--- layout: page title: "About" description: "This is what I do." header-img: "img/about-bg.jpg" ---
Muhamad Mashudi Ardi Winata an android developer since 2016 with Kotlin, but in july 2020 move to learn about Dart and Flutter.
Blog ini di hosting di Github, dibuat menggunakan Jekyll, Clean Blog by Start Bootstrap - Jekyll Version The official Jekyll version of the Clean Blog theme by Start Bootstrap.


The Zend\Permissions\Acl component provides a lightweight and flexible access control list (ACL) implementation for privileges management. In general, an application may utilize such ACL‘s to control access to certain protected objects by other requesting objects.
For the purposes of this documentation:
Put simply, roles request access to resources. For example, if a parking attendant requests access to a car, then the parking attendant is the requesting role, and the car is the resource, since access to the car may not be granted to everyone.
Through the specification and use of an ACL, an application may control how roles are granted access to resources.
Creating a resource using Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl is very simple. A resource interface Zend\Permissions\Acl\Resource\ResourceInterface is provided to facilitate creating resources in an application. A class need only implement this interface, which consists of a single method, getResourceId(), for Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl to recognize the object as a resource. Additionally, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Resource\GenericResource is provided as a basic resource implementation for developers to extend as needed.
Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl provides a tree structure to which multiple resources can be added. Since resources are stored in such a tree structure, they can be organized from the general (toward the tree root) to the specific (toward the tree leaves). Queries on a specific resource will automatically search the resource’s hierarchy for rules assigned to ancestor resources, allowing for simple inheritance of rules. For example, if a default rule is to be applied to each building in a city, one would simply assign the rule to the city, instead of assigning the same rule to each building. Some buildings may require exceptions to such a rule, however, and this can be achieved in Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl by assigning such exception rules to each building that requires such an exception. A resource may inherit from only one parent resource, though this parent resource can have its own parent resource, etc.
Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl also supports privileges on resources (e.g., “create”, “read”, “update”, “delete”), so the developer can assign rules that affect all privileges or specific privileges on one or more resources.
As with resources, creating a role is also very simple. All roles must implement Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\RoleInterface. This interface consists of a single method, getRoleId(), Additionally, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\GenericRole is provided by the Zend\Permissions\Acl component as a basic role implementation for developers to extend as needed.
In Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl, a role may inherit from one or more roles. This is to support inheritance of rules among roles. For example, a user role, such as “sally”, may belong to one or more parent roles, such as “editor” and “administrator”. The developer can assign rules to “editor” and “administrator” separately, and “sally” would inherit such rules from both, without having to assign rules directly to “sally”.
Though the ability to inherit from multiple roles is very useful, multiple inheritance also introduces some degree of complexity. The following example illustrates the ambiguity condition and how Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl solves it.
Multiple Inheritance among Roles
The following code defines three base roles - “guest”, “member”, and “admin” - from which other roles may inherit. Then, a role identified by “someUser” is established and inherits from the three other roles. The order in which these roles appear in the $parents array is important. When necessary, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl searches for access rules defined not only for the queried role (herein, “someUser”), but also upon the roles from which the queried role inherits (herein, “guest”, “member”, and “admin”):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl;
use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\GenericRole as Role;
use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Resource\GenericResource as Resource;
$acl = new Acl();
$acl->addRole(new Role('guest'))
->addRole(new Role('member'))
->addRole(new Role('admin'));
$parents = array('guest', 'member', 'admin');
$acl->addRole(new Role('someUser'), $parents);
$acl->addResource(new Resource('someResource'));
$acl->deny('guest', 'someResource');
$acl->allow('member', 'someResource');
echo $acl->isAllowed('someUser', 'someResource') ? 'allowed' : 'denied';
|
Since there is no rule specifically defined for the “someUser” role and “someResource”, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl must search for rules that may be defined for roles that “someUser” inherits. First, the “admin” role is visited, and there is no access rule defined for it. Next, the “member” role is visited, and Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl finds that there is a rule specifying that “member” is allowed access to “someResource”.
If Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl were to continue examining the rules defined for other parent roles, however, it would find that “guest” is denied access to “someResource”. This fact introduces an ambiguity because now “someUser” is both denied and allowed access to “someResource”, by reason of having inherited conflicting rules from different parent roles.
Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl resolves this ambiguity by completing a query when it finds the first rule that is directly applicable to the query. In this case, since the “member” role is examined before the “guest” role, the example code would print “allowed”.
Note
When specifying multiple parents for a role, keep in mind that the last parent listed is the first one searched for rules applicable to an authorization query.
An Access Control List (ACL) can represent any set of physical or virtual objects that you wish. For the purposes of demonstration, however, we will create a basic Content Management System (CMS) ACL that maintains several tiers of groups over a wide variety of areas. To create a new ACL object, we instantiate the ACL with no parameters:
1 2 | use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl;
$acl = new Acl();
|
Note
Until a developer specifies an “allow” rule, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl denies access to every privilege upon every resource by every role.
CMS‘s will nearly always require a hierarchy of permissions to determine the authoring capabilities of its users. There may be a ‘Guest’ group to allow limited access for demonstrations, a ‘Staff’ group for the majority of CMS users who perform most of the day-to-day operations, an ‘Editor’ group for those responsible for publishing, reviewing, archiving and deleting content, and finally an ‘Administrator’ group whose tasks may include all of those of the other groups as well as maintenance of sensitive information, user management, back-end configuration data, backup and export. This set of permissions can be represented in a role registry, allowing each group to inherit privileges from ‘parent’ groups, as well as providing distinct privileges for their unique group only. The permissions may be expressed as follows:
| Name | Unique Permissions | Inherit Permissions From |
|---|---|---|
| Guest | View | N/A |
| Staff | Edit, Submit, Revise | Guest |
| Editor | Publish, Archive, Delete | Staff |
| Administrator | (Granted all access) | N/A |
For this example, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\GenericRole is used, but any object that implements Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\RoleInterface is acceptable. These groups can be added to the role registry as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 | use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl;
use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\GenericRole as Role;
$acl = new Acl();
// Add groups to the Role registry using Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\GenericRole
// Guest does not inherit access controls
$roleGuest = new Role('guest');
$acl->addRole($roleGuest);
// Staff inherits from guest
$acl->addRole(new Role('staff'), $roleGuest);
/*
Alternatively, the above could be written:
$acl->addRole(new Role('staff'), 'guest');
*/
// Editor inherits from staff
$acl->addRole(new Role('editor'), 'staff');
// Administrator does not inherit access controls
$acl->addRole(new Role('administrator'));
|
Now that the ACL contains the relevant roles, rules can be established that define how resources may be accessed by roles. You may have noticed that we have not defined any particular resources for this example, which is simplified to illustrate that the rules apply to all resources. Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl provides an implementation whereby rules need only be assigned from general to specific, minimizing the number of rules needed, because resources and roles inherit rules that are defined upon their ancestors.
Note
In general, Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl obeys a given rule if and only if a more specific rule does not apply.
Consequently, we can define a reasonably complex set of rules with a minimum amount of code. To apply the base permissions as defined above:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 | use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Acl;
use Zend\Permissions\Acl\Role\GenericRole as Role;
$acl = new Acl();
$roleGuest = new Role('guest');
$acl->addRole($roleGuest);
$acl->addRole(new Role('staff'), $roleGuest);
$acl->addRole(new Role('editor'), 'staff');
$acl->addRole(new Role('administrator'));
// Guest may only view content
$acl->allow($roleGuest, null, 'view');
/*
Alternatively, the above could be written:
$acl->allow('guest', null, 'view');
//*/
// Staff inherits view privilege from guest, but also needs additional
// privileges
$acl->allow('staff', null, array('edit', 'submit', 'revise'));
// Editor inherits view, edit, submit, and revise privileges from
// staff, but also needs additional privileges
$acl->allow('editor', null, array('publish', 'archive', 'delete'));
// Administrator inherits nothing, but is allowed all privileges
$acl->allow('administrator');
|
The NULL values in the above allow() calls are used to indicate that the allow rules apply to all resources.
We now have a flexible ACL that can be used to determine whether requesters have permission to perform functions throughout the web application. Performing queries is quite simple using the isAllowed() method:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | echo $acl->isAllowed('guest', null, 'view') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// allowed
echo $acl->isAllowed('staff', null, 'publish') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// denied
echo $acl->isAllowed('staff', null, 'revise') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// allowed
echo $acl->isAllowed('editor', null, 'view') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// allowed because of inheritance from guest
echo $acl->isAllowed('editor', null, 'update') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// denied because no allow rule for 'update'
echo $acl->isAllowed('administrator', null, 'view') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// allowed because administrator is allowed all privileges
echo $acl->isAllowed('administrator') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// allowed because administrator is allowed all privileges
echo $acl->isAllowed('administrator', null, 'update') ?
"allowed" : "denied";
// allowed because administrator is allowed all privileges
|
The source code of this file is hosted on GitHub. Everyone can update and fix errors in this document with few clicks - no downloads needed.


