Testing for and dating periods of explosive dynamics (exuberance) in time series using recursive unit root tests as proposed by Phillips, P. C., Shi, S. and Yu, J. (2015a) <doi:10.1111/iere.12132>. Simulate a variety of periodically-collapsing bubble models. The estimation and simulation utilizes the matrix inversion lemma from the recursive least squares algorithm, which results in a significant speed improvement.
| Version: | 0.1.0 |
| Imports: | doParallel, parallel, foreach, Rcpp, rlang, dplyr, ggplot2, purrr |
| LinkingTo: | Rcpp |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown, covr, testthat, withr, gridExtra |
| Published: | 2018-06-17 |
| Author: | Kostas Vasilopoulos [cre, aut], Eftymios Pavlidis [aut], Simon Spavound [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Kostas Vasilopoulos <k.vasilopoulo at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/kvasilopoulos/exuber/issues |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| URL: | https://github.com/kvasilopoulos/exuber |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Citation: | exuber citation info |
| Materials: | README |
| CRAN checks: | exuber results |
| Reference manual: | exuber.pdf |
| Package source: | exuber_0.1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: exuber_0.1.0.zip, r-release: exuber_0.1.0.zip, r-oldrel: exuber_0.1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: exuber_0.1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: exuber_0.1.0.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=exuber to link to this page.


By default, no file is supplied, but examples are supplied for some common Propeller platforms. For example, the file sysdep_demo_ser.spin describes an 80MHz Propeller on a Parallax demo board, with console I/O to the serial port, and with the SD card attached starting at pin 0. If this is your setup, you can just copy this file to sysdep.spin and then everything else will compile. Otherwise, browse the available sysdep*.spin files, pick the one closed to your setup, copy it to sysdep.spin, and edit it for your environment.
Once you've done this, future releases will use that for the system dependencies and you should not need to edit any other files.


The zero-based character offset before the folded range ends. If not defined, defaults to the length of the end line.
The zero-based end line of the range to fold. The folded area ends with the line's last character. To be valid, the end must be zero or larger and smaller than the number of lines in the document.
Describes the kind of the folding range such as `comment' or 'region'. The kind is used to categorize folding ranges and used by commands like 'Fold all comments'. See FoldingRangeKind for an enumeration of standardized kinds.
The zero-based character offset from where the folded range starts. If not defined, defaults to the length of the start line.
The zero-based start line of the range to fold. The folded area starts after the line's last character. To be valid, the end must be zero or larger and smaller than the number of lines in the document.
Generated using TypeDoc
Represents a folding range. To be valid, start and end line must be bigger than zero and smaller than the number of lines in the document. Clients are free to ignore invalid ranges.


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imagejpeg
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7)
imagejpeg — 输出图象到浏览器或文件。
说明
bool imagejpeg ( resource $image [, string $filename [, int $quality ]] )
imagejpeg() 从 image 图像以 filename 为文件名创建一个 JPEG 图像。
参数
image
由图象创建函数(例如imagecreatetruecolor())返回的图象资源。
filename
文件保存的路径，如果未设置或为 NULL，将会直接输出原始图象流。
如果要省略这个参数而提供 quality 参数，使用NULL。
quality
quality 为可选项，范围从 0（最差质量，文件更小）到 100（最佳质量，文件最大
）。默认为 IJG 默认的质量值（大约 75）。
返回值
成功时返回 TRUE，或者在失败时返回 FALSE。
范例
Example #1 输出 JPEG 图像
以上例程的输出类似于：
例子的输出：输出 JPEG 图像
Example #2 保存一副 JPEG 图像
Example #3 以 75% 的图像质量输出图像
注释
Note: JPEG 支持仅在 PHP 与 GD-1.8 或更高版本一起编译时可用。
Note:
如果想输出渐进式 JPEG，需要用 imageinterlace() 函数将隔行扫描比特置位。
参见
• imagepng() - 以 PNG 格式将图像输出到浏览器或文件
• imagegif() - 输出图象到浏览器或文件。
• imagewbmp() - 以 WBMP 格式将图像输出到浏览器或文件
• imageinterlace() - 激活或禁止隔行扫描
• imagetypes() - 返回当前 PHP 版本所支持的图像类型
User Contributed Notes 72 notes
===============================================================================
If string $filename is given and it exists, it will be overwritten.
===============================================================================
If you are trying to get some of these examples working with a recent version
of php and getting the error, "Filename cannot be empty in...", check your
second parameter. You can no longer use "", but MUST use "null" (no quotes).
This breaking-change-with-no-note-or-warning may be true of other image
functions.
===============================================================================
I didn't find any example like this on the Web, so I mixed pieces together..
hope this will save time to other people!
Here's a complete solution to READ any image (gif jpg png) from the FILESYSTEM,
SCALE it to a max width/height, SAVE the scaled image to a BLOB field keeping
the original image type. Quite tricky..
So, let's suppose you have a form where a user can upload an image, and you
have to scale it and save it into your database.
===============================================================================
[[Editor's note: removed the header()-call since it is not required when
outputting inline image-data]]
One single code line, solve-me after 3 hours of blind search!
here is:
... ob_start();
imagejpeg( $img, NULL, 100 );
imagedestroy( $img );
$i = ob_get_clean();
echo ""; //saviour
line!
===============================================================================
Problem: The URL of the current page is displaying in the browser window as an
image file. At the same time your manipulated image saves to a file.
Solution: Start with removal of the header() function if you plan to output to
a file. The browser is expecting image information; therefore, if you are
outputting to a file, you don't need a header() function at all.
If you are outputting to the browser check your imagejpeg() for parameter 2.
Set it to 'null' if it has a file name.
Many of the examples programmers illustrate on the web output to the browser
and do not save anything to the file system, therefore, the header() function
seems essential to image manipulation for the first-time user of the GD
library.
This page actually clearly shows the difference between "outputting" to a
browser and "saving" to a file, but the code comments don't clearly state what
the difference is.
Search for the page on the "header()" function on this website for more
details.
Example: Let's say that you are outputting to a jpeg using imagejpeg(). Note
the use of the header() function when outputting to the browser.
===============================================================================
I could not find any information on changing the DPI information on a JPG file
using the GD lib. Since changing this does not resize or scale the actual
image, it is only a header-setting.
The following snipplet will save your $image to $file and set the DPI to 150.
P.s. not fully tested (yet) but it works for my images ...
===============================================================================
WARNING for those who use utf-8 scripts:
Before going crazy like me for a whole day and digging around configuration
files etc.
DIRECT BROWSER OUTPUT using imagejepeg worked only after i have saved my script
in ANSI instead of utf-8
===============================================================================
I worked out a script that allows the transfer of alphanumeric data to be
placed on an image. The HTML feature is img src and the php feature is
imagettftext. This simple code will increment from 1 to 3 on images.
code:
";
print "";
print "
";
}
?>
===============================================================================
I really appreciated Michaelsoft's method for setting the DPI, but it is
perfect only for low DPI values.
