Here is an outline of the process:
Modify an existing program that reads the data, to make it generate SAX events. (Whether that program is a real parser or simply a data filter of some kind is irrelevant for the moment).
Use the SAX "parser" to construct a SAXSource for the transformation.
Use the same StreamResult object as created in the last exercise to display the results. (But note that you could just as easily create a DOMResult object to create a DOM in memory).
Wire the source to the result using the transformer object to make the conversion.
For starters, you need a data set you want to convert and a program capable of reading the data. The next two sections create a simple data file and a program that reads it.
This example uses data set for an address book, PersonalAddressBook.ldif. If you have not done so already, download the XSLT examples and unzip them into the install-dir/jaxp-1_4_2-release-date/samples directory. The file shown here was produced by creating a new address book in Netscape Messenger, giving it some dummy data (one address card), and then exporting it in LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) format. It contained in the directory xslt/data after you unzip the XSLT examples.
Figure 4-1 shows the address book entry that was created.
Figure 4-1 Address Book Entry
Exporting the address book produces a file like the one shown next. The parts of the file that we care about are shown in bold.
dn: cn=Fred<EMAIL_ADDRESS>modifytimestamp:<PHONE_NUMBER>0816Z cn: Fred Flintstone xmozillanickname: Fred mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>xmozillausehtmlmail: TRUE givenname: Fred sn: Flintstone telephonenumber: 999-Quarry homephone: 999-BedrockLane facsimiletelephonenumber: 888-Squawk pagerphone: 777-pager cellphone: 555-cell xmozillaanyphone: 999-Quarry objectclass: top objectclass: person
Note that each line of the file contains a variable name, a colon, and a space followed by a value for the variable. The sn variable contains the person's surname (last name) and the variable cn contains the DisplayName field from the address book entry.
The next step is to create a program that parses the data.
Note - The code discussed in this section is in AddressBookReader01.java, which is found in the xslt directory after you unzip XSLT examples into the install-dir/jaxp-1_4_2-release-date/samples directory.
The text for the program is shown next. It is an extremely simple program that does not even loop for multiple entries because, after all, it is only a demo.
import java.io.*; public class AddressBookReader01 { public static void main(String argv[]) { // Check the arguments if (argv.length != 1) { System.err.println ( "Usage: java AddressBookReader01 filename"); System.exit (1); } String filename = argv[0]; File f = new File(filename); AddressBookReader01 reader = new AddressBookReader01(); reader.parse(f); } /** Parse the input */ public void parse(File f) { try { // Get an efficient reader for the file FileReader r = new FileReader(f); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(r); // Read the file and display its contents. String line = br.readLine(); while (null != (line = br.readLine())) { if (line.startsWith("xmozillanickname: ")) break; } output("nickname", "xmozillanickname", line); line = br.readLine(); output("email", "mail", line); line = br.readLine(); output("html", "xmozillausehtmlmail", line); line = br.readLine(); output("firstname","givenname", line); line = br.readLine(); output("lastname", "sn", line); line = br.readLine(); output("work", "telephonenumber", line); line = br.readLine(); output("home", "homephone", line); line = br.readLine(); output("fax", "facsimiletelephonenumber", line); line = br.readLine(); output("pager", "pagerphone", line); line = br.readLine(); output("cell", "cellphone", line); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
This program contains three methods:
The main method gets the name of the file from the command line, creates an instance of the parser, and sets it to work parsing the file. This method will disappear when we convert the program into a SAX parser. (That is one reason for putting the parsing code into a separate method).
This method operates on the File object sent to it by the main routine. As you can see, it is very straightforward. The only concession to efficiency is the use of a BufferedReader, which can become important when you start operating on large files.
The output method contains the logic for the structure of a line. It takes three arguments. The first argument gives the method a name to display, so it can output html as a variable name, instead of xmozillausehtmlmail. The second argument gives the variable name stored in the file (xmozillausehtmlmail). The third argument gives the line containing the data. The routine then strips off the variable name from the start of the line and outputs the desired name, plus the data.
% cd install-dir/jaxp-1_4_2-release-date/samples.
cd xslt
Type the following command:
% javac AddressBookReader01.java
In the case below, AddressBookReader01 is run on the file PersonalAddressBook.ldif shown above, found in the xslt/data directory after you have unzipped the samples bundle.
% java AddressBookReader01 data/PersonalAddressBook.ldif
You will see the following output:
nickname: Fred email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>html: TRUE firstname: Fred lastname: Flintstone work: 999-Quarry home: 999-BedrockLane fax: 888-Squawk pager: 777-pager cell: 555-cell
This is a bit more readable than the file shown in Creating a Simple File.
This section shows how to make the parser generate SAX events, so that you can use it as the basis for a SAXSource object in an XSLT transform.
Note - The code discussed in this section is in AddressBookReader02.java, which is found in the xslt directory after you unzip XSLT examples into the install-dir/jaxp-1_4_2-release-date/samples directory. AddressBookReader02.java is adapted from AddressBookReader01.java, so only the differences in code between the two examples will be discussed here.
AddressBookReader02 requires the following highlighted classes that were not used in AddressBookReader01.
import java.io.*; import org.xml.sax.*; import org.xml.sax.helpers.AttributesImpl;
The application also extends XmlReader. This change converts the application into a parser that generates the appropriate SAX events.
public class AddressBookReader02 implements XMLReader {
Unlike the AddressBookReader01 sample, this application does not have a main method.
The following global variables will be used later in this section:
public class AddressBookReader02 implements XMLReader { ContentHandler handler; String nsu = ""; Attributes atts = new AttributesImpl(); String rootElement = "addressbook"; String indent = "\n ";
The SAX ContentHandler is the object that will get the SAX events generated by the parser. To make the application into an XmlReader, the application defines a setContentHandler method. The handler variable will hold a reference to the object that is sent when setContentHandler is invoked.
When the parser generates SAX element events, it will need to supply namespace and attribute information. Because this is a simple application, it defines null values for both of those.
The application also defines a root element for the data structure (addressbook) and sets up an indent string to improve the readability of the output.
Furthermore, the parse method is modified so that it takes an InputSource (rather than a File) as an argument and accounts for the exceptions it can generate:
public void parse(InputSource input) throws IOException, SAXException
Now, rather than creating a new FileReader instance as was done in AddressBookReader01, the reader is encapsulated by the InputSource object:
try { java.io.Reader r = input.getCharacterStream(); BufferedReader Br = new BufferedReader(r);
Note - The next section shows how to create the input source object and what is put in it will, in fact, be a buffered reader. But the AddressBookReader could be used by someone else, somewhere down the line. This step makes sure that the processing will be efficient, regardless of the reader you are given.
The next step is to modify the parse method to generate SAX events for the start of the document and the root element. The following highlighted code does that:
public void parse(InputSource input) ... { try { ... String line = br.readLine(); while (null != (line = br.readLine())) { if (line.startsWith("xmozillanickname: ")) break; } if (handler==null) { throw new SAXException("No content handler"); } handler.startDocument(); handler.startElement(nsu, rootElement, rootElement, atts); output("nickname", "xmozillanickname", line); ... output("cell", "cellphone", line); handler.ignorableWhitespace("\n".toCharArray(), 0, // start index 1 // length ); handler.endElement(nsu, rootElement, rootElement); handler.endDocument(); } catch (Exception e) { ...
Here, the application checks to make sure that the parser is properly configured with a ContentHandler. (For this application, we do not care about anything else). It then generates the events for the start of the document and the root element, and finishes by sending the end event for the root element and the end event for the document.
Two items are noteworthy at this point:
The setDocumentLocator event has not been sent, because that is optional. Were it important, that event would be sent immediately before the startDocument event.
An ignorableWhitespace event is generated before the end of the root element. This, too, is optional, but it drastically improves the readability of the output, as will be seen shortly. (In this case, the whitespace consists of a single newline, which is sent in the same way that characters are sent to the characters method: as a character array, a starting index, and a length).
Now that SAX events are being generated for the document and the root element, the next step is to modify the output method to generate the appropriate element events for each data item. Removing the call to System.out.println(name + ": " + text) and adding the following highlighted code achieves that:
void output(String name, String prefix, String line) throws SAXException { int startIndex = prefix.length() + 2; // 2=length of ": " String text = line.substring(startIndex); int textLength = line.length() - startIndex; handler.ignorableWhitespace(indent.toCharArray(), 0, // start index indent.length() ); handler.startElement(nsu, name, name /*"qName"*/, atts); handler.characters(line.toCharArray(), startIndex, textLength); handler.endElement(nsu, name, name); }
Because the ContentHandler methods can send SAXExceptions back to the parser, the parser must be prepared to deal with them. In this case, none are expected, so the application is simply allowed to fail if any occur.
The length of the data is then calculated, again generating some ignorable whitespace for readability. In this case, there is only one level of data, so we can use a fixed-indent string. (If the data were more structured, we would have to calculate how much space to indent, depending on the nesting of the data).
Note - The indent string makes no difference to the data but will make the output a lot easier to read. Without that string, all the elements would be concatenated end to end:
<addressbook><nickname>Fred</nickname><email>...
Next, the following method configures the parser with the ContentHandler that is to receive the events it generates:
void output(String name, String prefix, String line) throws SAXException { ... } /** Allow an application to register a content event handler. */ public void setContentHandler(ContentHandler handler) { this.handler = handler; } /** Return the current content handler. */ public ContentHandler getContentHandler() { return this.handler; }
Several other methods must be implemented in order to satisfy the XmlReader interface. For the purpose of this exercise, null methods are generated for all of them. A production application, however, would require that the error handler methods be implemented to produce a more robust application. For this example, though, the following code generates null methods for them:
/** Allow an application to register an error event handler. */ public void setErrorHandler(ErrorHandler handler) { } /** Return the current error handler. */ public ErrorHandler getErrorHandler() { return null; }
Then the following code generates null methods for the remainder of the XmlReader interface. (Most of them are of value to a real SAX parser but have little bearing on a data-conversion application like this one).
/** Parse an XML document from a system identifier (URI). */ public void parse(String systemId) throws IOException, SAXException { } /** Return the current DTD handler. */ public DTDHandler getDTDHandler() { return null; } /** Return the current entity resolver. */ public EntityResolver getEntityResolver() { return null; } /** Allow an application to register an entity resolver. */ public void setEntityResolver(EntityResolver resolver) { } /** Allow an application to register a DTD event handler. */ public void setDTDHandler(DTDHandler handler) { } /** Look up the value of a property. */ public Object getProperty(String name) { return null; } /** Set the value of a property. */ public void setProperty(String name, Object value) { } /** Set the state of a feature. */ public void setFeature(String name, boolean value) { } /** Look up the value of a feature. */ public boolean getFeature(String name) { return false; }
You now have a parser you can use to generate SAX events. In the next section, you will use it to construct a SAX source object that will let you transform the data into XML.
Given a SAX parser to use as an event source, you can construct a transformer to produce a result. In this section, TransformerApp will be updated to produce a stream output result, although it could just as easily produce a DOM result.
Note - Note: The code discussed in this section is in TransformationApp03.java, which is found in the xslt directory after you unzip XSLT examples into the install-dir/jaxp-1_4_2-release-date/samples directory.
To start with, TransformationApp03 differs from TransformationApp02 in the classes it needs to import to construct a SAXSource object. These classes are shown highlighted below. The DOM classes are no longer needed at this point, so have been discarded, although leaving them in does not do any harm.
import org.xml.sax.SAXException; import org.xml.sax.SAXParseException; import org.xml.sax.ContentHandler; import org.xml.sax.InputSource; import javax.xml.transform.sax.SAXSource; import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
Next, instead of creating a DOM DocumentBuilderFactory instance, the application creates a SAX parser, which is an instance of the AddressBookReader:
public class TransformationApp03 { static Document document; public static void main(String argv[]) { ... // Create the sax "parser". AddressBookReader saxReader = new AddressBookReader(); try { File f = new File(argv[0]);
Then, the following highlighted code constructs a SAXSource object
// Use a Transformer for output ... Transformer transformer = tFactory.newTransformer(); // Use the parser as a SAX source for input FileReader fr = new FileReader(f); BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr); InputSource inputSource = new InputSource(br); SAXSource source = new SAXSource(saxReader, inputSource); StreamResult result = new StreamResult(System.out); transformer.transform(source, result);
Here, TransformationApp03 constructs a buffered reader (as mentioned earlier) and encapsulates it in an input source object. It then creates a SAXSource object, passing it the reader and the InputSource object, and passes that to the transformer.
When the application runs, the transformer configures itself as the ContentHandler for the SAX parser (the AddressBookReader) and tells the parser to operate on the inputSource object. Events generated by the parser then go to the transformer, which does the appropriate thing and passes the data on to the result object.
Finally, TransformationApp03 does not generate exceptions, so the exception handling code seen in TransformationApp02 is no longer present.
% cd install-dir/jaxp-1_4_2-release-date/samples.
cd xslt
Type the following command:
% javac TransformationApp03.java
In the case below, TransformationApp03 is run on the PersonalAddressBook.ldif file, found in the xslt/data directory after you have unzipped the samples bundle.
% java TransformationApp03 data/PersonalAddressBook.ldif
You will see the following output:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <addressbook> <nickname>Fred</nickname><EMAIL_ADDRESS><html>TRUE</html> <firstname>Fred</firstname> <lastname>Flintstone</lastname> <work>999-Quarry</work> <home>999-BedrockLane</home> <fax>888-Squawk</fax> <pager>777-pager</pager> <cell>555-cell</cell> </addressbook>
As you can see, the LDIF format file PersonalAddressBook has been converted to XML!


