The Invisible Man
by H.G. Wells
Chapter 11
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1897
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: England
-
Source:
Wells, H.G. (1897).
. London, England; Pearsons Magazine.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 7.5
- Word Count: 1,210
- Genre: Science Fiction
- Keywords: duality of man, good vs. evil, science, scientific experimentation
- ✎ Cite This
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Now in order clearly to understand what had happened in the inn, it is necessary to go back to the moment when Mr. Marvel first came into view of Mr. Huxter's window. At that precise moment Mr. Cuss and Mr. Bunting were in the parlour. They were seriously investigating the strange occurrences of the morning, and were, with Mr. Hall's permission, making a thorough examination of the Invisible Man's belongings. Jaffers had partially recovered from his fall and had gone home in the charge of his sympathetic friends. The stranger's scattered garments had been removed by Mrs. Hall and the room tidied up. And on the table under the window where the stranger had been wont to work, Cuss had hit almost at once on three big books in manuscript labelled "Diary."
"Diary!" said Cuss, putting the three books on the table. "Now, at any rate, we shall learn something." The Vicar stood with his hands on the table.
"Diary," repeated Cuss, sitting down, putting two volumes to support the third, and opening it. "H'm -- no name on the fly-leaf. Bother! -- cypher. And figures."
The vicar came round to look over his shoulder.
Cuss turned the pages over with a face suddenly disappointed. "I'm -- dear me! It's all cypher, Bunting."
"There are no diagrams?" asked Mr. Bunting. "No illustrations throwing light -- "
"See for yourself," said Mr. Cuss. "Some of it's mathematical and some of it's Russian or some such language (to judge by the letters), and some of it's Greek. Now the Greek I thought you -- "
"Of course," said Mr. Bunting, taking out and wiping his spectacles and feeling suddenly very uncomfortable, -- for he had no Greek left in his mind worth talking about; "yes -- the Greek, of course, may furnish a clue."
"I'll find you a place."
"I'd rather glance through the volumes first," said Mr. Bunting, still wiping. "A general impression first, Cuss, and then, you know, we can go looking for clues."
He coughed, put on his glasses, arranged them fastidiously, coughed again, and wished something would happen to avert the seemingly inevitable exposure. Then he took the volume Cuss handed him in a leisurely manner. And then something did happen.
The door opened suddenly.
Both gentlemen started violently, looked round, and were relieved to see a sporadically rosy face beneath a furry silk hat. "Tap?" asked the face, and stood staring.
"No," said both gentlemen at once.
"Over the other side, my man," said Mr. Bunting.
"All right," said the intruder, as it seemed in a low voice curiously different from the huskiness of its first inquiry. "Right you are," said the intruder in the former voice. "Stand clear!" and he vanished and closed the door.
"A sailor, I should judge," said Mr. Bunting. "Amusing fellows, they are. Stand clear! indeed. A nautical term, referring to his getting back out of the room, I suppose."
"I daresay so," said Cuss. "My nerves are all loose to-day. It quite made me jump -- the door opening like that."
Mr. Bunting smiled as if he had not jumped. "And now," he said with a sigh, "these books."
Some one sniffed as he did so.
"One thing is indisputable," said Bunting, drawing up a chair next to that of Cuss. "There certainly have been very strange things happen in Iping during the last few days -- very strange. I cannot of course believe in this absurd invisibility story -- "
"It's incredible," said Cuss, " -- incredible. But the fact remains that I saw -- I certainly saw right down his sleeve -- "
"But did you -- are you sure? Suppose a mirror, for instance, -- hallucinations are so easily produced. I don't know if you have ever seen a really good conjuror -- "
"I won't argue again," said Cuss. "We've thrashed that out, Bunting. And just now there's these books -- Ah! here's some of what I take to be Greek! Greek letters certainly."
He pointed to the middle of the page. Mr. Bunting flushed slightly and brought his face nearer, apparently finding some difficulty with his glasses. Suddenly he became aware of a strange feeling at the nape of his neck. He tried to raise his head, and encountered an immovable resistance. The feeling was a curious pressure, the grip of a heavy, firm hand, and it bore his chin irresistibly to the table.  He looked into the face of Cuss, close to his own, and each saw a horrified reflection of his own sickly astonishment.
"I'm sorry to handle you so roughly," said the Voice, "but it's unavoidable."
"Since when did you learn to pry into an investigator's private memoranda," said the Voice; and two chins struck the table simultaneously, and two sets of teeth rattled.
"Since when did you learn to invade the private rooms of a man in misfortune?" and the concussion was repeated.
"Where have they put my clothes?"
"Listen," said the Voice. "The windows are fastened and I've taken the key out of the door. I am a fairly strong man, and I have the poker handy -- besides being invisible.  Very well.
The Vicar and the Doctor looked at one another, and the Doctor pulled a face. "Yes," said Mr. Bunting, and the Doctor repeated it. Then the pressure on the necks relaxed, and the Doctor and the Vicar sat up, both very red in the face and wriggling their heads.
"Please keep sitting where you are," said the Invisible Man. "Here's the poker, you see."
"When I came into this room," continued the Invisible Man, after presenting the poker to the tip of the nose of each of his visitors, "I did not expect to find it occupied, and I expected to find, in addition to my books of memoranda, an outfit of clothing. Where is it? No, -- don't rise. I can see it's gone. Now, just at present, though the days are quite warm enough for an invisible man to run about stark, the evenings are quite chilly. I want clothing -- and other accommodation; and I must also have those three books."


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Asset Representation¶
This section discusses the translation of asset descriptions into representations of structures suitable for simulation within workflow, in this case consistent with the HAZUS description of building classes and associated attributes, which becomes the default data schema. Thus the description of assets below is organized according to the HAZUS conventions for classifying buildings and organizing damage and loss data according to attributes associated with those building classes.
The following discussion will reference a number of rulesets developed for this testbed to enable various assignments of these HAZUS building classes and corresponding attributes. Details of these rulesets are available to users in one of two forms:
Rulest definition tables (PDFs) curated in DesignSafe that include additional documentation justifying the proposed rule, with provenance information for any sources engaged in that rule’s development.
Scripts (in Python) curated in GitHub that implement the ruleset’s logic for this testbed.
Each section provides a table linking the relevant Tables and Scripts. Note that as well that all of the rulesets introduced herein are tiered, initiating by assigning all assets a default value for its building classification or a given attribute based on the primary rule. This ensures that every asset receives a HAZUS building class and related attribute assignments, regardless of data sparsity.
Building Classifications¶
HAZUS classifies buildings based on a more nuanced interpretation of Occupancy Class (see building inventory field OccupancyClass) based on other attributes of relevance for a given hazard type.
For wind losses, HAZUS groups buildings into 5 main types by primary building material/construction
mode (wood, masonry, concrete, steel, manufactured home). Buildings must then be sub-classified
into one of 55 corresponding HAZUS building classes (HazusClass-W) based on characteristics
such as occupancy, number of stories and footprint size, using rulesets that call upon various
fields in the building inventory. The HAZUS building classifications for wind losses are listed
in bldg_class
, and the corresponding rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced
later in addinfo_ruleset
. Note that while rulesets were developed for marginally and non-engineered
building classes in HAZUS, these classes are not used in the current implementation of this testbed.