Carlyle to sell 3% in SBI Life at Rs 930-940
Through the block deal, Carlyle Group will raise up to Rs 2,820 crore.
by ET BureauPrivate equity firm Carlyle Group, which acquired 9 per cent stake in SBI Life Insurance in March this year, is planning to sell 3 per cent, or 3 crore shares, of the insurance firm through a block deal route on Tuesday at an impressive 86 per cent profit in just eight months. The sale price range of the offer has been fixed at Rs 930-940 apiece, a 6-7 per cent discount to Monday’s closing price. Through the block deal, Carlyle Group will raise up to Rs 2,820 crore.
Carlyle Group through its investment firm CA Emerald Investments has bought a 9.2 per cent stake in SBI Life for about Rs 4,635 crore in March in its biggest-ever investment in India.
SBI Life is a joint venture between State Bank of India and French multinational bank BNP Paribas Cardif. As on September 30, 2019, SBI held 57.6 per cent stake in the insurance company while BNP Paribas owned 5.20 per cent. Shares of SBI Life Insurance ended flat at Rs 999.25 on Monday.
In October 2017, SBI Life listed after a maiden initial public offer at Rs 700 per share.


It was halloween last year (1999) and me and my friend Bob had decided to split a ten strip of green jellys and wander around scaring innocent trick-or-treaters. I had made a very cool Jesus costume and a sign nailed to a baseball bat that said 'REPENT'.  However, when we started calling up our usual dealers, everyone was out except one chick and she didn't have any acid. So Bob asked what she had. She only had ecstacy and k, so since we were short on cash we decided to get k. I had done coke before and used to have a nasty meth habit when I was 14 but I had never done k before so I was a little cautious.
We picked up the drugs, went back to Bob's place and each did our 1/2 gram. We then decided to go for a walk in the park by his house. In about five minutes I felt great, it felt like I was floting across the sidewalk.
I've been on some killer three-, four-day drinking binges but I've NEVER gotten the spins so hard in my life. It felt I was turnning around at 500 mph, and the stars were turning in the apposite direction at 600 mph. I puked all over the grass and told Bob we needed to go back.  I managed to get to his car and that when I started to hallucinate.
I was actualy starting to get motion sickness because it looked and felt like I was slowly moving backwards and forwards. I tried to get out of the car several times but never made it past opening the door. Finally I just closed my eyes and all of a sudden I was flying over LA (I live in Madison WI and have never been to LA but my brain told me it was LA). I flew around for another hour then Bob came and dragged me out of his car. We watched Rocky Horror Picture Show and then he drove me back to my apartment. Still feeling like shit, I went directly to sleep, never getting any use from my Jesus costume.
If I learned anything, it would probably be that K is evil and not even worth the money. I'll stick to hallucinogens thank you very much.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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I guess I don't have that you were looking for, you could contact me on my email or tweet me on twitter. You could also post an issue on github repo. I will try to help you in any way I can.
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{% extends "admin/base_site.html" %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %}
Select the recipients for your email.
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This email will be sent to the users above:


Click the "Gimme a Quote" button for a interesting quote.
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{% extends "./jazzbase.html" %} {% load i18n static jazzmin admin_urls %} {% block cardbody %}
{% translate 'We have emailed you instructions for setting your password, if an account exists with the email you entered. You should receive them shortly.' %}
{% translate 'If you do not receive an email, please make sure you have entered the address you registered with, and check your spam folder.' %}
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Instant-runoff voting tool print ballot
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Bookshelf of Dawn:
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--- layout: post title: Invited lecture ---
I presented my manuscript On the numerical integration of the Lorenz-96 model, with scalar additive noise, for benchmark twin experiments as an invited talk at the Big Data, Data Assimilation and Uncertainty Quantification workshop of CliMathParis 2019. Please see my slides and the video recording of my talk.


To provide a platform for innovative ideas of students, faculty members and staff of the University and to organize and conduct awareness, publicity programs for them regarding the implementation of their ideas. We also aim to cultivate and maintain a healthy relationship with industry for mentorship and funding of the projects undertaken by the Centre and motivate the university stakeholders to participle in national/international competitions. To incubate business ventures of Jamia students, faculty and staff and to work as a coordinating Centre networking with other innovation centres for exchange of expertise and ideas. To develop and run short-term career-oriented specialized courses in small entrepreneurship ventures and creation of innovative ideas and to undertake Research & Development projects.


This page is for anyone around the globe who wants to start their open-source journey with Hacktoberfest . All you have to do is choose any publically available API, and display its response on the main page. You can find all the details and step-by-step procedures to make your first PR. Let's get going!


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| javafx.css |
Provides API for making properties styleable via CSS and for supporting
pseudo-class state.
|
| javafx.scene |
Provides the core set of base
classes for the JavaFX Scene Graph API.
|
| javafx.scene.canvas |
Provides the set of classes for canvas, an immediate mode style of rendering API.
|
| javafx.scene.effect |
Provides the set of classes for attaching graphical filter effects to JavaFX Scene Graph Nodes.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
<E extends Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createEffectCssMetaData(String property,
Function<S,StyleableProperty<E>> function)
Create a CssMetaData<S, Effect> with initial value of null, and inherit flag defaulting to false.
|
<E extends Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createEffectCssMetaData(String property,
Function<S,StyleableProperty<E>> function,
E initialValue)
Create a CssMetaData<S, Effect> with initial value, and inherit flag defaulting to false.
|
<E extends Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createEffectCssMetaData(String property,
Function<S,StyleableProperty<E>> function,
E initialValue,
boolean inherits)
Create a CssMetaData<S, Effect> with initial value, and inherit flag.
|
<E extends Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createStyleableEffectProperty(S styleable,
String propertyName,
String cssProperty,
Function<S,StyleableProperty<E>> function)
Create a StyleableProperty<Effect>.
|
<E extends Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createStyleableEffectProperty(S styleable,
String propertyName,
String cssProperty,
Function<S,StyleableProperty<E>> function,
E initialValue)
Create a StyleableProperty<Effect> with initial value.
|
<E extends Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createStyleableEffectProperty(S styleable,
String propertyName,
String cssProperty,
Function<S,StyleableProperty<E>> function,
E initialValue,
boolean inherits)
Create a StyleableProperty<Effect> with initial value and inherit flag.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
StyleableProperty<Effect> |
StyleablePropertyFactory.createStyleableEffectProperty(S styleable,
String propertyName,
String cssProperty)
Create a StyleableProperty<Effect> using previously created CssMetaData for the given
cssProperty . |
static StyleConverter<ParsedValue[],Effect> |
StyleConverter.getEffectConverter() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Effect |
Node.getEffect()
Gets the value of the property effect.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Node.effectProperty()
Specifies an effect to apply to this
Node . |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
Node.setEffect(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property effect.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Effect |
GraphicsContext.getEffect(Effect e)
Gets a copy of the effect to be applied after the next draw call.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
GraphicsContext.applyEffect(Effect e)
Applies the given effect to the entire bounds of the canvas and stores
the result back into the same canvas.
|
Effect |
GraphicsContext.getEffect(Effect e)
Gets a copy of the effect to be applied after the next draw call.
|
void |
GraphicsContext.setEffect(Effect e)
Sets the effect to be applied after the next draw call, or null to
disable effects.
|
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
Blend
An effect that blends the two inputs together using one of the
pre-defined
BlendMode s. |
class |
Bloom
A high-level effect that makes brighter portions of the input image
appear to glow, based on a configurable threshold.
|
class |
BoxBlur
A blur effect using a simple box filter kernel, with separately
configurable sizes in both dimensions, and an iteration parameter
that controls the quality of the resulting blur.
|
class |
ColorAdjust
An effect that allows for per-pixel adjustments of hue, saturation,
brightness, and contrast.
|
class |
ColorInput
An effect that renders a rectangular region that is filled ("flooded")
with the given
Paint . |
class |
DisplacementMap
An effect that shifts each pixel by a distance specified by
the first two bands of of the specified
FloatMap . |
class |
DropShadow
A high-level effect that renders a shadow of the given content behind
the content with the specified color, radius, and offset.
|
class |
GaussianBlur
A blur effect using a Gaussian convolution kernel, with a configurable
radius.
|
class |
Glow
A high-level effect that makes the input image appear to glow,
based on a configurable threshold.
|
class |
ImageInput
A type of source effect that simply passes the given
Image
through, unmodified, as an input to another Effect . |
class |
InnerShadow
A high-level effect that renders a shadow inside the edges of the
given content with the specified color, radius, and offset.
|
class |
Lighting
An effect that simulates a light source shining on the given content,
which can be used to give flat objects a more realistic, three-dimensional
appearance.
|
class |
MotionBlur
A motion blur effect using a Gaussian convolution kernel, with a
configurable radius and angle.
|
class |
PerspectiveTransform
An effect that provides non-affine transformation of the input content.
|
class |
Reflection
An effect that renders a reflected version of the input below the
actual input content.
|
class |
SepiaTone
A filter that produces a sepia tone effect, similar to antique photographs.
|
class |
Shadow
An effect which creates a monochrome duplicate of an input with
blurry edges.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Effect |
Blend.getBottomInput()
Gets the value of the property bottomInput.
|
Effect |
Lighting.getBumpInput()
Gets the value of the property bumpInput.
|
Effect |
Lighting.getContentInput()
Gets the value of the property contentInput.
|
Effect |
Bloom.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
BoxBlur.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
ColorAdjust.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
DisplacementMap.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
DropShadow.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
GaussianBlur.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
Glow.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
InnerShadow.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
MotionBlur.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
PerspectiveTransform.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
Reflection.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
SepiaTone.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
Shadow.getInput()
Gets the value of the property input.
|
Effect |
Blend.getTopInput()
Gets the value of the property topInput.
|
Effect |
Blend.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
Bloom.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
BoxBlur.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
ColorAdjust.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
ColorInput.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
DisplacementMap.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
DropShadow.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
abstract Effect |
Effect.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
GaussianBlur.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
Glow.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
ImageInput.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
InnerShadow.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
Lighting.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
MotionBlur.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
PerspectiveTransform.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
Reflection.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
SepiaTone.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
Effect |
Shadow.impl_copy()
Deprecated.
This is an internal API that is not intended for use and will be removed in the next version
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Blend.bottomInputProperty()
The bottom input for this
Blend operation. |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Lighting.bumpInputProperty()
The optional bump map input.
|
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Lighting.contentInputProperty()
The content input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Bloom.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
BoxBlur.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
ColorAdjust.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
DisplacementMap.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
DropShadow.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
GaussianBlur.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Glow.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
InnerShadow.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
MotionBlur.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
PerspectiveTransform.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Reflection.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
SepiaTone.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Shadow.inputProperty()
The input for this
Effect . |
ObjectProperty<Effect> |
Blend.topInputProperty()
The top input for this
Blend operation. |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
Blend.setBottomInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property bottomInput.
|
void |
Lighting.setBumpInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property bumpInput.
|
void |
Lighting.setContentInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property contentInput.
|
void |
Bloom.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
BoxBlur.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
ColorAdjust.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
DisplacementMap.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
DropShadow.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
GaussianBlur.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
Glow.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
InnerShadow.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
MotionBlur.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
PerspectiveTransform.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
Reflection.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
SepiaTone.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
Shadow.setInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property input.
|
void |
Blend.setTopInput(Effect value)
Sets the value of the property topInput.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Blend(BlendMode mode,
Effect bottomInput,
Effect topInput)
Creates a new instance of Blend with the specified mode and bottom
and top inputs.
|
Submit a bug or feature
For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java SE Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.
Copyright © 2008, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Also see the documentation redistribution policy.