JTabbedPane
class,
you can have several components,
such as panels,
share the same space.
The user chooses which component to view
by selecting the tab corresponding to the desired component.
If you want similar functionality
without the tab interface,
you can use a
card layout instead of a tabbed pane.
JTabbedPane
,
create the components you wish it to display,
and then add the components
to the tabbed pane
using the
addTab
method.
The following picture introduces an application called TabbedPaneDemo
that has a tabbed pane
with four tabs.
As the TabbedPaneDemo
example shows,
a tab can have a tool tip and a mnemonic,
and it can display both text and an image.
TOP
location,
as shown above.
You can change the tab placement to LEFT
, RIGHT
,
TOP
or BOTTOM
by using the setTabPlacement
method.
TabbedPaneDemo.java
creates the tabbed pane in the previous example.
Note that no event-handling code is necessary.
The JTabbedPane
object
takes care of mouse and keyboard events for you.
JTabbedPane tabbedPane = new JTabbedPane(); ImageIcon icon = createImageIcon("images/middle.gif"); JComponent panel1 = makeTextPanel("Panel #1"); tabbedPane.addTab("Tab 1", icon, panel1, "Does nothing"); tabbedPane.setMnemonicAt(0, KeyEvent.VK_1); JComponent panel2 = makeTextPanel("Panel #2"); tabbedPane.addTab("Tab 2", icon, panel2, "Does twice as much nothing"); tabbedPane.setMnemonicAt(1, KeyEvent.VK_2); JComponent panel3 = makeTextPanel("Panel #3"); tabbedPane.addTab("Tab 3", icon, panel3, "Still does nothing"); tabbedPane.setMnemonicAt(2, KeyEvent.VK_3); JComponent panel4 = makeTextPanel( "Panel #4 (has a preferred size of 410 x 50)."); panel4.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(410, 50)); tabbedPane.addTab("Tab 4", icon, panel4, "Does nothing at all"); tabbedPane.setMnemonicAt(3, KeyEvent.VK_4);
addTab
method
handles the bulk of the work in setting up a tab
in a tabbed pane.
The addTab
method has several forms,
but they all use both a string title
and the component to be displayed by the tab.
Optionally, you can specify an icon and
tool tip string.
The text or icon (or both) can be null.
Another way to create a tab is to use the
insertTab
method,
which lets you specify the index of the tab you're adding.
Note that the addTab
method does not allow
index specification in this step.
JTabbedPane
object has the focus,
the keyboard arrows can be used to switch from tab to tab.setMnemonicAt
method
allows the user
to switch to a specific tab
using the keyboard.
For example,
setMnemonicAt(3, KeyEvent.VK_4)
makes '4' the mnemonic
for the fourth tab
(which is at index 3,
since the indices start with 0);
pressing Alt-4 makes the fourth tab's component appear.
Often, a mnemonic
uses a character in the tab's title
that is then
automatically underlined.setSelectedIndex
or the
setSelectedComponent
methods.
In the TabbedPaneDemo
example,
the fourth panel has a preferred width and height
that are larger than those of the other panels.
Thus, the preferred size of the tabbed pane
is just big enough to display the fourth panel
at its preferred size.
Every panel gets exactly the same amount of space —
410 pixels wide and 50 high,
assuming the tabbed pane is at its preferred size.
If you do not understand how preferred size is used,
please refer to
How Layout Management Works.
TabComponentsDemo
example introduces a tabbed pane
whose tabs contain real components.
The use of custom components brings new features
such as buttons, combo boxes, labels and other components
to tabs, and allows more complex user interaction.
Here is a tabbed pane with close buttons on its tabs.
ButtonTabComponent.java
removes a tab from the tabbed pane.
Note that event-handling code is necessary.
Since each tab contains a real JButton
object, you must
attach an ActionListener
to the close button.
As the user clicks the button,
the actionPerformed
method
determines the index of the tab it belongs to
and removes the corresponding tab.
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { int i = pane.indexOfTabComponent(ButtonTabComponent.this); if (i != -1) { pane.remove(i); } }
ButtonTabComponent.java
, shows how a customized tab component gets
a title from an original tabbed pane tab.
JLabel label = new JLabel(title) { public String getText() { int i = pane.indexOfTabComponent(ButtonTabComponent.this); if (i != -1) { return pane.getTitleAt(i); } return null; } };
JTabbedPane
constructors and methods.
The API for using tabbed panes falls into the following categories:
| Method or Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
JTabbedPane() JTabbedPane(int) JTabbedPane(int, int) |
Creates a tabbed pane.
The first optional argument specifies where the tabs should appear.
By default, the tabs appear at the top of the tabbed pane.
You can specify these positions
(defined in the SwingConstants interface,
which JTabbedPane implements):
TOP ,
BOTTOM ,
LEFT ,
RIGHT .
The second optional argument specifies the tab layout policy.
You can specify one of these policies
(defined in JTabbedPane ):
WRAP_TAB_LAYOUT or
SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT .
|
|
addTab(String, Icon, Component, String) addTab(String, Icon, Component) addTab(String, Component) |
Adds a new tab to the tabbed pane. The first argument specifies the text on the tab. The optional icon argument specifies the tab's icon. The component argument specifies the component that the tabbed pane should show when the tab is selected. The fourth argument, if present, specifies the tool tip text for the tab. |
|
void setTabLayoutPolicy(int) int getTabLayoutPolicy() |
Sets or gets the policy that the tabbed pane uses in
laying out tabs when all tabs do not fit within
a single run. Possible values are WRAP_TAB_LAYOUT
and SCROLL_TAB_LAYOUT . The default
policy is WRAP_TAB_LAYOUT .
|
|
void setTabPlacement(int) int getTabPlacement() |
Sets or gets the location where the tabs appear relative to the content.
Possible values (defined in SwingConstants ,
which is implemented by JTabbedPane )
are TOP ,
BOTTOM ,
LEFT , and
RIGHT .
|
| Method | Purpose |
|---|---|
| insertTab(String, Icon, Component, String, int) | Inserts a tab at the specified index,
where the first tab is at index 0.
The arguments are the same as for addTab .
|
|
remove(Component) removeTabAt(int) |
Removes the tab corresponding to the specified component or index. |
| removeAll() | Removes all tabs. |
|
int indexOfComponent(Component) int indexOfTab(String) int indexOfTab(Icon) |
Returns the index of the tab that has the specified component, title, or icon. |
|
void setSelectedIndex(int) void setSelectedComponent(Component) |
Selects the tab that has the specified component or index. Selecting a tab has the effect of displaying its associated component. |
|
int getSelectedIndex() Component getSelectedComponent() |
Returns the index or component for the selected tab. |
| Method | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
void setComponentAt(int, Component) Component getComponentAt(int) |
Sets or gets which component is associated with the tab at the specified index. The first tab is at index 0. |
|
void setTitleAt(int, String) String getTitleAt(int) |
Sets or gets the title of the tab at the specified index. |
|
void setIconAt(int, Icon) Icon getIconAt(int) void setDisabledIconAt(int, Icon) Icon getDisabledIconAt(int) |
Sets or gets the icon displayed by the tab at the specified index. |
|
void setBackgroundAt(int, Color) Color getBackgroundAt(int) void setForegroundAt(int, Color) Color getForegroundAt(int) |
Sets or gets the background or foreground color
used by the tab
at the specified index.
By default, a tab uses the tabbed pane's background
and foreground colors.
For example, if the tabbed pane's foreground is black,
then each tab's title is black
except for any tabs for which you specify another color
using setForegroundAt .
|
|
void setEnabledAt(int, boolean) boolean isEnabledAt(int) |
Sets or gets the enabled state of the tab at the specified index. |
|
void setMnemonicAt(int, int) int getMnemonicAt(int) |
Sets or gets the keyboard mnemonic for accessing the specified tab. |
|
void setDisplayedMnemonicIndexAt(int, int) int getDisplayedMnemonicIndexAt(int) |
Sets or gets which character should be decorated to represent the mnemonic. This is useful when the mnemonic character appears multiple times in the tab's title and you don't want the first occurrence underlined. |
|
void setToolTipTextAt(int, String) String getToolTipTextAt(int) |
Sets or gets the text displayed on tool tips for the specified tab. |
| Method | Purpose |
|---|---|
| void setTabComponentAt(int, Component) | Sets the component that is responsible for rendering the title
or icon (or both) for the tab specified by the first argument.
When a null value is specified, JTabbedPane renders the title or icon.
The same component cannot be used for several tabs.
|
| Component getTabComponentAt(int) | Gets the tab component for the tab at the index specified by the argument. If there is no tab component for the specified tab, a null value is returned. |
| int indexOfTabComponent(Component) | Checks if the specified component belongs to one of the tabs. Return the index of the corresponding tab or -1 if there is no such a tab. |
JTabbedPane
and points to where those examples are described.
| Example | Where Described | Notes |
|---|---|---|
TabbedPaneDemo
|
This page | Demonstrates a few tabbed pane features, such as tool tips, icons, scrollable layout, and mnemonics. |
TabComponentsDemo
|
This page | Demonstrates custom components on tabs. Uses a tabbed pane with close buttons. |
BoxAlignmentDemo
|
How to Use BoxLayout | Uses a JTabbedPane as the only child
of a frame's content pane.
|
BorderDemo
|
How to Use Borders | Uses its tabbed pane in a manner similar to BoxAlignmentDemo .
|
DialogDemo
|
How to Use Dialogs | Has a tabbed pane in the center of a frame's content pane, with a label below it. |


