Self-Assembly
Molecular Devices
Biological Mimics and Supramolecular Catalysis
Interfaces and Liquid Assemblies
Supramolecular Polymers, Gels and Fibres
Nanochemistry


Rob Dodson / @rob_dodson
You will pickup pure JavaScript along the way.
This is probably the most important slide in here.
“Stay as up to date as you need to.”