Upgrade Guide
High Impact Changes
Medium Impact Changes
Upgrading To 5.8.0 From 5.7
Estimated Upgrade Time: 1 Hour
{note} We attempt to document every possible breaking change. Since some of these breaking changes are in obscure parts of the framework only a portion of these changes may actually affect your application.
Updating Dependencies
Update your laravel/framework
dependency to 5.8.*
in your composer.json
file.
Next, examine any 3rd party packages consumed by your application and verify you are using the proper version for Laravel 5.8 support.
The Application
Contract
The environment
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The environment
method signature of the Illuminate/Contracts/Foundation/Application
contract has changed. If you are implementing this contract in your application, you should update the method signature:
/**
* Get or check the current application environment.
*
* @param string|array $environments
* @return string|bool
*/
public function environment(...$environments);
Added Methods
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The bootstrapPath
, configPath
, databasePath
, environmentPath
, resourcePath
, storagePath
, resolveProvider
, bootstrapWith
, configurationIsCached
, detectEnvironment
, environmentFile
, environmentFilePath
, getCachedConfigPath
, getCachedRoutesPath
, getLocale
, getNamespace
, getProviders
, hasBeenBootstrapped
, loadDeferredProviders
, loadEnvironmentFrom
, routesAreCached
, setLocale
, shouldSkipMiddleware
and terminate
methods were added to the Illuminate/Contracts/Foundation/Application
contract.
In the very unlikely event you are implementing this interface, you should add these methods to your implementation.
Authentication
Password Reset Notification Route Parameter
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
When a user requests a link to reset their password, Laravel generates the URL using the route
helper to create a URL to the password.reset
named route. When using Laravel 5.7, the token is passed to the route
helper without an explicit name, like so:
route('password.reset', $token);
When using Laravel 5.8, the token is passed to the route
helper as an explicit parameter:
route('password.reset', ['token' => $token]);
Therefore, if you are defining your own password.reset
route, you should ensure that it contains a {token}
parameter in its URI.
New Default Password Length
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The required password length when choosing or resetting a password was changed to at least eight characters.
Cache
TTL in seconds
Likelihood Of Impact: Very High
In order to allow a more granular expiration time when storing items, the cache item time-to-live has changed from minutes to seconds. The put
, putMany
, add
, remember
and setDefaultCacheTime
methods of the Illuminate\Cache\Repository
class and its extended classes, as well as the put
method of each cache store were updated with this changed behavior. See the related PR for more info.
If you are passing an integer to any of these methods, you should update your code to ensure you are now passing the number of seconds you wish the item to remain in the cache. Alternatively, you may pass a DateTime
instance indicating when the item should expire:
// Laravel 5.7 - Store item for 30 minutes...
Cache::put('foo', 'bar', 30);
// Laravel 5.8 - Store item for 30 seconds...
Cache::put('foo', 'bar', 30);
// Laravel 5.7 / 5.8 - Store item for 30 seconds...
Cache::put('foo', 'bar', now()->addSeconds(30));
{tip} This change makes the Laravel cache system fully compliant with the PSR-16 caching library standard.
PSR-16 Conformity
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
In addition to the return value changes from below, the TTL argument of the put
, putMany
and add
method's of the Illuminate\Cache\Repository
class was updated to conform better with the PSR-16 spec. The new behavior provides a default of null
so a call without specifying a TTL will result in storing the cache item forever. Additionally, storing cache items with a TTL of 0 or lower will remove items from the cache. See the related PR for more info.
The KeyWritten
event was also updated with these changes.
Lock Safety Improvements
Likelihood Of Impact: High
In Laravel 5.7 and prior versions of Laravel, the "atomic lock" feature provided by some cache drivers could have unexpected behavior leading to the early release of locks.
For example: Client A acquires lock foo
with a 10 second expiration. Client A actually takes 20 seconds to finish its task. The lock is released automatically by the cache system 10 seconds into Client A's processing time. Client B acquires lock foo
. Client A finally finishes its task and releases lock foo
, inadvertently releasing Client B's hold on the lock. Client C is now able to acquire the lock.
In order to mitigate this scenario, locks are now generated with an embedded "scope token" which allows the framework to ensure that, under normal circumstances, only the proper owner of a lock can release a lock.
If you are using the Cache::lock()->get(Closure)
method of interacting with locks, no changes are required:
Cache::lock('foo', 10)->get(function () {
// Lock will be released safely automatically...
});
However, if you are manually calling Cache::lock()->release()
, you must update your code to maintain an instance of the lock. Then, after you are done performing your task, you may call the release
method on the same lock instance. For example:
if (($lock = Cache::lock('foo', 10))->get()) {
// Perform task...
$lock->release();
}
Sometimes, you may wish to acquire a lock in one process and release it in another process. For example, you may acquire a lock during a web request and wish to release the lock at the end of a queued job that is triggered by that request. In this scenario, you should pass the lock's scoped "owner token" to the queued job so that the job can re-instantiate the lock using the given token:
// Within Controller...
$podcast = Podcast::find(1);
if (($lock = Cache::lock('foo', 120))->get()) {
ProcessPodcast::dispatch($podcast, $lock->owner());
}
// Within ProcessPodcast Job...
Cache::restoreLock('foo', $this->owner)->release();
If you would like to release a lock without respecting its current owner, you may use the forceRelease
method:
Cache::lock('foo')->forceRelease();
The Repository
and Store
Contracts
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
In order to be fully compliant with PSR-16
the return values of the put
and forever
methods of the Illuminate\Contracts\Cache\Repository
contract and the return values of the put
, putMany
and forever
methods of the Illuminate\Contracts\Cache\Store
contract have been changed from void
to bool
.
Collections
The add
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The add
method has been moved from the Eloquent collection class to the base collection class. If you are extending Illuminate\Support\Collection
and your extended class has an add
method, make sure the method signature matches its parent:
public function add($item);
The firstWhere
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The firstWhere
method signature has changed to match the where
method's signature. If you are overriding this method, you should update the method signature to match its parent:
/**
* Get the first item by the given key value pair.
*
* @param string $key
* @param mixed $operator
* @param mixed $value
* @return mixed
*/
public function firstWhere($key, $operator = null, $value = null);
Console
The Kernel
Contract
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The terminate
method has been added to the Illuminate/Contracts/Console/Kernel
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
Container
Generators & Tagged Services
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
The container's tagged
method now utilizes PHP generators to lazy-instantiate the services with a given tag. This provides a performance improvement if you are not utilizing every tagged service.
Because of this change, the tagged
method now returns an iterable
instead of an array
. If you are type-hinting the return value of this method, you should ensure that your type-hint is changed to iterable
.
In addition, it is no longer possible to directly access a tagged service by its array offset value, such as $container->tagged('foo')[0]
.
The resolve
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The resolve
method now accepts a new boolean parameter which indicates whether events (resolving callbacks) should be raised/executed during the instantiation of an object. If you are overriding this method, you should update the method signature to match its parent.
The addContextualBinding
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The addContextualBinding
method was added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Container\Container
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
The tagged
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The tagged
method signature has been changed and it now returns an iterable
instead of an array
. If you have type-hinted in your code some parameter which gets the return value of this method with array
, you should modify the type-hint to iterable
.
The flush
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The flush
method was added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Container\Container
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
Database
Unquoted MySQL JSON Values
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The query builder will now return unquoted JSON values when using MySQL and MariaDB. This behavior is consistent with the other supported databases:
$value = DB::table('users')->value('options->language');
dump($value);
// Laravel 5.7...
'"en"'
// Laravel 5.8...
'en'
As a result, the ->>
operator is no longer supported or necessary.
SQLite
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
As of Laravel 5.8 the oldest supported SQLite version is SQLite 3.7.11. If you are using an older SQLite version, you should update it (SQLite 3.8.8+ is recommended).
Migrations & bigIncrements
Likelihood Of Impact: None
As of Laravel 5.8, migration stubs use the bigIncrements
method on ID columns by default. Previously, ID columns were created using the increments
method.
This will not affect any existing code in your project; however, be aware that foreign key columns must be of the same type. Therefore, a column created using the increments
method can not reference a column created using the bigIncrements
method.
Eloquent
Model Names Ending With Irregular Plurals
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
As of Laravel 5.8, multi-word model names ending in a word with an irregular plural are now correctly pluralized.
// Laravel 5.7...
App\Feedback.php -> feedback (correctly pluralized)
App\UserFeedback.php -> user_feedbacks (incorrectly pluralized)
// Laravel 5.8
App\Feedback.php -> feedback (correctly pluralized)
App\UserFeedback.php -> user_feedback (correctly pluralized)
If you have a model that was incorrectly pluralized, you may continue using the old table name by defining a $table
property on your model:
/**
* The table associated with the model.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $table = 'user_feedbacks';
Custom Pivot Models With Incrementing IDs
If you have defined a many-to-many relationship that uses a custom pivot model, and that pivot model has an auto-incrementing primary key, you should ensure your custom pivot model class defines an incrementing
property that is set to true
:
/**
* Indicates if the IDs are auto-incrementing.
*
* @var bool
*/
public $incrementing = true;
The loadCount
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
A loadCount
method has been added to the base Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
class. If your application also defines a loadCount
