class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Lecture 5 ## Competitive output markets ### Ivan Rudik ### AEM 6510 --- exclude: true ```r if (!require("pacman")) install.packages("pacman") ``` ``` ## Loading required package: pacman ``` ```r pacman::p_load( tidyverse, tidylog, xaringanExtra, rlang, patchwork ) options(htmltools.dir.version = FALSE) knitr::opts_hooks$set(fig.callout = function(options) { if (options$fig.callout) { options$echo <- FALSE } knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = TRUE, fig.align="center") options }) ``` ``` ## Warning: 'xaringanExtra::style_panelset' is deprecated. ## Use 'style_panelset_tabs' instead. ## See help("Deprecated") ``` ``` ## Warning in style_panelset_tabs(...): The arguments to `syle_panelset()` changed ## in xaringanExtra 0.1.0. Please refer to the documentation to update your slides. ``` --- # Roadmap So far we have ignored output markets in our analysis -- But firms actually have production costs in addition to abatement costs, and sometimes these costs cannot be disentangled -- Now we explore models where output and abatement may not be separable This captures a wider range of potential abatement methods and technologies --- # The competitive output model This model is simply an extension of our previous one For now drop firm-specific subscripts but we assume firms are asymmetric -- A firm's production technology is given by: `$$x = f(l_1,\dots,l_K)$$` where `\(x\)` is how many units of output are produced using production function `\(f\)` and vector of inputs `\(\{l_1,\dots,l_K\}\)` --- # The competitive output model A firm's emission technology is given by: `$$e = g(l_1,\dots,l_K)$$` where `\(e\)` is how many units of emissions resulting from using the vector of inputs `\(\{l_1,\dots,l_K\}\)` -- Note that the marginal product of `\(l_k\)` for either `\(f\)` or `\(g\)` could be positive, negative, or zero -- Why? -- An input that reduces emissions could reduce output, output-enhancing inputs could increase emissions or be emission-neutral --- # The competitive output model Next we need the cost functions -- The cost function `\(C(x,e)\)` is derived from the firm's cost minimization problem -- We want to minimize the costs of producing a given combination of output `\((x,e)\)` `$$C(x,e) = \min_{l_1,\dots,l_k} \left\{ \sum_{k=1}^K w_k l_k + \lambda \underbrace{\left[ x - f(l_1,\dots,l_K) \right]}_{\text{x units of output}} + \mu \underbrace{\left[e-g(l_1,\dots,l_K)\right]}_{\text{e units of emissions}} \right\}$$` where `\(\{w_1,\dots,w_K\}\)` is a vector of input prices --- # The competitive output model Let `\(\hat{e}^x\)` be the freely chosen level of emissions at output level `\(x\)` We need two sets of assumptions to continue -- ## Assumption Set 1 .hi-red[(general case)] -- 1. `\(C(x,e)\)` is twice continuously-differentiable with `\(C_x > 0\)` and for any `\(x\)` there is an emission level `\(\hat{e}^x\)` such that `\(C_e(x,\hat{e}^x) = 0\)` -- 2. `\(C_e(x,\hat{e}^x) < 0 \,\,\, \forall e < \hat{e}^x\)` and `\(C_e(x, \hat{e}^x) \geq 0 \,\,\, \forall e \geq \hat{e}^x\)` -- 3. `\(C_{xe} = C_{ex} < 0 \,\,\, \forall e < \hat{e}^x\)` -- 4. `\(C_{xx} > 0, C_{ee} > 0, C_{xx}C_{ee} - C_{ex}^2 > 0\)` --- # The competitive output model What do these tell us? 1. MC of production is positive and there is a cost-minimizing emission level `\(\hat{e}^x\)` for all `\(x\)` in the absence of environmental regulation -- 2. MAC is increasing in abating below `\(\hat{e}^x\)` -- 3. MC of production is smaller with higher emissions `\(\leftrightarrow\)` MAC shifts up if output rises -- 4. Production and abatement costs are convex (marginal costs are increasing) --- # The competitive output model We can also see that the non-regulated emission level `\(\hat{e}^x\)` rises with `\(x\)` from the `\(C_e(x,\hat{e}^x) = 0\)` assumption -- Differentiate `\(C_e(x, \hat{e}^x) = 0\)` wrt `\(x\)` to get: `\(C_{ex}(x,\hat{e}^x){dx \over dx} + C_{ee}(x,\hat{e}^x){d\hat{e}^x \over dx} = 0\)` -- Rearrange to get: `\({d\hat{e}^x \over dx} = - {C_{ex} \over C_{ee}} > 0\)` --- # The competitive output model ## Assumption Set 2 .hi[(specific case)] We will be directly linking emissions to output in the .hi[specific case] so we make these assumptions: - Cost function `\(C(x)\)` is twice continuously-differentiable -- - `\(C'(x) > 0, C''(x) > 0\)` -- - Emissions are given by `\(e = \delta(x)\)` where `\(\delta'(x) > 0\)` -- - In some cases we will assume `\(\delta(x) = \delta \cdot x\)` to simplify --- # The competitive output model What do these tell us? The MAC function is tired directly to the firm's marginal profit -- If `\(p\)` is the output price of `\(x\)`, profit is: `$$\Pi = px - c(x)$$` and if `\(e = \delta x\)` we have that: `$${d \Pi \over de} = {p - C'(e/\delta) \over \delta}$$` --- # The competitive output model At an unregulated optimum it must be that `\(p - C'(x) = 0\)` so `\(p - C'(\hat{e}^x/\delta) = 0\)` defines the unregulated level of emissions -- For `\(e < \hat{e}^x\)`: `\(p - C'(e/\delta) > 0\)` since `\(\hat{e}^x\)` is privately optimal for the firm -- Thus `\({d \Pi \over de}\)` is the marginal abatement cost where `\({d \Pi \over de} > 0\)` for `\(e < \hat{e}^x\)` -- .hi-blue[The MC of abatement is the forgone marginal profits from reducing emissions] -- We can also see that the MAC is increasing: `$${d^2 \Pi \over de^2} = {C''(e/\delta) \over \delta^2} \geq 0$$` --- # The competitive output model Next we need to model the demand side of the market -- Let consumer utility be: `$$U^i = U_i(x_i) + z_i - D_i(E)$$` where - `\(x_i\)` is the person's consumption level - `\(z_i\)` is spending on all other non- `\(x\)` goods - `\(D_i(E)\)` are damages from aggregate emissions `\(E\)` - There are `\(i=1,\dots,J\)` consumers --- # The competitive output model The consumer has a budget constraint: `$$y = px_i + z_i$$` where the price of `\(z_i\)` is normalized to 1, `\(p\)` is the price of `\(x\)` in terms of `\(z\)` -- Utility maximization gives us that `\(u'_i(x_i) = p\)` -- This defines the inverse demand for `\(x\)` as: `\(p_i(x_i) = u'_i(x_i)\)` -- We can then derive gross benefits from consumption: `\(\int_0^{x_i} u'_i(s)ds = u_i(x_i)\)` --- # The competitive output model Next we want to derive .hi-blue[aggregate] market benefits -- Let `\(X = \sum_{i=1}^I x_i\)` be aggregate consumption, `\(P(X)\)` be the market inverse demand curve, and `\(D(E)\)` be the aggregate damage curve - You get `\(P(X)\)` by just horizontally summing `\(p_i(x_i)\)` like we did in previous classes -- `\(P(X)\)` and `\(D(E)\)` allow us to .hi-blue[fully] characterize benefits and damages to households --- # The competitive output model Now we have both sides of our model, next we need to define .hi-blue[social welfare] so we can find efficient outcomes -- Social welfare in the .hi-red[general case] is given by: `$$W(x_1,\dots,x_J,e_1,\dots,e_J) \equiv \int_0^{X\equiv\sum x_j} P(s)ds - \sum_{j=1}^J C^j(x_j, e_j) - D(E)$$` where `\(j\)` are specific firms, and household costs and firm revenues cancel out because they are just a transfer from households to firms Welfare is CS minus total cost, minus damages --- # The competitive output model Social welfare in the .hi[specific case] when `\(e_j = \delta_j(x_j)\)` is given by: `$$W(x_1,\dots,x_J) \equiv \int_0^{X\equiv\sum x_j} P(s)ds - \sum_{j=1}^J C^j(x_j) - D(E)$$` where `\(E = \sum_{j=1}^J \delta_j(x_j)\)` -- Now we can derive the efficiency conditions for our model to understand what defines the optimal allocation --- # The competitive output model: Efficiency Begin with the .hi-red[general case], the FOCs are defined by: `$${\partial W\over\partial x_j} = P(X) - C^j_{x_j}(x_j, e_j) = 0\rightarrow P(X) = C^j_{x_j}(x_j, e_j)$$` where `\({\partial \over \partial x_j} \int_0^{X\equiv\sum x_j} P(s)ds = P(X) {\partial X \over \partial x_j} = P(X)\)` by the fundamental theorem of calculus, -- and -- `$${\partial W\over\partial e_j} = C^j_{e_j}(x_j,e_j) + D'(E) = 0 \rightarrow D'(E) = -C^j_{e_j}(x_j,e_j)$$` These `\(2J\)` equations give us the solutions `\(x^*_j, e^*_j\)` for `\(j=1,\dots,J\)` --- # The competitive output model: Efficiency The conditions are pretty straightforward, right? -- - `\(P(X) = C^j_{x_j}(x_j, e_j)\)` tells us that marginal benefit of consumption must equal marginal cost of consumption -- - `\(-C^j_{e_j}(x_j,e_j) = D'(E)\)` tells us that marginal abatement cost must equal marginal damage -- For efficiency, we need to balance the environmental and production costs of producing the good with the benefits of consuming it --- # The competitive output model: Efficiency The .hi[specific case] can give us some more insight -- Here only the `\(x_j\)`s are choice variables so we get the following FOCs: `$$P(X) = C'_j(x_j) + D'(E)\delta_j'(x_j) \,\,\,\, j=1,\dots,J$$` -- The left hand side is the marginal benefit of consumption -- The right hand side is the total marginal cost: - Private production costs - External damage costs --- # Efficiency in the specific case .pull-left[ ![aggregate efficiency sets SMC = SMB](5-competitive-output-markets_files/figure-html/uncertain_damages_permit-1.png) ] .pull-right[ `\(X^c\)` is the competitive allocation, this results in: - Too much production - Too low of an output price `\(X^*\)` is the optimal allocation where SMB = SMC - This results in less production than the competitive allocation at a higher price ] --- # Efficiency in the specific case .pull-left[ ![aggregate efficiency sets SMC = SMB](5-competitive-output-markets_files/figure-html/uncertain_damages_permit-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Where do the aggregate curves come from? We get aggregate private MC `\(C'(X) = \sum_{j=1}^J C'_j(x_j)\)` by *horizontally* summing firm MCs We get SMC by *vertically* summing PMC and MD ] --- # Policy instruments Now we will take another look at our environmental policy instruments in this model with output markets -- We will see that: -- - There are additional results related to the output market that we didn't have before -- - The previous results all still hold: taxes, subsidies, permits can all achieve the efficient allocation --- # Policy instruments: taxes When facing an emission tax `\(\tau\)` a competitive firm's problem in the .hi-red[general case] is: `$$\Pi_j(x_j, e_j) = p x_j - C^j(x_j,e_j) - \tau e_j$$` where `\(p\)` is the market price of `\(x\)` -- The firm's FOCs are: -- `\begin{align} p &= C'_{x_j}(x_j,e_j) \\ \tau &= -C'_{e_j}(x_j,e_j) \end{align}` --- # Policy instruments: taxes The firm's FOCs are: `\begin{align} p &= C'_{x_j}(x_j,e_j) \\ \tau &= -C'_{e_j}(x_j,e_j) \end{align}` -- The firm equates MR to MC of production -- The firm equates the marginal abatement cost to the tax level -- So if the regulator sets `\(\tau = D'(E^*)\)` .hi-blue[we can achieve the efficient allocation] --- # Policy instruments: taxes When facing an emission tax `\(\tau\)` a competitive firm's problem in the .hi[specific case] where `\(e_j = d x_j\)` is: `$$\Pi_j(x_j) = p x_j - C^j(x_j) - \tau \delta x_j$$` with FOC: `$$p = C'_j(x_j) + \tau \delta$$` -- If the regulator sets `\(\tau = D'(E^*)\)` then firms behave as if `$$P(X) = C'_j(x_j) + \delta D'(E^*)$$` .hi-blue[which matches our social efficiency condition] --- # Comparative statics Now that we have an output market in our model we can study how taxes influence it -- To start we will assume all firms are identical and we are in the .hi[specific case] of the model so our profit-maximizing firm FOC is: `$$P(X) = C'(x) + \delta\tau$$` where `\(X = x\cdot J\)` -- Differentiate the FOC with respect to `\(\tau\)` to get how output and emissions respond to a change in the tax rate --- # Comparative statics Differentiating gives us: `$$\left[P'(X)J - C''(x)\right]{dx \over d\tau} = \delta$$` which implies that: `$${dx\over d\tau} = {\delta \over P'(X)J - C''(x)} < 0$$` and `\({dX\over d\tau} = J{dx\over d\tau} < 0\)` Emission taxes reduce output --- # Comparative statics With `\(E = \delta \cdot X\)` we have how emissions respond to the tax: `$${dE\over d\tau} = J \delta {\delta \over P'(X)J - C''(x)} < 0$$` and since `\(p = P(X)\)` is the market price of output, we can determine the relationship between output prices and the tax: `$${dp\over d\tau} = P'(X){d X \over d\tau} > 0$$` --- # Comparative statics Recap: What do the comparative statics tell us? Output and emissions decline in the tax: - A tax on emissions raises the marginal cost of production for firms - Supply shifts left - Output price `\(p\)` goes up, quantity `\(x\)` goes down --- # Comparative statics The .hi-blue[incidence] of the tax is also made clear by: `$${dp\over d\tau} = P'(X){d X \over d\tau} > 0$$` Incidence is how the tax burden is distributed between consumers and producers -- The more the price of `\(x\)` increases in response to a tax, the more the consumers pay for `\(x\)` because of `\(\tau\)`, the higher their tax incidence -- Recall from Econ 101 that it doesn't matter who is taxed, the burden is shared by the consumers and producers --- # Comparative statics `$${dp\over d\tau} = P'(X){d X \over d\tau} > 0$$` If `\(P'(X)\)` is small, demand is .hi-blue[elastic (flat)], and consumers have low incidence because the price they pay does not change much in the tax, firms bear most of the cost of the tax -- If demand is perfectly elastic `\(P'(X) = 0\)` and there is no associated price increase from a tax increase --- # Comparative statics `$${dp\over d\tau} = P'(X){d X \over d\tau} > 0$$` If `\(P'(X)\)` is large, demand is .hi-blue[inelastic (steep)], and consumers have high incidence because the price they pay for `\(x\)` increases substantially in the tax, firms pass-through most of the tax to consumers -- If demand is perfectly inelastic, then consumers bear the entire cost of the tax --- # Comparative statics: taxes recap What did we learn? Increasing a tax: 1. Decreases firm and aggregate emission levels 2. Decreases firm and aggregate output (even in the general case, see pg 103-104 in the book) 3. Increases output prices --- # Policy instruments: permits Now suppose the regulator issues `\(L=E^*\)` permits instead of setting a tax -- The regulator knows that the permit price `\(\sigma\)` that clears the permit market will be `\(\sigma(L) = \sigma(E^*) = D'(E^*)\)` -- Similarly, the output price will then be `\(p = P(X^*)\)` -- The regulator can achieve the first-best efficient outcome --- # Policy instruments: permits Auctioned versus freely-distributed permits are equivalent in this model in terms of .hi-blue[efficiency] -- The permit price in the market under free distribution will match the price that clears the permit auction -- Output prices will also be the same because all firm and consumer decisions will be identical -- The one way they will be different is how the .hi-blue[rents (economic profits)] are distributed: who gets the value from the scarcity of permits, the firms or the government? --- # Distribution of rents in permit markets .pull-left[ ![scarcity rents are distributed to firms or the government depending on the permit allocation scheme](5-competitive-output-markets_files/figure-html/permits_rents-1.png) ] .pull-right[ Assume `\(x = \delta e\)` and `\(\delta=1\)` so we can plot them on the same scale The red shaded area is the rents from the permit scheme If freely allocated: they remain with firms If auctioned: they go to the government as revenue ] --- # Relative/intensity standards A common form of standards is called a .hi-red[relative standard] -- Relative standards regulate firms based on the concentration of pollution relative to some measurable output -- A relative standard would look something like: $$ e/x \leq \alpha$$ or equivalently: `\(e \leq \alpha x\)` where `\(\alpha\)` is the policy variable -- Relative standards are often called intensity standards because `\(e/x\)` measures the pollution intensity of output --- # Relative/intensity standards Relative standards are only interesting in the .hi-red[general case] of our model, in the .hi[specific case]: - If `\(\delta > \alpha\)`, the firm has to shut down - If `\(\delta \leq \alpha\)`, the firm complies with the regulation no matter its actions -- Assume the regulation is binding in the .hi-red[general case] (i.e. it actually affects firm behavior), then the firm will always set `\(e = \alpha x\)`1 .footnote[ 1Choosing `\(e\)` strictly less than `\(\alpha x\)` strictly raises costs and reduces profits. ] This lets us re-write a firm's profit function as: `\(\Pi(x) = px - C(x, \alpha x)\)` --- # Relative/intensity standards `$$\Pi(x) = px - C(x, \alpha x)$$` -- If the regulation is binding, the firm really is only choosing one variable, `\(x\)` -- The FOC is: `$$p = C_x(x,\alpha x) + \alpha C_e(x, \alpha x)$$` The implicit solution to this, `\(x(\alpha)\)`, is the firms supply function, dependent on the policy `\(\alpha\)` --- # Relative standards vs quantity standards Suppose the regulator wants to hit `\(e = \bar{e}\)` and she knows `\(x(\alpha)\)` All the regulator has to do is set `\(\alpha = \bar{e}/x(\alpha)\)` -- Now suppose the firm just uses a quantity standard and directly sets `\(e = \bar{e}\)` -- The firm's profit function is: `$$\Pi(x,\bar{e}) = px - C(x,\bar{e})$$` and the firm's supply `\(x(\bar{e})\)` is defined by `\(p = C_x(x,\bar{e})\)` -- If the regulator chooses `\(\bar{e} = e^*\)` the regulator can achieve the efficient outcome --- # Relative standards vs quantity standards Recall the relative standard FOC if we wanted to set `\(e = \bar{e}\)`: `$$p = C_x(x(\alpha),\bar{e}) + \alpha C_e(x(\alpha), \bar{e})$$` -- and notice that this means that: `$$p - \alpha C_e(x(\alpha), \bar{e}) = C_x(x(\alpha), \bar{e}) > p$$` since `\(-C_e\)` is positive -- What does this mean? --- # Relative standards vs quantity standards This means that: `$$C_x(x(\alpha), \bar{e}) > C_x(x(\bar{e}), \bar{e})$$` -- It follows pretty simply that: `\(x(\alpha) > x(\bar{e})\)` and that: -- - `\(C(x(\alpha), \bar{e}) > C(x(\bar{e}), \bar{e})\)` since `\(C_{xx} > 0\)` -- - `\(-C_e(x(\alpha), \bar{e}) > -C_e(x(\bar{e}), \bar{e})\)` since `\(C_{ex} < 0\)` -- .hi-blue[Total cost and marginal production and abatement costs are higher under a relative standard] --- # Relative standards vs quantity standards Takeaways: If a regulator sets an emission goal of `\(\bar{e}\)` for a single firm or `\(J\)` firms, then a relative standard will lead to: -- - higher output -- - higher total cost -- - higher marginal