Python for beginners
Welcome to our Python Tutorial. We’ll cover the basics here and link to more in depth resources along the way. We hope you enjoy the tutorial and walk away with a better understanding of the Python programming language. Let’s get started with our introduction to Python for beginners!
- Download and Install Python
- Variables
- Functions
- Comments
- Docstrings
- Escape Characters
- Numbers
- Keywords
- Strings
- Style Rules
- Booleans
- Loops
- Lists
- Operators
- Conditional Statements
- Exception Handling
- Dictionaries
- Modules
- Taking Input From The User
Download and Install Python
Python is a interpreted language which means that the code is translated (interpreted) to binary code while the program runs. That is different from compiled languages (C++ etc.) where the code is first compiled to binary code.
To run Python code you need to have a Python interpreter. There are different versions of Python, either Python 2 or Python 3. To see that the difference are and to decide which one to use, please see this wiki page at python.org.
Installing Python
Python is available on most operating system, (Linux, Unix, Mac OS X and Windows).
Installing it on your computer is very easy, and on some systems it’s already there.
To see if it’s already installed, open up a terminal and run this command below.
If you see a response from a Python interpreter it will include a version number in its initialdisplay.
>> python
Python 2.7.2 (default, Jun 20 2012, 16:23:33)
If you don’t have Python installed, you can take a look at this link on how to install it on the platform that you use.
http://www.diveintopython.net/installing_python/index.html
How do I run my code?
There are two ways to run the programs in Python. Either you type in the code directly in
the Python shell. When doing that you will see the result of every command that you type
in. This works best for very short programs or for testing purpose. The other way to run
the code is within a script.
Additional Resources
Recommended Course: Intro to Python
Python Shell
When you are in the Python Shell, the python interpreter will translate all code for you.
To leave the help mode and return to the interpreter, we use the quit command.
The help command provides some help about Python.
>>> help
Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.
>>>
You can also use the Python Shell for doing math
(please see my earlier post about using math in Python)
>>> 2 + 4
6
>>> 5 * 56
280
>>> 5 - 45
-40
>>>
To exit the Python Shell, press Ctrl+d.
Python Script
To run the program as script, open an text editor (vi, pico, nano etc.) and put in the
following code:
#!/usr/bin/python
print "hello world"
Save the file as hello.py and exit the editor.
# To execute the program, type python and the file name in the shell.
$python hello.py
The output should be:
hello world
Python scripts can be made directly executable, like shell scripts, by putting the shebang
at the beginning of the script and give the file an executable mode. The shebang is meant
for the script to recognize the interpretor type when you want to execute the script from
the shell.
# The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the chmod command:
$ chmod +x hello.py
Now you can execute the script directly by its name.
Learn More About Installing Python
Variables
In Python, variables are a storage placeholder for texts and numbers.
It must have a name so that you are able to find it again.
The variable is always assigned with the equal sign, followed by the value of the
variable.
Python is dynamically typed, which means that you don’t have to declare what
type each variable is.
The variables are being referred in the program to get the value of it.
The value of the variable can be changed later on.
Store the value 10 in a variable named foo
foo = 10
Store the value of foo+10 in a variable named bar
bar = foo + 10
#List of some different variable types:
x = 123 # integer
x = 123L # long integer
x = 3.14 # double float
x = "hello" # string
x = [0,1,2] # list
x = (0,1,2) # tuple
x = open(‘hello.py’, ‘r’) # file
#You can also assign a single value to several variables simultaneously.
# variable a,b and c are assigned to the same memory location,with the value of 1
a = b = c = 1
Get Area using Python Variables
length = 1.10
width = 2.20
area = length * width
print "The area is: " , area
This will print out:
The area is: 2.42
Learn More About Variables
Functions
A function is something you can call (possibly with some parameters, the things you put in the parentheses), which performs an action and returns a value.
Functions are useful because:
- Reuse code
- Easy to debug
- Smaller unit of code(relatively speaking)
Function syntax
A function must be defined before it is called. To define a function, use the following syntax:
def myFunction():
The above function has no parameters, meaning no values are being passed into the function. To name parameters, use the following syntax.
def myFunction(name,age):
Now we have a function call that passes in a few parameters. We’ll move onto the body of the function and use those parameters.
def myFunction(name,age):
print 'Name: ' + name
print 'Age: ' + age
With our function body, the code MUST be indented. The method, when called, would print the name and age passed into it.
Instead of printing a value, a function can return that value to the program.
def myFunction(name,age):
return 'My name is ' + name + ' and I am ' + age + ' years old'
>>> myFunction('John','44'):
'My name is John and I am 44 years old'
Return is the common conclusion of a function as the calling program will typical store its contents into a variable or act on the return value in a conditional statement.
Learn More About Functions
Comments
Comments in Python are used to explain what the code does.
They are meant as documentation for anyone reading the code.
Python is automatically ignoring all text that comes after the “#”
Comments can be in the beginning of the line or at the end of one.
Multiline comments are possible and are enclosed by triple quotes.
# First comment
print "Hello, Python!"; # second comment
#this is a comment in Python
""" This is an example of a multiline
comment that spans multiple lines
...
"""
Learn More About Comments
Docstrings
Python documentation strings (or docstrings) provide a convenient way of
associating documentation with Python modules, functions, classes, and methods.
An object’s docsting is defined by including a string constant as the first
statement in the object’s definition.