method, it may conflict with Eloquent's definition.
The originalIsEquivalent
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The originalIsEquivalent
method of the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Concerns\HasAttributes
trait has been changed from protected
to public
.
Automatic Soft-Deleted Casting Of deleted_at
Property
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The deleted_at
property will now be automatically casted to a Carbon
instance when your Eloquent model uses the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes
trait. You can override this behavior by writing your custom accessor for that property or by manually adding it to the casts
attribute:
protected $casts = ['deleted_at' => 'string'];
BelongsTo getForeignKey
& getOwnerKey
Methods
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The getForeignKey
, getQualifiedForeignKey
, and getOwnerKey
methods of the BelongsTo
relationship have been renamed to getForeignKeyName
, getQualifiedForeignKeyName
, and getOwnerKeyName
respectively, making the method names consistent with the other relationships offered by Laravel.
Environment Variable Parsing
Likelihood Of Impact: High
The phpdotenv package that is used to parse .env
files has released a new major version, which may impact the results returned from the env
helper. Specifically, the #
character in an unquoted value will now be considered a comment instead of part of the value:
Previous behavior:
ENV_VALUE=foo#bar
env('ENV_VALUE'); // foo#bar
New behavior:
ENV_VALUE=foo#bar
env('ENV_VALUE'); // foo
To preserve the previous behavior, you may wrap the environment values in quotes:
ENV_VALUE="foo#bar"
env('ENV_VALUE'); // foo#bar
For more information, please refer to the phpdotenv upgrade guide.
Events
The fire
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The fire
method (which was deprecated in Laravel 5.4) of the Illuminate/Events/Dispatcher
class has been removed.
You should use the dispatch
method instead.
Exception Handling
The ExceptionHandler
Contract
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The shouldReport
method has been added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Debug\ExceptionHandler
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
The renderHttpException
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The renderHttpException
method signature of the Illuminate\Foundation\Exceptions\Handler
class has changed. If you are overriding this method in your exception handler, you should update the method signature to match its parent:
/**
* Render the given HttpException.
*
* @param \Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\HttpExceptionInterface $e
* @return \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response
*/
protected function renderHttpException(HttpExceptionInterface $e);
Markdown File Directory Change
Likelihood Of Impact: High
If you have published Laravel's Markdown mail components using the vendor:publish
command, you should rename the /resources/views/vendor/mail/markdown
directory to text
.
In addition, the markdownComponentPaths
method has been renamed to textComponentPaths
. If you are overriding this method, you should update the method name to match its parent.
Method Signature Changes In The PendingMail
Class
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The send
, sendNow
, queue
, later
and fill
methods of the Illuminate\Mail\PendingMail
class have been changed to accept an Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\Mailable
instance instead of Illuminate\Mail\Mailable
. If you are overriding some of these methods, you should update their signature to match its parent.
Queue
Pheanstalk 4.0
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
Laravel 5.8 provides support for the ~4.0
release of the Pheanstalk queue library. If you are using Pheanstalk library in your application, please upgrade your library to the ~4.0
release via Composer.
The Job
Contract
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The isReleased
, hasFailed
and markAsFailed
methods have been added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\Job
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add these methods to your implementation.
The Job::failed
& FailingJob
Class
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
When a queued job failed in Laravel 5.7, the queue worker executed the FailingJob::handle
method. In Laravel 5.8, the logic contained in the FailingJob
class has been moved to a fail
method directly on the job class itself. Because of this, a fail
method has been added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\Job
contract.
The base Illuminate\Queue\Jobs\Job
class contains the implementation of fail
and no code changes should be required by typical application code. However, if you are building custom queue driver which utilizes a job class that does not extend the base job class offered by Laravel, you should implement the fail
method manually in your custom job class. You may refer to Laravel's base job class as a reference implementation.
This change allows custom queue drivers to have more control over the job deletion process.
Redis Blocking Pop
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
Using the "blocking pop" feature of the Redis queue driver is now safe. Previously, there was a small chance that a queued job could be lost if the Redis server or worker crashed at the same time the job was retrieved. In order to make blocking pops safe, a new Redis list with suffix :notify
is created for each Laravel queue.
Requests
The TransformsRequest
Middleware
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
The transform
method of the Illuminate\Foundation\Http\Middleware\TransformsRequest
middleware now receives the "fully-qualified" request input key when the input is an array:
'employee' => [
'name' => 'Taylor Otwell',
],
/**
* Transform the given value.
*
* @param string $key
* @param mixed $value
* @return mixed
*/
protected function transform($key, $value)
{
dump($key); // 'employee.name' (Laravel 5.8)
dump($key); // 'name' (Laravel 5.7)
}
Routing
The UrlGenerator
Contract
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The previous
method has been added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\UrlGenerator
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
The cachedSchema
Property Of Illuminate/Routing/UrlGenerator
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The $cachedSchema
property name (which has been deprecated in Laravel 5.7
) of Illuminate/Routing/UrlGenerator
has been changed to $cachedScheme
.
Sessions
The StartSession
Middleware
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The session persistence logic has been moved from the terminate()
method to the handle()
method. If you are overriding one or both of these methods, you should update them to reflect these changes.
Support
Prefer String And Array Classes Over Helpers
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
All array_*
and str_*
global helpers have been deprecated. You should use the Illuminate\Support\Arr
and Illuminate\Support\Str
methods directly.
The impact of this change has been marked as medium
since the helpers have been moved to the new laravel/helpers package which offers a backwards compatibility layer for all of the global array and string functions.
Deferred Service Providers
Likelihood Of Impact: Medium
The defer
boolean property on the service provider which is/was used to indicate if a provider is deferred has been deprecated. In order to mark the service provider as deferred it should implement the Illuminate\Contracts\Support\DeferrableProvider
contract.
Read-Only env
Helper
Likelihood Of Impact: Low
Previously, the env
helper could retrieve values from environment variables which were changed at runtime. In Laravel 5.8, the env
helper treats environment variables as immutable. If you would like to change an environment variable at runtime, consider using a configuration value that can be retrieved using the config
helper:
Previous behavior:
dump(env('APP_ENV')); // local
putenv('APP_ENV=staging');
dump(env('APP_ENV')); // staging
New behavior:
dump(env('APP_ENV')); // local
putenv('APP_ENV=staging');
dump(env('APP_ENV')); // local
Testing
The setUp
& tearDown
Methods
The setUp
and tearDown
methods now require a void return type:
protected function setUp(): void
protected function tearDown(): void
PHPUnit 8
Likelihood Of Impact: Optional
By default, Laravel 5.8 uses PHPUnit 7. However, you may optionally upgrade to PHPUnit 8, which requires PHP >= 7.2. In addition, please read through the entire list of changes in the PHPUnit 8 release announcement.
Validation
The Validator
Contract
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The validated
method was added to the Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Validator
contract:
/**
* Get the attributes and values that were validated.
*
* @return array
*/
public function validated();
If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
The ValidatesAttributes
Trait
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The parseTable
, getQueryColumn
and requireParameterCount
methods of the Illuminate\Validation\Concerns\ValidatesAttributes
trait have been changed from protected
to public
.
The DatabasePresenceVerifier
Class
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The table
method of the Illuminate\Validation\DatabasePresenceVerifier
class has been changed from protected
to public
.
The Validator
Class
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The getPresenceVerifierFor
method of the Illuminate\Validation\Validator
class has been changed from protected
to public
.
Email Validation
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The email validation rule now checks if the email is RFC6530 compliant, making the validation logic consistent with the logic used by SwiftMailer. In Laravel 5.7
, the email
rule only verified that the email was RFC822 compliant.
Therefore, when using Laravel 5.8, emails that were previously incorrectly considered invalid will now be considered valid (e.g<EMAIL_ADDRESS>). Generally, this should be considered a bug fix; however, it is listed as a breaking change out of caution. Please let us know if you encounter any issues surrounding this change.
View
The getData
Method
Likelihood Of Impact: Very Low
The getData
method was added to the Illuminate\Contracts\View\View
contract. If you are implementing this interface, you should add this method to your implementation.
Notifications
Nexmo / Slack Notification Channels
Likelihood Of Impact: High
The Nexmo and Slack Notification channels have been extracted into first-party packages. To use these channels in your application, require the following packages:
composer require laravel/nexmo-notification-channel
composer require laravel/slack-notification-channel
Miscellaneous
We also encourage you to view the changes in the laravel/laravel
GitHub repository. While many of these changes are not required, you may wish to keep these files in sync with your application. Some of these changes will be covered in this upgrade guide, but others, such as changes to configuration files or comments, will not be. You can easily view the changes with the GitHub comparison tool and choose which updates are important to you.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block head_title %}{% trans "Help" %}{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Go to the home page and click on the bright green button that says Add Package. Then paste in the URL of your repo. Django Packages then tries to determine your package's repo name and PyPI information from the URL. Click submit and it will process your request.
Go to the home page and click on the bright green button that says Add Grid. Add the mandatory title and slug, and an optional description.