BuildingDescription |
HazusClass-W |
OccupancyClass |
|---|---|---|
Wood, Single-Family Homes 1 story |
WSF1 |
RES1 |
Wood, Single-Family Homes 2+ stories |
WSF2 |
RES1 |
Wood, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story |
WMUH1 |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Wood, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories |
WMUH2 |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Wood, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3+ stories |
WMUH3 |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story |
WMUH1NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories |
WMUH2NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3 stories |
WMUH3NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Wood Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 4 stories |
WMUH4NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Masonry, Single Family Homes 1 story |
MSF1 |
RES1 |
Masonry, Single Family Homes 2+ stories |
MSF2 |
RES1 |
Masonry, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story |
MMUH1 |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Masonry, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories |
MMUH2 |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Masonry, Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3+ stories |
MMUH3 |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Masonry, Low-Rise Strip Mall height < 15 ft |
MLRM1 |
COM1, COM2 |
Masonry, Low-Rise Strip Mall height > 15 ft |
MLRM2 |
COM1, COM2 |
Masonry, Low-Rise Industrial/Warehouse/Factory Building |
MLRI |
IND* |
Masonry, Engineered Residential Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories) |
MERBL |
RES* |
Masonry, Engineered Residential Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories) |
MERBM |
RES* |
Masonry, Engineered Residential Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories) |
MERBH |
RES* |
Masonry, Engineered Commercial Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories) |
MECBL |
COM* |
Masonry, Engineered Commercial Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories) |
MECBM |
COM* |
Masonry, Engineered Commercial Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories) |
MECBH |
COM* |
Masonry Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 1 story |
MMUH1NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Masonry Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 2 stories |
MMUH2NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Masonry Marginally- or Non-Engineered Multi-Unit/Hotel/Motel 3 stories |
MMUH3NE |
RES3*, RES5, RES6, COM8 |
Concrete, Engineered Residential Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories) |
CERBL |
RES* |
Concrete, Engineered Residential Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories) |
CERBM |
RES* |
Concrete, Engineered Residential Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories) |
CERBH |
RES* |
Concrete, Engineered Commercial Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories) |
CECBL |
COM* |
Concrete, Engineered Commercial Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories) |
CECBM |
COM* |
Concrete, Engineered Commercial Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories) |
CECBH |
COM* |
Steel, Pre-Engineered Metal Building, Small |
SPMBS |
COM*, IND*, EDU*, AGR*, REL*, GOV* |
Steel, Pre-Engineered Metal Building, Medium |
SPMBM |
COM*, IND*, EDU*, AGR*, REL*, GOV* |
Steel, Pre-Engineered Metal Building, Large |
SPMBL |
COM*, IND*, EDU*, AGR*, REL*, GOV* |
Steel, Engineered Residential Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories) |
SERBL |
RES* |
Steel, Engineered Residential Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories) |
SERBM |
RES* |
Steel, Engineered Residential Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories) |
SERBH |
RES* |
Steel, Engineered Commercial Building, Low-Rise (1-2 Stories) |
SECBL |
COM* |
Steel, Engineered Commercial Building, Mid-Rise (3-5 Stories) |
SECBM |
COM* |
Steel, Engineered Commercial Building, High-Rise (6+ Stories) |
SECBH |
COM* |
Manufactured Home, Pre-HUD |
MHPHUD |
RES2 |
Manufactured Home, 1976 HUD |
MH76HUD |
RES2 |
Manufactured Home, 1994 HUD - Wind Zone I |
MH94HUD-I |
RES2 |
Manufactured Home, 1994 HUD - Wind Zone II |
MH94HUD-II |
RES2 |
Manufactured Home, 1994 HUD - Wind Zone III |
MH94HUD-III |
RES2 |
Essential Facility - Fire Station |
HUEFFS |
GOV2 |
Essential Facility - Elementary School |
HUEFSS |
EDU1 |
Essential Facility - High School (2 Story) |
HUEFSM |
EDU1 |
Essential Facility - High School (3 Story) |
HUEFSL |
EDU1 |
Essential Facility - Hospital Small (<50 beds) |
HUEFHS |
COM6 |
Essential Facility - Hospital Medium (50-150 beds) |
HUEFHM |
COM6 |
Essential Facility - Hospital Large (>150 beds) |
HUEFHL |
COM6 |
Essential Facility - Police Station |
HUEFPS |
GOV2 |
Essential Facility - Emergency Operation Centers |
HUEFEO |
GOV2 |
For flood losses, HAZUS groups buildings into one of 32 classifications based on the building use
and other features. A separate ruleset was developed to assign buildings into one of these classes
associated with inundation by water (HazusClass-IN). The HAZUS building classifications for flood
losses are listed in flood_bldg_class
, and the corresponding rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts)
are cross-referenced later in addinfo_ruleset
.
Occupancy |
HazusClass-IN |
OccupancyClass |
|---|---|---|
Single-family home |
SF1XA |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF1XV |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF2XA |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF2XV |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF2BA |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF2BV |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF2SA |
RES1 |
Single-family home |
SF2SV |
RES1 |
Mobile Home |
MH |
RES2 |
Apartment |
APT |
RES3 |
Hotel and Motel |
HOT |
RES4 |
Nursing Home |
NURSE |
RES5, RES6 |
Retail |
RETAIL |
COM1 |
Wholesale/warehouse |
WHOLE |
COM2 |
Personal and Repair Services |
SERVICE |
COM3 |
Business and Office |
OFFICE |
COM4 |
Bank |
BANK |
COM5 |
Hospital |
HOSP |
COM6 |
Medical Office / Clinic |
MED |
COM7 |
Entertainment & Recreation |
REC |
COM8 |
Theatre |
THEAT |
COM9 |
Garage |
GARAGE |
COM10 |
Heavy Industry |
INDH |
IND1 |
Light Industry |
INDL |
IND2 |
Food/Drug/Chemical Industry |
CHEM |
IND3, IND5 |
Metals/Mineral Processing |
PROC |
IND4 |
Construction |
CONST |
IND6 |
Agricultural |
AGRI |
AGR1 |
Church |
RELIG |
REL1 |
City Hall / Post Office |
CITY |
GOV1 |
Police Station / Fire Station |
EMERG |
GOV2 |
School / Library |
SCHOOL |
EDU1, EDU2 |
IND1 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average heavy industrial, Structure |
IND2 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average light industrial, structure |
IND3 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average Food/Drug/Chem, Structure |
IND4 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average Metals/Minerals processing, structure |
IND5 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average High Technology, structure |
IND6 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average Construction, structure |
AGR1 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average Agriculture, structure |
REL1 |
USACE - Galveston |
Church, structure |
GOV1 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average government services, structure |
GOV2 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average emergency response, Structure |
EDU1 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average school, structure |
EDU2 |
USACE - Galveston |
Average college/university, structure |
For wave-induced losses, HAZUS groups buildings into one of 10 classifications based on the building
use, construction material and number of stories. A separate ruleset was developed to assign buildings
into one of these classes associated with losses driven by wave action (HazusClass-WA). The HAZUS
building classifications for wave-induced losses are listed in wave_bldg_class
, and the corresponding
rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset
.
Occupancy |
HazusClass-WA |
|---|---|
Wood 1 Story |
W1 |
Wood 2 Story |
W2 |
Wood 3 Story |
W3 |
Masonry/Concrete 1 Story |
MC1 |
Masonry/Concrete 2 Story |
MC2 |
Masonry/Concrete 3 Story |
MC3 |
Steel 1 Story |
S1 |
Steel 2 Story |
S2 |
Steel 3 Story |
S3 |
Mobile Home |
MH |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
Building Class Rulesets - Wind |
||
Building Class Rulesets - Flood |
||
Building Class Rulesets - Wave |
To be released. |
Building Attributes¶
Within each of these building classes, e.g., wood single-family homes 1-2+ stories, the HAZUS Hurricane Technical Manual (HHTM) further differentiates buildings based on asset attributes and the hazard type (e.g., wind vs. flood) for the purpose of loss estimation. These attributes define key features of the load path and components (e.g., roof shape, secondary water resistance, roof deck attachment, roof-wall connection, shutters, garage), and the number of attributes necessary to describe a given building varies.
As these attributes are beyond what is typically encompassed in a building inventory, this testbed developed
and implemented a library of rulesets to infer the HAZUS-required attributes based upon the fields available
in the Building Inventory, legacy building codes in New Jersey, local construction practices/norms, surveys
capturing owner-driven mitigation actions (e.g., [Javeline19]) and market/industry data.
Where possible, the rulesets are time-evolving, considering the age of construction to determine the governing
code edition and availability of specific mitigation measures in the market. Though reliant on engineering
judgement and historical data availability, each rule provides detailed notes cross-referencing the various
documents and practices that governed that era of construction and thus informed the ruleset formation.
In cases where engineering judgment was required, rules were assigned based on what was understood to be
the most common construction practice. In cases where that was not clear, the ruleset assigned the most
vulnerable configuration for a more conservative approach to loss estimation. wind_bldg_attri
and flood_bldg_attri
list the attributes for the wind and flood loss assessments.