It’s specified in source code that is used, like a comment, to document a
specific segment of code.
Unlike conventional source code comments the docstring should describe what the
function does, not how.
All functions should have a docstring
This allows the program to inspect these comments at run time, for instance as an interactive help system, or as metadata.
Docstrings can be accessed by the doc attribute on objects.
How should a Docstring look like?
The doc string line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period.
The first line should be a short description.
Don’t write the name of the object.
If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be
blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description.
The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s
calling conventions, its side effects, etc.
Docstring Example
Here is an example of a multi-line docstring:
def my_function():
... """Do nothing, but document it.
...
... No, really, it doesn't do anything.
... """
... pass
...
Now that we have created our Docstring in the my_function() method, let’s see how it can be useful. Let’s say I’m a new developer in a project and I want to know what my_function() does. See below using the print function.
>>> print my_function.__doc__
Do nothing, but document it.
No, really, it doesn't do anything.
Multiple Docstrings In One Source File
The following Python file shows the declaration of docstrings within a python
source file. You can clearly see the different levels of docstrings and how they can be used within a single source file.
"""
Assuming this is file mymodule.py, then this string, being the
first statement in the file, will become the "mymodule" module's
docstring when the file is imported.
"""
class MyClass(object):
"""The class's docstring"""
def my_method(self):
"""The method's docstring"""
def my_function():
"""The function's docstring"""
How to access the Docstring
Below we show you two methods you can use to access the docstring.
>>> import mymodule
>>> help(mymodule)
Assuming this is file mymodule.py then this string, being the
first statement in the file will become the mymodule modules
docstring when the file is imported
>>> help(mymodule.MyClass)
The class's docstring
>>> help(mymodule.MyClass.my_method)
The method's docstring
>>> help(mymodule.my_function)
The function's docstring
Docstrings vs Comments
Docstrings and comments are similar in nature, but serve a different purpose. Comments are great for describing lines of code and why they are there. This is very helpful in large code sets.
Docstrings document what a class, module or package does and most importantly, is available to the help function, whereas, comments are not.
Docstrings, therefore, can help to document the code programmatically.
Learn More About Docstring
Escape Characters
Escape characters allow you to do things you normally wouldn’t be able to do following the normal Python syntax rules.
For example, you want to print this line in your code with double quotes around the title of the movie, “Titanic”.
>>> print "Cory's favorite movie is "Titanic""
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
The compiler doesn’t allow you to use double quotes inside double quotes, so you have to “escape” the double quotes from the compiler and allow them to be treated as a string.
To do this, you simply add a backslash() before the character you want to escape.
>>> print "Cory's favorite movie is \"Titanic\""
Cory's favorite movie is "Titanic"
Below is a table of other common escape characters.
| Escape Character | Result |
|---|---|
| \’ | Single Quote |
| \ | Backslash |
| \b | Backspace |
| \f | Line Feed |
| \n | New Line |
| \r | Line Feed |
| \t | Tab |
| \v | Vertical Tab |
Numbers
Python supports 4 types of Numbers, the int, the long, the float and the complex.
You don’t have to specify what type of variable you want. Python does that
automatically.
| Int | This is the basic integer type in python. |
|---|---|
| Long | This is a integer number that’s length is non-limited. |
| Float | This is a binary floating point number. |
| Complex | This is a complex number consisting of two floats. |
Converting Numbers
You can simply convert them, like this:
>>> float(3)
3.0
>>> int(4.123)
4
Using Python interpreter as a calculator
You can use the interpreter to do math with numbers.
>>> 2 + 2
4
>>> 4 * 2
8
>>> 10 / 2
5
>>> 10 - 2
8
Keywords
Keywords in Python are reserved words that cannot be used as ordinary identifiers. They must be spelled exactly as they are written.
List of keywords
The following is a list of keywords for the Python programming language.
| and | del | from | not |
|---|---|---|---|
| while | as | elif | global |
| or | with | assert | else |
| if | pass | yield | break |
| except | import | class | |
| exec | in | raise | continue |
| finally | is | return | def |
| for | lambda | try | nan |
Strings
A string is a list of characters in order. A character is anything you can type on the keyboard in one keystroke, like a letter, a number, or a backslash.
Additional Resources
Recommended Course: Intro to Python
Strings can have spaces: “hello world”. An empty string is a string that has 0 characters. Python strings are immutable, which means they can’t change. String syntax is recognized by anything between ” ” or ‘ ‘. Much like Lists, Strings have functions that can work on their value.
String Functions
Changing Case
string.lower() # lower case the string
string.upper() # upper case the string
string.title() # upper case the first letters
Replace
string.replace(“This”,”That”) # will replace the text “This” with “That”
Split
Split will split a string into an array based on the delimiter passed into the function.
x = '1,2,3'
x.split(",")
['1','2','3']
There are many more string functions available. See our Learn More About Strings section.
String Concatenation
In Python there are a few different ways to concatenating strings. Concatenation combines two (or more) strings into a new string object.
You can use the + operator, like this:
print "You can concatenate two " + "strings with the '+' operator."
str1 = "Hello"
str2 = "World"
str1 + str2 # concatenation: a new string
# String literals may be concatenated by a space
word = 'left' "right" 'left'
# Any string expression may be concatenated by a +
word = wordA + "
" + wordB
Learn More About Strings
Style Rules
A style guide is about consistency. Consistency with this style guide is important. Consistency within a project is more important. Consistency within one module or function is most important.