Tools for univariate and multivariate generalized linear models with model averaging and null model technique.
| Version: | 0.0.2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10), mvabund, snowfall |
| Published: | 2015-05-11 |
| Author: | Masatoshi Katabuchi and Akihiro Nakamura |
| Maintainer: | Masatoshi Katabuchi <mattocci27 at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | mglmn results |
| Reference manual: | mglmn.pdf |
| Package source: | mglmn_0.0.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: mglmn_0.0.2.zip, r-release: mglmn_0.0.2.zip, r-oldrel: mglmn_0.0.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: mglmn_0.0.2.tgz, r-oldrel: mglmn_0.0.2.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mglmn to link to this page.


“Anuvassiko pabbajito,
passa dhammasudhammataṁ;
Tisso vijjā anuppattā,
kataṁ buddhassa sāsanan”ti.
… Sugandho thero ….
See the excellence of the teaching!
Just one rainy season after I went forth,
I attained the three knowledges
and fulfilled the Buddha’s instructions.


---
title: "Oregon Coast"
layout: post
tag: jekyll
image: https://koppl.in/indigo/assets/images/jekyll-logo-light-solid.png
headerImage: true
captures: true
projects: true
hidden: true # don't count this post in blog pagination
description: "This is a simple and minimalist template for Jekyll for those who likes to eat noodles."
category: project
author: johndoe
externalLink: false
---


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| CSVFormat |
Specifies the format of a CSV file and parses input.
|
| CSVParser |
Parses CSV files according to the specified format.
|
| CSVPrinter |
Prints values in a
CSV format . |
| CSVRecord |
A CSV record parsed from a CSV file.
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| CSVFormat.Predefined |
Predefines formats.
|
| QuoteMode |
Defines quoting behavior when printing.
|
CSV are widely used as interfaces to legacy systems or manual data-imports. CSV stands for "Comma Separated Values" (or sometimes "Character Separated Values"). The CSV data format is defined in RFC 4180 but many dialects exist.
Common to all file dialects is its basic structure: The CSV data-format is record oriented, whereas each record starts on a new textual line. A record is build of a list of values. Keep in mind that not all records must have an equal number of values:
csv := records* record := values*
The following list contains the CSV aspects the Commons CSV parser supports:
In addition to individually defined dialects, two predefined dialects (strict-csv, and excel-csv) can be set directly.
Example usage:
Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c"); for (CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) { for (String field : record) { System.out.print("\"" + field + "\", "); } System.out.println(); }
Copyright © 2019 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


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The latest stable release version is 1.0-beta-4 (released 18 Aug 2007). It can be downloaded from the Codehaus Repository.
The latest snapshot distribution can be downloaded from the Codehaus Snapshots Repository.
To use JET components in a Java application that supports Maven, simply declare the dependency
groupId=org.codehaus.jet
and artifactId=jet-regression
or jet-hypothesis
and the appropriate version. Maven will automatically add to the classpath all the required components.


Dashboard Calendar
Weather
Dinner
Show Name Here
Venue Goes here
Show Name, Status, Venue, Booking Period goes here
04 April 15
Calendar
Kennth Uber
104 Middlesex Rd
At home
Dinner
Evening
04 April 15
Calendar
Dominic Uber
104 Middlesex Rd
At home
Dinner
Evening
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AP Top Business News at 3:06 a.m. EST
by EndPlayChina's Alibaba, JD report booming Singles Day sales
Saudi Aramco takes another step toward 1st public offering
Burger King brings a plant-based Whopper to Europe
Boeing details steps needed to get grounded Max jet flying
Uber CEO walks back comment on Saudi writer's slaying
Asian shares advance as investors await US-China trade moves
NY regulator vows to investigate Apple Card for sex bias
Safety officials probing records of work on Southwest jets
Veterans can get business help from govt, private sector
UK avoids recession but economy growing at near decade lows


Dialog App
Introduction
DialogApp is an example of a Windows Dialog application. It includes a trimmed down MFC starting application InitInstance. The main dialog has a menu, a toolbar with various features and a status bar on the bottom of the client part of the window. The main dialog has a fixed size and may be populated with all the usual controls that are available in Visual Studio 17's Resource editor.
There is a lot of functionality buried in the MainFrame of the normal MFC application. For example the tool bar depends heavily of the MainFrame. This example has a tool bar but and status bar but the functionality is a subset of that available in a normal MFC application. The operations available are discussed on the operations page.


Pneumonia Xray Detection
This model can detect if there is some abnormality in chest Xray from Xray Image.
The dataset used for training and validation is taken from Kaggle. Dataset link : Chest X-ray image
Here a Convolutional Neural Network is used to Detect Pneumonia from Xray Image.
A convolutional neural network is one of the main categories to do images recognition, images classifications. Objects detections recognize faces, etc., are some of the areas where CNNs are widely used. In this model, there are 4 convolution layer followed boy max-pooling layer and in each layer.
- Stride: 1
- Padding: valid
- activation : Relu
After 4 convolution layer, there is a flatten layer then there is 2 fully connected dense layer.
- Activation :Relu
In the output layer as there is two output as it is a binary classification and activation is sigmoid.


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Alexcoin.github.io
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| Test cases |
This document contains pointers to files with test cases for your assignment.
The file syscall.c has two new system calls added to it. Previously syscall had only SYS_reboot, now it contains SYS_read and SYS_write already implemented. This file should replace "src/kern/arch/mips/mips/syscall.c"
The file sh.c is a simple shell program which makes calls to fork(), execv(), waitpid(), and _exit(). These calls result in "Unknown system call" error. As soon as you implement the system calls, the error will vanish. The shell can take input from the keyboard and outputs to the console using SYS_read and SYS_write. This file replaces "src/bin/sh/sh.c"
After adding the sys_read and sys_write, changing the syscall.c and sh.c files, you may compile it following instructions similar to those used for ASST0
To add the sys_read and sys_write functions, trace back how sys_reboot is defined and registered. To compile the newly created shell file (sh.c) go to ~/os161/src/bin/sh and make depend, make, and make install. Then from the ~/os161/root type "sys161 kernel" and in your own kernel type "p /bin/sh" to run the newly created shell.