abatement cost relative to a quantity standard -- Why? --- # Relative standards vs quantity standards How can the firm achieve compliance under a relative standard `\((e/x \leq \alpha)\)`? -- Two ways: -- 1. Decrease emissions `\(e\)` -- 2. Increase output `\(x\)` -- Relative standards allow the firm to meet the standard *in ways we don't want them to,* so we end up with too much output This limits us to .hi-blue[second-best] outcomes --- # Relative standards: optimal policy If we need to use a relative standard due to political or technical reasons what standard should we set to maximize welfare? -- The regulator's problem is: `$$W(\alpha) = \int_{0}^{x(\alpha)} P(t) dt - C(x(\alpha), \alpha x(\alpha)) - D(\alpha x( \alpha))$$` -- The FOC is: `$$[P - C_x - \alpha C_e] x'(\alpha) - C_e x - D' \times [x + \alpha x'(\alpha)] = 0$$` where the term in the first bracket is 0 from the firm's `\(\pi\)`-max FOCs --- # Relative standards: optimal policy This gives us that: `$$- C_e ={x + \alpha x'(\alpha) \over x } D'$$` .hi-blue[This is not MAC = MD!] -- `\(x'(\alpha)\)` tells us how output responds to policy and its sign tells us whether MAC `\(>\)` MD or vice versa -- Suppose `\(x'(\alpha) > 0\)`, then the second best policy sets MAC `\(>\)` MD: - The second-best quantity of emissions is lower than the first-best / optimal level that sets MAC = MD --- # Environmental policy in the long run So far we have assumed a fixed number of firms `\(J\)` In the long run, firms may enter or exit the market, and this may affect the efficiency properties of our policies -- Econ 101 tells us that in perfectly competitive markets: -- - Firms are identical -- - Firms enter or exit until profits are driven to zero -- - Firms produce at minimum average cost -- - Optimal number of firms is endogenous (usually) -- We will now look at long run properties of policy with identical firms --- # Environmental policy in the long run In the long run, firms have fixed and variable costs: `\begin{align} C(x,e) = \begin{cases} VC(x,e) + F \text{ if } x,e \neq 0 \\ 0 \text{ if } x,e = 0 \end{cases} \\ \end{align}` where `\(F\)` is the fixed cost of entry, and `\(VC\)` denotes variable costs of operation -- In the long run, social welfare will depend on `\(x,e\)` .hi-blue[and the number of firms] `\(J\)` --- # Environmental policy in the long run Social welfare is given by: `$$W(x,e,J) = \max_{x,e,J} \int_0^{x\cdot J} P(t) dt - J\cdot C(x,e)-D(e\cdot J)$$` -- The FOCs for a social optimum are: `\begin{align} P(X^*) =& C_x(x^*,e^*) \tag{x FOC} \\ D'(E^*) =& -C_e(x^*,e^*) \tag{e FOC} \\ P(X^*)x^* =& C(x^*,e^*) + D'(E^*)e^* \tag{J FOC} \end{align}` The last expression is the new one for .hi[long-run efficiency] --- # Environmental policy in the long run With some slight rearranging of the `\(J\)` FOC we can get: `$$P(X^*) = { C(x^*,e^*) + D'(E^*)e^*\over x^*}$$` What does this say? -- First, for a small firm: -- `\(D'(E^*)e^*\)` is approximately the damage caused by that firm because -- for sufficiently small `\(e^*\)`, `\(D'(E^*)\)` will be approximately constant `\((\delta)\)` (by a Taylor expansion argument) --- # Environmental policy in the long run With some slight rearranging of the `\(J\)` FOC we can get: `$$P(X^*) = \underbrace{{C(x^*,e^*) + \delta e^*\over x^*}}_{\text{average social cost}}$$` This means that it is socially efficient for firms to enter or exit until the price of output (approximately) equals the .hi-blue[average social cost curve] --- # Standards in the long run In the short run we had that standards were equivalent to taxes and tradable permits Is this true in the long run? -- Suppose the regulator wants to cap total emissions at `\(E^*\)` -- She sets an emission standard `\(e^* = E^*/J^*\)` for all firms where `\(J^*\)` is the optimal long run number of firms -- Firms can now only choose `\(x\)` since `\(e\)` is fixed at `\(e^*\)` --- # Standards in the long run Firms choose output according to: `$$p = C_x(x,e^*)$$` -- In the long run competitive equilibrium we will have `\(\hat{J}\)` firms all producing `\(\hat{x}\)` units of output such that: -- `\begin{align} &P(\hat{x}\hat{J}) = C_x(\hat{x},e^*) \tag{MR = MC}\\ &P(\hat{x}\hat{J})\hat{x} - C(\hat{x},e^*) = 0 \tag{Zero Profit} \end{align}` -- MR = MC, and zero profits are our two equilibrium conditions -- MR = MC maximizes firm profit, zero profits ensures no change in # of firms --- # Standards in the long run Recall that long run efficiency required that: `$$P(X^*)x^* - C(x^*,e^*) = D'(E^*)e^* > 0$$` -- so we have that `\(\hat{J} \neq J^*\)` and `\(\hat{x} \neq x^*\)`! What's the intuition? -- When we impose a standard: -- 1. Firms cut back output -- 2. This raises (short-run) profit above zero -- 3. Firms enter the market until profits go to zero: so `\(\hat{J} > J^*\)` and we will have that `\(\hat{x} < x^*\)` --- # Standards in the long run This is important! -- Conventional wisdom tells us that taxes, permits, and standards can all achieve the efficient outcome -- This is only true in the short run -- In the long run: standards do not appropriate the damage to the environment `\(D'(E^*)e^*\)` from firms, so we get .hi-red[excess entry] and standards are no longer first-best --- # Taxes in the long run Can taxes achieve the efficient outcome in the long run? -- Yes and it is pretty easy to see, suppose the regulator sets a tax of: `$$\tau = D'(E^*)$$` -- Firm profit is then: `$$\Pi = px - C(x,e) - \tau e$$` -- Giving us FOCs: `$$p = C_x(x^*,e^*) \qquad -C_e(x^*,e^*) = \tau$$` --- # Taxes in the long run In the long run firms enter until profits are zero so: `$$\Pi = P(X^*)x^* - C(x^*,e^*) - \tau e^* = 0$$` so `\(\tau = D'(E^*)\)` implies that `$$P(X^*)x^* = C(x^*,e^*) + D'(E^*)e^*$$` The firm FOCs for production and the entry zero-profit condition map exactly to the social welfare maximizing conditions! -- The payment of tax rents from the firms to the regulator of `\(\tau e^* = D'(E^*)e^*\)` limits entry and is what makes taxes efficient in the long run --- # Permits in the long run Now what about permit systems? -- Suppose the regulator auctions off `\(L=E^*=e^*J\)` permits and let `\(\sigma\)` be the market-clearing permit price -- The long run equilibrium is defined by the two firm FOCs and the entry condition: `\begin{align} &P(x^*J) = C_x(x^*,e^*) \\ &\sigma = -C_e(x^*,e^*) \\ &P(x^*J)x^* - C(x,e) - \sigma e^* = 0 \end{align}` --- # Permits in the long run -- Similar to the short run we will have that `\(\sigma = -C_e(x^*,e^*) = D'(L) = D'(E^*)\)` -- Thus the three long run efficiency conditions are satisfied again if we auction off the permits: - MR = MC - MAC = MD - P = ASC -- Now what if we freely distribute permits? What do you think? -- It seems like it might not be long run efficient: -- firms are not paying the environmental rent, so zero profit and P = ASC might not occur --- # Permits in the long run Suppose we allocate `\(\bar{e}\)` permits to the .hi-[incumbent] identical firms, profit for the incumbent firms given permits is then: `$$\Pi = px - C(x,e) - \sigma(e-\bar{e})$$` -- and profit for any future entrants who were not given an allocation is: `$$\Pi = px - C(x,e) - \sigma e$$` What two things do you notice? -- First, for any given `\(\sigma\)`, entrants and incumbents cannot both have zero profit! -- Our P = ASC condition can't hold for all firms --- # Permits in the long run Our efficiency condition is now .hi-red[new firms enter until profits are zero (P=ASC for entrants)]: `$$\Pi = px - C(x,e) - \sigma e = 0$$` so that incumbent firms sustain long run profits of: `$$\sigma\bar{e}$$` -- What is this saying? -- .hi-blue[Operating profits] of any firms in the market are zero, incumbents had long run profits **only** from their initial permit allocation --- # Permits in the long run The second thing you should have noticed is that the firm FOCs will be identical to the auctioned permit case, firms face the .hi-blue[exact same] incentives for output and emissions -- This means that freely allocated permits are also long run efficient -- This is just an application of the Coase theorem: the initial assignment of property rights to pollute does not matter for efficiency --- # Subsidies in the long run Now what about subsidies? In the short run they are equivalent to taxes, are they still equivalent in the long run? -- Think about the incentives for entry... -- Denote the reference level of emissions as `\(\hat{e}\)`, firm profits under a subsidy per unit `\(\xi\)` are: `$$\Pi = px - C(x,e) - \xi(e-\hat{e})$$` --- # Subsidies in the long run For damage efficiency we need to set the subsidy equal to MD: `\(\xi = D'(E^*)\)` -- In the long run equilibrium, firms enter until profits are zero `$$\Pi = P(X^*)x^* - C(x^*,e^*) - D'(E^*)(e^*-\hat{e}) = 0$$` -- which implies that `$$P(X^*)x^* - C(x^*,e^*) - D'(E^*)e^* = -D'(E^*)\hat{e} < 0$$` Too many firms have entered! --- # Subsidies in the long run Why did too many firms enter? -- Payments are available to **all** firms and induces excess market entry -- Permits do not have these problems because the payment was only to incumbent firms, not entrants -- Incumbent firms are already in the market: giving them the rents from freely distributed permits does not lead to excess entry