An example of this would be:
Semicolons
Do not terminate your lines with semi-colons and do not use semi-colons to put
two commands on the same line.
Line length
Maximum line length is 80 characters.
Parentheses
Use parentheses sparingly.
Indentation
Indent your code blocks with 4 spaces.
Learn More About Style Rules
Booleans
The built-in type Boolean can hold only one of two possible objects: True or False
Boolean Values
Boolean values respond to logical operators and / or. The examples below show how multiple boolean values act together with differing operators.
>>> True and False
False
>>> True and True
True
>>> False and True
False
>>> False or True
True
>>> False or False
False
Learn More About Booleans
Loops
Programming languages need a way to repeat the same sequence, this is called Iteration. Loops in programming allow us to iterate over elements in severals ways.
For Loops
For loops allows us to iterate over elements of a sequence, it is often used when you have a piece of code which you want to repeat “n” number of time.
It works like this:
Let’s say that you have a list of browsers like below. That reads, for every element that we assign the variable browser, in the list browsers, print out the variable browser
>>> browsers = ["Safari","Firefox","Chrome"]
>>> for browser in browsers:
... print browser
...
Safari
Firefox
Chrome
While Loops
The while loop tells the computer to do something as long as the condition is met It’s construct consists of a block of code and a condition.
The loop will continue WHILE the condition met is true. Once it is false, the loop will exit.
browsers = ["Safari", "Firefox", "Google Chrome", "Opera", "IE"]
i = 0
while i < len(browsers):
print browsers[i]
#add 1 to i each iteration so that we exit once we reach the total number of browsers
i = i + 1
Eternal Loops
You typically want to avoid Eternal loops as they will never end until all system resources are consumed or the program is killed externally.
An example of an eternal loop.
while True:
print "Hello World"
Typically eternal loops aren’t this obvious and usually involves inadvertently updating a variable that is being used as a counter.
Continue
The continue statement is used to tell Python to skip the rest of the statements in the current loop block and to continue to the next iteration of the loop.
This is typically used when a certain condition is met that makes it unnecessary to execute the remaining block.
for i in range(1,10):
if i == 3:
# don't print 3's, I hate 3's, but keeping printing
continue
print i
Break
Break statements allow you to exit the loop if a condition is met. This is different from the Continue statement where the loop will continue.
for i in range(1,10):
if i == 3:
# 3's are so bad that I can't continue this loop any longer
break
print i
Pass
The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action.
>>> while True:
... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt
...
Learn More About Loops
Lists
Lists in Python are a collection of items, such as Strings, Integers or other Lists. Lists are enclosed in [ ] with each item separated by commas. Lists, unlike Strings are mutable, which means they can be changed.
List Examples
emptyList = []
bourbonList = ['jeffersons','woodford reserve','maker's mark']
numList = [1,2,3,4]
List Functions
While you can use other function against a list, like len to get the length of a list
len(bourbonList)
>>> 3
Lists has its own set of methods.
Append will add an element to the end of a list.
bourbonList.append("Jack Daniels")
print bourbonList
>>> ['jeffersons','woodford reserve','maker's mark','Jack Daniels']
Here are more List functions and their purpose
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| Insert(x,y) | Inserts an item(x) into an array after (y) |
| Remove(x) | Removes (x) on a match |
| Extend(list) | Adds another list to the calling list |
| Delete(1) | Deletes an item based on the index passed in |
Operators
Comparison operators
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| < | less than | x < 10 |
| <= | less than or equal to | x <= 10 |
| > | greater than | x > 10 |
| >= | greater than or equal to | x >= 10 |
| == | equality | x == 10 |
| != | inequality (also <>) | x != 10 |
Logical operators
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| not | logical notation | not b |
| and | logical and | (x <= 10) and (y == True) |
| or | logical or | (x < 10) or (y > 100.1) |
Conditional Statements
In programming, very often we want to check the conditions and change the behavior of the program. We can write programs that has more than one choice of actions depending on a
variable’s value.
Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement.
You use the if statement to perform one action if one thing is true, or any number of other actions, if something else is true.
We must use indentation to define that code that is executed, based on whether acondition is met.
To compare data in Python we can use the comparison operators, find in this post
If Statement
The syntax of the if statement is:
if expression:
statement(s)
Elif Statement
Sometimes there are more than two possibilities, in that case we can use the elif statement
It stands for “else if,” which means that if the original if statement is false
and the elif statement is true, execute the block of code following the elif statement.
The syntax of the if…elif statement is:
if expression1:
statement(s)
elif expression2:
statement(s)
elif expression3:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Else Statement
An else statement can be combined with an if statement.
An else statement contains the block of code that executes if the conditional
expression in the if statement resolves to 0 or a false value.
The else statement is an optional statement and there could be at most only one
else statement following if.
The syntax of if..else is:
if expression:
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Examples
This script will compare two strings based on the input from the user.
# This program compares two strings.
# Get a password from the user.
password = raw_input('Enter the password: ')
# Determine whether the correct password
# was entered.
if password == 'hello':
print'Password Accepted'
else:
print'Sorry, that is the wrong password.'
Another Example
Let’s show one more example that makes use of the elif statement.