Ocean [ay71], ocean, in Crystal Sea
Last updated Turn #105
Ocean [ay71], ocean, in Crystal Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
24: Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails,
24: 10% damaged, arrived from Ocean [ay70], owner:
24: Dorothy [v1b], Pen, with 94 sailors
25: Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails,
25: 10% damaged, departed for Ocean [ay72].
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [ax71], 6 days
East, to Ocean [ay72], 6 days
South, to Ocean [az71], 6 days
West, to Ocean [ay70], 6 days


Forge your own path.
Fight your own war.
In the Fifth System, where many planets circle each other, a young Prince falls prey to a bitter civil war. Imprisoned and alone, lost to the darkness of the Tiger Lord’s dungeons, he becomes...
THE DRAGON.
Empowered by a strange master of an ancient past, Ryuki’s quest to find his half-sister takes him across ocean worlds, desert planets and cities built into moons. But there is something even more terrible than the Tiger Lord and his minions...


Z80 Info:
The z80 is an 8 bit microprocessor which is used in many early video
game systems (and many other systems). It has 8 standard registers, 8
shadow registers, 2 index registers, 1 refresh register and an interrupt
vector register. It also has a stack, program counter and 8 flags (only
6 of which are used in the SMS Z80).
The Registers
The 8 standard registers are named A,B,C,D,E,F,H,L. All are 8 bits and have different uses.
A: Accumulator
B: General Purpose
C: General Purpose
D: General Purpose
E: General Purpose
F: Flag Register
H: Address register
L: Address register
Althrough these registers have different uses we dont need to worry about using them because it will be the ROM that uses them, we just need to know which one is being used and the z80 instructions tell us this. The only register we need to work with is the flag register. When emulating the z80 instructions we need to check which flags (if any) the instruction affects and then make sure the flag register gets set accordingly.
There are also 8 shadow registers named A',B',C',D',E',F',H',L'. These registers can also be paired to form 4 sets of 16 bit registers AF',BC',DE',HL'. These registers cannot be modified directly by any z80 instruction. Their purpose is to be exchanged with their corresponding standard registers. So if register pair AF value was 0xABCD and register pair AF' value was 0x1234 then using an exchange instruction would swap the values so AF is 0x1234 and AF' is 0xABCD. The programmer would carry on using the AF registers through the Z80 instructions so the AF value would no longer be 0x1234 and then they can exchange the registers back so AF gets set back to its original value 0xABCD. Once again you do not need to worry about the details of the use of these shadow registers. Just make sure you emulate the exchange instructions correctly.
The refresh register is a counter that gets incrememented each time an opcode is fetched (including opcode prefixes which I'll explain later). The purpose of this register is usually to generate random numbers.
The interrupt register works with interrupt mode 2 which as I explain later is not used in the SMS so you do not need to emulate this
The two index registers IX and IY are used with two opcode prefixes (explained later) which replaces the registers H and L in instructions which use registers HL. For example ADD HL, HL would become ADD IX,IX for one opcode prefix and ADD IY,IY for ther other. When an instruction uses HL for memory accress (represented by (HL)) then an 8bit immediate offset is added to registers IX and IY. This will all be explained later.
The Flags
Each bit in the 8 bit flag register (except bits 5 and 3 which arent used) represents a flag:
Bit 7 = (S)Sign Flag
Bit 6 = (Z)Zero Flag
Bit 5 = Not used
Bit 4 = (H)Half Carry Flag
Bit 3 = Not used
Bit 2 = (P/V)Parity or Overflow Flag
Bit 1 = (N)Subrtract Flag
Bit 0 = (C)Carry Flag
The zero flag is set when the result of an operation is zero
The Half carry flag is set if a subtract operation carried from bit 4 to bit 3 or, or with an 16 bit operation carried from bit 12 to 11. With addition operations it is set if carried from bit 3 to 4 or with 16 bit addition 11 to 12
The Parity or Overflow flag has two meanings. Some instructions use the parity flag which means it gets set if the result of the operation has an even number of bits set. The overflow flag is used by some instructions when the 2-complement of the result does not fit within the register
The subtract flag is simply set when the instruction is a subtraction
The carry flag is set when the instruction overflows its upper or lower limits.
I shall show how to emulate the settings of some of these flags when I show some opcode emulation examples below.
Program Counter and Stack Pointer
The program counter points to the address of the next opcode in memory to execute. The stack pointer points to the next address space where a value that gets added to the stack is stored. The stack works down the address space, it is initialized to address 0xDFF0 so if a value is pushed on to the stack, this is the address it gets added to and the stack pointer gets decremented to 0xDFEF. Popping values off the stack will increment the stack pointer and return the value found at the new position.
Because the z80 address space is 0x10000 in size (0x0-0xFFFF) both the program counter and the stack pointer need to be a WORD in size.
Emulation of the Z80
As previously mentioned the program counter and the stack pointer are both words in size but so are the refresh register and the interrupt register. These can easily be emulated with the following declarations:
WORD m_ProgramCounter
WORD m_StackPointer
WORD m_RegisterR
WORD m_RegisterI
union Register
{
WORD reg ;
struct
{
BYTE lo ;
BYTE hi ;
};
};
Register m_RegisterAF ;
Register m_RegisterBC ;
Register m_RegisterDE ;
Register m_RegisterHL ;
Register m_RegisterAFShadow ;
Register m_RegisterBCShadow ;
Register m_RegisterDEShadow ;
Register m_RegisterHLShadow ;
Register m_RegisterIX ;
Register m_RegisterIY ;
Instructions:
As previously mentioned the program counter points to the next opcode in memory to execute. The program counter is initialized to 0x0. The SMS will get the next opcode from memory, execute the opcode and then increment the program counter so it points to the next opcode to execute. However I prefer to emulate this by retrieving the next opcode from memory and then immediately incrementing the counter before executing the opcode. I do this because the call and jump instructions set the program counter, so I dont wish to then increment the program counter after the call and jump instruction have set it.
int Z80::ExecuteNextInst( )
{
m_Context.m_OpcodeCycles = 0 ;
BYTE instruction = ReadMemory(m_InternalMemory[m_Context.m_ProgramCounter]) ;
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter++ ;
ExecuteOpcode(instruction) ;
assert(m_Context.m_OpcodeCycles > 0) ;
reurn m_Contex.m_OpcodeCycles ;
}
The ExecuteOpcode function takes the opcode as a parameter and will emulate the z80 opcode. It just contains a big swith statement which looks up what the opcode is meant to do and emulates it. Using the opcode table that I linked to on the "Resource" section of the SMS tutorials I can give the following snippet of how the ExecuteOpcode function behaves:
void Z80::ExecuteOpcode(BYTE opcode)
{
IncrementRegR() ;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0x0: m_Context.m_OpcodeCycle = 4 ; break ; // no-op
case 0x8: Exchange(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.reg, m_Context.m_RegisterAFShadow.reg); break;
case 0x87: ADD_8BIT(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.hi, m_Context.m_RegisterAF.hi) ; break ;
case 0xC9: RETURN( ) ; break ;
case 0xBE: COMPARE(ReadMemory( m_Context.m_RegisterHL.reg) ); break ;
case 0xCB: ExecuteCBOpcode( ) ; break ;
default: assert(false); break ; // unhandled opcode
}
}
Opcode Prefixes:
Because the Z80 opcodes are a byte in size there are only 256 possible instructions that can be used. However the developers got round this by using opcode prefixes. Opcode 0xCB is an opcode prefix this means that the next instruction is read from memory and this value represents a different instruction. For example if the opcode 0x8 is read from memory when executed this instruction means "Exchange AF with AFShadow". However if instruction 0xCB is read then another opcode is immediately read, and if this new opcode was 0x8 it would not be the exchange instruction, it would be a "RRC" instruction. This way by using opcode prefix 0xCB the developers now had access to an extra 256 instructions because they could reuse the values. Once again look at that Opcode hex values resource I link to in the "Resource" section of this site and look at how opcode 0x8 in the first table (the standard opcode table) means "EX AF,AF'" and now look at the second table (the CB prefix table) and notice how opcode 0x8 is "RRC b". This means our ExecuteCBOpcode function which I've used in that switch block above can be implemented like this:
void Z80::ExecuteCBOpcode()
{
BYTE opcode = ReadMemory(m_InternalMemory[m_Context.m_ProgramCounter]) ;
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter++;
IncrementRegR() ;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0x8: RRC(m_Context.m_RegisterB.hi); break ;
default: assert(false); break ; // unhandled opcode
}
}
void Z80::ExecuteDDOpcode()
{
BYTE opcode = ReadMemory(m_InternalMemory[m_Context.m_ProgramCounter]) ;
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter++;
IncrementRegR() ;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0x2B: DEC(m_Context.m_RegisterIX); break;
case 0xBE: COMPARE(ReadMemory( GetIXIYOffset(m_Context.m_RegisterIX)) ); break ;
default: assert(false); break ; // unhandled opcode
}
}
WORD Z80::GetIXIYAddress(WORD ixiy)
{
SIGNED_BYTE offset = ReadMemory(m_InternalMemory[m_Context.m_ProgramCounter]) ;
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter++;
return ixiy + offset ;
}
Of course with all rules there are a few exceptions. "JMP (HL)" does not have the offset added to it for 0xDD and 0xFD prefixes, so it is "JMP(IX)" and "JMP (IY)". Also the "EX DE,HL" instruction is not affected by the 0xDD and 0xFD prefixes (meaning HL stays as HL).
Flag awareness
There are a few opcodes which behave differently based on the current flag status. For example "JMP z" will jump to a specific address if the z flag is set, otherwise it will not jump. Similary "CALL nc" will call a function if the carry flag isnt set, otherwise it will not call. Be aware that these instructions carry with them a different clock cycle count if it goes one way or another. To get the opcodes clock cycle count look at the T-States of the Sean Young documentation "Z80 info" in the resource section of my site.
You will also notice that there are few peculiar instructions like "JMP m" and "CALL pe". This is what the following letters mean:
m = S flag is set
po = P/V flag is off
p = S flag is off
pe = P/V flag is set
Opcode Examples:
Now we have the switch blocks setup it is time to emulate the functions they call. In our first switch statement the EXCHANGE function is called, and this is its implementation:
void Z80::Exchange(WORD& ex1, WORD& ex2)
{
WORD temp = ex1 ;
ex1 = ex2 ;
ex2 = temp ;
m_Context.m_OpcodeCycle = 4;
}
The next function shows how to emulate the JR (jump immediate instruction). There are two types of JR instructions, the first type will always jump and the second type will only jump if a certain condition is true. We can emulate it like this:
void Z80::CPU_JUMP_IMMEDIATE(bool useCondition, int flag, bool condition)
{
m_Context.m_OpcodeCycle= 12 ;
if (!useCondition)
{
SIGNED_BYTE n = (SIGNED_BYTE)ReadMemory(m_Context.m_ProgramCounter) ;
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter += n;
}
else if (TestBit(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, flag) == condition)
{
SIGNED_BYTE n = (SIGNED_BYTE)m_Context.ReadMemory(m_Context.m_ProgramCounter) ;
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter += n ;
}
else
{
m_Context.m_OpcodeCycle= 7 ;
}
m_Context.m_ProgramCounter++ ;
}
The next example shows how the 8 bit decrement function works. It decrements the register being passed as an argument then sets all the flags.
void Z80::CPU_8BIT_DEC(BYTE& reg, int cycles)
{
m_Context.m_OpcodeCycle = cycles ;
BYTE before = reg ;
reg-- ;
// set z flag if result is negative
if (reg == 0)
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitSet(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_Z) ;
else
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitReset(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_Z) ;
// set h flag if lower nibble is 0, meaning it will carry from bit 4
if ((before & 0x0F) == 0)
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitSet(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_H) ;
else
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitReset(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_H) ;
// v is calculated not p
if (before == -128)
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitSet(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_PV) ;
else
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitReset(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_PV) ;
// set subtract flag
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitSet(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_N) ;
// set sign flag to bit 7 of the result
if (TestBit(reg,7))
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitSet(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_S) ;
else
m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo = BitReset(m_Context.m_RegisterAF.lo, FLAG_S) ;
}