{% load i18n opp_tags static l10n %} {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %} {% get_language_info for LANGUAGE_CODE as lang %}


You've got to charge something! You can't just give away a Missile Defense
System.
You should charge at least $800 an hour. This job is a big deal... if you mess up,
everyone dies!
You should charge exactly $1,234.
${{rateInput.value}} an hour?  I doubt event Bill Clinton could afford that.


Who is James bubba Stewart married to
Who are James bubba stewarts parents? his father is . How did James Stewart get the nickname bubba? because he is . James was born December 21, 1985 .
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_is_James_bubba_Stewart_married_to
Treatment for Herniated or Bulging Discs
James Stewart, Jr. - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
James Stewart Jr., also known as Bubba Stewart (born December 21, 1985) is an American professional motocross racer competing in supercross, currently .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stewart,_Jr.
Who is James 'Bubba' Stewart? - Orlando Sentinel
March 29, 2011. Name: James "Bubba" Stewart, Jr. Born: Dec. 21, 1985, in Bartow. Hometown: Haines City. Occupation: Racer in the American Motorcyclist .
http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-03-29/sports/os-james-stewart-bio-box-20110329_1_supercross-titles-motocross-yamaha-yz450f
james bubba stewart born Herniated or Bulging Discs
Bio - James Stewart #7
Of all the milestones James Bubba Stewart Jr. has reached, being the first . James Stewart Sr. loved motorcycles so much that two days after James was born, .
http://js7.com/bio/
James Bubba Stewart Biography | Motocross Racing | Dirtbike ...
James "Bubba" Stewart was born December 21, 1985. Bubba Stewart was still in diapers when he first went for a motorcycle ride. His dad, James Stewart Sr., .
http://www.kidzworld.com/article/3776-james-bubba-stewart-biography
The My Hero Project - James Stewart
Mar 15, 2010 . James "Bubba" Stewart. James Stewart was born in 1985 and resides in Haines City, Florida. Winning was always one thing James was good .
http://www.myhero.com/hero.asp?hero=J_stewart_bluesky_US_09
Official Impairment Listing for Spinal Disorders
James "Bubba" Stewart Bio - Toyota Escondido Sports Network
Toyota Escondido Sports Network - Cars and Trucks for Outdoor Lifestyles.
http://www.toyotaescondido.com/tesn/james-stewart.html
- magazine laws and regulations (narrowing of the spine)
James Bubba Stewart Net Worth | Celebrity Net Worth
James Bubba Stewart earned his net worth through his racing and his television show Bubba's World. He was born in Bartow, Florida and is now racing in .
http://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-athletes/james-bubba-stewart-net-worth/James Stewart Bio - Motorcycle USA
A front runner from day one, James "Bubba" Stewart is one of .
http://www.motorcycle-usa.com/533/Motorcycles/James-Stewart.aspx
Who are James bubba stewarts parents
What is the name of James Stewart's parents? Sonya & James, Sr. How old is James Bubba Stewart? James was born December 21, 1985 .
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_are_James_bubba_stewarts_parents
James Stewart - The Low Down On Bubba
Born in Barlow, Florida, USA, Bubba was introduced to dirt bike riding by his father who also raced motocross. James Stewart Sr took him for a ride on his bike .
http://www.dirt-bike-tips-and-pics.com/james-stewart.html
Medical-Vocational Allowance for Herniated Disc
James "Bubba" - Oakley
No matter what your take is on Stewart, he is redefining a sport and drawing in . Make sure to catch Bubba's World and also look for more about James in .
http://www.oakley.com/sports/motor-sports/athletes/157
bebo.com - Profile from James Bubba Stewart Fans <Bubba-fan-club>
Tagline: Pin It, To Win It; Me, Myself, and I: James Stewart Jr., widely known as James "Bubba" Stewart, (born December 21, 1985) is a professional motocross .
http://www.bebo.com/Profile.jsp?MemberId=2593237346
Appealing a Denial of Benefits
James BUBBA Stewart training... - YouTube
Apr 3, 2007 . James BUBBA Stewart training. . Tell me,? were you born an biggot or is it an acquired habit. "One of the worst riders." Seriously, I miss RC but .
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FjwOb7aDwo
Where does James Stewart jr live
How old is James Stewart jr? \n James Stewart Jr. was born December 21, 1985. Who is James Stewart Jr? \n . \n . \n James Stewart Jr., widely known "Bubba" is .
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_does_James_Stewart_jr_live


{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block head_title %}{{ object }}{% endblock head_title %}
{% block content %}
{% include 'includes/acs_device_detail_panel.html' with acs_device=object %}
{% include 'includes/acs_device_parameters_panel.html' with acs_device=object collapsed=True %}
{% include 'includes/acs_session_list_panel.html' with acs_device=object acs_session_list=object.acs_sessions.all|slice:"10" included=True %}
{% include 'includes/acs_queue_job_list_panel.html' with acs_queue_job_list=object.unprocessed_acs_queue_jobs.all headline="All unprocessed ACS queue jobs for this acs device" %}
{% endblock content %}


The different file types and contents that the TI-89 Graph Link software can read and write are shown below.
| Extension | Extension | Extension | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
TI-89 figure |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 system backup |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 data |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 GDB (Graphic Data Base) |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 expression |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 function |
|
|
|
|
Multiple TI-89 variables of varying types (group) |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 picture (image) |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 FLASH application |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 list |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 matrix |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 program |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 string |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 text |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 Operating System (AMS) |
|
|
|
|
TI-89 macro |
|
|
|
|
TI89 assembly program |
The header appears at the beginning of the file and takes the
following format:
Note - All 2-byte and 4-byte integers are stored little-endian
Intel-style (least significant byte first).
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 8 bytes | 8-character signature. The signature is always "**TI89**". |
| 8 | 2 bytes | 2-byte further signature. These two bytes always contain {01h, 00h} = {1, 0}. |
| 10 (Ah) | 8 bytes | Default folder name (zero terminated unless 8 characters long). |
| 18 (12h) | 40 (28h) bytes | Comment. The comment is either zero-terminated or padded on the right with space characters. |
| 58 (3Ah) | 2 bytes | Number of variable and folder entries in the variable table. |
The variable table comes immediately after the header and consists
of
a number of 16-byte entries, each taking the format described below.
Folder
entries share the same table. The variables described before the first
folder entry are assumed to be in the default folder. Variables
described
after any given folder entry are placed in that folder.
If no folder entries are included, then variables are considered to be
part of the folder named at file offset 0x0A. If this is null, then it
is considered to be in the current directory when a link program sends
it.
Each variable entry follows this format:
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 bytes | Offset to the data for this variable from the beginning of the file. |
| 4 | 8 bytes | Name of variable (zero terminated if not 8 characters long). |
| 12 (Ch) | 1 byte | Type ID of the variable. |
| 13 (Dh) | 1 byte | Attribute (0: none, 1: locked, 2: archived) |
| 14 (Eh) | 2 bytes | Unused - each byte has a value of 0. |
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 bytes | Offset to the data for the next variable from the beginning of the file. |
| 4 | 8 bytes | Name of variable (zero terminated if not 8 characters long). |
| 12 (Ch) | 1 byte | Type ID of the variable. For folders, this value is always 1Fh. |
| 13 (Dh) | 1 byte | Unused - this byte has a value of 0. |
| 14 (Eh) | 2 bytes | The number of variables in this folder. |
Finally, the data section, which follows the variable table, has this format:
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 bytes | The file size, in bytes. |
| 4 | 2 bytes | A 2-byte signature. These two bytes always contain {A5h, 5Ah}. |
| 6 | n bytes | Data section. |
The data section consists of several variable data parts back-to-back, in order of their listing in the variable table. Each variable part has this format:
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | m bytes | The variable data. This field includes all bytes transferred in data packets. The first five bytes usually all have a value of 0. |
| m | 2 bytes | Checksum. This is the lower 16 bits of the sum of all bytes in the first four bytes and the variable data. |
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 8 bytes | 8-character signature. The signature is always "**TI89**". |
| 8 | 2 bytes | 2-byte further signature. These two bytes always contain {01h, 00h} = {1, 0}. |
| 10 (Ah) | 8 bytes | The parent folder of the variable (zero terminated if not 8 characters long) - See note below. |
| 18 (12h) | 40 (28h) bytes | Comment. The comment is either zero-terminated or padded on the right with space characters. |
| 58 (3Ah) | 6 bytes | These 6 bytes always contain {01h, 00h, 52h, 00h, 00h, 00h} = {1, 0, 82, 0, 0, 0}. |
| 64 (40h) | 8 bytes | The name of the variable (zero terminated if not 8 characters long). |
| 72 (48h) | 1 byte | The type ID for this variable. |
| 73 (49h) | 3 bytes | These three bytes always have a value of 0. |
| 76 (4Ch) | 4 bytes | The file size, in bytes. |
| 80 (50h) | 2 bytes | A 2-byte signature. These two bytes always contain {A5h, 5Ah}. |
| 82 (52h) | n bytes | The variable data. This field includes all bytes transferred in data packets. The first four bytes usually all have a value of 0. |
| 82 (52h)+n | 2 bytes | Checksum. This is the lower 16 bits of the sum of all bytes in the variable data. |
The only modification (in italic) has been made on the
variable entry format:
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 bytes | Offset to the data for this variable from the beginning of the file. |
| 4 | 8 bytes | Name of variable (zero terminated if not 8 characters long). |
| 12 (Ch) | 1 byte | Type ID of the variable. |
| 13 (Dh) | 1 bytes | Attribute: 1Dh (none), 26h (locked) or 27h (archived) |
| 14 (Eh) | 2 bytes | Unused - each byte has a value of 0. |
The header takes the following format:
Note - All 2-byte and 4-byte integers are stored little-endian
Intel-style (least significant byte first).
| Offset | Length | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 8 bytes | 8-character signature. The signature is always "**TIFL**". |
| 8 | 2 bytes | Revision number (BCD coded): major.minor. |
| 9 | 1 byte | Flags (usually set to 00h). |
| 10 (Ah) | 1 byte | Object type (00h). |
| 12 (Ch) | 4 bytes | Binary-Coded-Decimal date such as {dd, mm, yy, yy} for 'dd/mm/yyyy'. |
| 16 (10h) | 1 bytes | Name length |
| 17 (11h) | 8 bytes | Application name or 'basecode' for OS or '' for certificate. Name is null-terminated unless 8 characters long. |
| 25 (19h) | 23 bytes | Filler (unused, set to 00h). |
| 48 (30h) | 1 byte | Device type (TI73: 74h, TI83+: 73h, TI89: 98h, TI92+: 88h) |
| 49 (31h) | 1 byte | Data type (os: 23h, application: 24h, certificate: 25h, license: 3Eh) |
| 50 (32H) | 22 bytes | Filler (unused, set to 00h). |
| 72
(48h) |
2
bytes |
Hardware ID (1 = 92+, 3 = 89, 8 = V200, 9 = Titanium); see TIGCC doc. |
| 74 (4Ah) | 4 bytes | Size of data in bytes |
| 78 (4Eh) | n bytes | Data. |
| 78 (4Eh)+n | 2 bytes | Checksum. This is the lower 16 bits of the sum of all bytes in the variable data. |
The data section contains pure raw data which are directly sent to the calculator.
There is an old format, called TIB but
still used by developers. Its format is below: The document comes from
PedRom sources and is copyrighted as GPL by Patrick Pelissier.
|
Variable Formats |
Table of Contents |
Tokens and Characters |


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WATCH: Trooper saves woman from sliding truck
WAYNE COUNTY, Ill. (KTVI/CNN) – An Illinois couple survived a close call on an icy interstate last week.
A box truck came barreling toward Bud and Peggy Vaught while they were being assisted by troopers on the side of the road.
Illinois State Police said the driver of the truck was going too fast for road conditions and could have easily been responsible for a tragedy.
A trooper pulled Peggy Vaught into a ditch, the truck sliding just inches over her.
Bud Vaught was still inside the car when the truck struck their vehicle.
He has some internal injuries but said he will be okay.
The couple praised the work of the troopers and said they may have saved Peggy Vaught’s life by pulling her into a ditch.
“All I heard was someone say ‘run.’ And that’s the last thing. I didn’t know what was going on,” Peggy Vaught said.
Illinois drivers are required by law to slow down and move over if they are approaching a stopped emergency vehicle.
 But it hit me just flat out,” Bud Vaught said.
The driver of the truck was cited for driving too fast for conditions and failure to reduce speed.
Copyright 2019 KTVI via CNN. All rights reserved.