#!/usr/bin/python
number = 20
guess = int(input('Enter an integer : '))
if guess == number:
print('Congratulations, you guessed it.')
elif guess < number:
print('No, it is a little higher than that')
else:
print('No, it is a little lower than that')
Learn More About Conditional Statements
Exception Handling
When an error occurs in a Python program, Python generates an Exception. Why? So that it can be handled gracefully without breaking the program or causing issues with user interaction.
Exception Examples
IOError
If the file cannot be opened.
ImportError
If python cannot find the module
ValueError
Raised when a built-in operation or function receives an argument that has the
right type but an inappropriate value
KeyboardInterrupt
Raised when the user hits the interrupt key (normally Control-C or Delete)
EOFError
Raised when one of the built-in functions (input() or raw_input()) hits an
end-of-file condition (EOF) without reading any data
Handling Exceptions
To handle exceptions you need to use the catch-all except clause. This involves using the “try” and “except” Python keywords.
Simply put, you wrap the executing code in a “try” block and if any exception occurs, you catch it and handle it accordingly.
An example in pseudo code:
try:
some statements here
except:
exception handling
Let’s see a short example on how to do this:
try:
print 1/0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "You can't divide by zero, you're silly."
Dictionaries
Dictionary is another data type in Python.
Dictionaries are collections of items that have a “key” and a “value”.
Python dictionaries are also known as associative arrays or hash tables.
They are just like lists, except instead of having an assigned index number,
you make up the index.
Create a Dictionary
# This is a list
myList = ["first","second","third"]
# This is a dictionary
myDictionary = {0:"first",1:"second",2:"third"}
Accessing / Getting values
To access dictionary elements, you can use the square brackets along with the key
to obtain its value.
data = {'Name':'Zara','Age':7,'Class':'First'};
# Get all keys
data.keys()
# Get all values
data.values()
# Print key1
print data['Name']
# Prints 7
print data['Age']
# Prints name and age
print 'Name', data['Name'];
print 'Age', data['Age'];
Looping through a Dictionary
You can use a for loop to iterate Dictionary items.
data = {
'key1': 'value1',
'key2': 'value2',
'key3': 'value3'
}
for key, value in data.items():
print key,value
Looping their values directory (not in order)
for value in data.values():
print value
There are many more operations you can perform on a Dictionary, like add, clear, delete, list all keys, list all values, test if a key exists, etc. You can learn more about these features by reviewing the articles in Learn More About Dictionaries.
Learn More About Dictionaries
Modules
Python modules makes the programming a lot easier. It’s basically a file that consist of already written code. When Python imports a module, it first checks the module registry (sys.modules) to see if the module is already imported. If that’s the case, Python uses the existing module object as is. There are different ways to import a module.
Importing Modules
import sys
#access module, after this you can use sys.name to refer to things defined in module sys.
from sys import stdout
# access module without qualiying name.
This reads from the module "sys" import "stdout", so that we would be able to
refer "stdout"in our program.
from sys import *
# access all functions/classes in the sys module.
Python Standard Library
URL: http://docs.python.org/library/index.html Collection of of modules that are already on the system, there is no need to install them. Just import the modules you want to use. Search for a module: http://docs.python.org/py-modindex.html
Python Package Index
URL: http://pypi.python.org/pypi Created by community members. It’s a repository of software containing more than 2400 packages
Math Module
The math module provides access to mathematical constants and functions.
import math
math.pi #Pi, 3.14...
math.e #Euler's number, 2.71...
math.degrees(2) #2 radians = 114.59 degreees
math.radians(60) #60 degrees = 1.04 radians
math.sin(2) #Sine of 2 radians
math.cos(0.5) #Cosine of 0.5 radians
math.tan(0.23) #Tangent of 0.23 radians
math.factorial(5) #1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5 = 120
math.sqrt(49) #Square root of 49 = 7
Requests Module
The Requests module is a an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python that allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests.
To install requests, simply:
$ pip install requests
Or, if you absolutely must:
$ easy_install requests
To create a Request object, simply call a URL using the following syntax.
>>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
To operate on the object, you have many choices. Here is one example to check the http status code.
>>> r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
>>> r.status_code
200
Learn More About Modules
Additional Resources
Recommended Course: Intro to Python
Taking User Input
There are two functions in Python that you can use to read data from the user:
raw_input and input
You can store the results from them into a variable.
raw_input is used to read text (strings) from the user:
#Ask the user to input a name, and store it in the variable name
name = raw_input("What is your name? ")
type(name)
#Create a new string with a greeting
greet = 'hello ' + name
input is used to read integers
age = input("What is your age? ")
print "Your age is: ", age
type(age)
#Ask the user to input a number, and store it in the variable foo
foo = int(raw input('enter a number: '))
Learn More About Taking User Input
Sources
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/index.htm
http://loris.som.jhmi.edu/python_course/basic_syntax.html
Reference : https://www.pythonforbeginners.com/python-tutorial


I have set up an arduino with a lm35 temp sensor on it and logging the data with emoncms.
The wiring is straightforward. Three pins, Vcc, A3, Gnd.
To do the measurement, i change the analogReference to Internal (1.1V) and take about 50 samples, do the average and calculate the standard deviation, both of which i send to emoncms for logging.
Everything worked fine, but i can check on my log that i have occasional spikes on the std deviation of the temp measurements..
What could be wrong? is my sensor fried?
i'll leave attached the arduino sketch (the same board also measures voltage and current and it sends the data to an RPi through an nrf24 module) and some graphs of the TempErr (std deviation of temperature).