Class Effect
Methods
| effect:init (effect_type, anything) | Initiates an effect. |
| effect:delete (map) | Delete an effect from the map |
| effect:get_description () | Returns the name and description of the effect |
| effect:advance () | Called every turn. |
| effect:update (dt) | This function is run every tick and updates various things. |
| effect:refresh_image_name () | Refresh the image name of an effect. |
| effect:is_hazardous_for (ctype) | Checks if an effect is hazardous for a certain creature type. |
| effect:moveTo (x, y, tweenLength) | Move an effect between tiles. |
Methods
- effect:init (effect_type, anything)
-
Initiates an effect. Don't call this explicitly, it's called when you create a new effect with Effect('effectID').
Parameters:
- effect_type String. The ID of the effect you want to create.
- anything Anything. The arguments to pass to the effect's new() callback. Can be any number of arguments.
Returns:
-
Effect. The effect itself.
- effect:delete (map)
-
Delete an effect from the map
Parameters:
- map The map that the effect is on. If blank, defaults to the current map. (optional)
- effect:get_description ()
- Returns the name and description of the effect
- effect:advance ()
- Called every turn. Calls the advance() function of the effect.
- effect:update (dt)
-
This function is run every tick and updates various things. You probably shouldn't call it yourself
Parameters:
- dt Number. The number of seconds since the last time update() was run. Most likely less than 1.
- effect:refresh_image_name ()
- Refresh the image name of an effect. Used for effects that look different if they're next to each other, when its surrounding has changed.
- effect:is_hazardous_for (ctype)
-
Checks if an effect is hazardous for a certain creature type.
Parameters:
- ctype String. The creature type we're checking for. If blank, just checks if it's generally hazardous. (optional)
Returns:
-
Boolean. Whether or not the effectis hazardous.
- effect:moveTo (x, y, tweenLength)
-
Move an effect between tiles.
Parameters:
- x Number. The x coordinate
- y Number. The y coordinate
- tweenLength Number. How long it takes to animate the movement between the tiles. If left blank, instantaneous. (optional)
Returns:
- Number. The x-coordinate (in pixels) of the effect's movement.
- Number. The y-coordinate (in pixels) of the effect's movement.


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WeBid Directory Traversal, Blind SQL Injection and XSS
Multiple vulnerabilities were identified in version 1.2.2 of the popular “WeBid” open source auction system. Patches for all three vulnerabilities are available in their GitHub, and will be included in the next release.
Telekom Security
security.telekom.com
Advisory: WeBid - Directory Traversal (Arbitrary Image File Read),
Blind SQL Injection and Reflected Cross Site Scripting
Release Date: 2018-12-03
Author: Nils Stünkel<EMAIL_ADDRESS>CVE: CVE-2018-1000867, CVE-2018-1000868, CVE-2018-1000882
Application: WeBid, up to version 1.2.2
Risk: Medium
Vendor Status: Fix committed
Overview:
From webidsupport.com:
"WeBid provides open source auction software which has been used around
the world and has been downloaded over 100,000 times. It will allow you to
quickly set up your own auction site and get started straight away."
Multiple vulnerabilities were identified version 1.2.2 of the WeBid auction
system.
A Directory Traversal vulnerability allows an unauthenticated, remote
attacker to read any PNG, JPEG or BMP image files that are accessible to
the server. In certain PHP configurations, this could also be used to issue
arbitrary requests against a other systems over HTTP, HTTPS, FTP or other
protocols, enabling unintended network boundary traversal.
Blind SQL injections were found in five scripts related to the "Your Auctions"
functionality. An authenticated attacker could use these vulnerabilities to
read data from the database, like password hashes or other secrets.
Two Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities were also found, one of them
in the user login page.
Fixes for all three vulnerabilities have been committed to the Github
Repository on Nov 22nd, 2018 [7].
Details:
1) Directory Traversal (Arbitrary Image File Read)
In WeBid, the getthumb.php script handles the creation, caching and
delivery of image thumbnails as they are requested by a client. However,
no sanitization or boundary checking takes place on the 'fromfile' parameter
value. An attacker can pass directory traversal tokens like '../' and have
the application read and return arbitrary image files from the local file
system. The vulnerability was reported to the project via their Mantis,
the issue no. is 646[1].
$fromfile = (isset($_GET['fromfile'])) ? $_GET['fromfile'] : '';
$img = @getimagesize($fromfile);
/* some more image format detection, setting $image_type and $output_type
appropriately */
load_image($fromfile, $img['mime'], $image_type, $output_type);
/* load_image passes $fromfile to the corresponding imagecreatefrom*
function and returns the resulting image to the client */
If allow_url_include[2] is enabled in PHP, the attacker could use PHP
protocol wrappers[3] to initiate outgoing connections from the web server,
e.g. towards a protected network, and possibly exfiltrate data. There
is currently no recommendation in the official WeBid documentation[4]
to disable allow_url_include.
When file types are requested that are not images, the vulnerability still
allows the attacker to determine the presence of files on the system,
as the error messages differ when the target file cannot be parsed
("Incorrect file type"), vs. when it doesn't exist ("Image not found").
2) Multiple Authenticated Blind SQL Injection Vulnerabilities
A number of scripts are passing unsanitized parameter values to the database,
and can therefore be leveraged for blind SQL injection. A user has to be
logged in for these vulnerabilities to be exploitable. This vulnerability
was reported as issue no. 647[5].
The following scripts and parameters are exploitable:
Script | Parameter
----------------------+------------
yourauctions.php | oa_ord
yourauctions_c.php | ca_ord
yourauctions_p.php | pa_ord
yourauctions_s.php | sa_ord
yourauctions_sold.php | solda_ord
// One possible code path copies the GET parameters into the session:
$_SESSION['oa_ord'] = $_GET['oa_ord'];
$_SESSION['oa_type'] = $_GET['oa_type'];
// then the query is constructed
$query = "SELECT * FROM " . $DBPrefix . "auctions
WHERE user = :user_id AND closed = 0
AND starts <= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AND suspended = 0
ORDER BY " . $_SESSION['oa_ord'] . " " . $_SESSION['oa_type'] . " LIMIT
:offset, :perpage";
// and executed
$db->query($query, $params);
3) Multiple Cross Site Scripting Vulnerabilities
The scripts 'user_login.php' and 'register.php' were found to be vulnerable
for Script Injection Attacks. When their respective action fails, their
form fields are echoed back to client without any sanitization, allowing
arbitrary JavaScript or Markup to be injected in the process. This
vulnerability was reported as issue no. 648[6].
From user_login.php:
$template->assign_vars(array(
'ERROR' => (isset($ERR)) ? $ERR : '',
'USER' => (isset($_POST['username'])) ? $_POST['username'] : ''
));
References:
[1]: http://bugs.webidsupport.com/view.php?id=646
[2]: http://php.net/manual/en/features.remote-files.php
[3]: http://php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php
[4]: http://docs.webidsupport.com/build/html/installation.html
[5]: http://bugs.webidsupport.com/view.php?id=647
[6]: http://bugs.webidsupport.com/view.php?id=648
[7]: https://github.com/renlok/WeBid/commit/256a5f9d3eafbc477dcf77c7682446cc4b449c7f
Disclosure Timeline:
08. November 2018 - Directory Traversal Discovered
09. November 2018 - SQL Injection and XSS Discovered
09. November 2018 - Vendor Contact Requested
12. November 2018 - Reported Issues to Vendor via their Mantis
22. November 2018 - Fixes committed to Github[7]
03. December 2018 - Advisory published
About Telekom Security:
Telekom Security is the security provider for Deutsche Telekom and Deutsche
Telekom customers.
https://telekomsecurity.github.io
https://security.telekom.com
http://www.sicherheitstacho.eu