Attribute |
Description |
Format |
|---|---|---|
HazusClass-W |
Hazus building classes as defined for wind hazards |
Choices: HazusClass-W in |
RoofSystem |
Underlying roof structure, applies only to masonry buildings |
Choices: Wood, OWSJ |
HPR |
Hazard Prone Regions for WSF1-2 |
Choices: yes, no |
WBD |
Wind Borne Debris for WSF1-2 |
Choices: yes, no |
SWR |
Secondary Water Resistance for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MMUH1-3 |
Choices: yes, no |
RoofCvr |
Roof cover for WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MLRI, MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools, 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers |
Choices: N/A, BUR, SPM |
RoofQual |
Roof cover quality for WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MLRI |
Choices: N/A, poor, good |
RDA-Wood |
Roof Deck Attachment for wood for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MLRM1, MLRM2 |
Choices: A, B, C, D |
RDA-OWSJ |
Roof Deck Attachment for OWSJ for MSF1-2 |
Choices: smtl standard, smtl superior, cshl standard, cshl superior |
R2WC |
Roof to Wall Connection for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MLRM1, MLRM2 |
Choices: strap, toe-nail |
shutters |
Use of window opening protection for WSF1-2, WMUH1-3, MMUH1-3, MSF1-2, MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MMUH1-3,MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H, SPMBS-M-L, MH94HUDI-II-III, MH76HUD, MHPHUD and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools, 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers |
Choices: yes, no |
Agarage |
Attached garage for WSF1-2, MSF1-2 |
Choices: none, SFBC 1994, standard, weak |
Mreinf |
Reinforcement in masonry walls for MSF1-2, MLRI, MLRM1, MLRM2, MMUH1-3 |
Choices: yes, no |
OWSJ-r |
OWSJ required for MSF1-2 |
Choices: cshl, smtl |
Metal-RDA |
Metal Roof Deck Attachment for MLRI, MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, SPMBS-M-L and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools, 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers |
Choices: standard, superior |
RDage |
Defines roof deck age for MLRM1, MLRM2, SPMBS-M-L and Fire Stations (HUEFFS), Elementary Schools (HUEFSS) |
Choices: new/avg, old |
UnitClass |
Number of units in strip mall for MLRM2 |
Choices: single, multi |
JoistSpace |
Joist spacing for multi-unit strip malls for MLRM2 |
Choices: N/A, 4, 6 |
WindDebris |
Likely sources of wind debris for MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, MLRM1, MLRM2, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H and Fire Stations, Elementary Schools , 2-story High School and 3-story High School and Hospitals and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers |
Choices: Res/Comm, Varies by Direction, Residential, None, A, B, C, D |
WWR |
Window to wall ratio (WWR) for MERBL-M-H, MECBL-M-H, SERBL-M-H, SECBL-M-H, CECBL-M-H, CERBL-M-H and Police Stations, Emergency Operation Centers |
Choices: low, medium, high |
TieDowns |
Use of ties to connect mobile homes to foundations per HUD guidelnes for MH94HUDI-II-III, MH76HUD, MHPHUD |
Choices: yes, no |
Attribute |
Description |
Format |
|---|---|---|
HazusClass-IN |
Hazus building classes as defined for inundation (flooding) |
Choices: SF1XA, SF1XV, SF2XA, SF2XV, SF2BA, SF2BV, SF2SA, SF2SV, MH, APT, HOT, NURSE, RETAIL, WHOLE, SERVICE, OFFICE, BANK, HOSP, MED, REC, THEAT, GARAGE, INDH, INDL, CHEM, PROC, CONST, AGRI, RELIG, CITY, EMERG, SCHOOL |
HazusClass-WA |
Hazus building classes as defined for wave action |
Choices: W1, W2, W3, MC1, MC2, MC3, S1, S2, S3, MH |
FloodType |
Assignment to flood zones as defined for Hazus damage/loss descriptions |
Choices: Riverine/A-Zone, Coastal/A-Zone, Coastal/V-Zone |
FirstFloorElev |
Assignment of first floor height as defined by Hazus |
Floating Point Number |
PostFIRM |
Assignment of FIRM phasing as defined by Hazus |
Choices: Yes, No |
NumberofStories |
Initalizing number of stories for Hazus analysis |
integer |
BasementType |
Assignement of basement type for Hazus analysis |
Choices: Basement, Split-Level Basement, No Basement |
OccupancyType |
Assignment of Occupancy type for Hazus analysis |
Choices: SF1XA, SF1XV, SF2XA, SF2XV, SF2BA, SF2BV, SF2SA, SF2SV, MH, APT, HOT, NURSE, RETAIL, WHOLE, SERVICE, OFFICE, BANK, HOSP, MED, REC, THEAT, GARAGE, INDH, INDL, CHEM, PROC, CONST, AGRI, RELIG, CITY, EMERG, SCHOOL |
Duration |
Assignment of storm suration for Hazus Analysis |
Short, Long |
Wave Velocity |
Definition of wave velocity in ft/s for Hazus Analysis |
Floating Point Number |
Note that rulesets for assigning wind loss attributes call upon two meta-variables relevant to wind losses
for any building: “Hazard Prone Region” and “Wind Borne Debris,” which are assigned based the design wind
speed at the asset location (Building Inventory field “DSWII”) and the flood zone (building inventory field
FloodZone), per New Jersey code. These rules used to assign these meta-variables are provided in
addinfo_ruleset_metavar
. Also note that the roof shape (building inventory field RoofShape),
derived from aerial imagery, and terrain roughness (building inventory field Terrain), derived from
Land Use Land Cover data, are also attributes required by the HAZUS wind loss model. As these were already
assigned in the Asset Description, they are not discussed again herein.
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
Attribute Assignment - Wind (Meta-Variable) |
Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - Meta-Variables.pdf |
Finally, all of the rulesets used to assign attributes include a default value that can be updated based on available data, ensuring that each asset receives all the attribute assignments necessary to identify the appropriate Hazus fragility description. The following sections summarize the rulesets used for attribute assignments for specific classes of buildings. Additional attributes assigned to assets are discussed in the following subsections, organized by hazard and building class, where applicable.
Wind Loss Attributes for Wood Buildings¶
The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies wooden buildings into five building classes:
two single family homes (WSF1 and WSF2) and
three for multi-unit homes (WMUH1, WMUH2, and WMUH3)
Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be
assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are
summarized in wsf_attri
and wmuh_attri
. Note that these rulesets were developed
to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and
construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts)
are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_wood
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
secondary water resistance (SWR) |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
roof deck attachment |
6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12”| 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8d @ 6”/6” |
Codes/standards |
roof-wall connection |
strap | toe-nail |
Codes/standards |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
garage |
shuttered houses = garage II (SFBC 1994, none) | unshuttered house = garage I (none, weak, standard) |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
secondary water resistance (SWR) |
yes | no |
Codes/standards |
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
roof quality |
N/A | poor | good |
Trends/norms |
roof deck attachment |
6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12” | 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8D @ 6”/6” |
Codes/standards |
roof-wall connection |
strap | toe-nail |
Codes/standards |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (WSF1-2) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (WMUH1-3) |
Taking the attribute Second Water Resistance (SWR) as an example, the SWR attribute is assigned by
a series of time-evolving rules calling upon four fields in the building inventory: year built,
roof shape, roof slope, and average temperature in January. swr_attri
provides the
detailed rules that map these four variables to the Second Water Resistance (SWR) attribute.
This example demonstrates an instance where the attribute is assigned as a random variable,
based on the fact that secondary water resistance is not required by code, though surveys
of homeowners in hurricane-prone areas can be used to infer how many may have voluntarily
adopted this mitigation practice.
Time Period |
YearBuiltNJDEP > 2000 |
1983 < YearBuiltNJDEP < 2000 |
YearBuilt <= 1983 |
Ruleset |
Assign as a Random Variable (RV) IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = yes (RV = 60%) IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = no (RV = 40%) |
IF RoofShape=Flat, SWR=yes ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope <= 0.17, SWR=yes ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope (> 0.17 & < 0.33) & AvgJanTemp=Below, SWR=yes ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope (> 0.17 & < 0.33) & AvgJanTemp=Above, SWR=no ELSEIF RoofShape=(Gable or Hip) & RoofSlope >= 0.33, SWR=no |
SWR = no |
Note |
Minimum drainage recommendations are in place in NJ (See below). However, SWR indicates a code-plus practice. Use homeowner compliance data from NC Coastal Homeowner Survey (2017) to capture potential human behavior (% of sealed roofs in NC dataset). Minimum Code Requirements: R903.4 Roof Drainage. Unless roofs are sloped to drain over roof edges, roof drains shall be installed at each low point of the roof: R903.4.1 Secondary (Emergency Overflow) Drains or Scuppers: Where roof drains are required, secondary emergency overflow roof drains or scuppers shall be provided where the roof perimeter construction extends above the roof in such a manner that water will be entrapped if the primary drains allow buildup for any reason. |
This rule applies until 1984, for anything from 1983 or earlier, there is no information available so this rule will continue to be applied. According to 903.2 in the 1995 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12, an underlayment consisting of two layers of No. 15 felt must be applied. In severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), these two layers must be cemented together. According to 903.3 in the 1995 CABO, roofs with slopes greater than or equal to 4:12 shall have an underlayment of not less than one ply of No. 15 felt. Two layers of felt cemented together is considered to be secondary water resistance. This ruleset is for asphalt shingles. Almost all other roof types require underlayment of some sort, but the ruleset is based on asphalt shingles because it is most conservative. According to table No. R-803.4 in 1992 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12 in severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), one layer no 40 coated roofing or coated glass base sheet from the eves to 12 inches inside the exterior wall line is required. The rule used for asphalt shingles is assumed to apply to every roof because more specific requirements based on roofing type were not specified. According to R-803.3 in the 1989 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12, an underlayment consisting of two layers of No. 15 felt must be applied. In severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), these two layers must be cemented together. According to R803.2 in the 1989 CABO, roofs with slopes greater than or equal to 4:12 shall have an underlayment of not less than one ply of No. 15 felt. Two layers of felt cemented together is considered to be secondary water resistance. This ruleset is for asphalt shingles. Almost all other roof types require underlayment of some sort, but the ruleset is based on asphalt shingles because it is most conservative. According to R-803.3 in 1986 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12 in severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), one layer no 40 coated roofing or coated glass base sheet from the eves to 12 inches inside the exterior wall line is required. The rule used for asphalt shingles is assumed to apply to every roof because more specific requirements based on roofing type were not specified. According to R-803.1 and R-803.2 in 1983 CABO, for roofs with slopes between 2:12 and 4:12 in severe climates (less than or equal to 25 degrees average in January), two layers of Type 15 felt must be applied and cemented together from the eaves up the roof to overlie a point twenty four inches inside the interior of the building. |
Default |
Wind Loss Attributes for Masonry Buildings¶
The masonry buildings have 14 building classes: Their key attributes that influence the fragility
functions are listed in msf_attri
, mmuh_attri
, mlrm_attri
,
merb_attri
, mecb_attri
, and mlri_attri
.
The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies masonry buildings into 14 building classes: 1. two masonry single family home classes (MSF1 and MSF2) 2. three masonry multi-unit home classes (MMUH1, MMUH2, and MMUH3) 3. two masonry low-Rise strip mall classes (MLRM1 and MLRM2) classes 4. three masonry engineered residential building classes (MERBL, MERBM, and MERBH) 5. three Masonry engineered commercial building classes (MECBL, MECBM, and MECBH) and 6. one masonry low-rise industrial building class (MLRI).
Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be
assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment
are summarized in msf_attri
, mmuh_attri
, mlrm_attri
, merb_attri
,
mecb_attri
, mlri_attri
. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect
the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction
norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are
cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_masonry
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof-wall connection |
strap | toe-nail |
Codes/standards |
secondary water resistance (SWR) |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
garage |
shuttered houses = garage II (SFBC 1994, none) | unshuttered house = garage I (none, weak, standard) |
Trends/norms |
masonry reinforcement |
yes | no |
Trends/norms |
roof deck attachment (wood truss roof only) |
6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12”| 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8d @ 6”/6” |
Codes/standards |
roof deck attachment (steel joist roof only) |
sheet metal standard | sheet metal superior | cover shingle stanford | cover shingle superior |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
secondary water resistance/human subjects data |
yes | no |
Codes/standards |
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
roof quality |
N/A | poor | good |
Trends/norms |
roof deck attachment |
6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12” | 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8D @ 6”/6” |
Codes/standards |
roof to wall connection |
strap | toe-nail |
Codes/standards |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
masonry reinforcement |
yes | no |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
masonry reinforcement |
yes | no |
Codes/standards |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
roof deck attachment (wood truss roof only) |
6d @ 6”/12” | 8d @ 6”/12”| 6d/8d mix @ 6”/6” | 8d @ 6”/6” |
Codes/standards |
roof to wall connection (wood truss roof only) |
strap | toe-nail |
Codes/standards |
roof deck attachment (steel joist roof only) |
standard | superior |
Trends/norms |
roof deck age (steel joist roof only) |
new | average | old |
Trends/norms |
unit class (steel joist roof and MLRM2 only) |
single | multiple |
Trends/norms |
joist space (steel joist roof and MLRM2 only) |
N/A | 4 | 6 |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
window wall ratio |
low | medium | high |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
window wall ratio |
low | medium | high |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
masonry reinforcement |
yes | no |
Codes/standards |
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
roof quality |
N/A | poor | good |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MSF1-2) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MMUH1-3) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MLRM1) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MLRM1) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MERBL-M-H) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MECBL-M-H) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (MLRI) |
Taking the attribute shutters as an example, the shutters attribute is assigned based on time-evolving
rules calling upon two fields in the building inventory: year built and the site’s exposure to wind borne
debris (WBD). sht_attri
provides the detailed rules that map these two variables to the shutters
attribute. This example demonstrates an instance where the attribute is assigned by a code-based
rule for modern construction, but older construction is assigned as a random variable, based on the
fact that shutters were not codified before 2000 IBC, but human subjects data suggests potential
rates of voluntary shutter use. It is assumed that shutters are used only in areas susceptible to WBD.
Time Period |
YearBuiltNJDEP > 2000 |
YearBuiltNJDEP < 2000 |
|---|---|---|
Ruleset |
IF WBD = yes, shutter = yes; IF WBD = no, shutter = no. |
IF WBD = yes, Assign as Random Variable (RV): shutters = yes (RV = 46%), shutters = no (RV = 54%) |
Note |
1609.1.2 in 2015 IBC: Protection of Openings. In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in buildings shall be impact resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant standard. Exceptions: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 of an inch and a maximum panel span of 8 feet shall be permitted for opening protection in buildings with a mean roof height of 33 feet or less that are classified as a Group R-3 or R-4 occupancy. 1609.1.2 Protection of Openings in the 2006 NJ IBC. In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in buildings shall be impact resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant standard. Exceptions: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 of an inch and a maximum panel span of 8 feet shall be permitted for opening protection in buildings with a mean roof height of 33 feet or less that are classified as a Group R-3 or R-4 occupancy. 1609.1.4 Protection of Openings in the 2000 NJ IBC. In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in the lower 60 feet in buildings is required to be impact-resistant or meet standards of the Large and Small Missile Test. Exceptions: Wood structural panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16 of an inch and a maximum panel span of 8 feet shall be permitted for opening protection in one or two story buildings. |
Shutters were not required by code until the 2000 IBC. Before 2000, the percentage of commercial buildings that have shutters is assumed to be 46%. This value is based on a study on preparedness of small businesses for hurricane disasters, which says that in Sarasota County, 46% of business owners had taken action to wind-proof or flood-proof their facilities. In addition to that, 46% of business owners reported boarding up their businesses before Hurricane Katrina. In addition, compliance rates based on the Homeowners Survey data hover between 43 and 50 percent. Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420916303855 |
Wind Loss Attributes for Steel Buildings¶
The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies steel buildings into nine building classes: 1. three steel engineered residential building classes (SERBL, SERBM, and SERBH) 2. three steel engineered commercial building classes (SECBL, SECBM, and SECBH) and 3. three steel pre-engineered metal building systems (SPMBS, SPMBM, SPMBL).
Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that
can be assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that
assignment are summarized in serb_attri
, secb_attri
, spmb_attri
:.
Note that these rulesets were developed
to reflect the likely attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and
construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python
scripts) are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_steel
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
window wall ratio |
low | medium | high |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
window wall ratio |
low | medium | high |
Trends/norms |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
roof deck age |
new | average | old |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (SERBL-M-H) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (SECBL-M-H) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (SPMBS-M-L) |
Taking the attribute wind to wall ratio (WWR) as an example, the WWR attribute is assigned based on a
rule that calls upon the window area estimate from the building inventory (field: WindowArea). wwr_attri
provides the detailed rule that maps this variable to the WWR attribute. Note that WindowArea is a field
that can be estimated from streetview data, but this rule also demonstrates how the value can be estimated
based on industry norms (see explanation surrounding default value). This attribute is not assumed to evolve
with time.
Time Period |
YearBuiltNJDEP <= 2000 |
YearBuiltNJDEP > 2000 |
|---|---|---|
Ruleset |
IF 0.2 <= WindowArea < 0.33, WWR = Low; IF 0.33 <= WindowArea < 0.5, WWR = Medium; IF 0.5 <= WindowArea, WWR = High; IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = yes (RV = 60%); IF RoofShape = Gable OR Hip, SWR = no (RV = 40%) |
WWR = medium |
Note |
HAZUS defines these categories on window to wall ratios (WWR) as follows: Low: 20% <= WWR < 33% Medium: 33% <= WWR < 50% High: WWR <= 50% If WindowArea information available in Custom Inventory from street view data, this should be used to determine the Window Area being low, medium, or high. If this information is not available, all engineered residential buildings are assumed to have low window area. This ruleset was created from the information on the Reference Buildings from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Baltimore, MD was used as the test city because the climate was the most similar to Atlantic City of the data available. Office buildings (used as a test case for commercial), have 33% WWR and apartments (used as a test case for residential) have 15% WWR. Therefore, commercial is assumed to have medium window area, whereas residential buildings are assumed to have low window area. |
Default |
Wind Loss Attributes for Concrete Buildings¶
The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies steel buildings into 6 building classes: 1. three concrete engineered residential building classes (CERBL, CERBM, and CERBH) and 2. three concrete engineered commercial building classes (CECBL, CECBM, and CECBH).
Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned
for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in
cerb_attri
and cecb_attri
. Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely
attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time.
The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_concrete
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
window wall ratio |
low | medium | high |
Trends/norms |
terrain roughness |
open (0.03) | light suburban (0.15) | suburban (0.35) | light trees (0.70) | trees (1.00) |
Land Use/Land Cover |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
N/A | BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris |
residential | commercial |
Trends/norms |
window wall ratio |
low | medium | high |
Trends/norms |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (CERBL-M-H) |
||
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (CECBL-M-H) |
Taking the attribute roof cover (RoofCvr) as an example, the RoofCvr attribute is assigned based on a
ruleset that calls upon the roof shape and year built from the building inventory. rc_attri
provides the detailed rule that maps these variables to the RoofCvr attribute. This provides an example of an
attribute that is inferred from construction practices based on when different roof cover products entered
the market.
Time Period |
YearBuiltNJDEP >= 1975 |
YearBuiltNJDEP < 1975 |
|---|---|---|
Ruleset |
IF 0.2 <= WindowArea < 0.33, WWR = Low; IF RoofShape = (Gable OR Hip), RoofCvr = N/A; IF RoofShape = Flat, RoofCvr = SPM |
IF RoofShape = (Gable OR Hip), RoofCvr = N/A; IF RoofShape = Flat, RoofCvr = BUR |
Note |
NJ Building Code Section 1507 (in particular 1507.10 and 1507.12) address Built Up Roofs and Single Ply Membranes. However, the NJ Building Code only addresses installation and material standards of different roof covers, but not in what circumstance each must be used. SPMs started being used in the 1960s, but different types continued to be developed through the 1980s. Today, single ply membrane roofing is the most popular flat roof option. BURs have been used for over 100 years, and although they are still used today, they are used less than SPMs. Since there is no available ruleset to be taken from the NJ Building Code, the ruleset is based off this information. Sources: https://www.spri.org/2019/01/singe-ply-roofing-101/, https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/courses/johns-manville/understanding-single-ply-roofing-systems/ Assumptions of the Ruleset: All flat roofs built before 1975 are BURs. SPMs were developed in the 1960s, and considering that there is a time lag to start consistently using new methods, SPMs rose in importance through the 1970s, becoming more popular. This ruleset assumes that all roofs built after 1975 are SPMs. |
NJ Building Code Section 1507 (in particular 1507.10 and 1507.12) address Built Up Roofs and Single Ply Membranes. However, the NJ Building Code only addresses installation and material standards of different roof covers, but not in what circumstance each must be used. SPMs started being used in the 1960s, but different types continued to be developed through the 1980s. Today, single ply membrane roofing is the most popular flat roof option. BURs have been used for over 100 years, and although they are still used today, they are used less than SPMs. Since there is no available ruleset to be taken from the NJ Building Code, the ruleset is based off this information. Sources: https://www.spri.org/2019/01/singe-ply-roofing-101/, https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/courses/johns-manville/understanding-single-ply-roofing-systems/ Assumptions of the Ruleset: All flat roofs built before 1975 are BURs. SPMs were developed in the 1960s, and considering that there is a time lag to start consistently using new methods, SPMs rose in importance through the 1970s, becoming more popular. This ruleset assumes that all roofs built after 1975 are SPMs. |
Wind Loss Attributes for Manufactured Homes¶
The wind loss model in HAZUS classifies manufactured homes (MH) into five building classes that are organized into three groupings, based on phasing of revisions to Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines: 1. manufactured homes built before 1976 (MHPHUD) 2. manufactured homes built after 1976 and before 1995 (MH76HUD) 3. manufactured homes built after 1994 (MH94HUDI, M94HUDII, MH94HUDIII).
Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be assigned
for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized in
mh_attri
. ote that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely
attributes based on the year of construction and the code editions and construction norms at that time.
The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_mh
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
tie downs |
yes | no |
Codes/standards |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (Manufactured Homes) |
Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MH76HUD.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MH94HUDI-II-III.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - MHPHUD.pdf |
Taking the attribute tie down (TieDown) as an example, the ruleset in td_attri
considers
the Year Built to determine if tie down use is governed by HUD standards based on the design
wind speed or if it is a voluntary action predating code requirements and thus is governed by
human subjects data. This provides an example of an attribute that is inferred from construction
practices based on when different roof cover products entered the market.
Time Period |
YearBuiltNJDEP > 1994 |
1976 < YearBuiltNJDEP <= 1994 |
YearBuiltNJDEP <= 1976 |
|---|---|---|---|
Ruleset |
IF DWSII >= 70, TieDown = yes; IF DWSII < 70, TieDown = no |
Assign as Random Variable (RV): TieDown = yes (RV = 45%); TieDown = no (RV = 55%) |
Assign as Random Variable (RV): TieDown = yes (RV = 45%); TieDown = no (RV = 55%) |
Notes |
3280.306 (d) Requirements for ties. Manufactured homes in Wind Zone I require only diagonal ties. These ties shall be placed along the main frame and below the outer side walls. All manufactured homes designed to be located in Wind Zones II and III shall have a vertical tie installed at each diagonal tie location. Wind Zones I, II and III are defined as having design wind speeds of 70mph, 100mph and 110 mph, respectively. (Table 3280.305) The HUD Code was amended in 1994 with requirements that manufactured homes meet building and installation standards to provide wind safety safeguards in pre-designated storm regions of the country. Manufactured homes produced since 1994 have been proven to be equal and, in many respects, safer than site-built homes during tornadoes and hurricanes. More details |
The HUD Code was amended in 1994 with requirements that manufactured homes meet building and installation standards to provide wind safety safeguards in pre-designated storm regions of the country, therefore tie downs were not required by code before 1994. However, it is recommended that all manufactured homes install tie downs. Therefore, this ruleset assumes roughly the same percentage voluntary compliance as shutters before 1994, meaning, 45% of manufactured homes under the 1976 HUD codes should be randomly assigned to have tie-downs, and 55% should not. (More details) |
The HUD Code was amended in 1994 with requirements that manufactured homes meet building and installation standards to provide wind safety safeguards in pre-designated storm regions of the country, therefore tie downs were not required by code before 1994. However, it is recommended that all manufactured homes install tie downs. Therefore, this ruleset assumes roughly the same percentage voluntary compliance as shutters before 1994, meaning, 45% of pre-HUD manufactured homes should be randomly assigned to have tie-downs, and 55% should not. (More details) |
Wind Loss Attributes for Essential Facilities¶
The wind loss model in HAZUS futher classifies several groupings of essential facilities: 1. Fire Staions and Elementary Schools (HUEFFS, HUEFSS) 2. High Schools: 2-story and 3-story (HUEFSM, HUEFSL) 3. Hospitials: small, medium, large (HUEFHS, HUEFHM, HUEFHL) 4. Police Stations and Emergency Operations Centers (HUEFPS, HUEFEO)
Their required attributes for wind loss modeling, the possible entries (values, terms) that can be
assigned for those attributes, and the basis for the ruleset developed to make that assignment are summarized
in hu1_attri
, hu2_attri
, hu3_attri
, and hu4_attri
.
Note that these rulesets were developed to reflect the likely attibutes based on the year of construction and
the code editions and construction norms at that time. The corresponding time-evolving rulesets (PDFs and Python scriots)
are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_ef
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris source |
Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D) |
Trends/norms |
roof deck age |
good | poor |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris source |
Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D) |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris source |
Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D) |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
roof cover |
BUR | SPM |
Trends/norms |
shutters |
yes | no |
Codes/standards/human subjects data |
wind borne debris source |
Residential/Commerical (A) | Varies by Direction (B) | Residential (C) | None (D) |
Trends/norms |
roof deck age |
good | poor |
Trends/norms |
metal roof deck attachment |
standard | superior |
Codes/standards |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind (Essential Facilities) |
Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFFS-HUEFSS.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFHS-M-L.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFPS-HUEFEO.pdf, Hazus Building Attribute Rulesets - Wind - HUEFSM-L.pdf |
Taking the attribute wind borne debris source (WindDebris) as an example, the WindDebris attribute is
assigned based on assumptions surrounding the zoning in areas where each essential facility class is
commonly constructed. These are generally A: Residential/Commercial or C: Residential, as summarized
in ef_attri
.
Essential Facility Class |
Default Values |
Notes |
|---|---|---|
HUEFFS-HUEFSS |
WindDebris=A |
If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. All essential faciliteis are assumed to be residential/commerical hybrid. |
HUEFSM-L |
WindDebris=C |
If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. Schools are assumed to be in residential areas. |
HUEFHS-M-L |
WindDebris=A |
If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. Hospitals are assumed to be in hybrid commerical/residential areas. |
HUEFPS-HUEFEO |
WindDebris=A |
If a building is given class, according to zoning, neighboring buildings are likely of this class. Thus, this assignment is made based on OccupancyClass. We cannot assign “varies by direction” because we do not have specific information. Police and fire departments are assumed to be in hybrid commerical/residential areas. |
Flood Loss Attributes¶
The flood loss model in HAZUS focuses on a collection of attributes, some of which are already defined in
the building inventory (number of stories and occupancy type as defined in Building Classifications),
while other building inventory fields like first floor elevation require adjustment. The new or adjusted
attributes required for the flood model are itemized in flood_attri
with their possible
assignments (values, terms) and the ruleset developed to make those assignments. Note that these attributes
are generally not time evolving, with the exception of considering if the building was constructed after
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) were adopted (date varies by municipality). The corresponding
rulesets (PDFs and Python scripts) are cross-referenced in addinfo_ruleset_flood
.
Attribute |
Valid Entries |
Basis |
|---|---|---|
flood type |
Riverine/A-Zone | Coastal/A-Zone | Coastal/V-Zone |
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) |
first floor elevation |
[floating point number] |
Dimensional data from building inventory, FIRM standards |
construction post-FIRM adoption |
yes | no |
Date of municipality’s adoption of FIRMs |
basement type |
Basement | split-level | basement | no basement |
characteristic from building inventory |
duration |
short | long |
Observation of storm-surge characetistics in New Jersey |
wave velocity |
[floating point number] |
Established depth-velocity relationship |
Ruleset Name |
Ruleset Definition Table |
Python script |
|---|---|---|
HAZUS Building Attribute Rulesets - Flood |
Taking the attribute first floor flood elevation (FirstFloorElev) as an example,
the FirstFloorElev attribute is assigned by adapting the building inventory field (FirstFloorHt1),
defined by computer vision methods (see Populated Inventories),
and adjusting it based on the conventions used to define this quantity based on the flood zone
(A-Zone vs. V-Zone), as summarized in ffh_attri
.
Ruleset |
Notes |
|---|---|
IF FloodType = (Riverine/A-Zone or Coastal/A-Zone), FirstFloorElev=FirstFloorHt1; If FloodType = Coastal/V-Zone, FirstFloorElev = FirstFloorHt1 - 1 |
Units of feet. For A Zone, top of finished floor; for V Zone, bottom of floor beam of lowest floor; define X based on typical depth of girders assuming bottom of door is used to estimate first floor height (https://www.apawood.org/Data/Sites/1/documents/raised-wood-floor-foundations-guide.pdf) – take X = 1ft as avaerage value of different options |
FirstFloorElev = 1 |
If no information available |
- Javeline19
Javeline, D., & Kijewski-Correa, T. (2019). Coastal homeowners in a changing climate. Climatic Change, 152(2), 259-274.


C O N T R A C T O R
ASK ORACLE WHERE SANTA?
ADD TOKEN
ACCOUNT:
BUILD REAL-WORLD SMART CONTRACT
Select type of smart contract:
{{con.name}}
?
Select Ethereum Network:
{{n}}
Cost: {{ (oracle.length * pars(urls).length)/cost[net] }} LINK per Answer
Select one or more Oracles:
{{or.n}} {{or.o}}
Enter Client Address :
Enter Provider Address :
Enter API Sources :
Enter JSON paths :
T E S T
{{result}}
Select Aggregation Method:
{{a}}
Enter Multiplier:
Enter Min Responses:
Condition:
{{c}}
Enter Threshold:
Enter Expiration Time:
Select additional features:
{{fe.f}}
C O D E
D E M O
G R A P H
JOIN to THE CONTRACT STATE BOT
This bot tracks smart contracts state, notifies if the state is changed and shows changed values (Contract Storage). In additionally, it shows LINK token info and current gas price.