Thanks!
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
Read the Atmel Data Sheet. On Page 253: "When the bandgap reference voltage is used as input to the ADC, it will take a certain time for the voltage to stabilize. If not stabilized, the first value read after the first conversion may be wrong." I cannot see a delay in your sketch, so that is the first thing to look at.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
right! i had added a delay (it's inside the if statement that checks the temperature) but it was BEFORE changing the reference voltage. duh!.
I'm going to change that to see if it helps.
Thanks
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
I'm not sure that will actually help. If you read the source code for analogReference() you'll see it doesn't go anywhere near the ADC hardware, but rather remembers the setting and programs it up during the next call to analogRead(). So even if you shift your delay() to after you call analogReference(), it'll still be happening too early.
There's a comment in the code to explain why they have to do that. They're trying to be safe in the case where someone is providing an external Vref.
I think you have two options:
1. break away from using the Arduino calls, and bang directly on the ADC registers yourself OR
2. instead of spending your delay() doing nothing, sit in a tight loop calling analogRead() and discard the result.
#2 relies on the observation (or hope?) that re-programming ADMUX with its current value doesn't count with regards the need for setting time, which is probably safe.
Assuming your Arduino has a decoupling cap on AREF (as recommended) then you'll probably also need a delay as you change back to the default reference voltage (AVCC) for power monitoring. While selecting AVCC as your reference isn't strictly a bandgap reference (so strictly speaking isn't included in Robert's datasheet reference above), whatever reference you choose gets sent out to that decoupling cap, so you don't want to be doing any conversions until it's reached steady state. Given you're measuring an AC signal after you set it back to AVCC you wouldn't necessarily notice problems with that reading, unless you were collecting and plotting the results.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
you were right. it didn't help.. i had another error spike a few hours ago..
i half understand what you're saying so i guess option #1 is off the board for now :S
in simple words, the delay only counts as long as i'm reading the analog pin?
is it possible my arduino board already has a decoupling cap? if not, i just need to add a capacitor between the aref and ground pin (even though my new analog reference is an internal 1.1v source and not the aref pin)?
for the power part, you're right, i think i get steady values; the voltage does varies, but the mains are never constant (and even less so in my town!).. power is more stable though but i'll make some dummy readings on it for the sake of doing things right.
i'll try to add the following lines instead of the delay:
started_at = millis();
while(millis()-started_at<1000)
int tmp = analog.read(%pins%);
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
in simple words, the delay only counts as long as i'm reading the analog pin?
Almost. It's more that the new reference isn't selected until you read an analog pin.
is it possible my arduino board already has a decoupling cap?
Definitely. You'd need to check the schematic for your particular Arduino board. It's also possible that it may get decoupled on shields too.
if not, i just need to add a capacitor between the aref and ground pin (even though my new analog reference is an internal 1.1v source and not the aref pin)?
Correct. The AREF pin is dual-purpose. You can feed it an external Vref of any voltage you want (between 1V and Vcc), or when you're using an internal reference (like you are in both cases) the internal Vref runs out to that pin and they ask that you decouple it for them, with a cap to ground.
for the power part, you're right, i think i get steady values; the voltage does varies, but the mains are never constant (and even less so in my town!)
Actually, you're reading a sine wave there, so you should be getting anything but steady values. After you've grabbed lots of samples, and calculated the RMS, you may or may not get steady values depending on your local grid. AREF settling errors in the early samples wouldn't necessarily show up as a varying RMS reading, but it might make calibration tricky.
Your suggested loop should work. I suspect 1 second is a major overkill, so you could look at paring that right back once you've confirmed it fixes it. You could probably even lose the timer and just make it count based if you prefer. Each call to analogRead() takes about 110 usecs from memory, so just as do as many as required to get consistent readings, plus some for an extra safety margin.
I'm still not entirely sure this is the cause of your problem. The cap behaviour is quite deterministic, so I would have expected it to be fairly consistent rather than spiky like you're finding(*). But it's worth eliminating before investigating further.
(*) I'm assuming your board already has a decoupling cap. If it doesn't, then it could well be noise that might get fixed by adding the cap.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
yes, it's an Arduino Uno Rev3 board. This schematic shows a 100nF cap on the AREF pin :)
So far, it's been 12 hours without an accident, but it's too soon to claim victory.
I use emonlib, which handles all the calculations and returns the Vrms, Irms, and power numbers.. i was talking about those calculated values, not the raw data from the analog pin.
Let's hope this solves the issue.. i'll report back in 12 hours.
Thanks for the help! I'm in debt with you :)
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
Welp.. despite the loop, i still have some spikes in TempErr :(
however, i've already learned something from this thread so it's not all lost..
I hope this thread helps someone else.
for now, i'll blame the poor quality of my sensor..
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
It's hard to know what causes your spikes. Do they happen at a fairly regular time, or coincide with some nearby equipment switching on/off?
Even if you're prepared to live with them, I think you'll get more accurate results (both temperature and power) if you waste the first x readings after you change the reference, where x needs to be determined, but I'm guessing in the order of about 20 to 100 readings, which would take about 2 to 11 msecs.
It's pretty easy to test if you need to do that. After you select the 1.1V reference, take 100 readings of the temperature input as fast as you can, into an array.  Hopefully they'll stabilise well before the end of the array, and that'll give you an idea of how many you need to waste. You really don't want to be including those early numbers in your average as they're completely bogus.