When I tried to set the DPI to 300 (for a printer-ready image), I really got a
301 DPI image. the correct code should have 256 instead of 256 as the divisor:
// Change DPI, from http://php.net/manual/it/function.imagejpeg.php#78523
$dpi_x = 300;
$dpi_y = 300;
// Read the file
$size = filesize($argv[11]);
$image = file_get_contents($argv[11]);
// Update DPI information in the JPG header
$image[13] = chr(1);
$image[14] = chr(floor($dpi_x/256));
$image[15] = chr( $dpi_x%256);
$image[16] = chr(floor($dpi_y/256));
$image[17] = chr( $dpi_y%256);
// Write the new JPG
$f = fopen($argv[11], 'w');
fwrite($f, $image, $size);
fclose($f);
?>
===============================================================================
Don't forget that JPEG compression has artifacts! And they're not all really
obvious. The PHP JPEG compression is pretty decent, but it seems to generally:
-Lighten the image overall, by a reasonable amount (never seen this before, but
it will drive graphic designers crazy, you might want to darken the image
before compressing it)
-Reduce saturation, especially with images with lots of points of different
color within a few pixels of each other (this is a documented feature of JPEG)
-Seriously mess with blue colors, which is common to all JPEG but really
annoying in some situations with blue and black or other detailed blue parts
You might want to consider using imagepng() and outputting a PNG image instead
of a JPEG if any of the above affect you, or your image is not very photo-like.
Sometimes I have an algorithm compare JPEG to PNG for an image and send the
smaller version to the user.
Also, when using imagepng(), you should use imageinterlace() before it 95% of
the time. Interlaced JPEGs load progressively, improving in quality as the
image loads, so users on slower connections see the whole image at low quality.
All this happens without affecting the file size (actually, sometimes the file
size is smaller!) or final quality.
Hope this helps a few people out. It's not all that obvious without lots of
playing around.
-Galen
http://zinkconsulting.com/
===============================================================================
Don't be like me racking my brain for hours trying to figure out why my xxx.php
file outputs http://localhost/xxx.php as a one line response.
Why?
Most likely, you have either:
1. whitespaces before or after the php tags
2. need to set header('Content-type: image/jpeg');
3. if you have required files...be sure nothing is outputted...no test print
statements because page expects image information
4. there is an error in your code
in my case, it was 4. there is a reason why the function call base64decode
does not work...
it's actually: base64_decode()
by the way, other ways to validate your image encoded in base64 is to use the
following tag:
echo '';
I was pulling a blob encoded base 64 data from mysql database and trying to
render it on a page
hope this helps someone.
===============================================================================
I had a problem with denied permissions when trying to upload AND resize an
image having safe_mode on. This caused that I couldn't create the new file in
which I wanted to resampled the image with nor with imagejpeg() nor with touch
() and imagejpeg() after it.
Here is my solution, I didn't test, but it's possible, it is biting some
memory:
As you can see, the function moves the uploaded file where you want to save the
resampled image (move_uploaded_file is not restricted by safe_mode) and then
you can resample the image, because it was created by moving it already.
Note: the directory where you want to save the file must have permissions set
to 0777.
===============================================================================
for those who get the message "permission denied" or "unable to access": it
looks like a problem with your writepermissions to this folder. no matter if
you use windows- or linuxserver, be sure the correct user has the permission to
write to the correct folder.
===============================================================================
I came here looking for something similar to the getJPEGresolution function,
but noticed the drawbacks that were pointed out in the last post. So, after
drawing on some other code examples on the web, I put together the following
function which should always properly return the correct values. (But remember
that you still need to have the EXIF extension installed with your instance of
PHP for this to work!)
This function returns an array with the x-resolution, y-resolution when they
can be determined, otherwise FALSE.
===============================================================================
Regarding the code below, it only grabs the last byte of the DPI information in
JFIF-mode. I was wondering why my 300-DPI file was being reported as 44. 300 -
256 = 44 of course.
===============================================================================
I noticed through testing that my previous function would not always return the
data requested... this is due to the fact that some cameras and software dont
correctly write the DPI info in the JFIF header... So, my 2nd solution is to
read the exif info (if available) and output the first non-zero value as the
DPI...
0? ord($image[15]) : $exif[
'XResolution'] );
$outRez["yDPI"] = (int)(ord($image[17])>0? ord($image[17]) : $exif[
'YResolution'] );
ob_end_clean(); // stop this output buffer
//correct output if header doesn't contain dpi info:: use exif info instead
$outRez["xDPI"] = ($outRez["xDPI"]>0? $outRez["xDPI"] : $exif['THUMBNAIL'][
'XResolution'] );
$outRez["yDPI"] = ($outRez["yDPI"]>0? $outRez["yDPI"] : $exif['THUMBNAIL'][
'YResolution'] );
//double check values; make sure it's just a number and not "72/1" ...
if(!is_numeric($outRez["xDPI"])) $outRez["xDPI"] = (int)substr($outRez[
"xDPI"], 0, strpos($outRez["xDPI"],"/",1));
if(!is_numeric($outRez["yDPI"])) $outRez["yDPI"] = (int)substr($outRez[
"yDPI"], 0, strpos($outRez["yDPI"],"/",1));
//xDPI and yDPI should equal in value... but we output both anyway...
return($outRez);
}//end function getJPEGresolution
?>
===============================================================================
For those looking to grab the resolution of a JPEG image without using GD nor
ImageMagic... I wrote this simple function.
Too bad GD doesn't have this very simple function for us to use...
===============================================================================
For those whom needs other dpi image than the GD library, just do the
following:
===============================================================================
The following was developed using Mac OSX ( Linux ). The ghostscript call
would have to be changed on a Windows box...
In an application I was developing, I needed to create .jpg thumbnails from
.pdf uploaded files. After some research, I found one easy way to accomplish
this was ( SIMPLIFIED ):
This of course assumes that ghostscript is installed on the server, you have
permissions, yada...
Essentially this calls on ghostscript to do the conversion.
So, then, once the new .jpg is created, it needed to be resized to accomodate
the UI. Though I could easily do it from the command line with "convert", I
was having issues using this command from PHP ( it's not my first language ).
I found this thread while groping for a different method, and found an
unworkable solution that stimulated me to write the following:
( commented out lines were for debug, but might prove instructional for your
own purposes, so I left them in )
[This function takes in a .jpg file to be converted to a thumbnail, the new
width you want the thumbnail to be, and the name to which you want the
thumbnail saved. It then creates the thumbnail]
";
//echo "height: " . $info[1] . "
";
//create crude aspect ratio:
$aspect = $info[0] / $info[1];
$newHeight = round( $newWidth/$aspect );
//echo "$newHeight
";
$src = @imagecreatefromjpeg("$upload");
if ( !$src )
return false;
$tmp = @imagecreatetruecolor( $newWidth, $newHeight );
imagecopyresampled( $tmp, $src, 0, 0, 0, 0, $newWidth,
$newHeight, $info[0], $info[1] );
imagejpeg( $tmp, $name, 100 );
imagedestroy( $src );
imagedestroy( $tmp );
return true;
}
?>
$upload = the path to the file you want to make a thumbnail from.
$newWidth = the width of your thumbnails.
$name = the path ( including name ) of the thumbnail you're creating.
If I have test.jpg in my servers root directory, and I want a thumbnail
with a width of 120 pixels, with the name thumb.jpg also to be saved
in the servers root directory, I'd call this function thus:
I hope this makes life easier for somebody.
===============================================================================
Here is a function to resize an image and maintain aspect ratio. It will resize
jpeg, gif or png and could easily be modified to add bmp. The name field is the
destination of the file minus the file extension:
===============================================================================
I did an experiment with the image quality parameter of the imagejpeg()
function when creating jpegs. I found the optimal image quality with file size
is taken into account to be 80 - very close to the default value of 75.