Max Size Of Each Image File should be less than or equal to 1 MB
Maximum of 3 images can be uploaded simulataneously


This displays the layers for SHRIMP, Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and U-Pb. While the data used for SHRIMP and Sm-Nd is from new data releases, the data for Rb-Sr and U-Pb is the same as used in the National Geoscience Datasets service. Some data for Antarctica is included.
Link to Geochron Delivery system
Geoscience Australia's Geochron Delivery system is the retrieval system for geochronological data stored by Geoscience Australia. The system will be continually updated as the volume, variety and quality of available geochronological data increase. The initial (September 2011) release contains only ion microprobe (SHRIMP) data, comprising data from about 560 samples, chiefly derived from Geoscience Australia's previous Geochronology OZCHRON. Migration of further OZCHRON data, and upload of more recent data (including analyses obtained in collaboration with the States and the Northern Territory under the National Geoscience Agreement) is ongoing and continuous.


Why doesn't Map.size return the size of the entire cluster?
Many people may have been surprised the first time they used Map.size method on a distributed Infinispan cluster. As was later deduced only the local node size is returned.
Infinispan had taken this approach to limit the chance that instead of getting the full cluster size you would receive an OutOfMemoryError. This seems fair to return the local answer only but you secretly always wanted the entire cluster size.
For the Infinispan 7.0.0.Final release forget what you know when using the Map interface with Infinispan.
==
Enter Distributed Entry Iterator
We already announced this feature a while back at http://blog.infinispan.org/2014/05/iterate-all-entries-in-cache.html. You can check it out for more details but it is essentially a memory efficient way of retrieving all the entries in the cache by iterating over them.
This has opened the way to implementing the various bulk methods on the Map interface that we could never do efficiently in the past (ie. Map.size, Map.keySet, Map.entrySet & Map.values).
Map size
Okay I admit, size could have been done more efficiently before, but the answer would have contained a very high margin of error. Now size will give you a size value with consistency semantics just slightly less than ConcurrentHashMap does, but for the entire cluster. Warning should be given that size may be slower for larger clusters or ones with a lot of data in a stored cache loader.
The size method behavior can be controlled by using a supplied Flag such as SKIP_CACHE_LOAD to not count any configured cache loaders or CACHE_MODE_LOCAL if you want the local count only. These flags are not exclusive and can be both passed if desired as well.
==
Map Collection Views
In the past the Map.values, Map.keySet & Map.entrySet methods were only ever in memory copies of the local data at the time they were invoked, similar to Map.size.
Now these collection views will be cluster wide and an additionally will show updated contents when the cache is updated and your writes to the collection will be reflected in the Cache itself! The only operations you can’t do on these collections are adding values to either the keySet or values collections as they aren’t key/value pairs.
If your cache was configured with a Flag such as SKIP_CACHE_LOAD or CACHE_MODE_LOCAL it will also be reflected in the collection view for both reads and writes.
Some caution is advised when using toArray, retainAll, or size methods as they will require full iteration to complete.
KeySet Optimization
The key set collection also has an optimization so it will never pull down the values so it has a lower network and serialization/deserialization overhead (unlike entrySet and values).
Transactionality
All of the aforementioned methods still support transactions in a way that you would expect. There is one guarantee we don’t provide and that is when using REPEATABLE_READ isolation. We will not store entries read from an iterator in the transactional context as this could very easily run your local node out of memory with a large enough data set.
For reference methods that use an iterator internally are toArray, retainAll, isEmpty & size on the various collections as well as contains and containsAll on the values collection.
Other API Changes
These changes have also loosened some restrictions on other methods as well.
Map.isEmpty
This method before was only used locally as it used to calculate the size to determine if it was empty. This method will now use the entry iterator and returns as soon as it finds that even a single value exists. This is an important change as the old implementation would have to query any configured Cache Loader’s complete size before returning.
Map.containsValue
We never supported this method before (not even locally). This method will now use the iterator though and if it finds the value at any point point will return immediately so it doesn’t have to iterate over the entire contents unless they don’t exist. However if you really want to do this operation often you should really use Indexing to make this faster.
Code Examples
I could put an example here, but I think some could take it as insult. You have already seen 100’s of examples as to how to use the Map interface and now in Infinispan you can use those in the exact same way and they will work just how you would expect them to.


| 773 | (A) | and wele wende thay that those wedis waschen hade bene |
| 775 | (C) | And hadde wonder in her wytte . how þat þey were wete |
| 767 | (D) | They wend wele in her wit no watir hem wantyd |
| 747 | (E) | þei wende weel in here wyt . þat no wantyng they hadde |
| (Ex) | ---- no text ---- | |
| 791 | (L) | wenden wel here wedes hadde wasschyng so ryue |
| 720 | (P) | w ende wel? ???? wedes waschen n had bene |
| 755 | (U) | Thei wende wele in her wit / no wantyng thei hadden |
| (V) | ---- no text ---- |


Mentorn00b Select!
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THE BACKYARD SHOP
Home
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About me
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$ 25
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$ 42
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The backyard shop.
All rights reserved 2015


question:
Most wealthiest person in the world ?
answers:
Bill gates
Elon musk
Jef besos
sundhar biche
next
GameOver
correct
2
wrong
1
Restart


Grids / Loading Animation
{{counter}}
Animation Type:
| Max columns: | |
| Max rows: | |
| Levels: |
When you want to load large data into the TreeGrid, it may take some time during which some notification that loading is in the process is required. This sample shows how to add a loading animation during this process.
There are two types of loading animation presented above: circular and linear, with several different speed levels.
Note You can change the appearance of loader using CSS. Circular animation uses an image that rotates, and linear animation uses a progress bar. All of these are customizable using CSS styles.
Using controls in right panel, you can add maximum of 100 columns, 100,000 rows with maximum depth of 100 tree levels.