Ditto in the other direction after you've selected Vcc as the reference, you don't want to be including the early voltage/current samples in the emonlib calculations. All that averaging, and RMSing does a good job at hiding issues like this but the bogus values can't help but mess with your overall accuracy/calibration. You won't be able to do the "sample into an array" technique in this direction because what you are sampling is a fast moving target in any case. But whatever 'x' you determine you need in the Vcc -> 1.1V direction will hopefully suffice in the 1.1V -> Vcc direction as well.
(*) You can't print them out as you read them because the print takes so long it will act as a delay.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
ok, thanks for the advice. i'll calibrate it at another time, for now i'll stick with half a second.
I thought about that too (maybe the current sensor was screwing my measurement) but when i plot the temperr and power together i get no correlation, at least with the high consuming parts.. and it looks pretty random.. maybe later on it will show a pattern (bear in mind that those prolonged periods of error were due to me measuring wrong, which got better at the end of the graph due to me adding some delays here and there).
edit: is it a coincidence that it failed at noon the last two days? hmm...
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
Actually, I just looked at your code again. I think you're already doing what I suggested.....
analogReference(INTERNAL);
for(i=0;i<(DATASIZE2+50);i++) {
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin);
if(i>49){
TempSample[i-50]=sensorValue/9.31;
}
}
That looks to me like it's doing 50 extra reads up front that get ignored, then it gets on with doing DATASIZE2 reads on top of that. It looks like whoever wrote that code knew about letting AREF settle. Probably worth doing something similar when you switch back to Vcc as your reference and then you're done.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
that's my code! i had forgot already about that.
it's just that i started working on this a year ago but dropped it for lack of time, and i had read about the decoupling stuff then (albeit very superficially).
sadly, the error keeps spiking. just today i had 4 separate spikes and two of them when i wasn't even at home, so i guess that failure due to a certain equipment turning on is off the table (particularly because i couldn't find any correlation with the fridge/water heater which are the only two things in my house that turn on/off automatically).
and i can't see any correlation with the temperature neither :(
i'll try buying another sensor (i can buy them really cheap ~3$ since they use them all over town for the big clock/thermometers in the streets) and rule out a bad sensor, but for the price tag i would believe if you told me it's a normal thing to happen every now and then.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
in case it's useful for anyone, here's my final code for the project.
I've cleaned it up a bit and added some comments.
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
I've had similar issues with two LM35's on my system. I made a big improvement by adding a pull-down resistor of 1K on the outputs. I also put a diode in series with the LM35 gnd pin to introduce a 'sort of' negative voltage. This adds a significant error in the temperature reading but this is easily corrected in software. This way the LM35s can cope with negative temperatures. A 1.2v zener would be better still, I may add that at a later stage.
Geo
bugthebees.blogspot.com
Re: lm35 temp sensor failing occasionally
Hi,
Have you consider using screened cable, when connecting LM 35 to main board ?
Probably there is some environment noise that is interfering to LM 35.
Hopefully, this will help


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %} Home {% endblock %} {% block content %}
These are the HTTP request headers received by the Flask web server.


TalkingPuffin Follow on Twitter
TalkingPuffin is a powerful, open source, desktop Twitter client from Dave Briccetti (@dcbriccetti) and others. It’s written in Scala and runs on the Java platform.
Run the TalkingPuffin Desktop App.
Run the TalkingPuffin Web app, which has great features for analyzing users.
News
Jan 7, 2013
Launch of Not Your Nth Follower simulation
Mar 18, 2011
Version 1.1.0
- Integration with TalkingPuffin Web (Shift-A to analyze user)
- Many improvements to TalkingPuffin web
Mar 14, 2011
Dave Briccetti shows TalkingPuffin Web, including source code, at
Bay Area Scala Enthusiasts. Recording
New video
showing TalkingPuffin Web
Mar 6, 2011
Version 1.0
Mar 5, 2011
Experimental Web app gets new features, including word frequency analysis
Mar 1, 2011
Experimental Web app available
Feb 21, 2011
Version 1.0 Release Candidate 1
- Tabbed pane UI from version 0.77 restored
- Browse links in tweets in the people pane
Feb 20, 2011
Version 0.80e (Development version)
- Fixed error preventing startup on first use
- Misc. fixes and changes. See commit history for details.
Feb 16, 2011
Version 0.80d (Development version)
New features:
- Show user timelines of any user(s) selected in the status or people panes
Features working again:
- Show all unseen tweets (up to ≈800)
- Rate limit status display
- Save credentials for multiple users
Feb 12, 2011
Version 0.80c (Development version)
Features working again:
- All friends and followers are fetched
- Twitter authorization is retained between runs
Feb 7, 2011
Version 0.80b (Development version)
The conversion to the new Twitter API layer is mostly finished. Some missing pieces:
- Lists
- Direct Messages
- Twitter authorization is not retained between runs
Feb 6, 2011
Dave Briccetti begins replacing the internal Twitter API layer
with Twitter4J, to get OAuth support and other recent features.
Jan 11, 2010
Dave Briccetti gives a
Filtering
Twitter Noise talk at Bay Area Scala
Enthusiasts.