Anything over 80 results in an unnecessary increase in file size without much
increase in image quality.
Results and sample pictures: http://www.ebrueggeman.com/
article_php_image_optimization.php
===============================================================================
Here is sample function that creates thumbnail of source JPEG file. Thumbnail
wil be in square form (with and height are the same), and original image
cropped to fit in.
Parameters:
$p_thumb_file - name of the file (including path) where thumb should be saved
to
$p_photo_file - nam of the source JPEG file (including path) thatthumbnail
should be created of
$p_max_size - with and height (they will be the same) in pixels for thumbnail
image
$p_quality - quality of jpeg thumbnail
===============================================================================
This is a function that I had developed for a CMS. The idea is that it runs
from an upload form. The user uploads a hi-res image, which is copied to the
server, a low res one is created (half the width/height of hi res) and a
thumbnail is created.
The image is resized matching the smallest side of the image to the thumbnail
size (in this example it is 70px). The other side is then resized
proportionally (which will end up being more than 70px) and cropped and
centered so that it too is 70px.
There is a mixture of imagecopyresized and imagecopyresampled, i have chosen
the ones that work best in this situation but imagecopyresampled gives a much
nicer image.
Hope this helps someone.
$dest_hires = "../images/artistsphotos/".$imageName."h.jpg";
$dest_lowres = "../images/artistsphotos/".$imageName."l.jpg";
$dest_thumbnail = "../images/artistsphotos/".$imageName."i.jpg";
/*upload full size image to site - if it is hi res we do not want to
manipulate it
want to leave all qualit in tact.*/
move_uploaded_file($_FILES["fileartimg"]["tmp_name"],"$dest_hires");
$ims = getimagesize($dest_hires); //now we have dimensions of original
image...
/******creating lower res image******/
$newwidth=ceil($ims[0]/2);//half the width of original file - use ceil
() to avoid decimals.
$newheight=ceil($ims[1]/2);//half the height
$img = imagecreatetruecolor($newwidth,$newheight); //low res img -
always use truecolor to prevent any 'wierd' colour effects.
$org_img = imagecreatefromjpeg($dest_hires); //load in hi res
imagecopyresized($img, $org_img, 0, 0, 0, 0, $newwidth, $newheight,
$ims[0], $ims[1]);
imagejpeg($img,$dest_lowres,80);//save to file low res img.
imagedestroy($img);
/******creating thumbnail******/
//see which is bigger, x or y axis, then resize smaller side to 70.
//$resizewidth is the temporary width of the thumbnail, it is in fact
the width when it has been resized
//using the apect ration and before cropping, at this stage the thumb
will not be 70px X 70px
//unless it is a square. Same applies to height ($resizeheight).
//$thumbx and $thumby are the positions of the cropping are for
thumbnail, these are calculated
//so that the cropped image is centered.
if ($ims[0]>$ims[1])
{//then the width is bigger
$aspectRatio = $ims[1]/70;
$resizewidth=ceil($ims[0]/$aspectRatio);
$resizeheight=70;
$thumbx=ceil(($resizewidth - $thumbwidth)/2);
$thumby=0;
}
else if ($ims[0]<$ims[1])
{//then the height is bigger
$aspectRatio = $ims[0]/70;
$resizewidth=70;
$resizeheight=ceil($ims[1]/$aspectRatio);
$thumbx=0;
$thumby=ceil(($resizeheight - $thumbheight)/2);
}
else if ($ims[0]==$ims[1])
{//then we have a perfect square.
$resizewidth=70;
$resizeheight=70;
$thumbx=0;
$thumby=0;
}
$img = imagecreatetruecolor($resizewidth,$resizeheight);
$org_img = imagecreatefromjpeg($dest_lowres);
//this is the almost thumbnail sized image with everything resized to
ratio
imagecopyresampled($img, $org_img, 0, 0, 0, 0, $resizewidth,
$resizeheight, $newwidth, $newheight);
$img2 = imagecreatetruecolor($thumbwidth,$thumbheight);
//this is the thumbnail image, where the above is cropped.
imagecopyresized($img2, $img, 0, 0, $thumbx, $thumby, $resizewidth,
$resizeheight, $resizewidth, $resizeheight);
imagejpeg($img2,$dest_thumbnail,100);
imagedestroy($img);
imagedestroy($img2);
===============================================================================
Just wanted to mention that the create_thumbnail script below fails on
uppercase filenames. Many cameras default to IMG_XX.JPG and since strpos is
case sensitive it fails.
I changed all the strpos to stripos and it worked wonderfully.
===============================================================================
Here's another on-the-fly thumbnail creation script.
When I scripted the pictuerviewer on my page, I had all the pictures only in
full size and qualit, because I wanted the posibility für visitors to download
the pictures.
But as Imagesizes of more than 4 MP are to large for websites, I created
thumbnails and the smaller pictures on the fly. But I found out, that the
Script needed too much RAM, especially in the thumbnail overview, when I had
more then 50 thumbnails to create on the fly at the same time.
So I modified my image creator and my viewer to let them store images, that are
created. So only the first visitor has to wait (which is usually me for
controlling the uploads und updates), all other visitors get the stored images,
which is much faster.
Create different folders. I have a main folder called 'imagesdb' and the tree
subfolders full (Full quality images), show (images for the picture viewer) and
thumb (for thumbnails in overview).
Store the script for example as image.php and link it like that:
Now the main script, stored in the file image.php:
$size[1]) {
$divisor = $size[0] / $max_size;
}
else {
$divisor = $size[1] / $max_size;
}
// to get allways pictures of the same size, which ist
// mostly wanted in imageviewers, look what ist larger:
// width or height
$new_width = $size[0] / $divisor;
$new_height = $size[1] / $divisor;
// set new sizes
settype($new_width, 'integer');
settype($new_height, 'integer');
// sizes should be integers
$image_big = imagecreatefromjpeg($image_file);
// load original image
$image_small = imagecreatetruecolor($new_width, $new_height);
// create new image
imagecopyresampled($image_small, $image_big, 0,0, 0,0, $new_width,$new_height,
$size[0],$size[1]);
// imageresampled whill result in a much higher quality
// than imageresized
imagedestroy($image_big);
// the original data are no longer used
header("Content-type: image/jpeg");
if($style=="show" || $style=="thumb") {
if(!file_exists($dest_file))
imagejpeg($image_small, $dest_file, 100);
}
// if you have set additional sizese put them in the
// if-arguments, too.
// if someone calls the image.php directly in the
// browser with imagenames allready existing, they
// won't be overwritten
imagejpeg($image_small, '', 100);
imagedestroy($image_small);
// finally send image to browser and destroy no longer
// needed data.
?>
As this website helped me for several times in the past and for creating this
script, I hope I can help others with this script saving the time for
developing a much more performant solution than an allways-on-the-fly-creating
script.
===============================================================================
Thanks to Stuart and Darren for the corrections to the create_thumbnail
function. Another note on that function: imagecreatefromwbmp was incorrectly
used. WBMPs are wireless bitmaps, not windows bitmaps (thanks to clambert at
whitecrown), so the thumbnail routine as is will not be able to handle windows
bitmaps. See the notes at http://us2.php.net/manual/en/
function.imagecreatefromwbmp.php for tips on working with windows bitmaps.