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February 10, 2002
The Lowbrow President
New York Daily News | Submitted by: Macki
"Though he wasn't familiar with DiCaprio's role in 'Titanic', the
highest-grossing film ever, Bush knew the 'Austin Powers' movies
inside out. Bruni writes that Bush often lifted his pinkie to the
corner of his mouth to mimic the Dr. Evil character in the Powers flicks."
|
|
Read article...
|
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Troubled teens set fire to counselor
Westchester Journal News | Submitted by: Nordizzle
"A counselor at a Mount Pleasant center for troubled teens was in serious
condition at the Westchester Medical Center yesterday after surviving a savage
attack by eight girls who police said beat her, set her afire and poured
chlorine bleach on her face. "I'm shocked by the viciousness of this," Mount
Pleasant Police Chief Louis Alagno said of the assault at the Pleasantville
Cottage School. "It's hard to believe that we're dealing with children here."
|
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Read article...
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Analyzing boy bands
Irish Times | Submitted by: Soylent
"The percentage of unique words indicates how repetitive an artist is;
the higher the number, the more likely the artist has something to say.
A low number forces the artist to use the same words over and over and
over and over again," they wrote. Backstreet Boys were the runaway
winners of this category, using the fewest unique words, closely followed
by 'N Sync, Britney and Christina. Pink Floyd barely repeated themselves once."
|
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Read article...
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Defense buildup confusing
Guardian | Submitted by: Soylent
"So why the need for more and better military power? Even military
analysts are baffled. 'The rise in US military spending,' says Dan
Plesch, senior research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute,
'ought to be compared to the decision in the First World War to order
up more cavalry when the first wave had been mown down by machine-guns."
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Read article...
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Miami mayor's son is a counterfeiter
Miami Herald | Submitted by: Soylent
"Miami Mayor Manny Diaz said Thursday his 16-year-old son and a friend
have 'learned the hard way' that copying U.S. currency for fun is against
the law. Bobby Diaz and a classmate from Flanagan High School in Pembroke
Pines used a home computer to print at least $1,000 in counterfeit $10 and $20
bills -- not for profit, but to ''flash around'' at a Super Bowl party
last weekend, according to law enforcement officials."
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American Democracy R.I.P.
Cryptome | Submitted by: Macki
This is a somewhat inflammatory article, and the thing that bothers me most
about it is the unnecessary use of rhetoric: "George Bush II", "Fascist
American Theocratic State", "The State", "International Public Diplomacy
Bureau"; anyway, you get the idea.  While there are some
interesting points in the piece, it would have been much better if it had
been written with less lefto-jargon.
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Is Christ a top or bottom?
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette | Submitted by: The Mighty Sisto
"Hate Crime Against Jesus," says the handbill I accept with that exaggerated
courtesy with which we First Amendment liberals turn the other cheek of
political disagreement.
[Also, what is the Lord's hanky code?]
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Infosys Nia is a knowledge-based, Integrated, Open AI Software Platform for Enterprise that brings machine learning together with the deep knowledge of an organization to drive automation and innovation thus enabling businesses to continuously reinvent their system landscapes.
Nia ingests the data from various sources of truth for example health metrics, logs, tickets and so on in real time or in a batch mode, makes sense of them and determines the actions to be performed to meet the business SLAs and performs them automatically with appropriate human interventions as needed.
As Nia Automates things, Captures Knowledge, Processes information, Analyzes on its own, does self-healing - as a result Cost of maintenance of application and infrastructure go down dramatically.
Nia provides a solution for end-to-end automation of ticket resolution and other such IT Service Management activities through robotic automation.
It helps to codify and capture the knowledge that sits inside the system and process across generation of people and technology, thus improves business process , makes free from individual dependency
Using Ontology, Nia does deep learning by capturing knowledge base inside a system like complex IT systems
Using Natural language processing, Nia understands documentation, understands source code, captures process details etc
Uses Probabilistic method(Bayesian n/w) to diagnose the behavior of the systems and resolves issues
Nia allows you to configure various persona based dashboards reflecting the context of the users and their role (persona) in order to amplify their potential. Some of the common views are:
Business Manager View: Summary dashboard of business process overview and related operational and strategic insights actionable at a business process level.
IT Manager View: Operational and Strategic dashboards critical for an IT manager. Examples of insights include task assignment, automation dashboard, root cause analysis, process mining.
Engineer View: Operational as well as strategic insights providing L3 Engineers a 360 Degree view of their IT landscape, assist with root cause analysis, apply knowledge models to enable code impact analysis.
Augmentation of Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) process using virtual reality and artificial intelligence (Nia)


Testimonials
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- On Improving Your Productivity: Quick Tips for Photoshop http://cot.ag/oID
- 15 Stunning Illustrations by Niklas Lundberg http://bit.ly/pFixAD
- How to Fix: Extra contraction marks error in new WordPress posts.
- 30 Creative Resume Designs Able to Land a New Job http://cot.ag/qYTGGQ You never know when you might need this ;)


Welcome to Internet Banking
If you don't already use Internet Banking, it's simple to register online.
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0845 3 000 000
If you need to call us from abroad or prefer not to use our 0845 number, you can also call us on +44 1733 347 007.
Calls may be monitored and recorded in case we need to check we have carried out your instructions correctly and to help us improve our quality of service.
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Technical queries about the Internet Banking service
Call us on 0845 300 0116. We’re open 7am-10pm Mon – Fri, 8am-6pm Sat – Sun.
If you need to call us from abroad you can also call us on +44 2076 499 437.
Help & Support
What is a user ID?
This is the unique number you've been given to run your Internet Banking account. You will need both your user ID and your password to log onto your online account.
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It could be because you're trying to log on from a networked site (the office, for example). If so, please contact your Systems Administrator for help. It could also be because your browser settings are incompatible with the level of security maintained by Internet Banking. Check your browser for compatibility. If you've been logged out because we suspect that you have a virus or malicious software on your computer, you can find useful information on our Malware page.If you still have trouble, please call our helpdesk on 0845 3 000 116 (or +44 2076 499 437from outside the UK), Monday to Friday, 7.00am-10.00pm; Saturday and Sunday, 8.0am - 6.00pm.


If you are looking at online croudfunding platforms on the web, you may be unsure of your likelihood of getting funded. Use our probability models to find out your chance of getting funded given your projects details.
More About UsChoose from the given categories which describe your project. Select subcategories and let our Machine Learning Models predict the probability of getting funded based on chosen categories.
The Crowdfund app was built as a tool for people who need funding for their projects and dreams. through microloans or donations from online crowdfunding resources like Kickstarter or IndieGoGo.
Our inspiration for creating the Crowdfund app came from donating (or "backing") Kiva, a popular crowdfunding project for low-income entrepreneurs and students. While exploring the website, we noticed Kiva had a bold statement claiming a 96.8% loan repayment rate. This got us wondering about what factors and variables can support such a claim. Can other crowdfunding websites be equally successful as the other? These questions later directed our attention towards one of the most popular crowdfunding websites – Kickstarter.
This app utilizes Gradient Boosting, a machine learning technique, to create a predictive model. Using Kickstarter data, our goal is to determine a likelihood of receiving sufficient funding for a project.