✗
✗
The contract calculates median or mean from aggregate data, using decentralized Oracles Network and different APIs sources. Use this contract for creating requests to multiple Chainlink nodes and APIs providers and running aggregation as the contract receives answers.
Parametrs:
* Min Responses is the minimum number of responses before an answer will be calculated;
* Multiplier parses the input into a float and then multiplies it by the 'Multiplier' field.
When the contract is deployed a client, provider, and start time are specified. Additionally a deposit is made. The end of the contract is set by the 'Expiration Time' field in seconds after the start time. After the contract is created, resolved addresses can request updates from the oracle for the contract. If the oracle reports that the condition set by 'Condition' and 'Threshold' fields is true then the deposit is released to the client. If the condition is still false after the contract ends, and the deposit has not been released, the deposit is sent to the provider.
SOLIDITY CODE
DEPLOY CONTRACT
✗
pragma solidity 0.4.24; // Use {{net}} Test Network to deploy this smart contract. import "https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/evm/contracts/ChainlinkClient.sol"; import "https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/evm/contracts/vendor/SignedSafeMath.sol"; import "https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/evm/contracts/vendor/Ownable.sol"; contract AggregatorMultiSources is ChainlinkClient, Ownable { using SignedSafeMath for int256; struct Answer { uint128 minimumResponses; uint128 maxResponses; int256[] responses; } event ResponseReceived(int256 indexed response, uint256 indexed answerId, address indexed sender); event AnswerUpdated(int256 indexed current, uint256 indexed answerId); int256 public currentAnswer; uint256 public latestCompletedAnswer; uint256 public updatedHeight; uint256 private paymentAmount = 1 * LINK / {{cost[net]}}; uint128 public minimumResponses = {{count}}; string[] private jobIds = {{jobs}}; address[] private oracles = {{JSON.stringify(oracle).replace(/"/g,'')}}; string[] private urls = {{pars(urls)}}; string[] private path ={{pars(pathes)}}; uint256 private answerCounter = 1;
mapping(address => bool) public authorizedRequesters;
mapping(bytes32 => uint256) private requestAnswers; mapping(uint256 => Answer) private answers; constructor() public Ownable() { setPublicChainlinkToken(); } //Creates a Chainlink request for each oracle in the oracles array. function requestRateUpdate() external
ensureAuthorizedRequester()
onlyOwner()
{ Chainlink.Request memory request; bytes32 requestId; uint256 oraclePayment = paymentAmount; for (uint j = 0; j < urls.length; j++) { for (uint i = 0; i < oracles.length; i++) { request = buildChainlinkRequest(stringToBytes32(jobIds[i]), this, this.chainlinkCallback.selector); request.add("get", urls[j]); request.add("path", path[j]); request.addInt("times", {{multi}}); requestId = sendChainlinkRequestTo(oracles[i], request, oraclePayment); requestAnswers[requestId] = answerCounter; } } answers[answerCounter].minimumResponses = minimumResponses; answers[answerCounter].maxResponses = uint128(oracles.length * urls.length); answerCounter = answerCounter.add(1); } //Receives the answer from the Chainlink node. function chainlinkCallback(bytes32 _clRequestId, int256 _response) external { validateChainlinkCallback(_clRequestId); uint256 answerId = requestAnswers[_clRequestId]; delete requestAnswers[_clRequestId]; answers[answerId].responses.push(_response); emit ResponseReceived(_response, answerId, msg.sender); updateLatestAnswer(answerId); deleteAnswer(answerId); }
// Allows the owner of the contract to withdraw any LINK balance. function transferLINK(address _recipient, uint256 _amount) public onlyOwner() { LinkTokenInterface link = LinkTokenInterface(chainlinkTokenAddress()); require(link.transfer(_recipient, _amount), "LINK transfer failed"); }
// Called by the owner to permission other addresses to generate new. function setAuthorization(address _requester, bool _allowed) external onlyOwner() { authorizedRequesters[_requester] = _allowed; }
// Called by the owner to destroy the contract. This transfers all LINK and ETH balance. function destroy() external onlyOwner() { LinkTokenInterface link = LinkTokenInterface(chainlinkTokenAddress()); transferLINK(owner, link.balanceOf(address(this))); selfdestruct(owner); }
//Performs aggregation (mean, mode or median) of the answers received from the Chainlink nodes. function updateLatestAnswer(uint256 _answerId) private ensureMinResponsesReceived(_answerId) ensureOnlyLatestAnswer(_answerId) {
uint256 responseLength = answers[_answerId].responses.length; uint256 middleIndex = responseLength.div(2); if (responseLength % 2 == 0) { int256 median1 = quickselect(answers[_answerId].responses, middleIndex); int256 median2 = quickselect(answers[_answerId].responses, middleIndex.add(1)); currentAnswer = median1.add(median2) / 2; } else { currentAnswer = quickselect(answers[_answerId].responses, middleIndex.add(1)); }
currentAnswer = meanAgr(answers[_answerId].responses);
latestCompletedAnswer = _answerId; updatedHeight = block.number; emit AnswerUpdated(currentAnswer, _answerId); }
//MEDIAN function quickselect(int256[] memory _a, uint256 _k) private pure returns (int256) { int256[] memory a = _a; uint256 k = _k; uint256 aLen = a.length; int256[] memory a1 = new int256[](aLen); int256[] memory a2 = new int256[](aLen); uint256 a1Len; uint256 a2Len; int256 pivot; uint256 i; while (true) { pivot = a[aLen.div(2)]; a1Len = 0; a2Len = 0; for (i = 0; i < aLen; i++) { if (a[i] < pivot) { a1[a1Len] = a[i]; a1Len++; } else if (a[i] > pivot) { a2[a2Len] = a[i]; a2Len++; } } if (k <= a1Len) { aLen = a1Len; (a, a1) = swap(a, a1); } else if (k > (aLen.sub(a2Len))) { k = k.sub(aLen.sub(a2Len)); aLen = a2Len; (a, a2) = swap(a, a2); } else { return pivot; } } }
//MEAN function meanAgr(int256[] memory _a) private pure returns (int256) { int256[] memory a = _a; int256 mean = 0; int256 q = 0; for (uint i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { mean += a[i]; q++; } mean = mean / q; return mean; }
//Prevents taking an action if the minimum number of responses has not been received for an answer. modifier ensureMinResponsesReceived(uint256 _answerId) { if (answers[_answerId].responses.length >= answers[_answerId].minimumResponses) { _; } } // Prevents taking an action if a newer answer has been recorded. modifier ensureOnlyLatestAnswer(uint256 _answerId) { if (latestCompletedAnswer <= _answerId) { _; } }
// Reverts if `msg.sender` is not authorized to make requests. modifier ensureAuthorizedRequester() { require(authorizedRequesters[msg.sender] || msg.sender == owner, "Not an authorized address for creating requests"); _; }
//Prevents taking an action if not all responses are received for an answer. modifier ensureAllResponsesReceived(uint256 _answerId) { if (answers[_answerId].responses.length == answers[_answerId].maxResponses) { _; } } //Swaps the pointers to two uint256 arrays in memory function swap(int256[] memory _a, int256[] memory _b) private pure returns(int256[] memory, int256[] memory) { return (_b, _a); } //Cleans up the answer record if all responses have been received. function deleteAnswer(uint256 _answerId) private ensureAllResponsesReceived(_answerId) { delete answers[_answerId]; } //Convert JobId string to byte32 function stringToBytes32(string memory source) private pure returns (bytes32 result) { bytes memory tempEmptyStringTest = bytes(source); if (tempEmptyStringTest.length == 0) { return 0x0; } assembly { result := mload(add(source, 32)) } } }
pragma solidity 0.4.24; // Use {{net}} Test Network to deploy this smart contract. import "https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/evm/contracts/ChainlinkClient.sol"; import "https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/evm/contracts/vendor/SignedSafeMath.sol"; import "https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/evm/contracts/vendor/Ownable.sol"; contract AggregatorMultiSources is ChainlinkClient, Ownable { using SignedSafeMath for int256; struct Answer { uint128 minimumResponses; uint128 maxResponses; int256[] responses; } event ResponseReceived(int256 indexed response, uint256 indexed answerId, address indexed sender); event AnswerUpdated(int256 indexed current, uint256 indexed answerId); address private client = {{client}}; address private provider = {{provider}} ; uint256 public endAt = block.timestamp.add({{time}});// contract expiration time int256 constant public threshold = {{threshold}}; int256 public currentAnswer; uint256 public latestCompletedAnswer; uint256 public updatedHeight; uint256 private paymentAmount = 1 * LINK / {{cost[net]}}; uint128 public minimumResponses = {{count}}; string[] private jobIds = {{jobs}}; address[] private oracles = {{JSON.stringify(oracle).replace(/"/g,'')}}; string[] private urls = {{pars(urls)}}; string[] private path ={{pars(pathes)}}; uint256 private answerCounter = 1;
mapping(address => bool) public authorizedRequesters;
mapping(bytes32 => uint256) private requestAnswers; mapping(uint256 => Answer) private answers; constructor() public Ownable() { setPublicChainlinkToken(); } //Creates a Chainlink request for each oracle in the oracles array. function requestRateUpdate() external
ensureAuthorizedRequester()
onlyOwner()