===============================================================================
Thanks to Chris dot Calo for the thumbnail snippet. The file type issue is
easily resolved by getting the type from the file with getimagesize, and you
can handle unsupported types at that stage too. Thus:
list($img_width,$img_height, $type) = getimagesize($source_file); // Get the
original dimentions
if ($type != 1 && $type != 2 && $type != 3 && $type != 15) { die("Your file
is not a supported format"); }
...and then later check the type again to open the image correctly:
if ( $type == 1 ) { $img_source = imagecreatefromgif($source_file); }
else if ( $type == 2 ) { $img_source = imagecreatefromjpeg($source_file); }
else if ( $type == 3 ) { $img_source = imagecreatefrompng($source_file); }
else if ( $type == 15 ) { $img_source = imagecreatefromwbmp($source_file); }
===============================================================================
With regard to chris.calo's code:
// The following block retrieves the source file. It assumes the filename
extensions match the file's format.
if ( strpos($source_file,".gif") ) { $img_source = imagecreatefromgif
($source_file); }
if ( (strpos($source_file,".jpg")) || (strpos($source_file,".jpeg")) )
... etc.
It assumes more than that, namely that the filename does not contain the
strings '.gif', '.jpg', '.jpeg', '.bmp', or '.png' *anywhere* in the string.
Some valid files with special filenames could break this; for example, a file
named "used.to.be.a.png.file.gif" would cause this script to attempt to load
the file as a PNG. Obviously this is a rare case, but the issue could be easily
avoided by using "else ifs" (uses less CPU time) or checking that the extension
abuts the end of the string or both.
That said, the whole business could be avoided if PHP didn't clutter the
namespace with different functions to do the same thing with different image
formats. Ick.
===============================================================================
function create_thumbnail( $source_file, $destination_file, $max_dimension)
{
list($img_width,$img_height) = getimagesize($source_file); // Get the
original dimentions
$aspect_ratio = $img_width / $img_height;
if ( ($img_width > $max_dimension) || ($img_height > $max_dimension) ) //
If either dimension is too big...
{
if ( $img_width > $img_height ) // For wide images...
{
$new_width = $max_dimension;
$new_height = $new_width / $aspect_ratio;
}
elseif ( $img_width < $img_height ) // For tall images...
{
$new_height = $max_dimension;
$new_width = $new_height * $aspect_ratio;
}
elseif ( $img_width == $img_height ) // For square images...
{
$new_width = $max_dimension;
$new_height = $max_dimension;
}
else { echo "Error reading image size."; return FALSE; }
}
else { $new_width = $img_width; $new_height = $img_height; } // If it's
already smaller, don't change the size.
// Make sure these are integers.
$new_width = intval($new_width);
$new_height = intval($new_height);
$thumbnail = imagecreatetruecolor($new_width,$new_height); // Creates a new
image in memory.
// The following block retrieves the source file. It assumes the filename
extensions match the file's format.
if ( strpos($source_file,".gif") ) { $img_source = imagecreatefromgif
($source_file); }
if ( (strpos($source_file,".jpg")) || (strpos($source_file,".jpeg")) )
{ $img_source = imagecreatefromjpeg($source_file); }
if ( strpos($source_file,".bmp") ) { $img_source = imagecreatefromwbmp
($source_file); }
if ( strpos($source_file,".png") ) { $img_source = imagecreatefrompng
($source_file); }
// Here we resample and create the new jpeg.
imagecopyresampled($thumbnail, $img_source, 0, 0, 0, 0, $new_width,
$new_height, $img_width, $img_height);
imagejpeg( $thumbnail, $destination_file, 100 );
// Finally, we destroy the two images in memory.
imagedestroy($img_source);
imagedestroy($thumbnail);
}
===============================================================================
Regarding Carl Gieringer's comment, it is possible to have PHP files in utf-8.
Just make sure the editor does not output BOM, which is unnecessary in utf-8
anyway.
Except for any editors from Microsoft, most programmer's editors that supports
utf allows you to surpress BOM.
===============================================================================
in addition to my THUMBNAIL GENERATOR script:
i forgot to say, src path must not be http:// but server path (e.g. for some
linux server: src=/home/users/user1/public_html/images/image1.jpg) or relative
path, as in example in script (src=test.jpg, src=../test.jpg, src=pictures/
test.jpg...)
===============================================================================
THUMBNAIL GENERATOR
Hope someone will find this usefull... save it to thumb.php and use it for
on-the-fly thumbnails generating
e.g.
img>
//
// parameters: src = source image
// wmax = max width
// hmax = max height
// quality = JPG quality of generated thumb - optional.
// if not specified, quality=90
// bgcol = if specified, allways generates exact wmax x hmax
sized thumb,
// with bacground color bgcol and centered source
image
//
// note: if source image is smaller than desired thumbnail, it will not be
resized!
header("Content-type: image/jpeg");
$source = imagecreatefromjpeg($src);
$orig_w=imagesx($source);
$orig_h=imagesy($source);
if ($orig_w>$wmax || $orig_h>$hmax)
{
$thumb_w=$wmax;
$thumb_h=$hmax;
if ($thumb_w/$orig_w*$orig_h>$thumb_h)
$thumb_w=round($thumb_h*$orig_w/$orig_h);
else
$thumb_h=round($thumb_w*$orig_h/$orig_w);
} else
{
$thumb_w=$orig_w;
$thumb_h=$orig_h;
}
if (!@$bgcol)
{
$thumb=imagecreatetruecolor($thumb_w,$thumb_h);
imagecopyresampled($thumb,$source,
0,0,0,0,$thumb_w,$thumb_h,$orig_w,$orig_h);
}
else
{
$thumb=imagecreatetruecolor($wmax,$hmax);
imagefilledrectangle($thumb,0,0,$wmax-1,$hmax-1,intval($bgcol,16));
imagecopyresampled($thumb,$source,
round(($wmax-$thumb_w)/2),round(($hmax-$thumb_h)/2),
0,0,$thumb_w,$thumb_h,$orig_w,$orig_h);
}
if (!@$quality) $quality=90;
imagejpeg($thumb,"",$quality);
imagedestroy($thumb);
?>
===============================================================================
Hi
I had similar problem with safe mode. My solution is:
before imagejpeg(), touch() etc.
write:
ini_set(safe_mode,Off);
and after everything:
ini_set(safe_mode,On);
strange, but it works
Chears2All
===============================================================================
If imagejpeg brings up this warning:
Warning: imagejpeg(): Unable to access data ...
it could be a problem with "Safe Mode". A solution could be to touch the new
file before, like:
touch($newfile);
imagejpeg($image_p, $newfile, 100);
===============================================================================
So.. after messing around with this beast of a function for hours, I discovered
that it DOES NOT preserve the resource it is using the create the image, nor do
imagepng() or imagegif(). By this I mean that you can not run two imagejpeg(),
imagepng() or imagegif() calls on the same resource. Another possibly
undocumented quirk... :-(
===============================================================================
Please note that there is a bug report open for the currently broken safe_mode
behaviour on this function:
http://bugs.php.net/?id=35060
According to the PHP staffer who has responded the docs are wrong (I don't
agree but I'm also not their employee).
The work around is to use touch() (or any other file system function that can
do this) to create the file first before using imagejpeg().