Auto impl upload
Flash upload (multiple)
Auto impl upload (multiple)
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Uses of Class
org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators.AggregateUnaryOperator
-
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description MatrixBlock
CompressedMatrixBlock. aggregateUnaryOperations(AggregateUnaryOperator op, MatrixValue result, int blen, MatrixIndexes indexesIn, boolean inCP)
MatrixBlock
CompressedMatrixBlock. uaggouterchainOperations(MatrixBlock mbLeft, MatrixBlock mbRight, MatrixBlock mbOut, BinaryOperator bOp, AggregateUnaryOperator uaggOp)
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.colgroup with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description abstract void
AColGroup. unaryAggregateOperations(AggregateUnaryOperator op, double[] c, int nRows, int rl, int ru)
Unary Aggregate operator, since aggregate operators require new object output, the output becomes an uncompressed matrix.void
AColGroupCompressed. unaryAggregateOperations(AggregateUnaryOperator op, double[] c, int nRows, int rl, int ru)
void
AColGroupCompressed. unaryAggregateOperations(AggregateUnaryOperator op, double[] c, int nRows, int rl, int ru, double[] preAgg)
void
ColGroupUncompressed. unaryAggregateOperations(AggregateUnaryOperator op, double[] result, int nRows, int rl, int ru)
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.lib
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.compress.lib with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description static MatrixBlock
CLALibCompAgg. aggregateUnary(CompressedMatrixBlock inputMatrix, MatrixBlock result, AggregateUnaryOperator op, int blen, MatrixIndexes indexesIn, boolean inCP)
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.federated
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.controlprogram.federated with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description static MatrixBlock
FederationUtils. aggMatrix(AggregateUnaryOperator aop, Future<FederatedResponse>[] ffr, Future<FederatedResponse>[] meanFfr, FederationMap map)
static MatrixBlock
FederationUtils. aggMatrix(AggregateUnaryOperator aop, Future<FederatedResponse>[] ffr, FederationMap map)
static MatrixBlock
FederationUtils. aggProd(Future<FederatedResponse>[] ffr, FederationMap fedMap, AggregateUnaryOperator aop)
static ScalarObject
FederationUtils. aggScalar(AggregateUnaryOperator aop, Future<FederatedResponse>[] ffr)
static ScalarObject
FederationUtils. aggScalar(AggregateUnaryOperator aop, Future<FederatedResponse>[] ffr, Future<FederatedResponse>[] meanFfr, FederationMap map)
static ScalarObject
FederationUtils. aggScalar(AggregateUnaryOperator aop, Future<FederatedResponse>[] ffr, FederationMap map)
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.data
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.data with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description BasicTensorBlock
BasicTensorBlock. aggregateUnaryOperations(AggregateUnaryOperator op, BasicTensorBlock result)
Aggregate a unary operation on this tensor.static void
LibTensorAgg. aggregateUnaryTensor(BasicTensorBlock in, BasicTensorBlock out, AggregateUnaryOperator uaop)
Aggregate a tensor-block with the given unary operator.static boolean
LibTensorAgg. isSupportedUnaryAggregateOperator(AggregateUnaryOperator op)
Determines whether the unary operator is supported. -
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.instructions
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.instructions that return AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description static AggregateUnaryOperator
InstructionUtils. parseAggregateUnaryRowIndexOperator(String opcode, int numOutputs, int numThreads)
static AggregateUnaryOperator
InstructionUtils. parseBasicAggregateUnaryOperator(String opcode)
static AggregateUnaryOperator
InstructionUtils. parseBasicAggregateUnaryOperator(String opcode, int numThreads)
Parse the given opcode into an aggregate unary operator.static AggregateUnaryOperator
InstructionUtils. parseBasicCumulativeAggregateUnaryOperator(UnaryOperator uop)
static AggregateUnaryOperator
InstructionUtils. parseCumulativeAggregateUnaryOperator(String opcode)
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.instructions.spark
Constructors in org.apache.sysds.runtime.instructions.spark with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Constructor Description RDDBinUaggChainFunction(BinaryOperator bop, AggregateUnaryOperator uaggop)
RDDUAggFunction2(AggregateUnaryOperator op, int blen)
RDDUTensorAggFunction2(AggregateUnaryOperator op)
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.data
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators
Subclasses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.matrix.operators Modifier and Type Class Description class
CountDistinctOperator
class
UnarySketchOperator
-
Uses of AggregateUnaryOperator in org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta
Methods in org.apache.sysds.runtime.meta with parameters of type AggregateUnaryOperator Modifier and Type Method Description static void
DataCharacteristics. aggregateUnary(DataCharacteristics dim, AggregateUnaryOperator op, DataCharacteristics dimOut)
-


Taught by
Alexandra Ackerman
Code available at
https://github.com/newschool-webfundamentals
Presentations available at
newschool-webfundamentals.github.io
I'm going to show you some handy tools for adding interactivity to your webpages
Google's charts
Materialize slideshows and captions
Modals
Scroll reveal
For lab, I want you to pick one of these tools and try it out!
please use this time wisely, feel free to ask questions or run ideas by me for your final


A11y View: {{PHET_SIM_TITLE}}
About the A11y View Tool
The A11y View is a design and presentation tool that visually displays a copy of the descriptions we design for the Interactive Description feature. The State Descriptions (blue box) track the current state of the simulation. The Responsive Descriptions (orange box) deliver relevant changes in real time as they happen. Using this tool, designers can test and assess the descriptions during the design process without using a screen reader. Educators can also use this tool to see if the content of the descritpions meets their teaching and learning needs.
Please note: The A11y View is not for learners. In learning contexts, screen reader users access the Interactive Desctiption feature using the same simulation as everyone else.


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- decScaredTimer() - Static method in class gridworld.actor.Ghost
-
Decrements the timer
- DEFAULT_CELL_COUNT - Static variable in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
- DEFAULT_CELL_SIZE - Static variable in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
- DEFAULT_COLS - Static variable in class gridworld.world.World
-
- DEFAULT_MESSAGE - Static variable in class gridworld.world.ActorWorld
-
- DEFAULT_ROWS - Static variable in class gridworld.world.World
-
- DefaultDisplay - Class in gridworld.gui
-
The DefaultDisplay draws the object's text property with a background color
given by the object's color property.
- DefaultDisplay() - Constructor for class gridworld.gui.DefaultDisplay
-
- defaultDisplay - Variable in class gridworld.gui.DisplayMap
-
- defaultEditors - Static variable in class gridworld.gui.PropertySheet
-
- DFS(int[][], int, int, List<Point>) - Method in class gridworld.actor.Casper
-
-=This Algorithm was adapted from leonardo-ono (linked down [1])=-
Uses Depth first search to find a path to Pacman.
- Dijkstra - Class in gridworld.actor
-
Dijkstra is a very smart Ghost.
- Dijkstra(int) - Constructor for class gridworld.actor.Dijkstra
-
Creates a Pink Ghost with Dijkstra's algorithm
- dijkstra(int[][], int, int) - Static method in class gridworld.actor.Dijkstra
-
This Algorithm is adapted from -=geeksforgeek.org (Linked down [1])=-
- DijkstraTest - Class in JUnitTests
-
- DijkstraTest() - Constructor for class JUnitTests.DijkstraTest
-
- direction - Variable in class gridworld.actor.Actor
-
- direction() - Method in class JUnitTests.PacmanTest
-
Tests the getDirection method for Pacman.
- Display - Interface in gridworld.gui
-
The Display
interface contains the method needed to display a
grid object.
- display - Variable in class gridworld.gui.GUIController
-
- display - Variable in class gridworld.gui.WorldFrame
-
- DisplayIcon(Class, int, int) - Constructor for class gridworld.gui.DisplayMap.DisplayIcon
-
- DisplayMap - Class in gridworld.gui
-
DisplayMap
is a collection that maps grid occupant
classes to objects that know how to display them.
- DisplayMap() - Constructor for class gridworld.gui.DisplayMap
-
- displayMap - Variable in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
- displayMap - Variable in class gridworld.gui.GUIController
-
- displayMap - Variable in class gridworld.gui.MenuMaker
-
- displayMap - Variable in class gridworld.gui.WorldFrame
-
- DisplayMap.DisplayIcon - Class in gridworld.gui
-
- displayObj - Variable in class gridworld.gui.DisplayMap.DisplayIcon
-
- draw(Object, Component, Graphics2D) - Method in class gridworld.gui.AbstractDisplay
-
Draw the given object.
- draw(Object, Component, Graphics2D, Rectangle) - Method in class gridworld.gui.AbstractDisplay
-
Draw the given object.
- draw(Object, Component, Graphics2D, Rectangle) - Method in class gridworld.gui.DefaultDisplay
-
Draw the given object.
- draw(Object, Component, Graphics2D, Rectangle) - Method in interface gridworld.gui.Display
-
Method invoked to draw an object.
- draw(Object, Component, Graphics2D) - Method in class gridworld.gui.ImageDisplay
-
Draws a unit-length object facing North.
- drawCurrentLocation(Graphics2D) - Method in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
Draws a square that marks the current location.
- drawGridlines(Graphics2D) - Method in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
Draw the gridlines for the grid.
- drawOccupant(Graphics2D, int, int, Object) - Method in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
Draw one occupant object.
- drawOccupants(Graphics2D) - Method in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
Draws the occupants of the grid.
- drawPacmanName() - Static method in class gridworld.actor.Pacman
-
Draws a "P A C M A N" at the top of the grid
- drawPacmanName() - Method in class JUnitTests.PacmanTest
-
Tests the drawPacmanName for Pacman, which adds TextCell's to the top of the grid.
- drawWatermark(Graphics2D) - Method in class gridworld.gui.GridPanel
-
Draws a watermark that shows the version number if it is < 1.0