Who's down with OOP or FP?
I'll attempt to review for the Ruby newbie the difference between Object Oriented Programming and Functional Programming. Let's start off with the fact that Ruby is an Object Oriented language. Everything in Ruby is an Object - well most everything. There are a few exceptions to this statement. However, the objects in Ruby are intended to be organized with data structures, datafields and, methods together with their unique interactions. With a functional programming language the compuataion is treated as the evaluation of mathematical functions and it does not have a place for state and mutable data.
So what's underneath the hood?
The following are some the main characterstics of OOP:
- Objects
- Methods
- Message passing
- Encapsulation
- Inheritance
- Data Absstraction
- Lambda calculus
- Compositionality
- Formula
- Recursion
- No side effects
Do you prefer to drive an Benz or Audi?
I mentioned earlier that Ruby is a OOP language, but here are a few other OOP languages for reference:
- Python
- Java
- C++
- Haskell
- Clojure
- Scala
- Python
Does it come down to your driving needs?
It can be difficult to decide when to use an OOP versuses a FP language. I certainly am no expert here. However, if you are looking to model the project (world) with objects and closely tie the data to a a specific object, then you will use OOP. The core of FP is that the data is only loosely tied to the function. Basically, FP is all about how the data flows. ß


{% include 'profile/_blocks/_stat_list.html' with stat=agriculture.total_land stat_type='number' %}
Source:
National Data Profile
{% include 'profile/_blocks/_stat_list.html' with stat=agriculture.total_holding stat_type='number' %}
Source:
National Data Profile
{% endif %}


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CCC orders quarantine on nearly all marijuana vaping products
by EndPlayBOSTON - The Cannabis Control Commission has ordered a quarantine on all marijuana vaping products except medical use flower vaporizers.
At 12:01 p.m. Tuesday, medical marijuana patients in Massachusetts were set to be able to purchase vaping products. This, after a judge ruled that only the state's Cannabis Control Commission has the authority to regulate marijuana and that Governor Charlie Baker's ban was out of line.
Related Headlines
Last Thursday, the CCC chose not to uphold Baker's vaping ban for medical marijuana patients, allowing for sales for patients to begin again at 12:01 p.m. Tuesday.
However, the CCC has now "issued a quarantine order for marijuana products and devices that rely on vaporization or aerosolization, including, but not limited to, vape pens, vape cartridges, aerosol products, and inhalers, in order to protect the public health, safety, and welfare of the citizens of Massachusetts."
This means that medical marijuana patients can now purchase flower vapes again, but oil vape cartridges remain banned.
>> Read the quarantine order here
This move comes days after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified vitamin E acetate as a "strong culprit" in the nationwide outbreak of vaping illnesses.
The Commission says its existing testing regulations and protocols do not require testing for vitamin E acetate.
The Commission says it has "agreed to set standards for ingredients, labeling, testing, sourcing, storage of marijuana products intended for vaporization, the manufacturing and consumption processes of marijuana products and marijuana accessories, and more."
It also says more information about the regulatory process "will be announced later."


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object jerly.datastructure.Cell
public class Cell
Represents a cell in the recognition matrix.
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
Cell()
Constructor. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
add(Rule rule)
Add a rule to the cell and make it open. |
boolean |
contains(Rule rule)
Determines if the cell contains a rule. |
Rule |
getFirstOpenRule()
Gets the first open rule. |
java.util.Set |
getRules()
Gets the rules of the cell. |
java.util.Vector |
getRulesNonterminalAfterDot()
Gets all those rules that have a non-terminal after the dot. |
java.util.Vector |
getRulesWithDotLast()
Get all those rules that have a dot at the end. |
java.util.Vector |
getRulesWithThisElemAfterDot(Elem letter)
Get all those rules that contain a specific elem after the dot. |
boolean |
hasOpenRules()
Determines if the cell has open rules. |
void |
openAllRules()
Set all rules open. |
int |
size()
Number of rules in the cell. |
java.lang.String |
toString()
String representation of the rules in the cell. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
Cell()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object
public void add(Rule rule)
rule
- The rule that we want to add to the cell.public void openAllRules()
public boolean hasOpenRules()
public Rule getFirstOpenRule()
public java.util.Vector getRulesNonterminalAfterDot()
public int size()
public boolean contains(Rule rule)
rule
- The rule that we want to check if it's already in the cell.
public java.util.Set getRules()
public java.util.Vector getRulesWithThisElemAfterDot(Elem letter)
letter
- An elem.
public java.util.Vector getRulesWithDotLast()
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


74 references to GetExecutionContextFromTLS
System.Management.Automation (74)
engine\CommandCompletion\CommandCompletion.cs (1)
527
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\CommandCompletion\PseudoParameterBinder.cs (1)
968
ExecutionContext executionContext = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\CommandInfo.cs (1)
434
if (_context != LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
())
engine\ErrorPackage.cs (1)
1597
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\ExecutionContext.cs (1)
119
context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\ExternalScriptInfo.cs (4)
247
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
286
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
323
ExecutionContext context = Context ?? LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
365
new CommandMetadata(this.ScriptBlock, this.Name, LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
());
engine\FunctionInfo.cs (1)
483
new CommandMetadata(this.ScriptBlock, this.Name, LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
());
engine\hostifaces\History.cs (1)
762
var executionContext = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\hostifaces\PowerShell.cs (1)
3949
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\lang\parserutils.cs (1)
1986
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\lang\scriptblock.cs (7)
167
context: LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
(),
191
context: LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
(),
230
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
324
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
705
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
823
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
955
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\LanguagePrimitives.cs (4)
1470
ExecutionContext ecFromTLS = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
3368
ExecutionContext ecFromTLS = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
3979
ExecutionContext ecFromTLS = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
5639
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\Modules\PSModuleInfo.cs (5)
101
: this(LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
(), linkToGlobal)
137
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
1235
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
1310
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
1347
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\MshObject.cs (2)
61
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
421
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\parser\TypeResolver.cs (3)
315
context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
375
context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
587
context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\remoting\common\RunspaceConnectionInfo.cs (1)
2152
var context = Runspaces.LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\runtime\Binding\Binders.cs (11)
461
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
1387
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
5622
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GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
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();
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();
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();
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GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
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GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\runtime\CompiledScriptBlock.cs (4)
493
LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
());
557
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
1493
ExecutionContext executionContext = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
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ExecutionContext executionContext = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\runtime\Operations\ArrayOps.cs (3)
61
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
122
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
283
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\runtime\Operations\ClassOps.cs (1)
286
var executionContext = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\runtime\Operations\MiscOps.cs (3)
641
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
3092
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
3182
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\runtime\Operations\StringOps.cs (1)
42
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\ScriptInfo.cs (1)
120
new CommandMetadata(this.ScriptBlock, this.Name, LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
());
engine\SessionStatePublic.cs (1)
74
ExecutionContext ecFromTLS = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\SessionStateScope.cs (1)
1969
var context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\ShellVariable.cs (4)
229
: LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
240
: LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
452
ExecutionContext context = Runspaces.LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
495
ExecutionContext context = Runspaces.LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\Utils.cs (1)
409
ExecutionContext ecFromTLS = Runspaces.LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
engine\VariableAttributeCollection.cs (1)
127
ExecutionContext context = Runspaces.LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
FormatAndOutput\common\BaseFormattingCommand.cs (2)
60
if (LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
() != null)
62
enumLimitVal = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
()
FormatAndOutput\common\FormatViewGenerator_Complex.cs (1)
630
if (LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
().CurrentPipelineStopping)
FormatAndOutput\common\Utilities\MshObjectUtil.cs (2)
234
if (LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
().CurrentPipelineStopping)
264
if (LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
().CurrentPipelineStopping)
help\BaseCommandHelpInfo.cs (1)
221
ExecutionContext context = LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();
help\HelpCommands.cs (1)
830
var currentContext = System.Management.Automation.Runspaces.LocalPipeline.
GetExecutionContextFromTLS
();


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This inspection checks for any accidental use of zero in a predicate index or in a comparision with the function
position()
. Such is almost always a bug because in XPath, the index starts at one, not at zero.
Example:
//someelement[position() = 0]
or //something[0]


Page 1 of 1
unable to connect..
Posted:
Tue Nov 11, 2008 5:40 am
by Ashlar
ever since the update came out, i cant get into the game at all. it patched to 1.11.1 and i just get "stop trying to connect". i dont use a router or firewall or av.
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Tue Nov 11, 2008 7:34 am
by Karl G.
Did you download the full installer update, or just use the patch?
If you just patched, it likely won't connect correctly.
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Tue Nov 11, 2008 9:32 pm
by Ashlar
i uninstalled the old client, installed the new one that just came out. the patcher downloads 3 identically sized files. still getting the same thing. tried a reinstall.
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Wed Nov 12, 2008 6:38 am
by Karl G.
Huh, that's really weird.
Wait! Does your game run in fullscreen mode? Is it possible that Windows is blocking the app from connecting? I know it sometimes does this even if Firewall is disabled. Try running in windowed mode if this is the case so you can allow it to connect.
Karl
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Wed Nov 12, 2008 8:39 pm
by Ashlar
i set it to windowed mode in the config file and its still not letting me. any other suggestions?
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Wed Nov 12, 2008 8:59 pm
by Joe M.
I think the server's down right now:
viewtopic.php?f=25&t=1212I haven't been able to connect today at all.
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Mon Nov 17, 2008 3:29 pm
by Ashlar
server seems to be up, i can ping poorserver.no-ip.org . still unable to connect. Anymore suggestions?
Re: unable to connect..
Posted:
Mon Nov 17, 2008 4:13 pm
by Karl G.
Ugh. That means it's up but the remote hosting software isn't running. RARR!