===============================================================================
i had the same problem as tobylewis had
when i tried to call imagejpeg(), width porperly parameters given it displayed
imagejpeg(): Unable to access usr/home/public_html/pic1.jpg
imho if not correctly configured server this function is not allowed to create
the file on disk.
the workaround however is if you create the file using some other function,
before call imagejpeg(). something like this
$fh=fopen($file_name_dest,'w');
fclose($fh);
imagejpeg($dest,$file_name_dest, $quality);
?>
===============================================================================
>>Bram Van Dam's
note below is missing "()" from the ob_end_clean call:
ob_end_clean; // stop this output buffer
should read
ob_end_clean(); // stop this output buffer
You can then use this for adding content-length headers (for example flash
requires a content length in advance to create loaders)
e.g.
...
ob_start(); // start a new output buffer
imagejpeg( $newimage, "", 90 );
$ImageData = ob_get_contents();
$ImageDataLength = ob_get_length();
ob_end_clean(); // stop this output buffer
header("Content-type: image/jpeg") ;
header("Content-Length: ".$ImageDataLength);
echo $ImageData;
...
===============================================================================
If like me you like to rename uploaded images and add the time to the file name
so you never end up with two images with the same name.
Watch out because you can save a file on your server using illegal characters
such as a colon ":"
e.g
030363 6-01-2014 18:05:29 image.jpg
I spent ages trying to work out why my FTP program would not download the
images created with PHP
I guess this might be dependent on what file system your using but it wouldn't
let me download the images to a windows file system.
But I can obviously create files on my Linux server with a colon in the file
name.
===============================================================================
Every script I was writing was giving me an error.
When writing the following code I was able, as a client, to browse the website
and save the images (Save image as...) with IE. Yet with Firefox and family the
browser tried to save them as 'script_name.php' instead of 'image_name.jpg'.
After trying to save all the watermarked images or saving the image as
'temp.jpg' before outputing it to user, I've read this topic on BugZilla that
advised to add the following header:
Sorry about the English.
===============================================================================
If you wish to capture the jpg data into a variable, rather than outputting it
or saving it into a file (perhaps so you can put it in a database), you might
want to consider output buffering. Something along these lines should work:
===============================================================================
Rewrote the manual example into this function for creating a thumbnail image:
function thumbnail_jpeg ($original, $thumbnail, $width, $height, $quality) {
list($width_orig, $height_orig) = getimagesize($original);
if ($width && ($width_orig < $height_orig)) {
$width = ($height / $height_orig) * $width_orig;
}
else {
$height = ($width / $width_orig) * $height_orig;
}
$image_p = imagecreatetruecolor($width, $height);
$image = imagecreatefromjpeg($originial);
imagecopyresampled($image_p, $image, 0, 0, 0, 0, $width, $height,
$width_orig, $height_orig);
imagejpeg($image_p, $thumbnail, $quality);
return;
}
===============================================================================
After trying to get imagejpeg (and imagegif and imagepng) to save an image to a
file for some time, it finally dawned on me that perhaps the function would not
automatically create the file named in the second parameter.
I then used fopen to create a file prior to the call to imagejpeg and the image
was successfully written to the file. It did not seem to matter if fclose was
called before or after the call to imagejpeg.
I also tried to create a file outside of php and use it as the target for
output, but this initially failled because of permissions. Once I set all
write permissions on this also accepted output from imagejpeg.
===============================================================================
When displaying an image using imagepng or imagejpeg, you may want/need to call
"header("Content-type: image/jpeg")" before the imagepng and imagejpeg
functions.
It appears that some servers/browers are striping out the default header so the
image is not rendered and appears as raw data.
(Firefox 1.02+ and OSX Safari for example)
===============================================================================
I have changed one line in the script of Kokesh
25-Jun-2004 06:42 listed above, and now it generates better quality thumbnails.
You have to change function imagecopyresized() to imagecopyresampled()
===============================================================================
Here is an example of uploading an image, changing its size (width/height) and
saving it to a new file. It uses ftp to upload both the original and the
resized image. This is usefull in situations where ftp is your only option.
It took me a while to figure it out, so I hope this will save someone else a
lot of time :-)
The following assumes that the image is uploaded from a form with a filefield
called 'gfx'. I have left out all error checking to keep it simple, so remember
to modify the code, to suit your needs.
===============================================================================
Scenario:
When pointing your browser directly at a script outputting an image, it
displays without problem, but when using it in another page via html (i.e. :
img src="x.php?yada=yada" ), you get a broken image.
Reason:
*Any* extra data sent along with the image will cause it to not display on
other pages. Extra data may include, whitespace characters (check the
begginings and ends of your files), or a call to session_start(), which is what
got me.
Summary:
If you're going to send an image DONT START A SESSION in the script that is
outputting the image, and make sure that the PHP delimiters are the first and
last things in your file.
===============================================================================
For best results, use only loss-less file formats (such as PNG) for storing
images or image parts that you later intend to output with this function.
===============================================================================
Converting a directory of PNG images into jpegs is as easy as:
read())){
if(strpos($e,'.png')){
$r = imagecreatefrompng('./'.$e);
imagejpeg($r,str_replace('.png','.jpg',$e),75);
}
}
?>
Don't let anybody convince you otherwise. Put that in the folder that the
images are in and run it. I tried for 2 hours to get photoshop to do it, to no
avail. PHP to the rescue!
===============================================================================
Note to steve:
yes, this is true.. I simply forgot to think about that issue with the clear
text to the script..
I think the easiest way to "fix" it, would be to replace the @ in the string
with something which cant be used in an email adress..
Then the script would do a replace of excisting of that character..
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>would then be abc*123.com, which the script would parse back into
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>===============================================================================
Regarding Olav's attempt at avoiding spambots, the code will produce a string
of code like requests.php?string=, and most spambots will parse
that email address right out. You should either create static php scripts to
output specific addresses, or do something like save a temporary file on the
server with the address you want, and either pass the filename to the makeimage
script or have the script open a specific file to check. If you put the
address anywhere on the page the spambot will parse it out, including a tag
like href="mailto:xxx". That's why people use forms to send email now.
===============================================================================
Here is the simple, but powerful script for creating thumbnails on the fly.
You can include the script
directly to www page - just put it in $old_x)) {
$new_w=$old_x;
}
$new_h=($old_x*($new_w/$old_x));
if ($old_x > $old_y) {
$thumb_w=$new_w;
$thumb_h=$old_y*($new_h/$old_x);
}
if ($old_x < $old_y) {
$thumb_w=$old_x*($new_w/$old_y);
$thumb_h=$new_h;
}
if ($old_x == $old_y) {
$thumb_w=$new_w;
$thumb_h=$new_h;
}
$thumb=ImageCreateTrueColor($thumb_w,$thumb_h);
imagecopyresized($thumb,$im,0,0,0,0,$thumb_w,$thumb_h,$old_x,$old_y);
imagejpeg($thumb,"",90);
imagedestroy($thumb);
?>
===============================================================================
'quality' must be a whole number however if a mixed number is given it only
uses whole part, e.g. a given value of 90.987 results in 90 being used.
===============================================================================
I came across a problem where Internet Explorer refused to cache some
dynamically created images. To get round this, send out a Last-Modified header.
Eg:
===============================================================================
A word of warning when outputting images to the browser...