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Summary
Introduction to WDM Driver Model
Introduction to the Toaster Sample
Building the sample
Installation
Testing
Filters
Device Parameters Subkey
Power Management
WMI
Event Tracing
Toastmon
Toaster Installation Package
Notes
The Toaster sample provides a starting point for Windows® 2000/XP/Server 2003 driver development. It contains annotated code to illustrate the functionality of bus driver, function driver, assorted class, device, and bus filter drivers, class-installer, and device-specific co-installer for a hypothetical Toaster bus and its devices.
Every device driver stack for a Plug and Play (PnP) device under the Microsoft® Windows® 2000/XP/Server 2003 operating system typically comprises a bus driver, a function driver, and from zero to one or more filter drivers. These drivers must support Plug and Play, Power Management, and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to provide a better user experience and greater satisfaction.
These buzzwords make sense if you have developed a driver for Windows 95 or Windows 98. But, a developer who has only worked on Windows NT® drivers might wonder: What are these things? Why do I need to worry about them? How do I implement them?
Imagine a system with a new type of PnP I/O bus called a toaster bus. A controller chip on the motherboard initializes and manages the bus. The bus has a couple of ports jutting out of the box into which you can plug your toasters.
To provide support for this bus on Windows NT 4.0, you must modify the HAL (hardware abstraction layer) to recognize and initialize the I/O bus during system boot and you must provide a set of HAL functions for scanning the bus and accessing the configuration space of the devices by other drivers. Next, you must write drivers for every type of toaster device that load along with the system, and then use the exported HAL functions to scan the bus to detect the device, read the I/O resource requirements, and configure and initialize the device. These drivers are loaded regardless of whether or not a particular toaster is plugged in.
If another driver requires the I/O resources claimed by your driver, there is no resource distribution mechanism on Windows NT 4.0 to instruct the driver to relinquish them and use other resources if possible. If you want to expose instrumentation data or report some exceptional events to user mode, you must provide your own interface and custom applications. There is no generic interface like WMI and no power management.
To support this bus and its devices under Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003, however, you don’t have to modify the HAL or export a new set of functions. All you need to do is write a bus driver that has knowledge of bus architecture, identifies (enumerates) devices on the bus, reads their resource requirements, and configures them. This driver model also makes the operating system independent of its I/O bus. This means you don’t need help from Microsoft if you design a new I/O bus to modify the HAL. Then, you write function drivers to control individual devices connected to the bus. Later on, one can write one or more filter drivers to add or modify the features supported by bus, a specific device or class of devices. There can be any number of lower-level or upper-level filter drivers for a bus, a device, or a class of devices.
The Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 DDK documentation explains these new concepts and features by providing background information and describing how to implement them in your driver(s). This article and the accompanying sample drivers package provide annotated code samples that illustrate the functionality of various drivers without getting into detailed hardware specifics. These samples will help you start coding right away.
To make the sample code closer to a real-world driver, I have defined a new class of devices called the TOASTER class and wrote a bus driver, function driver, and all possible class, device, and bus filter drivers for this hypothetical TOASTER bus and its devices. I have also provided a sample of coinstaller DLL to show how you can parse a custom section from an INF file and perform some special operations before and after the installation of a device, and how you can create FriendlyName for a device. The function and bus driver also show how you can provide power manager and WMI support.
You can learn the implementation details of these sample drivers by looking at the code and reading the Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 DDK documentation. The rest of this article discusses the contents of the package that accompanies this article and how to install, build, and test these drivers. This article also briefly examines the various registry entries created by the system to setup and load the drivers.
Note: This package is mostly intended to demonstrate WDM concepts for educational purposes. It is not to be used in a production environment in its entirety. One may not require all of the components of the package or all the features demonstrated in a single component to have a working driver.
This sample driver package contains bus, func, filter, exe, inc, coinstaller, classinstaller, inf, toastmon, and toastpkg directories. The following summary describes the directories and key files.
bus
This directory contains the source code of the toaster bus driver (Busenum.sys). The job of this driver is to service the TOASTER bus controller, enumerate devices that are plugged in, and perform bus-level power management. The bus driver supports D0 and D3 power states. It also has a WMI interface.
func
All the sub-directories under this one contain the source code of the function driver (Toaster.sys) for standard toaster devices. To be illustrative and useful learning sample for beginners to driver development, the sample has been built from almost nothing (skeletal) to fully functional, adding useful features at each step. When built, all the different versions produce toaster.sys file. You can use the standard toaster.inf or toastco.inf to install and test. You can either manually install the driver (root-enumerations) or bus enumerate the driver using the toaster bus driver. They all share one common header file present in the shared directory. Let us assume that the function driver owns the power policy of the toaster device and supports D0, D1 and D3 power states, and also the toaster device is capable of waking the system from D1 state.inc
- Incomplete1: This is the simplest form of a WDM driver. It shows bare minimum functionality required to get installed and loaded in the system. You cannot open the device or talk to it. As the name suggests, this is not complete and safe enough to be used as a model for a production level driver.
- Incomplete2: This version is slightly advanced than the incomplete1 version. This version shows how to track I/O IRPs and handle stop and remove PNP request safely with respect to driver unload. Instead of using remlocks, this sample implements its own locking scheme to be more general purpose and compatible with 9x systems. You can open the registered interface from usermode and send read, write and IOCTL requests. This is a still an incomplete sample because it doesn't handle power IRPs and do the necessary S to D power IRP conversion required by the bus driver.
- Featured1: This is a complete version with full fledged power management and WMI support.
- Featured2: This version contains Wait-wake support and Event Tracing support in addition to all the features supported by featured1.
This directory contains headers files that are shared among drivers and applications.Disk
This directory is the build target path. All the toaster binaries are placed here during build under the respecive build_environment\target_OS sub-directories. For example, if you build under Windows Server 2003 x86 checked build environment, the target path will be disk\chk_wnet_x86\i386\. Since there are more than one version of toaster.sys, it is not placed in this directory to avoid overwriting one another. All the varoius versions of toaster.sys are built under their respective source directory.exe
This directory contains three subdirectories notify, enum, and toast, with files to produce notify.exe, enum.exe and toast.exe (user-mode console applications):filter
- Enum.exe is a user-mode enumerator, a simple console application. Because the toaster bus is not real, you need to have a mechanism to tell the bus driver when you plug in, unplug, and eject devices from the system. This application serves that purpose. Typically it’s written as a control panel applet for non-Plug and Play (legacy) devices. For example, game.cpl.
Usage: Enum [-a SerialNo] - Plugs in a device. SerialNo. must be greater than zero. [-r SerialNo or 0] - Unplugs device(s). Specify 0 to unplug all the devices enumerated so far. [-e SerialNo or 0] - Ejects device(s). Specify 0 to eject all the devices enumerated so far.By design every toaster device will have a globally unique serial number.
- Toast.exe: This is a user-mode console application to control the toaster.
- Notify.exe: This GUI application not only combines the functionality of Enum.exe and toast.exe but also shows how to handle PnP notification in user-mode. You should install the coinstaller for the toaster device by using toastco.inf to get meaninful display of PnP notification. Another cool feature of this exe is that you can specify some other HW ID (Instead of the default toaster device id) and cause other drivers to be loaded as a function driver. This is useful for testing prototype drivers to check whether the PnP code works.
This directory contains six different subdirectories, each producing one of the following drivers from a common source file (filter.c):
This directory contains source code of the device-specific coinstaller (tostrco1.dll). The DDK documentation has a good overview of coinstaller and its operation. The coinstaller demonstrates how to create a FriendlyName for a device based on its unique instance id. In this sample, during enumeration, the bus driver provides the serial number in the UINumber field of the device capabilities. The FriendlyName is required to uniquely identify multiple devices of the same interface class. The coinstaller also shows how to open an INF file and parse a custom section.classinstaller
This directory contains source code of the class-installer (tostrcls.dll). The DDK documentation has a good overview of classinstaller and its operation. This dummy class-installer included to provide a class icon for all the TOASTER Class devices. It is copied to the system32 directory when the class is installed for the first time in the system.inf
This directory contains 3 subdirectories (i386, amd64, & ia64) and each contains following files:
toastmon
This has the source of a root-enumerated driver called toastmon.sys. More information on this is covered later in the Toastmon section.toastpkg
This has the sources for an integrated device installation solution that illustrates how to provide support for the various user approaches to adding new hardware, while providing optional value-added software, etc. More information is contained in the toastpkg.htm file in the toastpkg directory.
To build the sample drivers, you must first set up the DDK environment on your host machine. The “Installation and Release Notes” in the Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 DDK has a complete description on how to do this.
First install the bus driver. To install the bus driver on Windows 2000:
The system copies the busenum.sys file to the %Systemroot%\system32\drivers directory and sets up the following registry keys to represent the bus driver to the PnP manager:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\{4D36E97D-E325-11CE-BFC1-08002BE10318}\nnnn
// nnnn is the instance number of this System Class driver on the system.
It copies the INF file as OEM.n.INF, where n is a zero-based number, to the system INF directory. It also creates the standard Services keys to load the driver:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\busenum.
Once installed the system creates device registry keys (Hardware keys) under:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\Root\SYSTEM\nnnn
// nnnn is the instance number of this System Class driver on the system.
Another quick way to install the bus driver without going through so many mouse clicks would be to use the Installer sample application present in the ntddk\src\general\devcon directory. This sample allows you to root-enumerate a driver with one simple command. Please read the help file included in the sample on how to build and use the application to install this driver. To install the bus driver using devcon.exe:
c:\>devcon.exe install bus.inf "root\busenum"
Once the Toaster bus driver is installed and started by the PnP Manager, you can run the enum.exe or Notify.exe application from the command prompt to simulate plug in, unplug or ejection of toaster devices on the system. Both these applications basically send an I/O control (IOCTL) to the bus driver with the user provided globally unique serial number and Hardware ID of the device, and trigger the entire enumeration process. The PnP manager takes the ID information provided by the bus driver and searches the system INF directory to find a matching INF file. If it doesn't find a suitable INF file (that would be the case when you install for the first time) it prompts the user to specify an INF file. At this point, you can pick one of the three INF files (toaster.inf, toastco.inf or toasterf.inf) to be the device INF file. If you are testing this sample for the first time, you should choose toastco.inf.