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This post will pick up where we left off by demonstrating more vagrant-vsphere provider settings using the CentOS template we customized in the last blog post. Let's get started:
1. Create a new customization specification in the vSphere web client. This customization specification will allow us to set the hostname of the vm created by "vagrant up" to the same name as the virtual machine.
A. Go to Home | Customization Specification Manager:
B. Click the "Create a new specification" button:
C. Select "Linux" for the "Target VM Operating System" and name the customization specification. Click "Next" to continue
D. For "Computer Name" select "Use the virtual machine name" and click "Next" to continue.
E. For "Time Zone" select the time zone you want to use and click "Next" to continue.
F. For "Configure Network" keep the default and click "Next to continue.
G. For "Enter DNS and Domain settings" enter the DNS servers and the domain name you want to assign to the cloned vm. Click "Next to continue.
H. Click "Finish" to create the customization specification.
"vsphere.data_store_name" is the datastore that the cloned vm will be deployed to.
"vsphere.linked_clone" being set to "true" will cause the cloned vm to be deployed as a linked clone. This will dramatically decrease the amount of time needed to clone the vm when "vagrant up" command is issued.
"vsphere.customization_spec_name" will specify the customization specification that will be applied to the cloned vm. Set this to the customization specification we created in the previous step.
3. Test the configuration changes we made by running a "vagrant up":
You should find the time it took to deploy the linked clone vm was much faster than previous full clones of the vagrant template vm.
4. Connect to the vagrant vm to validate the hostname of the vm matched the vm name & search domain:
5. Clean up after ourselves and call it a day:
You might be wondering why setting the hostname & domain name might be so important. We will see in future posts how to use hostnames to determine which manifests will be applied to specific vms we clone and power up with Vagrant.
Hopefully you found this post helpful understanding more about the usefulness of customization specifications and advanced vagrant-vsphere configurations. The next blog post will start diving into using Vagrant to test Puppet manifests.
Please provide any feedback or suggestions to my twitter account located on the about page.
This post will continue our examination of using the vagrant-vsphere plugin, by customizing a CentOS template for integration with Vagrant. Having a Vagrant customize template will allow us to deploy this template and SSH to the cloned vm using the "vagrant ssh" command, as well automatically run puppet manifests when we deploy a vm using Vagrant. Let's get started:
1. Ensure you have a DHCP server on the network you will be connecting the Vagrant deployed templates to. While you can utilized guest customization to assign a static IP addresses to a Vagrant deployed vm, using DHCP will make this process much easier.
2. Create a CentOS 6.x minimal virtual machine for configuring as our Vagrant CentOS template.
Create or clone a fresh CentOS 6.x minimal virtual machine. I already have an existing Centos 6.5 minimal template that I simply cloned for this purpose.
3. Power on the new cloned vm and connect using SSH to the DHCP assigned IP address for this vm.
4. Ensure you have perl, rsync, ruby & puppet agent installed:
A. Import the EPEL 6 key and RPM:
B. Use yum to install ruby, wget, puppet, facter & rsync:
5. Ensure you have vmtools installed on the new CentOS template.
A. Start the install process by clicking "VM | Guest | Install/Upgrade VMware Tools" in the vShpere client. When prompted select "Automatice Tools Upgrade" and click "OK"
B. Create a directory to mount the virtual CDROM to with the following command:
C. Mount the virtual CDROM to /mnt/cdrom with the following command:
D. Copy the VMware Tools installer over to the /root directory and unzip it:
E. Change directory into the directory we just untared and run the "vmware-install.pl" to start the installer:
You should be able to accept the defaults for all prompts and complete the VMware tools installer. Once the installer has completed check the vm summary of this template vm in the vSphere client. The VMware Tools should show as "Running" and "Current."
F. Unmount the virtual CDROM using the following command:
6. We will next follow the steps for creating a base box from the Vagrant website.
One thing to point out is we will be configuring the vagrant template for password less SSH using a vagrant user with the password of "vagrant." The Vagrant website mentions 'by default, Vagrant expects a "vagrant" user to SSH into the machine as. This user should be setup with the insecure keypair that Vagrant uses as a default to attempt to SSH. Also, even though Vagrant uses key-based authentication by default, it is a general convention to set the password for the "vagrant" user to "vagrant."'
This vagrant template should only be used for lab or development work and never used for production or publicly facing virtual machines due to the security risks of having known users, passwords & private SSH keys configured by default.
A. Add a new user named "vagrant" to the template.
B. Change the password of the user "vagrant" to "vagrant"
C. We will next need to copy the contents of the vagrant.pub file located at the vagrant github site into the /home/vagrant/.ssh/authorized_keys file.
First we will su (switch user) to the vagrant user by running the following command:
Next we will create the .ssh directory since is does not exist:
We will now create /home/vagrant/.ssh/authorized_keys with the contents of this file from the vagrant github page:
The vagrant website also mentions 'that OpenSSH is very picky about file permissions. Therefore, make sure that ~/.ssh has 0700 permissions and the authorized keys file has 0600 permissions.' We will correct those permissions now:
D. We will to edit the sudo file. Type the following command to open the sudo file in vi:
Locate the line containing:
...and change it to read:
The # sign at the beginning of the line will cause this line to be ignored as a comment.
We also need to add the following line at the bottom of the file:
E. One more recommendation from the vagrant website is to edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config and change any line matching:
to
This avoids a reverse DNS lookup on the connecting SSH client which can take many seconds.
7. Lastly this is a template, so we will need to remove /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules file because it contains the MAC address of the current virtual NIC. It will be recreated on boot up or when we deploy other virtual machines from this template.
8. We will now shutdown the template by running halt:
9. We now need to SSH to the vagrant vm that has the vagrant-vsphere plugin installed. This is the vm we created if you followed the last blog post.
A. Edit the Vagrantfile we created to modify the following line to reflect the name you gave the new vagrant template we cloned or created in the steps above:
B. We can test this new template by issuing the following command:
Unlike our 'vagrant up" command in the last post we have established a SSH session with the cloned template using the vagrant user we created and the public key in that users authorized_keys file.
You also might notice that the entire directory we launched the 'vagrant up" command from has been copied over to /vagrant on the cloned vm using rsync. We will go into leveraging this feature with puppet in our next blog post.
C. Using SSH to connect to the vagrant vm is as easy as 'vagrant ssh'
D. Finally we will power down and delete the cloned template by running the following command:
Hopefully you found this post helpful in demonstrating how to create a vagrant specific template to use with the vagrant-vsphere plugin. The next blog post will be covering how to take advantage of customization specifications and advanced Vagrantfile configurations on a vm deployed using vagrant.
Please provide any feedback or suggestions to my twitter account located on the about page.
Some readers might find this post to be a little "in the weeds" and cover details they are already familiar with. I struggled in my first attempts to get Vagrant working on CentOS, because I couldn't find any good tutorials that covered the entire process. If you get bored with basic network configuration or have another preferred method for installing Ruby, please understand I'm trying to provide as much detail as possible to those without much linux experience. I am also assuming you have a working vCenter, ESXi hosts and dhcp server configured to assign IP addresses for the Vagrant virtual machines we will be deploying.
1. Create a CentOS 6.x minimal virtual machine for installing Vagrant.
Create or clone a fresh CentOS 6.x minimal virtual machine. I already had an existing Centos 6.5 minimal template that I simply cloned for this purpose.
2. Power on the new cloned vm and connect to the virtual machine console
3. Modify /etc/sysconfig/network, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 & /etc/resolv.conf to reflect the network settings for your vagrant vm:
4. Restart the vm for the hostname change to take affect
5. SSH to the vagrant vm using the IP address you assigned in /etc/sysconf/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
6. Install Ruby 1.9.3. There are several ways to install ruby 1.9.3 on CentOS, but I'll cover using ruby-build to accomplish this:
A. Use yum to install the packages we'll need to get ruby, rubygems and vagrant installed:
B. Pull down the latest version of ruby-build using git:
C. Change to the directory the previous command created:
D. Run the 'install.sh' script to install ruby-build:
E. I have not been successful in getting vagrant-vsphere to run on any version of ruby newer than 1.9.3-p545. As a result I would recommend installing that version with the following command:
7. We will next need to install rubygems. The process I used was to download the latest version from rubygems.org and install it:
A. Use wget to download the latest version listed on the rubygems download page:
B. Use tar to unzip the tar-gzipped file we downloaded:
C. Install rubygems by running the 'setup.rb' script:
8. Installing Vagrant
A. Use wget to download the latest version listed on the Vagrant download page:
B. Use the 'rpm' command to install the RPM package we downloaded in the previous step:
C. Export the directory that the vagrant executable was install to, in order to make it easier to run:
9. Installing the vagrant-vsphere plugin
A. The nokogiri gem, which is a ruby HTML, XML & SAM parser, is required by vagrant-vsphere so we will install it with the following commands:
B. Next we will install the rbvmomi gem with the following command. rbvmomi is a ruby interface for using the vSphere API.
C. Now we can install the vagrant-vsphere plugin with the following command:
8. Configuring vagrant-vsphere
The vagrant-vsphere README.md on github mentions we need to create a vSphere box from the metadata.json located in the example_box directory.
A. We can use the linux the "find" command to determine the path to the example_box directory:
B. Now we can change directory to that directory and create the necessary dummy box file:
C. Next we will create a new folder under /root for storing the box file we created and other vagrant configuration files
D. Vagrant reads it's configuration from a file named Vagrantfile, located in the directory from which the "vagrant up" command is run in. We need to go back to our "vagrant-vms" folder and create this file:
E. Modify the Vagrantfile to reflect your vsphere configuration. Here's an example of my working Vagrantfile:
In this configuration file:
"vsphere.host" is your vCenter server FQDN or IP address
"vsphere.name" will be the name of the virtual machine that gets created
"vsphere.clone_from_vm" specifies we will be cloning a vm rather than template
"vsphere.template_name" is the name of the vm we will be cloning
"vsphere.user" is the username we will be using to connect to vCenter
"vsphere.password" is the password we will be using to connect ot vCenter
"vsphere.insecure" tells vagrant to not worry about validating the certificate on the vCenter server
9. Vargrant up!!!!
If everything has gone correctly up to this point we can issue a "vagrant up --provider=vsphere" command from the directory that contains the Vagrantfile:
You should see a "Clone virtual machine" task being run on your vCenter server and then completing.
10. Canceling the "Vagrant up" command and destroying our cloned vm.
Since we have not properly prepared the vm we are cloning (I will have another blog post covering this topic) Vagrant will never be able to successfully connect to the cloned vm using SSH. As a result we will need to cancel the "vagrant up" command:
A. Press [control-c] to attempt to gracefully exit "vagrant-up"
I've never seen this task complete so I will press [control-c] again to immediately exit:
B. Destroy the cloned vm by running "vagrant destroy" command:
You should see a "Power Off virtual machine" and "Delet virtual machine" tasks being run and then completing on your vCenter server.
Hopefully you found this post helpful in getting vagrant and the vagrant-vsphere plugin installed and configured. The next blog post will be covering how to create a template vm that has been prepared for vagrant to connect seemlessly using SSH.
Please provide any feedback or suggestions to my twitter account located on the about page.
Vagrant, according to the documentation, provides a "disposable environment and consistent workflow for developing and testing infrastructure management scripts. You can quickly test things like shell scripts, Chef cookbooks, Puppet modules, and more using local virtualization such as VirtualBox or VMware. Then, with the same configuration, you can test these scripts on remote clouds such as AWS or RackSpace with the same workflow."
I've been wanting to dedicate more time to working with Puppet and needed a better way to quickly test my manifests on a fresh system. The vCHS automation team has demonstrated using Vagant with VMware fusion, but I wanted to be able to use it in my homelab, natively with vSphere/ESXi. The vagrant-vsphere plugin provides the ability to use simple commands to deploy a vm/template, apply a specified manifest and even SSH to the freshly create vm.
This will be the first of several blog posts in which I will cover:


How many 'A's you need for your first class honor?
This calculator is based on
Modular System
in National University of Singapore(NUS)
Current MC and CAP can be found on
myisis
under
'unofficial transcript'
Current MC:
Current CAP:
Ungraded MC:
(S\U and internship modules etc..)
Your target this sem:
Module MC
Target Grade
(eg. a+, c-, f)
Go!
Your CAP after this SEM is:


ERASER A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1996 James Berardinelli
RATING (0 TO 10): 6.5 Alternative Scale: **1/2 out of ****
United States, 1996 U.S. Release Date: 6/21/96 (wide) Running Length: 1:55 MPAA Classification: R (Violence, profanity) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 2.35:1
Cast: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Vanessa Williams, James Caan, Robert Pastorelli, James Coburn, James Cromwell Director: Charles Russell Producers: Arnold Kopelson and Anne Kopelson Screenplay: Tony Puryear and Walon Green Cinematography: Adam Greenberg Music: Alan Silvestri U.S. Distributor: Warner Brothers
The release of ERASER begs the question: haven't there been enough action films already this summer? With the likes of TWISTER, MISSION IMPOSSIBLE, THE PHANTOM, DRAGONHEART, and THE ROCK floating around, do we really need ERASER? Probably not, but Hollywood has decided to give us this film, anyway. Besides, no one does it quite like Arnold Schwarzenegger -- or at least that's what Warner Brothers would have us believe. And, until fans stop flocking to see the latest offering from this human tree trunk, he'll keep coming back.
ERASER is the latest in a growing number of "high tech" action flicks (THE NET, HACKERS, and MISSION IMPOSSIBLE all fit into that category). It takes the usual chases, explosions, and shoot-outs, and places them in plot that involves all sorts of computerized and electronic gadgetry. Often, as is the case here, not much attention is paid to whether the "science" is technologically feasible, but if something looks and sounds neat, why not use it?
ERASER will hearten the group of Schwarzenegger fans who have been depressed by their favorite star's ventures beyond the action realm (such as the bloated parody LAST ACTION HERO and the completely unfunny JUNIOR). This is Arnold at his muscle-bound, gun-toting best, mowing down bad guys without taking much of a breather. And, while Schwarzenegger is more of a personality than an actor, he has a solid supporting cast this time around, including Vanessa Williams, James Caan (thoroughly enjoying himself as the bad guy), Robert Pastorelli in the Joe Pesci-type sidekick role, and James Coburn.
The premise is moderately intriguing. Schwarzenegger is John Kruger, a Federal Marshal working for the Witness Security Department. It's his job to "erase" the identities of Federally-protected witnesses so that they survive long enough to testify in court. Occasionally, the job requires him to go to excessive lengths to keep someone alive, and Kruger frequently leaves a trail of bodies behind him. Not only that, but he's got more stamina than the Energizer Bunny. He can get stabbed through the hand and shot in the shoulder and still use that arm to do some amazing things.
Things heat up for Kruger when his latest client, a former employee of Cyrez Technology named Lee Cullen (Williams), is attacked and nearly killed by a group of assassins packing a "rail gun" -- a nasty weapon that uses electromagnetic pulses to propel projectiles at incredibly fast rates of speed. Cullen has in her possession a disk crammed with information that could incriminate a number of highly-placed government officials in an illegal gun running operation, including the Undersecretary of Defense, several crooked FBI agents, and Kruger's boss, Robert Deguerin (Caan). As soon as Kruger takes the woman into his protection, he finds himself framed for murder and on the run from just about every law enforcement agent. His only hope -- unlock the disk's secrets and prove his innocence to his boss' boss (Coburn).
There are some definite similarities between ERASER and MISSION IMPOSSIBLE. Both involve betrayals and government cover-ups, both have plots that revolve around information contained on disks, both feature a break-in to a supposedly-secure installation, and both contain several high-energy action sequences. Ultimately, however, ERASER is marginally more enjoyable. Not only is Schwarzenegger a better action hero than Tom Cruise, but the plotline of this film, while far from a masterpiece of originality, isn't filled with the silly, convoluted twists that choked MISSION IMPOSSIBLE. And, perhaps best of all, ERASER has a lot of delightfully corny dialogue (including Arnold calmly telling a dead alligator, "You're luggage").
While most of ERASER is pretty standard stuff, there are a few fun variations.  There's also an exciting skydiving scene that has Schwarzenegger playing chicken with a crippled 727 while unable to get his parachute to function properly. Finally, several of the gun fights, because they feature rail guns, are a little more interesting than standard shoot-outs. The movie also consciously avoids several of the worst action-film standbys: the lead male and female do not fall in love, and, thankfully, they aren't always at each other's throats. Cullen accepts that Kruger is trying to help her, and decides not to fight him every step of the way.
It will be interesting to see how this film fares, emerging as it does in the wake of so much previous chaos and mayhem, not to mention going toe-to-toe with THE HUNCHBACK OF NOTRE DAME (although I'm sure the target audiences are vastly different). Frankly, I'm getting tired of all this action -- ERASER is fun in a limited sort of way, but it would have been more enjoyable if it had come out in a less-crowded market. Regardless, the film is available now, and if you're on the lookout for another loud roller-coaster movie ride, or if you consider yourself a Schwarzenegger fan, it's worth a look.
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ReelViews web site: http://www.cybernex.net/~berardin
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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{% extends "base.html" %} {% block description %} Earlychildhoodnews.co.ke is a blog about early childhood news {% endblock description %}


You can add a rule with:
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule
Common flags are
name=""
dir=
action=
program=""
protocol=
enable=
localport=
Allowing a program like:
netsh advfirewall firweall add rule name="allow_my_program" dir=in action=allow program="evil.exe" enable=yes
Allowing ports like:
netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="allow_my_port_80" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=80
Powershell also makes things very easy, with similar commands:
New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName <name> -RemoteAddress <ip_address> -Direction inbound -Action allow


{{+bindTo:partials.standard_nacl_api}}
| PP_Bool(* | BindGraphics )(PP_Instance instance, PP_Resource device) |
| PP_Bool(* | IsFullFrame )(PP_Instance instance) |
The PPB_Instance interface contains pointers to functions related to the module instance on a web page.
| PP_Bool(* PPB_Instance::BindGraphics)(PP_Instance instance, PP_Resource device) |
BindGraphics() binds the given graphics as the current display surface.
The contents of this device is what will be displayed in the instance's area on the web page. The device must be a 2D or a 3D device.
You can pass a NULL
resource as the device parameter to unbind all devices from the given instance. The instance will then appear transparent. Re-binding the same device will return PP_TRUE
and will do nothing.
Any previously-bound device will be released. It is an error to bind a device when it is already bound to another instance. If you want to move a device between instances, first unbind it from the old one, and then rebind it to the new one.
Binding a device will invalidate that portion of the web page to flush the contents of the new device to the screen.
| [in] | instance | A PP_Instance identifying one instance of a module. |
| [in] | device | A PP_Resource corresponding to a graphics device. |
PP_Bool
containing PP_TRUE
if bind was successful or PP_FALSE
if the device was not the correct type. On success, a reference to the device will be held by the instance, so the caller can release its reference if it chooses. | PP_Bool(* PPB_Instance::IsFullFrame)(PP_Instance instance) |
IsFullFrame() determines if the instance is full-frame.
Such an instance represents the entire document in a frame rather than an embedded resource. This can happen if the user does a top-level navigation or the page specifies an iframe to a resource with a MIME type registered by the module.
| [in] | instance | A PP_Instance identifying one instance of a module. |
PP_Bool
containing PP_TRUE
if the instance is full-frame.


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Interface RecognizeRequestOrBuilder (2.0.0)
public interface RecognizeRequestOrBuilder extends MessageOrBuilder
Implements
MessageOrBuilderMethods
getAudio()
public abstract RecognitionAudio getAudio()
Required. The audio data to be recognized.
.google.cloud.speech.v1.RecognitionAudio audio = 2 [(.google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
| Type | Description |
| RecognitionAudio | The audio. |
getAudioOrBuilder()
public abstract RecognitionAudioOrBuilder getAudioOrBuilder()
Required. The audio data to be recognized.
.google.cloud.speech.v1.RecognitionAudio audio = 2 [(.google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
| Type | Description |
| RecognitionAudioOrBuilder |
getConfig()
public abstract RecognitionConfig getConfig()
Required. Provides information to the recognizer that specifies how to process the request.
.google.cloud.speech.v1.RecognitionConfig config = 1 [(.google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
| Type | Description |
| RecognitionConfig | The config. |
getConfigOrBuilder()
public abstract RecognitionConfigOrBuilder getConfigOrBuilder()
Required. Provides information to the recognizer that specifies how to process the request.
.google.cloud.speech.v1.RecognitionConfig config = 1 [(.google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
| Type | Description |
| RecognitionConfigOrBuilder |
hasAudio()
public abstract boolean hasAudio()
Required. The audio data to be recognized.
.google.cloud.speech.v1.RecognitionAudio audio = 2 [(.google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
| Type | Description |
| boolean | Whether the audio field is set. |
hasConfig()
public abstract boolean hasConfig()
Required. Provides information to the recognizer that specifies how to process the request.
.google.cloud.speech.v1.RecognitionConfig config = 1 [(.google.api.field_behavior) = REQUIRED];
| Type | Description |
| boolean | Whether the config field is set. |


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load i18n %} {% block title %} {% trans "Create an account" %} {% endblock %} {% block content_class %}row{% endblock %} {% block content %}
{% trans "If your administrator decides you need a portal account, you’ll get an email invitation. Check your spam folder if you’re expecting an invitation." %}
{% trans "Follow the directions in the invitation to create your account." %}
{% trans "The portal texts a security code to your mobile phone:" %}
{% trans "If you do not have a mobile phone, you can get security codes by visiting" %} {% if user.id %} {% else %} {% endif %} {% trans "Manage your account" %}. {% trans "Before you do anything else, save these codes somewhere that only you can access." %}