Make sure there is no extra spaces around the tags, in the file you
are editing, and also any included files.
I began to think there was a bug in GD or something, and I checked the file I
was working on, but forgot about the includes...
Hours gone..
===============================================================================
Just a note to Olav Alexander Mjelde's code: don't forget to put an
imagedestroy($im);
at the end of it or you can run into memory problems.
===============================================================================
I had problem wanting to insert stealth - copyrights into images. I could have
done this easily with fopen and such, but I still wanted to use imagejpeg();
and it's quality feature. Well this is one kind of solution what I discovered,
and seems to work fine.
--code--
$filename = "http://www.domain.com/something.jpg";
$im = imagecreatefromjpeg($filename);
imagejpeg($im,$ModImg,65);
$ModImg .= "This is the text added after EOF of the jpeg";
echo $ModImg;
--code--
As imagejpeg(); inserts imagedata into $ModImg, it does not show the image, but
it seems to send headers in that point, so header(); is not needed before
echoing variable. Text is viewable with Hex-editors etc.
===============================================================================
Some people have never heard of spambots, searching the net for email adresses.
How do you avoid this?
Some people write emails like: olav-x AT volvo-power.net (mine btw),
but this will confuse "stupid" users.
The optimal sollution is to have an image with your email adress on.
* When using this function,
you have to put it in a non-html php file..
eg. I put it in a makeimage.php file.
so, how do you display it?
In your users.php, put this:
echo "Email:
";
Below is the makeimage.php (working example)
Enjoy..
===============================================================================
This might be too obvious, but perhaps worth pointing out. If you want to
simply serve images without altering them, it's presumably more efficient to
use something like the following:
That way you avoid the overhead of reading and parsing the image, you simply
send it directly to the browser.
This is particularly useful if you're using PHP to implement access controls,
because it allows you to redirect files from areas of the filesystem browsers
can't normally access (although the filename should always come from your
script if possible, and not from a URL field, to prevent subverting it with
URLs such as image.php?../../../etc/passwd).
===============================================================================
Just a reminder, if you're passing a string of text via GET, you should
rawurlencode() or urlencode() them. Some older browsers (such as Netscape 4.x)
have issues regarding spaces in the URL.
NS 4 shows a broken image:
Makes all browsers happy:
Better to be safe than sorry...
===============================================================================
Rather than using the temporary file, as described above, you can buffer the
output stream. Someone else showed me this, and it seems to work very nicely.
//Start buffering the output stream
ob_start();
// output the image as a file to the output stream
Imagejpeg($im);
//Read the output buffer
$buffer = ob_get_contents();
//clear the buffer
ob_end_clean();
//use $buffer as you wish...
===============================================================================
In regards to adding images (or any other binary file) to a database, unless
you absolutely *have* to, a MUCH better solution is to simply save the file you
create to a directory and update your database with a URL to this file.
When I first started DB development I was hung up with BLOBs and how to make
them effectively work with PHP but realized that they can severely impact
performance and you also limit what you can do with those files once they're
inside the DB.
If you can avoid using BLOBs, and most people can, then by all means just
create a look-up table for your file urls and save them to a directory to store
the files. File access and scalability will be greatly increased in most cases.
===============================================================================
Looks like any specified resolution settings in a JPEG file get lost when using
imageJPEG() function in a script.
I had a high resolution JPEG which i added text to with imagestringup() so my
customer can print the emailed JPEG as a filled form, but printing both
Graphics from Photoshop revealed that any JPEG created is downsampled to 72
dpi, while width and height is kept.
(72 dpi is the standard web resolution)
Nothing to wonder about, but maybe if you read this you dont need to scratch
your head :)
===============================================================================
As the GD 1.8.4 manual says, the quality should be a value in the range 0-95.
And this seems to be true - setting it to 100 doesn't change the default
quality.
===============================================================================
note that using a different quality besides the default can result in strange
cropping when resizing for example.
===============================================================================
after seeking for 2 days why ImageJpeg() was writing an empty file to the
server, it was due to insufficient disk space on my hosting plan.... hope this
helps,
===============================================================================
The behaviour of not being allowed to write the file is based on a change in
latest release, see http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-4.php#4.4.1
- Added missing safe_mode checks for image* functions and cURL.
- ...
Some people (including me) consider this new behaviour as broken, see also
http://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=35060 - please vote for/against the bug if you
feel same/different.
Workaround is e.g. a touch($filename); before the imagejpeg($im,$filename);
===============================================================================
Hy, here is a little code for generate a thumbnail, very good quality. Enjoy it
!
$y){
$max = $x;
$min = $y;
}
if($x <= $y){
$max = $y;
$min = $x;
}
//$size_in_pixel : Size max of the label in pixel. The size of the picture
being
//proportional to the original, this value define maximum size
//of largest side with dimensions of the picture. Sorry for my english !
//Here $size_in_pixel = 100 for a thumbnail.
$size_in_pixel = '100';
$rate = $max/$size_in_pixel;
$final_x = $x/$rate;
$final_y = $y/$rate;
if($final_x > $x) {
$final_x = $x;
$final_y = $y;
}
$final_x = ceil($final_x);
$final_y = ceil($final_y);
$black_picture = imageCreatetruecolor($final_x,$final_y);
imagefill($black_picture,0,0,imagecolorallocate($black_picture, 255,
255, 255));
imagecopyresampled($black_picture, $handle, 0, 0, 0, 0,$final_x,
$final_y, $x, $y);
if(!@imagejpeg($black_picture,$dest_pict.'/mini_'.$pict, $size_in_pixel
))
imagestring($black_picture, 1, $final_x-4, $final_y-8, ".",
imagecolorallocate($black_picture,0,0,0));
//The number is the quality of the result picture
imagejpeg($black_picture,'', '100');
imagedestroy($handle);
imagedestroy($black_picture);
}
$pict = "PICT7024.jpg";
$dest_pict = "D:/Program Files/EasyPHP1-7/www/test";
miniature($pict, $dest_pict);
?>
===============================================================================
I've just read all this AFTER solving the problem in my own little way. (this
is re dumping the image into a string)
Im not actually saving the file to a database, but I'm passing it over XML:RPC
so I have the constraint that I cant just dump it to browser, and also its not
binary safe.. my solution does not involve ob_start(); which might arguably be
the more elgant solution. I didnt see my solution listed, so I thought I aught
to post it to add to the wealth of knowledge:
[apologies if this is incorrect, im snipping from a large bit of irrelevent
XML:RPC catching stuff]
$tmpfname = tempnam ("/tmp", "FOO"); // Generate the temp file
Imagejpeg($im,$tmpfname); // save me image to the file
$temp = fopen($tmpfname,"rb"); // <- Open the file for reading
binary
$buffer = fread($temp,filesize($tmpfname)); // get that data into the buffer
fclose($temp); // close the file
unlink($tmpfname); // finished with the
file, discard
$out = base64_encode($buffer); // encode it (not nessicary if
you are using some kind of binary safe function with the info)
and of course on the other end of whatever your doing,
[ some function to get $in ]
header("Content-type: image/jpeg");
$in = base64_decode($buffer); // get the binary data back
echo $in;
This should work with things like Imagepng
Hope that helps anyone out.