You can remove/eject a single device by giving its serial number or remove/eject all the devices by specifying 0 (zero) as the serial number of the device.
To plug in a device (or rather simulate a device arrival):
C:\>enum -p 1To unplug a device:
C:\>enum -u 1To eject a device:
C:\>enum -e 1To test a plugged in device, you can use the toast.exe application. This application basically enumerates all the toaster class devices, displays its properties such as FriendlyName, InstanceId, and opens the last enumerated device to perform a read operation and send a DeviceIoControl to the device depending on the user command line option.
If you invoke without any option it basically opens the last enumerated interface and prompts you to initiate a Read operation in a loop. You press any key to continue the read loop or press ‘q’ to break out of the loop. If you use the –h option it opens the last enumerated interface and sends a DeviceIoControl to hide the device from the Device Manager before performing read.
Usage: Toast <–h> {-h option causes the device to hide from Device Manager UI}
Both these applications use the SetupDi functions to enumerate and open the device interfaces. These functions are documented in the Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003 DDK documentation.
You can install device filter drivers by specifying LowerFilters or UpperFilters to the Hardware registry key (HKLM\ \SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum) for the device; and class filters by specifying them to the Software registry key (HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Class\
Because this is an MULTI_SZ string, you can specify more than one filter for the device or class. If you specify more than one, the load order is in the order they are listed – the filter at the end of list is the topmost driver in the stack, and so on. However filter drivers should not be written to rely on this order, because the load order can change and other filter drivers may or may not be there in the group. You can install device specific filters by using a [.HW] section that specifies AddReg section, and class specific filters by specifying AddReg section from the base install section in your INF file. The busf.inf and toasterf.inf show how to do that.
The filter.inf file is a special .inf file that enables you to install a filter driver for the toaster device after it has been installed and enumerated. To install an upper device filter for a toaster device on Windows 2000:
Device Parameters Subkey
Currently the sample doesn’t show how to read Device Parameters value from the registry. This feature will be added in the future updates of this driver.
Under Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003, the configuration information is not stored under the Services key of the driver. It is stored in three different places, depending on whether it’s device instance specific, driver specific or interface specific.
You can store device-specific configuration information under the Hardware key of that particular device instance (HKLM\SYSTEM\CCS\Enum\<DeviceId>\<VendorId>\<InstanceId>\Device Parameters) and driver-specific information under the Software key (HKLM\SYSTEM\CCS\Control\Class\<GUID>\<driver-instance-id>\ Device Parameters) of the driver by using IoOpenDeviceRegistryKey function.
You can store interface-specific information under the device-interface key (HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\DeviceClasses\{GUID}\<SymbolicLinkName>\Device Parameters) by calling IopenDeviceInterfaceRegistryKey with the symbolic link name of the device interface. Both of these functions return the handle to the Device Parameters subkey. For legacy support, you can continue to store information under the Services key.
In this example, the function driver acts as a power policy owner for the toaster device and supports DO and D3 power mode. You can use the same power logic to implement power policy in the bus driver. You need a system with an ACPI-compatible BIOS in order to test the power management code. If you have an ACPI compatible system, you will see a Standby option in the Shutdown submenu.
Query Power Request (IRP_MN_QUERY_POWER):The function driver first sends the system query power IRP (S-IRP) down to the bus driver and when the IRP gets completed, it generates a device query power IRP (D-IRP) in the completion routine. The S-IRP is marked pending and saved in the FDO device-extension. The function driver then receives the newly generated D-IRP as it gets sent from the top of the stack by the power manager. If the device is going into a low power state, it marks the queue state to hold any incoming requests, waits for the all the pending I/Os to complete, and forwards the D-IRP down to the bus driver. When the bus driver completes the IRP, the power manager calls the power IRP completion routine. Here, in the power IRP completion routine, the function driver completes the S-IRP.
DispathPower (S-IRP) | |---->DispatchQueryPowerState | |---->DispatchSystemPowerIrp | |---->PoCallDriver to Busdriver | CompletionSystemPowerIrp*<----| | |---->QueueCorrespondingDeviceIrp (1) | |---->DispathPower (D-IRP) | |---->DispatchQueryPowerState | |---->DispatchDeviceQueryPower (2) | |---->FinalizeDevicePowerIrp | |---->PoCallDriver to Busdriver | CompletionOnFinalizedDeviceIrp**<----| | |---->IoCompleteRequest (S-IRP)Set Power Request to Power-Down(IRP_MN_SET_POWER): The function driver first sends the S-IRP down to the bus driver and when it completes, it generates a D-IRP in the completion routine. The S-IRP is marked pending and saved in the FDO device-extension. The function driver then receives the newly generated D-IRP as it gets sent from the top of the stack. If the device is going into low power state, it saves the device context, powers down the device and then forwards the D-IRP down to the bus driver. When the bus driver completes the IRP, the power manager calls the power IRP completion routine. Here the function driver completes the S-IRP.
DispathPower (SIRP) | |---->DispatchSetPowerState | |---->DispatchSystemPowerIrp | |---->PoCallDriver to Busdriver | CompletionSystemPowerIrp*<----| | |---->QueueCorrespondingDeviceIrp (call PoRequestPowerIrp to generate D-IRP) | |---->DispathPower (D-IRP) | |---->DispatchSetPowerState (D-IRP) | |---->DispatchDeviceSetPower | |---->CallbackHandleDeviceSetPower (3) | |---->FinalizeDevicePowerIrp | |---->PoCallDriver to Busdriver | CompletionOnFinalizedDeviceIrp**<----| | |--->IoCompleteRequest (S-IRP)Set Power Request to Power-Up(IRP_MN_SET_POWER): The function driver first sends the S-IRP down to the bus driver and when it completes it generates a D-IRP in the completion routine. The S-IRP is marked pending and saved in the device extension. The function driver then receives the newly generated D-IRP as it gets sent from the top of the stack. If the pending S-IRP is for restoring the power state of the system to S0, the driver first completes the S-IRP and then if the device is in a low power state, it powers up the device, restores the device context and processes any pending IRPs waiting in the queue. The reason the S-IRP is completed before the D-IRP during power-up is to speed-up the system resume as restoring the device to Do usually takes longer. One thing to note here is that to avoid receiving remove IRP from PNP manager, you must first request D-IRP and then complete the S-IRP, You shouldn't do that in reverse order because the PNP manager guarantees that as long as an S-IRP is pending, it will not send a remove request. Then the function driver forwards the D-IRP down to the bus driver. When the bus driver completes the IRP, the power manager calls the power IRP completion routine. Here the function driver completes the S-IRP.
DispathPower (SIRP) | |---->DispatchSetPowerState | |---->DispatchSystemPowerIrp | |---->PoCallDriver to Busdriver | CompletionSystemPowerIrp*<----| | |---->QueueCorrespondingDeviceIrp (call PoRequestPowerIrp to generate D-IRP) | |---->DispathPower (D-IRP) | |---->DispatchSetPowerState (D-IRP) | |---->DispatchDeviceSetPower (Complete S-IRP) | |---->PoCallDriver to Busdriver | CompletionDevicePowerUp*<----| | |---->CallbackHandleDeviceSetPower (4) | |---->FinalizeDevicePowerIrp | |---->IoCompleteRequest (D-IRP) | |---->CompletionOnFinalizedDeviceIrp*** - This is an IRP completion routine set using IoSetCompletionRoutine.
** - This is a Power IRP completion routine specified in PoRequestPowerIrp when we generate D-IRP.
The difference is that the IRP completion routine is called by the I/O manager when the lower driver calls IoCompleteRequest but the power IRP completion routine is called by Power manager, just before freeing the IRP memory, when the IRP finally returns back to it.
A WMI interface is provided to both the function and bus driver. The WMI library is used to handle WMI IRPs. The MOF files, which define WMI data and event blocks, are compiled along with the driver and included in the driver’s binary image.
To test the WMI interface, first install the WMI SDK on your system. Then, use either wbemtest.exe or CIM Studio to enumerate the instances registered by these drivers.
For example, to see the data exported by the Toaster driver:
You can also generate a HTML script using the bmf file (wmimofck -whtml toaster.bmf) and test both the data and event blocks exported by the driver. The toaster driver fires a ToasterNotifyDeviceArrival event every time a device is plugged in and started successfully. For more information on WMI testing, check http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q252/6/79.asp. The function driver's WMI handler also responds to WMI queries from Device Manager to provide Power Manangement tab in the device properties dialog.
Event tracing in Windows (aka software tracing) allows drivers to log debug trace messages efficiently without affecting system performance. You can selectively enable tracing on your target machine and log messages. You can do the tracing both on free and checked build system without requiring a kernel-debugger or serial connection. You can watch the traces simultaneously in the target machine and also in the kernel-debugger. The steps required to provide software tracing is fairly easy and documented in the DDK "WPP Software Tracing" section. These are the following things I did to get tracing support in toaster function driver.
Through out the code, you will see different implementation for enabling tracing on Windows 2000. This is due to the fact that tracing enable/disable is handled via IRP_MJ_SYSTEM_CONTROL dispatch handler in Win2K and via an explicit callback in XP and beyond. So if you have your own WMI handler, you have to add few extra WPP macros to workaround the issue. This also has an unavoidable side-effect that drivers on Win2K can be traced only if they have a device object. So, for WDM drivers that typically create their deviceobject in AddDevice, it's not possible to trace DriverEntry calls.
Logging the traces in a file:
Note that you can also get realtime traces by using the -rt option of tracelog at the time you enable the tracing. You can also use the TRACEVIEW (src\tools\traceview) utility from the DDK to get the traces easily. This GUI tool has been built around the other tracing utilities mentioned above to make the task of getting traces a lot easier.
Getting the traces in realtime on the host machine and in kernel debugger:
c:\temp>tracelog -start toaster -rt -kd -ft 1 -guid toaster.ctl -flags 0xff
kd>!wmitrace.dynamicprint 1
kd>!wmitrace.searchpath path_of_TMF_files
0: kd> !wmitrace.strdump (WmiTracing)StrDump Generic LoggerContext Array @ 0x80BF1760 [64 Elements] Logger Id 2 @ 0x820C5000 Named 'MSDTC_TRACE_SESSION' Logger Id 3 @ 0x81AAF000 Named 'toaster'
tracefmt.exe -rt toaster -p path_of_TMF_files -display
Please note that !wmitrace debugger extension is not supported on Win2K. So you wouldn't able to see the traces of a Win2K system in a kernel debugger.
This driver demonstrates how to handle PnP notification in kernel-mode. Using the toastmon.inf file you can install this driver with Add Hardware wizard. This driver gets root-enumerated and in it's AddDevice it registers for device arrival notification on the Toaster interface class. When you plugin a toaster device, the system calls the notification handler and the driver opens the associated device and registers for Device Change notification. When you disable/unplug/eject the toaster device the driver notification handler is called to close handle to the device. The technique demonstrated in this sample is useful when you write a driver that wants to talk to a device that your driver is not controlling.
None of the drivers or applications in this sample package has been made compatible or tested on Windows 9x systems. So they are not "WDM" drivers - in that they are not source compatible with Windows 9x. These code samples are primarily geared towards Windows 2000 and future releases of OS. However they can be easily adapted to work on Windows 9x systems by following the compatibily notes in the code and as well as Walter Oney's "Programming Windows Driver Model" book.
© Microsoft Corporation 2002


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