LIBERTY HEIGHTS A film review by Mark R. Leeper
Capsule: Barry Levinson's fourth Baltimore film again examines his neighborhood as he remembers it, but now he looks at class, race, and religious tensions. His conclusion, however, seems to be that none of these tensions really amounted to much. He finds everybody being basically of good will even if they can be a bit confused at times. This is a good-hearted film with three strong story lines and a textured recreation of the atmosphere of the 1950s youth. Rating: 7 (0 to 10), +2 (-4 to +4)
As Barry Levinson looks at the Baltimore of his youth, in each successive film things get more serious. In DINER there was a small group of guys who were friends. In TIN MEN we see that there were also the more serious types who had to earn a living. AVALON told us that these people we are talking about are immigrant Jews who have to struggle to make the American thing work for them. In LIBERTY HEIGHTS we see that the Jews have to interface with other classes, other races, and other religions. There are definite tensions in this film as the diverse groups come in contact with each other, but Levinson is not as militant as a Spike Lee would be. His approach is more that of a peacemaker who sees no villains in the tensions. His world is populated with diverse groups who feel uneasy about each other only pending getting to know each other better.
The story follows the Kurtzman brothers, Van (played by Adrien Brody) and Ben (Ben Foster). They are growing up in the area of Forrest Park and Liberty Heights in Baltimore. Their neighborhood is so overwhelmingly Jewish that growing up Ben had just assumed a Chinese pupil in his grade school was also Jewish. Levinson, who wrote as well as directed, makes some humorous comments about how Jewish and non- Jewish households are different. Ben is amazed at how the Christians seem hung up on the color white, even to the point of eating their bread raw. In 1954 Van is in college and Ben in high school, but they remain somewhat provincial. At home they learn there are Jews and "the other kind." They are getting to the point when they will have to deal with the other kind. Their father, Nate Kurtzman (Joe Mantegna), runs a failing burlesque house as a front for his illegal numbers racket. Yet in spite of being a criminal, he deals only in a victimless crime and is a man of honor.
Van, Ben, and friends are planning to crash a Halloween party put on by some upper class other kinds. Bens parents are shocked by his dressing up as Adolph Hitler. Ben is told that he will have to stay home.  But the presence of uninvited Jews at the party leads to a fight that the other kind boys are spoiling for.
Meanwhile, Ben is also getting interested in a girl of the other kind. But in this case it is another kind of other kind. He is intrigued by Sylvia (Rebekah Johnson) the one black girl in his class. He strikes up a secret friendship with her. He finds the black community has their own comedians as well as their own music, but he quickly develops a taste for both. A third though less well-developed line of plot follows their fathers financial problems when the numbers racket proves to be less than profitable for him and when he finds himself owing a great deal of money to a small-time drug dealer, Little Melvin (Orlando Jones). Nice little personal touches characterize Nate. He dresses like a very successful man and always drives the latest model of Cadillac, even after one stroke of bad luck threatens to leave him nearly destitute.
As usual, Levinson gets convincing acting from his cast. But somehow neither Mantegna nor Neuwirth seem very Jewish. And neither has the angular face that the Brody or Foster has, making the family a little less believable. It has been claimed that stage comics make very good actors and so it should not be surprising that Orlando Jones, formerly of MAD TV, has a great deal of stage presence. Perhaps Levinson should have increased the size of his role.
Levinson ties his series together with touches running though most of his series. Once again the main characters hang out in the Fells Point Diner. At the diner or elsewhere some of the best conversation (and much of the comic dialog) is around the table and over a meal. Levinson repeats the image of handsome women on horseback which he previously used in DINER.
Through the film Levinson sustains the 1950s feel though he overuses the device of wall-to-wall 1950s music. Chris Doyle's camerawork could have done the job by itself without so artificial a device. Also there are a few anachronisms notable. There is a reference to watching Perry Mason which would not debut until 1957. It also looks like Hitchcock's 1951 STRANGERS ON A TRAIN is being broadcast to television on in 1954, which seems highly unlikely.
LIBERTY HEIGHTS was for me not quite the film that AVALON was.  There is nothing in this film that matches the scope of that one or the tender relationship between the Aiden Quinn character and his son in AVALON. I would give it a 7 on the 0 to 10 scale and a +2 on the -4 to +4 scale.
Mark R. Leeper<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright 1999 Mark R. Leeper
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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@Experimental(value=SOURCE_SINK) public class SpannerIO extends java.lang.Object
Transforms
for reading from and writing to Google Cloud Spanner.
To read from Cloud Spanner, apply SpannerIO.Read
transformation. It will return a
PCollection
of Structs
, where each element represents
an individual row returned from the read operation. Both Query and Read APIs are supported.
See more information about reading from
Cloud Spanner
To execute a query, specify a SpannerIO.Read.withQuery(Statement)
or
SpannerIO.Read.withQuery(String)
during the construction of the transform.
PCollection<Struct> rows = p.apply(
SpannerIO.read()
.withInstanceId(instanceId)
.withDatabaseId(dbId)
.withQuery("SELECT id, name, email FROM users"));
To use the Read API, specify a table name
and
a list of columns
.
PCollection<Struct> rows = p.apply(
SpannerIO.read()
.withInstanceId(instanceId)
.withDatabaseId(dbId)
.withTable("users")
.withColumns("id", "name", "email"));
To optimally read using index, specify the index name using SpannerIO.Read.withIndex(java.lang.String)
.
The transform is guaranteed to be executed on a consistent snapshot of data, utilizing the
power of read only transactions. Staleness of data can be controlled using
SpannerIO.Read.withTimestampBound(com.google.cloud.spanner.TimestampBound)
or SpannerIO.Read.withTimestamp(Timestamp)
methods. Read more about
transactions in Cloud Spanner.
It is possible to read several PCollections
within a single transaction.
Apply createTransaction()
transform, that lazily creates a transaction. The
result of this transformation can be passed to read operation using
SpannerIO.Read.withTransaction(PCollectionView)
.
SpannerConfig spannerConfig = ...
PCollectionView<Transaction> tx =
p.apply(
SpannerIO.createTransaction()
.withSpannerConfig(spannerConfig)
.withTimestampBound(TimestampBound.strong()));
PCollection<Struct> users = p.apply(
SpannerIO.read()
.withSpannerConfig(spannerConfig)
.withQuery("SELECT name, email FROM users")
.withTransaction(tx));
PCollection<Struct> tweets = p.apply(
SpannerIO.read()
.withSpannerConfig(spannerConfig)
.withQuery("SELECT user, tweet, date FROM tweets")
.withTransaction(tx));
The Cloud Spanner SpannerIO.Write
transform writes to Cloud Spanner by executing a
collection of input row Mutations
. The mutations grouped into batches for
efficiency.
To configure the write transform, create an instance using write()
and then specify
the destination Cloud Spanner instance (SpannerIO.Write.withInstanceId(String)
and destination
database (SpannerIO.Write.withDatabaseId(String)
). For example:
// Earlier in the pipeline, create a PCollection of Mutations to be written to Cloud Spanner.
PCollection<Mutation> mutations = ...;
// Write mutations.
mutations.apply(
"Write", SpannerIO.write().withInstanceId("instance").withDatabaseId("database"));
The default size of the batch is set to 1MB, to override this use SpannerIO.Write.withBatchSizeBytes(long)
. Setting batch size to a small value or zero practically disables
batching.
The transform does not provide same transactional guarantees as Cloud Spanner. In particular,
Use MutationGroup
to ensure that a small set mutations is bundled together. It is
guaranteed that mutations in a group are submitted in the same transaction. Build
SpannerIO.Write
transform, and call SpannerIO.Write.grouped()
method. It will return a
transformation that can be applied to a PCollection of MutationGroup.
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
static class |
SpannerIO.CreateTransaction
A
PTransform that create a transaction. |
static class |
SpannerIO.Read
Implementation of
read() . |
static class |
SpannerIO.ReadAll
Implementation of
readAll() . |
static class |
SpannerIO.Write
A
PTransform that writes Mutation objects to Google Cloud Spanner. |
static class |
SpannerIO.WriteGrouped
Same as
SpannerIO.Write but supports grouped mutations. |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static SpannerIO.CreateTransaction |
createTransaction()
Returns a transform that creates a batch transaction.
|
static SpannerIO.Read |
read()
Creates an uninitialized instance of
SpannerIO.Read . |
static SpannerIO.ReadAll |
readAll()
|
static SpannerIO.Write |
write()
Creates an uninitialized instance of
SpannerIO.Write . |
@Experimental(value=SOURCE_SINK) public static SpannerIO.Read read()
SpannerIO.Read
. Before use, the SpannerIO.Read
must be
configured with a SpannerIO.Read.withInstanceId(java.lang.String)
and SpannerIO.Read.withDatabaseId(java.lang.String)
that identify the
Cloud Spanner database.@Experimental(value=SOURCE_SINK) public static SpannerIO.ReadAll readAll()
@Experimental public static SpannerIO.CreateTransaction createTransaction()
TimestampBound.strong()
transaction is created, to override this use
SpannerIO.CreateTransaction.withTimestampBound(TimestampBound)
.@Experimental public static SpannerIO.Write write()
SpannerIO.Write
. Before use, the SpannerIO.Write
must be
configured with a SpannerIO.Write.withInstanceId(java.lang.String)
and SpannerIO.Write.withDatabaseId(java.lang.String)
that identify
the Cloud Spanner database being written.


|
On the applicability of the Hadamard as an input modulator for problems of classification.
v2.2
Documentation for McKernel.
|
Go to the source code of this file.
Classes | |
| class | U_PN |
| class | NC_PN |
Functions | |
| unsigned int | MurmurHash2 (const void *key, int lt, unsigned int seed) |


Front-End Best Practices
One way to become a better front-end developer is to create code that is less complicated. Managing complexity is a skill that is difficult to master, but there are a couple of principles you can start applying today that will have an immediate effect on the quality of your code.
This pen shows off a couple of techniques to keep your front-end code very simple and understandable. Obviously, the example ui components are extremely simple, but these principles are applicable to any number of more complicated components, such as a carousel or video player.
- Use semantic CSS classes on everything! Seriously, you have nothing to lose by adding CSS classes to every element. Even if you don't need to style a specific element right now, giving it a class can help you if you need to style it in the future.
- Use separate classes for styling and javascript hooks. The visual style of an element and it's behavior are two different concerns - keep them separated from each other by using one set of CSS classes for styling, and another set for javascript interaction hooks. Use the prefix 'js-' for your javascript hook CSS classes.
- Keep your markup as simple as you possibly can. Use only the elements you need, and nothing more.
- Learn SASS or LESS! They add powerful features like mixins and variables, which will help you write less code, and do more with it.