Dec 26, 2009
Version 0.79b (Development version)
- Status messages for (un)follow, (un)block, spam
- Fix problems displaying the big version of user pictures
- Send and display multiline tweets
Dec 11
Version 0.79a (Development version)
- Show the screen name of the user who is retweeting
Nov 19
Dave Briccetti presents the client
at Twitter Meetup
Nov 16
Version 0.78 (Development version)
- Find users on Twitter
- Experimental new arrangement of multiple views (do you like it better?)
- Enlarged and separate detail panel
- Tweets appear only in one view
- Show the tweet streams of lists
- Receive data from Twitter compressed, for better performance and reduced network use
Nov 9
Version 0.77
- Support for users with large numbers of following/followers
- New retweet views
Nov 7
Dave Briccetti gives a
Filtering
Twitter Noise talk at
SuperHappyDevHouse 35.
Nov 5
Version 0.76
- Tags/Lists
- Improved display and selection of tags
- Allowing providing a description when creating a new tag, to be used with the new descriptions on Twitter lists
- Display the lists the user (or any person) owns or is on
- People Pane
- Details panel on the people pane
- Many more menu items on the people pane
- Noise
- Allow muting “commented retweets,” such as
Me too! RT @noisy I like noise!
- Allow muting “commented retweets,” such as
Nov 1
Version 0.75, with improved filtering
features (Screencast)
Oct 29
Version 0.74
Oct 21
Blog post about
Lists support
Oct 20
Version 0.73
Oct 18
Version 0.72, with some support for Twitter Lists
Oct 15
Version 0.71
Oct 3
Dave Briccetti presents the client
at Silicon Valley Code Camp
Oct 2
Version 0.70
Sep 5
New video
of Dave Briccetti adding a “suppress non-followers” feature
Aug 26
Version 0.69
Dave Briccetti presents the client at Twitter Meetup
Dave Briccetti presents the client at Twitter Meetup
July 18
Version 0.68
July 17
Version 0.67
June 12
Version 0.66
May 21
Mentioned
on The Java Posse podcast
May 20
Issue-tracking
system set up
Dave Briccetti presents the Scala code at the
eBig
Java Sig
May 19
Version 0.65
May 9
Discussion group
created for developers and users
May 4
Version 0.64
Apr 23
Simple Twitter Client now called TalkingPuffin
(blog post)
Apr 21
Dave Briccetti presents briefly at
Silicon Valley Web Jug
Apr 10
Part of TalkingPuffin deployed on Google App Engine
(blog post)
Mar 24
Version 0.51
Mar 10
Dave Briccetti presents the client at Bay Area Scala
Enthusiasts at Twitter Headquarters
Version 0.4
Version 0.4
Mar 3
Dave Briccetti presents
the client—in very early form—at the
Java Posse Roundup
Two friendly Norwegians join team at the Java Posse Roundup
(blog post)
Feb 22
Version 0.1
(blog post)
Feb 17, 2009
Dave Briccetti starts writing a simple Twitter client in
Scala (blog post)
Features
- Support for new Twitter features
- Find people
- Twitter lists
- Create lists from tagged users
- View a list and follow all or some of its members
- View all lists owned by or containing selected people
- Report spam
- Retweet
- Decoding of latitude/longitude into readable locations (using user profile location and new geographic info from Twitter)
- Filtering and Organizing
- Select text in a tweet to use as a filter
- Tag users with one or more tags
- Sort by age, from or to
- Removal of “noise” and “decorations”
- Mute users, retweets from specific users, and applications (like Foursquare)
- Mute tweets to a user, or between two specific users
- Support for an external “noise tweets” repository
- Bypass FriendFeed, StumbleUpon, HootSuite and Digg frames and intermediate pages (blog post with video)
- Multiple accounts
- Support for Twitter-compatible services like identi.ca
- Multiple views of following or mentions
- Delete all selected tweets, or all tweets by authors of all selected tweets
- Highly-configurable display of tweets
- Undockable views
- Adjustable font size and table row size
- Easy display of large photos of twitterers
- Detailed view of followers and following, and how they overlap
- Following multiple links or users from a tweet with a single operation
- Shrink and expand URLs
- Search for users to twitter to or mention
- Keyboard operation: moving through the tweets, filtering, showing photos, following links and users
- Attach notes to users
- Override user names (some people don’t provide a useful name)
More information
- Source code
- Code reviews
- Discussion group
- Media
- Five minute demonstration of TalkingPuffin Web
- Dave Briccetti shows TalkingPuffin Web, including source code, at Bay Area Scala Enthusiasts.
- TalkingPuffin YouTube playlist
- Some screen shots
- Screencast showing powerful filtering features
- A video introduction showing basic operations
- Video introduction, part two
- A video showing easy display of Robert Scoble’s lists
- An older video introduction
- Video showing how latitude/longitude is replaced with an
address
- Blog
postings about Twitter and this client
- Issue-tracking system
- Old To Do list
License
TalkingPuffin is licensed under the MIT License.


Contact Information
Dr. Nery Sison
Optometric Physician
14700 NE 8TH ST Suite 105
BELLEVUE, WA 98007
We are in the Cascadia Office Park, in the corner of NE 8th and 148th Ave.
Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mon-Thu 8:30am - 5:30pm
Closed for lunch 1:00 - 2:15 pm
As an optometric physician, Dr. Sison is licensed to treat and prescribe medications for ocular emergencies and disease. This includes foreign body removal, red-eye, glaucoma, dry eyes therapies and co-management of cataract surgery.