===============================================================================
I wanted a function that could resize an image and store the resulting
thumbnail in a variable so I could manually save it. Here is the function. I
basically strung together two snippets, one from this website (I think) and one
by MrCoder here: http://www.webdeveloper.com/forum/showthread.php?t=188298.
You can use this for all your image resizing tasks. I for some reason had a
problem using imagejpeg to save the image directly.
===============================================================================
There is a "bug" in PHP 5.4.32
If you use
it wont work enymore. Use still NULL
===============================================================================
When using
ImageJpeg ($img, "", $qlty) or any other Image*() command, with direct output
to browser, BE ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN that your php file does not contain any \r, \
n, or white spaces before the and after the ?> signs.
This should always kept in mind, not only for the file you are executing BUT
ALSO FOR ALL THE INCLUDES called during the file execution!
I got totally crazy about this, for a whole weekend :(
My php editor did not correctly display a \n sign, as I was locally using a
different charset/OS.
example
include ("/usr/www.example.com/inc/function.inc.php");
include ("/usr/www.example.com/inc/function.common.php");
connect_db0 ();
$admin_cookie = ckadmin_cookie ();
...
$img = file_get_contents ($path.$_GET['src']);
$im = imagecreatefromstring ($img);
header ("Content-Type: image/jpeg");
imageJPEG ($im);
imageDestroy ($im);
...
?>
If any of the included files, for any reason, prints an error message (or
simply a warning) or has any white spaces/return/new line chars before "" or
after the ">?" signs, the result will be a broken image!
Even looking inside the defective image, it will be quite difficult to notice
the unwanted characters, especially if you are using something like the
windows' notepad... X(
If nothing is found, with the file/php editors, and you are not sure about your
charset compatibility, I suggest to try to edit directly the files on the
server, if possible, and search for all unwanted chars. ;)


#include <io_ops.h>
Restores a tensor from checkpoint files.
This is like Restore
except that restored tensor can be listed as filling only a slice of a larger tensor. shape_and_slice
specifies the shape of the larger tensor and the slice that the restored tensor covers.
The shape_and_slice
input has the same format as the elements of the shapes_and_slices
input of the SaveSlices
op.
Arguments:
Optional attributes (see Attrs
):
file_pattern
. See the documentation for Restore
.Returns:
Output
: The restored tensor.
Constructors and Destructors |
|
|---|---|
RestoreSlice(const ::tensorflow::Scope & scope, ::tensorflow::Input file_pattern, ::tensorflow::Input tensor_name, ::tensorflow::Input shape_and_slice, DataType dt)
|
|
RestoreSlice(const ::tensorflow::Scope & scope, ::tensorflow::Input file_pattern, ::tensorflow::Input tensor_name, ::tensorflow::Input shape_and_slice, DataType dt, const RestoreSlice::Attrs & attrs)
|
Public attributes |
|
|---|---|
operation
|
|
tensor
|
Public functions |
|
|---|---|
node() const
|
::tensorflow::Node *
|
operator::tensorflow::Input() const
|
|
operator::tensorflow::Output() const
|
|
Public static functions |
|
|---|---|
PreferredShard(int64 x)
|
Structs |
|
|---|---|
|
tensorflow:: |
Optional attribute setters for RestoreSlice. |
Operation operation
::tensorflow::Output tensor
RestoreSlice( const ::tensorflow::Scope & scope, ::tensorflow::Input file_pattern, ::tensorflow::Input tensor_name, ::tensorflow::Input shape_and_slice, DataType dt )
RestoreSlice( const ::tensorflow::Scope & scope, ::tensorflow::Input file_pattern, ::tensorflow::Input tensor_name, ::tensorflow::Input shape_and_slice, DataType dt, const RestoreSlice::Attrs & attrs )
::tensorflow::Node * node() const
operator::tensorflow::Input() const
operator::tensorflow::Output() const
Attrs PreferredShard( int64 x )


How to find and add feeds
Say you’re at apple.com in your web browser, and you want to get Apple news in NetNewsWire.
You don’t know where the feed is — but that’s okay. Here’s what to do:
Click the + button in the toolbar. (Or type cmd-N.)
Copy-and-paste, or type, apple.com into the sheet that appears, as shown below.
Optional: If you want to give it a title, you can — but you don’t have to. The feed will contain a title, and NetNewsWire will use that automatically.
Optional: If you want to put it into a specific folder, you can, if you’ve made some folders. You don’t have to.
Click the Add Feed button.
NetNewsWire will then try to find the feed for apple.com, then it will add it to your list of feeds. Most of the time this works — most sites make it so NetNewsWire can find the feed easily.
The upshot is this: any time you’re at a site, and you want to add its feed to NetNewsWire, just click the + button, then paste in the URL of the site, then click Add Feed.
Another way to add feeds
If you’re a Safari user, you can add feeds to NetNewsWire just by clicking.
If NetNewsWire is your default RSS reader, you’re set. If it’s not, you can make it your default easily. Here’s how:
Open Safari’s preferences and click the RSS tab.
For Default RSS Reader, choose NetNewsWire.
Now whenever you see something in Safari that says it’s a feed, just click on it, and Safari will open NetNewsWire so you can add the feed.
Sometimes Safari will even tell you when a site has an RSS feed. Watch the address bar — you’ll see something like the screen shot below:
Just click on it, and Safari will open NetNewsWire so you can easily add the feed. (The URL of the feed will appear in NetNewsWire’s add-feed sheet.)


Tabhouse Error Our bad! There was an internal error. Don't worry, the error was logged so we'll look into this shortly.


Boozang Functional Overview
In this functional overview document we will go over and explain the different functions of the Boozang test tool. This document will be updated as the Boozang test service evolves and an updated copy can always be found on GitHub: https://github.com/ljunggren/boozang-userguide
2nd paragraph. Italic, bold, and monospace
. Itemized lists
look like:
- this one
- that one
- the other one
Note that --- not considering the asterisk --- the actual text content starts at 4-columns in.
Block quotes are written like so.
They can span multiple paragraphs, if you like.
Use 3 dashes for an em-dash. Use 2 dashes for ranges (ex., "it's all in chapters 12--14"). Three dots ... will be converted to an ellipsis. Unicode is supported. ☺
An h2 header
Here's a numbered list:
- first item
- second item
- third item
Note again how the actual text starts at 4 columns in (4 characters from the left side). Here's a code sample:
# Let me re-iterate ...
for i in 1 .. 10 { do-something(i) }
As you probably guessed, indented 4 spaces. By the way, instead of indenting the block, you can use delimited blocks, if you like:
define foobar() {
print "Welcome to flavor country!";
}
(which makes copying & pasting easier). You can optionally mark the delimited block for Pandoc to syntax highlight it:
import time
# Quick, count to ten!
for i in range(10):
# (but not *too* quick)
time.sleep(0.5)
print i
An h3 header
Now a nested list:
-
First, get these ingredients:
- carrots
- celery
- lentils
-
Boil some water.

Notice again how text always lines up on 4-space indents (including that last line which continues item 3 above).
Here's a link to a website, to a local doc, and to a section heading in the current doc. Here's a footnote 3.
Tables can look like this:
size material color
9 leather brown 10 hemp canvas natural 11 glass transparent
Table: Shoes, their sizes, and what they're made of
(The above is the caption for the table.) Pandoc also supports multi-line tables:
keyword text
red Sunsets, apples, and other red or reddish things.
green Leaves, grass, frogs and other things it's not easy being.