Come meet us.
- W, team's babysitter. He reads your minds.
- L, mobile and service developer. He has iOS/Android as breakfast.
- Z, web developer. Javascript is his dearest friend.
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If you are in Beijing, we can meet in person. Just contact.


| PEP: | 257 |
|---|---|
| Title: | Docstring Conventions |
| Version: | 56076 |
| Last-Modified: | 2007-06-22 17:32:33 +0200 (Fri, 22 Jun 2007) |
| Author: | David Goodger <goodger at python.org>, Guido van Rossum <guido at python.org> |
| Discussions-To: | doc-sig at python.org |
| Status: | Active |
| Type: | Informational |
| Content-Type: | text/x-rst |
| Created: | 29-May-2001 |
| Post-History: | 13-Jun-2001 |
Contents
Abstract
This PEP documents the semantics and conventions associated with Python docstrings.
Rationale
The aim of this PEP is to standardize the high-level structure of docstrings: what they should contain, and how to say it (without touching on any markup syntax within docstrings). The PEP contains conventions, not laws or syntax.
"A universal convention supplies all of maintainability, clarity, consistency, and a foundation for good programming habits too. What it doesn't do is insist that you follow it against your will. That's Python!"
 But some software (such as the Docutils [4] docstring processing system [1] [2]) will be aware of the conventions, so following them will get you the best results.
Specification
What is a Docstring?
A docstring is a string literal that occurs as the first statement in a module, function, class, or method definition. Such a docstring becomes the __doc__ special attribute of that object.
All modules should normally have docstrings, and all functions and classes exported by a module should also have docstrings. Public methods (including the __init__ constructor) should also have docstrings. A package may be documented in the module docstring of the __init__.py file in the package directory.
String literals occurring elsewhere in Python code may also act as documentation. They are not recognized by the Python bytecode compiler and are not accessible as runtime object attributes (i.e. not assigned to __doc__), but two types of extra docstrings may be extracted by software tools:
- String literals occurring immediately after a simple assignment at the top level of a module, class, or __init__ method are called "attribute docstrings".
- String literals occurring immediately after another docstring are called "additional docstrings".
Please see PEP 258, "Docutils Design Specification" [2], for a detailed description of attribute and additional docstrings.
XXX Mention docstrings of 2.2 properties.
For consistency, always use """triple double quotes""" around docstrings. Use r"""raw triple double quotes""" if you use any backslashes in your docstrings. For Unicode docstrings, use u"""Unicode triple-quoted strings""".
There are two forms of docstrings: one-liners and multi-line docstrings.
One-line Docstrings
One-liners are for really obvious cases. They should really fit on one line. For example:
def kos_root(): """Return the pathname of the KOS root directory.""" global _kos_root if _kos_root: return _kos_root ...
Notes:
Triple quotes are used even though the string fits on one line. This makes it easy to later expand it.
The closing quotes are on the same line as the opening quotes. This looks better for one-liners.
There's no blank line either before or after the docstring.
The docstring is a phrase ending in a period. It prescribes the function or method's effect as a command ("Do this", "Return that"), not as a description; e.g. don't write "Returns the pathname ...".
The one-line docstring should NOT be a "signature" reiterating the function/method parameters (which can be obtained by introspection). Don't do:
def function(a, b): """function(a, b) -> list"""
This type of docstring is only appropriate for C functions (such as built-ins), where introspection is not possible. However, the nature of the return value cannot be determined by introspection, so it should be mentioned. The preferred form for such a docstring would be something like:
def function(a, b): """Do X and return a list."""
(Of course "Do X" should be replaced by a useful description!)
Multi-line Docstrings
Multi-line docstrings consist of a summary line just like a one-line docstring, followed by a blank line, followed by a more elaborate description. The summary line may be used by automatic indexing tools; it is important that it fits on one line and is separated from the rest of the docstring by a blank line. The summary line may be on the same line as the opening quotes or on the next line. The entire docstring is indented the same as the quotes at its first line (see example below).
Insert a blank line before and after all docstrings (one-line or multi-line) that document a class -- generally speaking, the class's methods are separated from each other by a single blank line, and the docstring needs to be offset from the first method by a blank line; for symmetry, put a blank line between the class header and the docstring. Docstrings documenting functions or methods generally don't have this requirement, unless the function or method's body is written as a number of blank-line separated sections -- in this case, treat the docstring as another section, and precede it with a blank line.
The docstring of a script (a stand-alone program) should be usable as its "usage" message, printed when the script is invoked with incorrect or missing arguments (or perhaps with a "-h" option, for "help"). Such a docstring should document the script's function and command line syntax, environment variables, and files. Usage messages can be fairly elaborate (several screens full) and should be sufficient for a new user to use the command properly, as well as a complete quick reference to all options and arguments for the sophisticated user.
The docstring for a module should generally list the classes, exceptions and functions (and any other objects) that are exported by the module, with a one-line summary of each. (These summaries generally give less detail than the summary line in the object's docstring.) The docstring for a package (i.e., the docstring of the package's __init__.py module) should also list the modules and subpackages exported by the package.
The docstring for a function or method should summarize its behavior and document its arguments, return value(s), side effects, exceptions raised, and restrictions on when it can be called (all if applicable). Optional arguments should be indicated. It should be documented whether keyword arguments are part of the interface.
The docstring for a class should summarize its behavior and list the public methods and instance variables. If the class is intended to be subclassed, and has an additional interface for subclasses, this interface should be listed separately (in the docstring). The class constructor should be documented in the docstring for its __init__ method. Individual methods should be documented by their own docstring.
If a class subclasses another class and its behavior is mostly inherited from that class, its docstring should mention this and summarize the differences. Use the verb "override" to indicate that a subclass method replaces a superclass method and does not call the superclass method; use the verb "extend" to indicate that a subclass method calls the superclass method (in addition to its own behavior).
Do not use the Emacs convention of mentioning the arguments of functions or methods in upper case in running text. Python is case sensitive and the argument names can be used for keyword arguments, so the docstring should document the correct argument names. It is best to list each argument on a separate line. For example:
def complex(real=0.0, imag=0.0): """Form a complex number. Keyword arguments: real -- the real part (default 0.0) imag -- the imaginary part (default 0.0) """ if imag == 0.0 and real == 0.0: return complex_zero ...
The BDFL [3] recommends inserting a blank line between the last paragraph in a multi-line docstring and its closing quotes, placing the closing quotes on a line by themselves. This way, Emacs' fill-paragraph command can be used on it.
Handling Docstring Indentation
Docstring processing tools will strip a uniform amount of indentation from the second and further lines of the docstring, equal to the minimum indentation of all non-blank lines after the first line. Any indentation in the first line of the docstring (i.e., up to the first newline) is insignificant and removed. Relative indentation of later lines in the docstring is retained. Blank lines should be removed from the beginning and end of the docstring.
Since code is much more precise than words, here is an implementation of the algorithm:
def trim(docstring): if not docstring: return '' # Convert tabs to spaces (following the normal Python rules) # and split into a list of lines: lines = docstring.expandtabs().splitlines() # Determine minimum indentation (first line doesn't count): indent = sys.maxint for line in lines[1:]: stripped = line.lstrip() if stripped: indent = min(indent, len(line) - len(stripped)) # Remove indentation (first line is special): trimmed = [lines[0].strip()] if indent < sys.maxint: for line in lines[1:]: trimmed.append(line[indent:].rstrip()) # Strip off trailing and leading blank lines: while trimmed and not trimmed[-1]: trimmed.pop() while trimmed and not trimmed[0]: trimmed.pop(0) # Return a single string: return '\n'.join(trimmed)
The docstring in this example contains two newline characters and is therefore 3 lines long. The first and last lines are blank:
def foo(): """ This is the second line of the docstring. """
To illustrate:
>>> print repr(foo.__doc__) '\n This is the second line of the docstring.\n ' >>> foo.__doc__.splitlines() ['', ' This is the second line of the docstring.', ' '] >>> trim(foo.__doc__) 'This is the second line of the docstring.'
Once trimmed, these docstrings are equivalent:
def foo(): """A multi-line docstring. """ def bar(): """ A multi-line docstring. """
References and Footnotes
| [1] | PEP 256, Docstring Processing System Framework, Goodger (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0256.html) |
| [2] | (1, 2) PEP 258, Docutils Design Specification, Goodger (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0258.html) |
| [3] | Guido van Rossum, Python's creator and Benevolent Dictator For Life. |
| [4] | http://docutils.sourceforge.net/ |
| [5] | http://www.python.org/doc/essays/styleguide.html |
| [6] | http://www.python.org/sigs/doc-sig/ |
Copyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.
Acknowledgements
The "Specification" text comes mostly verbatim from the Python Style Guide [5] essay by Guido van Rossum.
This document borrows ideas from the archives of the Python Doc-SIG [6]. Thanks to all members past and present.