{ Chainlink.Request memory request; bytes32 requestId; uint256 oraclePayment = paymentAmount; for (uint j = 0; j < urls.length; j++) { for (uint i = 0; i < oracles.length; i++) { request = buildChainlinkRequest(stringToBytes32(jobIds[i]), this, this.chainlinkCallback.selector); request.add("get", urls[j]); request.add("path", path[j]); request.addInt("times", {{multi}}); requestId = sendChainlinkRequestTo(oracles[i], request, oraclePayment); requestAnswers[requestId] = answerCounter; } } answers[answerCounter].minimumResponses = minimumResponses; answers[answerCounter].maxResponses = uint128(oracles.length * urls.length); answerCounter = answerCounter.add(1); } //Receives the answer from the Chainlink node. function chainlinkCallback(bytes32 _clRequestId, int256 _response) external { validateChainlinkCallback(_clRequestId); uint256 answerId = requestAnswers[_clRequestId]; delete requestAnswers[_clRequestId]; answers[answerId].responses.push(_response); emit ResponseReceived(_response, answerId, msg.sender); updateLatestAnswer(answerId); deleteAnswer(answerId); }
// Allows the owner of the contract to withdraw any LINK balance. function transferLINK(address _recipient, uint256 _amount) public onlyOwner() { LinkTokenInterface link = LinkTokenInterface(chainlinkTokenAddress()); require(link.transfer(_recipient, _amount), "LINK transfer failed"); }
// Called by the owner to permission other addresses to generate new. function setAuthorization(address _requester, bool _allowed) external onlyOwner() { authorizedRequesters[_requester] = _allowed; }
// Called by the owner to destroy the contract. This transfers all LINK and ETH balance. function destroy() external onlyOwner() { LinkTokenInterface link = LinkTokenInterface(chainlinkTokenAddress()); transferLINK(owner, link.balanceOf(address(this))); selfdestruct(owner); }
//Performs aggregation (mean, mode or median) of the answers received from the Chainlink nodes. function updateLatestAnswer(uint256 _answerId) private ensureMinResponsesReceived(_answerId) ensureOnlyLatestAnswer(_answerId) {
uint256 responseLength = answers[_answerId].responses.length; uint256 middleIndex = responseLength.div(2); if (responseLength % 2 == 0) { int256 median1 = quickselect(answers[_answerId].responses, middleIndex); int256 median2 = quickselect(answers[_answerId].responses, middleIndex.add(1)); currentAnswer = median1.add(median2) / 2; } else { currentAnswer = quickselect(answers[_answerId].responses, middleIndex.add(1)); }
currentAnswer = meanAgr(answers[_answerId].responses);
if (currentAnswer {{cond}} threshold) { client.transfer(address(this).balance); } else if (block.timestamp >= endAt) { provider.transfer(address(this).balance); } latestCompletedAnswer = _answerId; updatedHeight = block.number; emit AnswerUpdated(currentAnswer, _answerId); }
//MEDIAN function quickselect(int256[] memory _a, uint256 _k) private pure returns (int256) { int256[] memory a = _a; uint256 k = _k; uint256 aLen = a.length; int256[] memory a1 = new int256[](aLen); int256[] memory a2 = new int256[](aLen); uint256 a1Len; uint256 a2Len; int256 pivot; uint256 i; while (true) { pivot = a[aLen.div(2)]; a1Len = 0; a2Len = 0; for (i = 0; i < aLen; i++) { if (a[i] < pivot) { a1[a1Len] = a[i]; a1Len++; } else if (a[i] > pivot) { a2[a2Len] = a[i]; a2Len++; } } if (k <= a1Len) { aLen = a1Len; (a, a1) = swap(a, a1); } else if (k > (aLen.sub(a2Len))) { k = k.sub(aLen.sub(a2Len)); aLen = a2Len; (a, a2) = swap(a, a2); } else { return pivot; } } }
//MEAN function meanAgr(int256[] memory _a) private pure returns (int256) { int256[] memory a = _a; int256 mean = 0; int256 q = 0; for (uint i = 0; i < a.length; i++) { mean += a[i]; q++; } mean = mean / q; return mean; }
//Prevents taking an action if the minimum number of responses has not been received for an answer. modifier ensureMinResponsesReceived(uint256 _answerId) { if (answers[_answerId].responses.length == answers[_answerId].minimumResponses) { _; } } // Prevents taking an action if a newer answer has been recorded. modifier ensureOnlyLatestAnswer(uint256 _answerId) { if (latestCompletedAnswer <= _answerId) { _; } }
// Reverts if `msg.sender` is not authorized to make requests. modifier ensureAuthorizedRequester() { require(authorizedRequesters[msg.sender] || msg.sender == owner, "Not an authorized address for creating requests"); _; }
//Prevents taking an action if not all responses are received for an answer. modifier ensureAllResponsesReceived(uint256 _answerId) { if (answers[_answerId].responses.length == answers[_answerId].maxResponses) { _; } } //Swaps the pointers to two uint256 arrays in memory function swap(int256[] memory _a, int256[] memory _b) private pure returns(int256[] memory, int256[] memory) { return (_b, _a); } //Cleans up the answer record if all responses have been received. function deleteAnswer(uint256 _answerId) private ensureAllResponsesReceived(_answerId) { delete answers[_answerId]; } //Convert JobId string to byte32 function stringToBytes32(string memory source) private pure returns (bytes32 result) { bytes memory tempEmptyStringTest = bytes(source); if (tempEmptyStringTest.length == 0) { return 0x0; } assembly { result := mload(add(source, 32)) } } function () public payable {} }
Powered by ChainLink & Ethereum Network


Speech
Lord Nash, Schools Minister, unveils extra support for governors.
Thanks, Stephen (Adamson, Chair, NGA ) I’m very pleased to be here to speak to you about something that I know is as much a priority for you as it is for me - improving school governance and, in doing so, improving the life chances of our children.
I want to firstly say how extremely grateful I am for all you do. For the terrific amounts of time and energy you devote, out of your busy lives, to give young people a better education.
Your job, as strategic leaders of our schools, has always been crucial. And never more so than now.
We have many excellent schools in this country. But there are still too many that are falling behind and failing their children - large numbers of whom are leaving school without basic literacy and numeracy skills.
And, we know from Ofsted , that where schools are weak, governance is, often, also often found wanting. The regulator found that, in around 40% of schools, governance is not as strong as it should be, so it’s right that Ofsted has sharpened its focus in this area.
Because it’s more important than ever, in our increasingly competitive world, that we do all we can to give our young people the opportunities they deserve. This means tackling underperformance head-on and encouraging all schools to emulate the very best.
As the people who appoint headteachers and hold them to account, you, as governors, have a vital part to play in driving this much-needed improvement and transforming our schools.
Which is why it’s right that we should do more to attract more highly talented and committed governors. And why we should do more to support you to do a good job and aim higher - by which I mean, encouraging the creation of more dynamic ‘boards of governors’ as opposed to governing bodies.
This is not just about a shift in language. It’s about the shift in mindset that we need to see as regards governance.
So that there’s a stronger sense of strategic leadership, of the kind that you see in a charity’s board of trustees or in a company’s board of directors - which is precisely what governing bodies are in academies.
And so we regard governors, not as representing particular interest groups, but as engaged and energetic non-executive leaders.
Leaders who are driven by their core strategic functions of setting vision, holding the headteacher to account for results and making sure money is well spent.

Leaders who are curious about what’s going on in the classroom and aren’t afraid to innovate.
And, most crucially, leaders who focus ruthlessly on what really matters - raising standards.
Many of you will be familiar with my views on what good governance looks like and the reasoning behind this from my article in last month’s Governing Matters magazine - I’m thankful to the NGA for this opportunity to set out my stall.
I don’t intend to repeat those arguments again today. I would, instead, like to concentrate on the considerable support that we’re providing to help put governance on a more professional footing and to strengthen accountability.
As you know, we’re stripping away red tape, giving schools more flexibility over their governance arrangements and, most importantly, being crystal clear about our high ambitions for governors.
I know that, with support, you are more than capable of meeting these ambitions and really delivering for your children and schools.
Which is why I’m delighted to announce today that we are more than doubling the investment we make in promoting high quality governance through the National College for Teaching and Leadership.
This will mean that the National College will be able to expand the training it offers to include governors and clerks as well as chairs of governors.
We will build on the early success of the college’s leadership development programme. I understand that a thousand people have already signed up to this and I’m getting good reports of how it’s working.
So, I’m really pleased that the programme will now reach over 6,500 chairs and aspiring chairs by 2015 as a result of the extra money we are putting in.
The number of national leaders of governance - exemplary chairs who share their expertise - will also get a significant boost as a result of this funding, rising to over 500.
Professional boards need professional leaders.
So it’s good to see that we are bolstering the role of chairs in this way because a strong chair is absolutely pivotal to how effective the board is - to making sure every member understands their role, gets the training they need and makes an active and valued contribution.
Chairs can sometimes stay in post too long and, because everyone’s too polite to put the interests of children first, can, themselves, become the barrier to change and progress.
Which is why I think governors should think really hard about appointing a chair for, say, no more than 2 terms of office. And if, at that point, the chair is still doing a great job, governors could consider encouraging the chair to take up the mantle of a system leader and train up their vice-chair, so they, themselves, can move on and help another school.