When you receive an updated conversation spreadsheet:
make the next steps easier by renaming / save-as-ing the sheet to a short name with no spaces, e.g. jcu-questions.xlsx
scp
the file to the sat5p server, into the default user’s incoming
directory:
scp sat5p-comingsoon-1.xlsx ec2-user@<IP_ADDRESS>:incoming/
ssh
into the serverssh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>incoming
directory and check that your spreadsheet is therecd ~/incoming
ls *.xlsx
excel2all
(from the sat5ptools
package, check the setup guide for installation instructions) to create the conversation data file and graph. Specify the correct target institution’s site directory for output; you will generally want to send incoming updates into the -test
dir.The default ec2-user
user doesn’t have permission to write to /mnt/sites
, so use sudo
to write there, and then reset ownership of sites
contents back to nginx
.
sudo excel2all ~/incoming/jcu-questions.xslx --make --makeformat pdf /mnt/sites/jcu-test/conversation
sudo chown --recursive nginx:nginx /mnt/sites
Each site is constructed from a set of files in its /mnt/sites/
directory.
| filename | purpose |
|---|---|
index.html |
The core functionality of the Self Assessment Tool |
header.html |
A header, loaded and added to the top of the page by index.html (unless disabled by adding ?noheader to the URL). The institution may supply alternative header content. |
footer.html |
A footer, loaded and added to the bottom of the page by index.html (unless disabled by adding the slightly incorrectly named ?noheader option to the URL). The institution may supply alternative header content. |
conversation.json |
The data file containing the conversation. |
conversation.dot |
A graph specification describing the conversational flow. |
conversation.dot.pdf |
A PDF of the conversational graph, rendered as a PDF. |
logo.png |
The institution’s logo, included in the default header.html . |
uni.png |
The avatar used for the institution during the conversation. |
user.png |
The avatar used for the user during the conversation. |
iframe
friendly modeThe ‘normal’ display for the conversational interface uses a maximum width, and includes headers and footers as described in the preceding section. This ensures a reasonable presentation in stand-alone mode, where the user visits the subdomain directly.
There is an alternative display mode that removes the header and footer and doesn’t enforce a minimum width; this is for display in an iframe or other wrapping arrangement. To show the conversation in iframe
friendly mode, add ?noheader
to the url:
https://cqu.sat5p.jcu.io/?noheader
The sat5p
tools can convert an Excel spreadsheet into a conversation data file, and also into a flow graph that is good for checking through the conversation without tediously clicking all the possible paths in the web chat.
If you’re setting up a server via this guide, you already have the source of the tools in a git repository; however, I recommend installing the “published” version of the tools to minimise messing around with Python.
Make sure you have a recent version of pip
, a Python package installer. If you want to use sat5p
tools on Windows, it’s worth getting through this, as the tools you’re installing will 🤞 work properly at your command line without you having to type full paths, even if your Python installation doesn’t work that way.
First, check if you already have pip
:
pip --version
If you get “command not found”, here’s how to install it:
sudo yum install -y python-pip
sudo pip install --upgrade pip
sudo apt-get install python-pip
sudo pip install --upgrade pip
start https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4750806/how-do-i-install-pip-on-windows
Once you have pip
, you can install the tools:
sudo pip install sat5ptools
GraphViz is optional, but recommended. If it is available, sat5ptools can use it to make useful flow-charts as PNGs or PDFs (or any other format GraphViz supports):
sudo yum install -y graphviz
The conversation flowcharts are usually very narrow and long, so it’s worth experimenting with which format is most useful for scrolling through – some people report that Adobe Acrobat can’t always show a long conversation.
There are four command line tools, summarised below. Running <command> --help
will produce detailed instructions on options for each command.
| tool | purpose |
|---|---|
sat5pconfig |
Generates a config file with default settings, which you can edit and use to alter the bahaviour of the other tools |
excel2qns |
Reads conversation questions from an Excel workbook and generates the JSON file required to deliver that conversation via the web interface |
excel2graph |
Reads conversation questions from an Excel workbook and generates a DOT describing a graph of that conversion, and optionally runs GraphViz to produce an actual graph |
excel2all |
Combines the behaviour of excel2qns and excel2all , and therefore is probably the command you’ll use most of the time. |


Grupo f0
Fruitcake toffee jujubes. Topping biscuit sesame snaps jelly caramels jujubes tiramisu fruitcake. Marzipan tart lemon drops chocolate sesame snaps jelly beans.
Frontend Developer and Web Designer.
I like to transmit emotions and messages through simple yet elegant designs.
I'm outgoing and I like to travel to know the world and experience different cultures. I'm relaxed but attentive to details and can be very focused when the situation needs it. I love to work with other people and to know their opinions and what they're thinking. Learning is my passion so I'm always reading to learn new things, and I'm very interested when I hear people talk about a topic I don't know about, no matter what it is! I'm a open minded individual and I know that each person can look a situation from a different perspective.
And now you know a little more about me!
I'm a pragmatic thinker and I look every situation from different angles.
I like to work in a collaborative environment and share ideas with others.
I'm quick to pick up new skills and learn new things.
Fruitcake toffee jujubes. Topping biscuit sesame snaps jelly caramels jujubes tiramisu fruitcake. Marzipan tart lemon drops chocolate sesame snaps jelly beans.
Lollipop powder danish sugar plum caramels liquorice sweet cookie. Gummi bears caramels gummi bears candy canes cheesecake sweet roll icing dragée. Gummies jelly-o tart. Cheesecake unerdwear.com candy canes apple pie halvah chocolate tiramisu.
Soufflé bonbon jelly cotton candy liquorice dessert jelly bear claw candy canes. Pudding halvah bonbon marzipan powder. Marzipan gingerbread sweet jelly.
Sesame snaps sweet wafer danish. Chupa chups carrot cake icing donut halvah bonbon. Chocolate cake candy marshmallow pudding dessert marzipan jujubes sugar plum.
Chupa chups pudding lollipop gummi bears gummies cupcake pie. Cookie cotton candy caramels. Oat cake dessert applicake. Sweet roll tiramisu sweet roll sweet roll.
Also feel free to call or write, I'd be glad to respond!
+58<PHONE_NUMBER>
Valencia, VE


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| Modified: | 4/30/2013 4:35:04 PM |
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What are Design Meetups?
Design Meetups are internally organised meetups hosted weekly for the CommBank digital design team. Our Mission: "To spread the fire of creativity".
Meetups ranged from external speakers, topical sessions by our agency partners, practical craft workshops, design practice explorations (e.g. What is Service Staging in Service Design?) and opportunities for our team members to share their stories.
Why did I join the team?
Culture! When people speak highly of their workplace, “good culture” is often a huge factor. What makes up that good culture? The people, perks like free food or an inspiring environment? These help build a culture that makes us want to come to work. This is what the meetups brings.
I believed the design meetups had the potential to be a significant pillar of the “good culture” of CommBank’s digital team. The meetups brought people together, engaged them on a broad range of topics and added a distinct pop to everyone's Friday afternoon.
My contribution
Make it work: I contributed to the backlog of speakers and sessions by reaching out externally as well as organising custom sessions. For example, we had a "Design the Vote" week aligned with the elections. We broke down the websites and branding of major parties and attempted to reverse engineer their design decisions through empathy.
Keep it fun: We'd send weekly reminder emails about our Friday sessions and if I can say so myself I'm in hot contention for the title of CommBank GIF Master for establishing the tradition of including gifs in our emails. Humour goes a long way in a large corporation still using Outlook (Slack, you're so far away it hurts).


8th Ave. Cor. F. Roxas
Grace Park West, Caloocan
Metro Manila, Philippines 1400
Mantawi International Drive
Subangdaku, Mandaue City
Cebu, Philippines
Guzman St, Poblacion District
Davao City, Davao Del Sur
Philippines 8000
Greenfield City, Brgy. Don Jose
Sta. Rosa City, Laguna
Philippines 4026


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Welcome {{.User}}! This is a link-shortening service running on a Cockroach Cloud DB. {{$stats.Links}} links and {{$stats.Clicks}} clicks served.
Create a new link:
Totally Non-Obvious Features!
$(1)
or query
parameters like $(someParam)
to rewrite the
redirect URL. For example:
https://example.com/elsewhere/$(2)/$(1)/$(0)
vanity
go/vanity/X/Y → https://example.com/elsewhere/Y/X/vanity
||
Your links:
{{range (.Store.List .Ctx .User)}}Recently-listed links:
{{ range (.Store.Listed .Ctx 100) }}


The Poké Ball Guy Is Not Your Friend, Friend
by Natalie DegraffinriedAmong all the controversy that’s arisen around Pokémon Sword and Shield, one new feature has stuck out to me as particularly egregious: the Ball Guy. You know the one. He pops up at every Pokémon League stadium, shilling exotic Poké Balls and cheerfully spreading his propaganda. His face, like that of many mascots, is agonisingly punchable. Kotaku video producer Paul Tamayo says he would like to slapbox him. (Paul also once said he’d slapbox a Charizard, so maybe take that with a grain of salt.) Polygon’s Patricia Hernandez, however, would have you believe he’s a friend. Perhaps taken in by his everyman nature, by the worker’s struggle to stay cool in a sweaty, dank mascot costume, she has erred in her judgement.
Sod off, cop.
 Pokémon are being used for menial labour without pay, in case the dog fighting wasn’t enough. Corsola are dying.  But things are always most nakedly at their worst where the Ball Guy appears.
The ball guy is proselytising the joys of heteronormativity. He must be DESTROYED.
In Motostoke, the Ball Guy stands outside, handing Poké Balls out to impressionable children.  “Poké Balls, Great Balls…” Down a nearby alley with a Poké Ball decal, a guy roars to the sky, fists clenched, “You gotta throw Poké Balls!”
Whoa, sure, man. Just take it easy, OK?
Another man, maniacally eager, exclaims, unprompted, “Ultra Balls are ultra-great!” I was more than a little freaked out to see him vanish, only to reappear right in front of me. Something is not right.
The capitalist hellscape of the Pokémon universe has led to branded balls being shilled at large stadiums that are already dominating the economy of Galar as a single chairman reaps all the benefits. It’s more than a little strange. Why, in a world where Pokémon battles are commonplace, is there a need for a Poké Ball mascot, of all things? Surely it would make more branding sense to have a popular Pokémon in the role. Unless there was something threatening the lucrative ball business – something huge.
Pictured: Stockholm syndrome
Imagine: Despite decades of guarantees from Silph Co. about the safety of Pokémon inhabiting their balls, a crack team of investigators finally finds their way in past the conglomerate’s airtight legal protections, exposing the lives of the Pokémon inside them. Ever since the manufacturing went from handcrafted Apricorn products to the mass-produced Balls in stores today, their quality has rapidly dropped, with no one the wiser. They follow the money and realise that for years, Kanto’s own Dr. Samuel Oak has been receiving sizeable payments routed through a Galarian bank account. A whistleblower known only as “Bill” is nowhere to be found.
 Adults and children alike glance askance as he just tries to get through the day, get through his job.
And therein lies the problem. Which side are you on?
But when the class wars ultimately happen, we will need to make some tough decisions. And will I trust this motherfucker shucking and jiving to sell Poké Balls on the corner for an unchecked monopoly, promoting animal cruelty in a world already lousy with it? Well, maybe. Solidarity is key. But I’ll certainly be looking at him funny.
Comrade Random Child is ready to eat the rich. Are you?


Westside Chinese School Registration
Returning families (i.e. you or your children attended Westside
Chinese School in 2018-2019 school year for the whole school year),
please click the link below:
Returning Families
New families (i.e. you or your children had never attended Westside
Chinese School), please click the link below:
New Families
For all other special cases,
please click here.