A horizontal rule follows.
Here's a definition list:
- apples
- Good for making applesauce. oranges
- Citrus! tomatoes
- There's no "e" in tomatoe.
Again, text is indented 4 spaces. (Put a blank line between each term/definition pair to spread things out more.)
Here's a "line block":
| Line one | Line too | Line tree
and images can be specified like so:
Inline math equations go in like so: $\omega = d\phi / dt$. Display math should get its own line and be put in in double-dollarsigns:
$$I = \int \rho R^{2} dV$$
And note that you can backslash-escape any punctuation characters which you wish to be displayed literally, ex.: `foo`, *bar*, etc.
-
Footnote text goes here. ↩


{% extends "main/v8-hj/layout-v8-hj.html" %} {% block pageTitle %} NRS Diagnostic Prototype {% endblock %} {% block header %} {% include "includes/cookie-banner.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block beforeContent %} {% if back %} {{ govukBackLink({ text: back.text, href: back.href }) }} {% endif %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Before you click 'Start’ please read these instructions.
Imagine that you are looking for a new job. To apply for the new job, you need a qualification called English Functional Skills at a Level 2.
To help you get this qualification, you have signed up to an online training course.
Please complete the ‘Writing Emails’ lesson and go as far as booking an exam.
When ready please click ‘Start’ and please work through as if you were actually doing the course.


This is my first post on here so I'll keep it pretty short. I have been diagnosed with ADD/ADHD and am currently on Adderall, but this event happened before I began taking it on a daily basis, and as for Promethazine, I had never taken it before this event. Cannabis is nothing new to me.
One night I was relaxing with my friends before I had to spend an all-nighter on a project, when the idea to smoke a bowl or two came up. Now being an experienced smoker, I knew that this would not affect my work on my project, but then the idea to top the bowl with a crushed up Promethazine (P) came up. I knew what P was and how it was going to affect me, so I was fairly sure that I shouldn't smoke it when I had a whole night of work ahead of me. But after much encouragement and peer pressure, we concluded that one or two hits wouldn't hurt.
I end up taking three or four hits and feel the P hit me immediately. Within five minutes, everybody was leaned over in their chair and giggling. Now I'm worried that I'm never going to get this project finished. Luckily my friend came to my aid with a 30mg Adderall (A). So I quickly gulp it down and started driving back to my house. By the time I get home, the A started to kick in. The tired feeling from the P was immediately extinguished, but the wired focused feeling of the A never came.
After that, I felt nothing but good sensations. I had found a perfect level of high that I've never had with just Cannabis and Adderall. Everything I did just felt good, but instead of focusing, I had a very light head and found myself thinking about all kinds of philosophical ideas. Even physical sensations felt amazing, I really want to try to use this during sex and see if it has any effect on me. All in all, I ended up starting the project at 8 in the morning after all of the effects had worn off.
So far it's been my favorite feeling from Cannabis and Pharms. Hope this was helpful.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Three killed at shooting at Oklahoma Walmart
by ReutersThree people were shot and killed in a morning attack at an Oklahoma Walmart on Monday, according to the Oklahoma Highway Patrol, the latest in a string of deadly shootings in the United States.
A spokeswoman at the Lawton, Oklahoma, office for the patrol confirmed to Reuters by phone that there were three dead. No other details were provided, including on the shooter, and it remained unclear if there were more victims.
The Duncan Banner newspaper, citing police sources, said the shooter was dead.
A spokeswoman for the police in Duncan, Oklahoma, confirmed the shooting but could also not provide additional information. Walmart Inc referred questions to law enforcement.
Duncan is a town of roughly 22,000 people located about 80 miles (129 km) south of Oklahoma City.
The violence comes on the heels of a shooting in Fresno, California, that saw at least four killed as people gathered in a backyard to watch a football game, with at least one shooter still unaccounted for.
California was also hit by a school shooting in Santa Clarita last week in which a 16-year-old boy shot and killed two classmates before turning the gun on himself, and a San Diego shooting on Saturday that saw a man kill his estranged wife and three of their young sons before killing himself.
In August, a man killed 22 people at an El Paso, Texas, Walmart and injured 26 others. He is accused of deliberately targeting Mexicans and has pleaded not guilty.


Potential heirs to Kurt Walker's throne have chance to showcase skills at Irish elites
by Neil LoughranAmateur boxing: Liffey Crane 2020 Irish Elite Championships
KURT Walker may be the undisputed Irish bantamweight king, but some of the pretenders to that throne will have the opportunity to strut their stuff at the National Stadium tonight.
The most eye-catching 57kg fight is the meeting of up-and-coming pair JP Hale and Dean Clancy. The all-action Hale rose to prominence earlier this year after a couple of wars with fellow Belfast bantam Colm Murphy.
And in Clancy, who only turned 18 last month, he will be coming up against another hot prospect.
A two-time European underage silver medallist and Youth Olympian, the Sligo native doesn’t lack for experience or self-belief. An intriguing battle awaits.
There is further Ulster interest at 57kg tonight too, with Monkstown’s Connor Kerr taking on Limerick’s Thomas Casey in the quarter-final, while Emerald’s Kane Marshall goes up against Enniskerry’s Sean Purcell.
Also in action tonight is Immaculata fly Caitlin Fryers, who takes on the tough Niamh Earley. Should Fryers win it would set up a rematch of her Ulster Elite final against Carly McNaul on Wednesday – although Earley also has a score to settle with the east Belfast woman.
McNaul came up trumps after a bruising encounter with the Ryston fighter in February’s 51kg Irish final, and the Commonwealth Games silver medallist will eagerly await the outcome.
At super-heavyweight, meanwhile, Holy Trinity’s Stephen McMonagle bids to get back to winning ways after being drawn against Thomas Carty (Crumlin) at the 91+kg quarter-final stage.
With defending champion Dean Gardiner still sidelined through injury, this is a chance for the rest of the chasing pack to stake a claim.
But McMonagle, who hasn’t fought since losing out to Rathkeale’s Martin Keenan at the quarter-final stage of February’s Irish Elites, is looking no further than his opening bout.
“The way I look at it, it’s a very open competition, there shouldn’t be a lot between most of the boys in it,” said the Letterkenny man, who represented Team NI at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Australia.
“I just want to put in a good performance and get through this first fight, that’s all I’m worry about. I’ve never actually fought Thomas Carty but I’ve seen him plenty - he’s a tall southpaw so it’ll be a tough fight.
“He’s got a lot of experience so he’s pretty good, but hopefully I’ll be able to get the better of him.”
One downside where the heavier weights are concerned is the difficulty tying down sparring partners, especially in the north.
“It’s a good while since I had a fight,” added McMonagle, who works as an analytical chemist.
“I did a bit of sparring up at the international camp in Jordanstown around June and that was decent enough, but there’s not a whole lot of boys about. You’d probably have to go travelling to get the spars but it’s hard when you’re working.
“If you were down in Dublin you’d probably have a few more options but I can’t really do that with everything else going on. You’d be wrecked going all over the place.”
Kenny Okungbowa, who took the heavyweight crown earlier this year, moves up and begins his campaign against Ciaran Griffin of Celtic Eagles. However, the man he beat in the 91kg final, Tony Browne, has moved down to light-heavyweight where he takes on Peter Nosic.


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