It’s fantastic when a new chair is grown from within, but governors should also consider recruiting a chair externally. There’s nothing to stop you from advertising for the kind of person you need, appointing them to the board and then electing them as chair. An approach which might just deliver the strong and capable chair that you’re seeking.
Professional boards also need professional support. Which means clerking that goes way beyond simply taking down the minutes.
The NGA and others have made a very persuasive case for a more skilled approach; with clerks recognised as having a responsibility for providing boards with sound advice on their duties and functions and how to exercise them.
The new regulations for maintained schools reflect this more professional role, with a new duty on governors to heed their clerk’s advice about their functions.
And, I’m pleased to say that it’s an area in which we’re specifically investing, for the first time, by funding a new National College training programme for clerks.
This will deliver 2,000 more highly skilled clerks into our schools by 2015 - which, if each of them serves 5 boards, could reach half of all schools. A fantastic boost for a position that has been under-valued for too long.
The extra investment we’re providing will also go towards National College training and workshops for governors on priority issues such as understanding performance data, financial efficiency and performance-related pay. Issues that echo many of today’s key themes and that you are encouraging us to discuss openly and frankly.
I welcome this focus on having courageous conversations.
Asking searching and challenging questions is fundamental to your job as governors. That is true for all types of governors - no matter what ‘category’ of governor you belong to.
That can be hard, for example, for parents cornered by their peers in the playground or for staff loyal to colleagues. But, once gathered around the board table, all governors need to take off their particular hat and focus on governing in the best interests of pupils.
This requires governors, first and foremost, to access robust, objective data which they can use to ask challenging questions. It’s no good if the only source of this data is the headteacher that you’re trying to hold to account.
Governors need information that helps them compare their school to other schools. And they should visit their school to validate for themselves what they’re being told. Don’t get me wrong - it is not for you to judge the quality of teaching, but there’s no reason why schools shouldn’t have an open door policy to governors so that you know what’s going on in classrooms and what’s being taught.
In addition, there’s also Ofsted ’s high level dashboard to draw on - a superb resource which means that there’s no excuse, now, for governors not knowing how well their school is doing in broad terms.
But I realise that governors need to go further and drill down into the detail to do their job well. All of this information is available through RAISEonline , but I share the NGA ’s concern that it isn’t especially easy to understand
We’re working with Ofsted to make this easier for you. So, for data released this autumn, there will be a streamlined summary report and clearer signposting to the most important sections.
And in the longer term, we will make sure governors’ needs for information are at the heart of the new data warehouse and portal that will replace RAISEonline from 2015.
Because accessing the data is one thing. Understanding it and having the confidence to act on it is quite another. Governors stand to get a lot out of training in this area. Which is why it was good to see that over 2,000 governors took part in the National College’s training workshops on RAISEonline earlier this year.
I can confirm that these workshops will be refreshed and re-launched this year, so many more governors will be able to benefit.
And it’s an ability that will stand governors in particularly good stead when it comes to managing school finances - an area in which, according to our recent efficiency review, governors can have a significant impact.
We’re keen to help you with this by improving the financial benchmarking data available to governors, so that you can assess how well you’re using your budgets. In addition, the National College will be developing specific workshops for governors on driving financial efficiency.
But, perhaps, one of the most courageous conversations that you’ll be having, shortly, is around the proposed extension of performance-related pay.
We believe this is far fairer than the current arrangements which see virtually all full-time teachers automatically move up to the next pay level each year, regardless of their impact on pupils’ achievements.
It’s your duty, as governors, to hold heads to account for having a robust, fair and effective pay policy that is directly linked to the performance of individual teachers. So I hope that all boards are taking steps now, with their heads, to consider how they will deliver pay reform and are revising their pay policies accordingly for September 2013.
My department has already published advice on this, which includes a model pay policy that all schools can adapt to meet their needs. And, as I said before, the National College will also be offering training and workshops for governors on this subject, with the help of the funding that we’re providing.
So, all in all, governors stand to gain a great deal from a major package of support that goes further than ever before to enhance their authority.
As I’ve said before, volunteer certainly doesn’t mean amateur. Which is why it’s right that we not only do more to support governors, but that we also do more to hold them to account. So we can really celebrate and share the outstanding work that you’re doing and act where there’s room for improvement.
Ofsted ’s inspection framework is shining a welcome light on governance and giving you, as governors, a clear and helpful guide as to what’s expected.
The external reviews that Ofsted is now recommending should, in particular, be a powerful catalyst for change. I want to see its inspectors setting high standards of evidence when judging whether this has genuinely been achieved during their monitoring visits.
I expect that many schools will turn to national leaders of governance for help with these reviews or for other support - a resource that, I’m delighted to say, is set to grow significantly as a result of our increased investment.
And when Ofsted do come in, I want to see governors demonstrating a real sense of passion and pride in their schools. Which means more governors taking part in inspections and the chair and as many governors as possible attending the final wash up with the inspector and senior school leaders.
But I don’t think we need to wait for Ofsted . Governance should be transparent. I see no reason why every board of governors shouldn’t publish an annual statement on their structure and membership. A statement that clearly sets out the key issues they’ve been addressing and the proportion of meetings each governor has attended. The accounts direction already requires academy trusts to do this.
It’s this level of challenge and fresh thinking that we all need to embrace as we look to invigorate governance in an increasingly autonomous educational landscape.
It has become easier for all schools; academies and maintained schools, to be more innovative in their approach to governance. I’m excited to see that some are taking full advantage of these freedoms and breaking new ground, making us question, at a fundamental level, the way we do things.
Making us question, for example, whether every school should have its own board of governors. A controversial idea for some. But doesn’t the experience of federations and multi-academy trusts suggest that are rewards to be reaped from greater scale? And not just in economies relating to procurement or in better professional development for teachers. But, more powerfully, in scale that creates opportunity for more strategic governance; that has a healthy distance and a more commanding perspective over its schools. And that offers a more attractive challenge for high quality governors.
There’s doubtless more to say on this and many other aspects of governance. Just this week, the Education Select Committee has further illuminated debate in this vital area. I am very grateful to the committee for all the work that has gone into their report on governance and will study it with care before responding properly.
But I think it’s fair to say that there’s considerable agreement on the need for governors to be far bolder in securing better outcomes for our children and young people, particularly those from poorer backgrounds.
The substantial package that I’ve unveiled today does just this by helping you, as governors, to build the skills and confidence you need to turn this ambition into reality. Together with the greater freedoms and clarity we’ve provided, it’s a package that puts your profession - because that’s what is - firmly on the map.
A profession that is steeped in immense generosity and dedication - I want to say again how enormously thankful I am for all your efforts.
There has never been a better time to be a governor and shape our education system. So I want to see you seizing this unique opportunity, with our support, to not only transform the prospects of children in your own schools, but to transform the prospects of children throughout the system.
They are depending on us all to our very best for them so that, however troubled or difficult their start in life, they have a chance to fulfil their potential and forge a more positive future. They, after all, deserve nothing less.
Thank you.
Published: 8 July 2013


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Zeenat Aman turns 68: A look at rare photos of the Bollywood diva It is Bollywood actor Zeenat Aman's birthday today. As she turns 68, let us revisit some of her rare photos. 19 Nov 2019, 07:54 In a career spanning decades, Zeenat Aman has acted in over 80 movies. In fact, she is regarded as someone who paved a bold new path for actresses by taking on roles which were at the time considered somewhat controversial. As Zeenat turns 68, let us take a look at some of her rare photos. (Photo: Express Archive) Zeenat Aman was born on November 19, 1951 in Bombay. (Photo: Express Archive) After a brief stint with journalism, she made a name for herself in the world of fashion. Here she is seen with Amitabh Bachchan. (Photo: Express Archive) Zeenat was crowned Femina Miss India in 1970. Here she is seen with Randhir Kapoor. (Photo: Express Archive) Zeenat bagged a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award for her performance in Hare Rama Hare Krishna. (Photo: Express Archive) Interestingly, Zeenat had made her Bollywood debut with the hit Dev Anand starrer. (Photo: Express Archive) Some of her most popular films include Don, Hare Rama Hare Krishna, Satyam Shivam Sundaram and Dostana among more. Here she is seen with Shashi Kapoor (Photo: Express Archive) Zeenat Aman will next be seen in the Ashutosh Gowariker period drama Panipat, where she will essay the role of Sakina Begum. (Photo: Express Archive)


DH_AUTO_CLEAN(1) Debhelper DH_AUTO_CLEAN(1) NAME dh_auto_clean - automatically cleans up after a build SYNOPSIS dh_auto_clean [buildÂ systemÂ options] [debhelperÂ options] [--Â params] DESCRIPTION dh_auto_clean is a debhelper program that tries to automatically clean up after a package build. It does so by running the appropriate command for the build system it detects the package uses. For example, if there's a Makefile and it contains a distclean, realclean, or clean target, then this is done by running make (or MAKE, if the environment variable is set). If there is a setup.py or Build.PL, it is run to clean the package. This is intended to work for about 90% of packages. If it doesn't work, or tries to use the wrong clean target, you're encouraged to skip using dh_auto_clean at all, and just run make clean manually. OPTIONS See "BUILD SYSTEM OPTIONS" in debhelper(7) for a list of common build system selection and control options. -- params Pass params to the program that is run, after the parameters that dh_auto_clean usually passes. SEE ALSO debhelper(7) This program is a part of debhelper. AUTHOR Joey Hess<EMAIL_ADDRESS>9.20120909 2011-10-19 DH_AUTO_CLEAN(1)