This subspecialty procedure of reversing myopia (nearsightedness) is achieved nonsurgically through the use of precision-designed rigid lenses. Called Corneal Refractive Therapy, this clinically developed procedure, reshapes the cornea while you sleep. Please visit Paragon CRT for more information.
Statistics show that 175 million working Americans suffer from computer eye strain. Close to 60 million children go online each day, either at home or school. If you or your child spend 2 hours or more at your computer each day - you could be experiencing symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome. We assess the unique needs of computer users to accurately measure and prescribe for this issue - using the Shamir Office lens. The perfect lens for you "Baby Boomers" starting to notice those subtle changes in near distance vision. The best solution with easy adaptability - visit the Shamir website for more in depth information.
Dr, Sison provides pre- and post- operative care for any of the refractive surgeries available, co-managing with the best laser surgeons in the Northwest.


以下の点を確認してください。
jquery.jqGrid.js の pathtojsfiles で、JavaScriptのパスが適切に設定されていること。
workfloweditor.js のグリッド表示設定で、imgpath が適切に設定されていること。
Grid
Text
accept = new,assigned,accepted,reopened -> accepted accept.default = 4 accept.name = 着手する accept.operations = set_owner_to_self accept.permissions = TICKET_MODIFY leave = * -> * leave.default = 5 leave.name = 変更しない leave.operations = leave_status reassign = new,assigned,accepted,reopened -> assigned reassign.default = 3 reassign.name = 担当者変更 reassign.operations = set_owner reassign.permissions = TICKET_MODIFY reopen = closed -> reopened reopen.default = 2 reopen.name = 差し戻し reopen.operations = del_resolution reopen.permissions = TICKET_CREATE resolve = new,assigned,accepted,reopened -> closed resolve.default = 1 resolve.name = 解決する resolve.operations = set_resolution resolve.permissions = TICKET_MODIFY


It's nice to have you here
Why tho
Because I can, my d0000d
it looked fun
and it was fun
How
it is by three.js
i have no idea at the moment
but docs found somewhere in the internet
so what
it does not matter
i like pie
banana with a tie
What's in here
I made the moon texture
I added some craters
and a nice happy face
The donut
it's big, it's orange
it rotates around some axis
and... it's there cause it's cool haha
I hope you noticed the stars
they're nice looking
although they're just white circles
that's the stars that are not the background
???

Ut enim ad minim veniam,
quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit
t in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident,
sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.


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| Project Name | {{ project_name }} |
| Organization | {{ project_organization }} |
| Analysis Date | {{ project_analysis_date }} |
| Generated On | {{ creation_date }} |
| Version | {{ project_version }} |
| Server Version | {{ server_version }} |
| Lines of Code | {{ ncloc }} |
| Lines of Code Per Language | {{ ncloc_language_distribution }} |
| Issue Type | Value |
|---|---|
| Vulnerabilities | {{ vulnerabilities }} |
| Bugs | {{ bugs }} |
| Code Smells | {{ code_smells }} |
| Coverage | {{ coverage }} |
| Duplicated Blocks | {{ duplicated_blocks }} |
| Duplicated Lines (%) | {{ duplicated_lines_density }} |
| Technical Debt | {{ sqale_index }} |
| Name | Value |
|---|---|
| Security Rating | {{ security_rating }} |
| Reliability Rating | {{ reliability_rating }} |
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| Type | Component | Start Line | End Line | Message |
|---|


Blog post entry
A cluster-balloonist who became the first person to fly the English Channel has launched a house into the sky just like in the Disney movie 'Up'. Intrepid Jonathan Trappe, 38, took off just like the 78-year-old character Carl Frederickson in the hit movie. Trappe has invested $170,000 into his Atlantic dream, for which he's been training his whole career, and now he's launching a site so ordinary people can play.
Blog post entry with background
The announcement marks the latest in a long line of sequels for film studio Pixar, which was once renowned for its original stories. Starring the voice talent of Albert Brooks as Marlin, and talk show host Ellen DeGeneres as his goofy, forgetful companion Dory, it made $867.8m (£555m) when it was released in 2003.
Blog post entry with image on the left
Sandra Bruce, equalities strategist at Aberdeen City Council said: "Some of the key areas of debate around Gypsy Travellers are about halting sites, unauthorised encampments and associated environmental issues and the legal status of Gypsy/Travellers. The City Council actively promotes the need to eliminate discrimination and to encourage equality and this exhibition is an example of a pro-active approach to inform.
Blog post entry with image on the right
Arndt won an Oscar for best original screenplay for the 2006 comedy Little Miss Sunshine. His screenplay for Toy Story 3 was nominated for best adapted screenplay in 2010.
Ford's Hollywood star rose with his appearances in the three Star Wars film, which he followed up with his role as archaeologist adventurer Indiana Jones and films including with The Fugitive and his Oscar-nominated turn in Witness. However, there actors Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher in older incarnations of their characters - Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia - from the original Star Wars trilogy. Harrison Ford, who played space smuggler Han Solo, is also reported to be interested in reprising his role.
4 Readers Commented
Join Discussion


---
layout: default
---
Network Analysis Projects
Knowledge Graph and Machine Learning Projects
- [Jun 2019] Precision medicine, an emerging field of medicine, has enabled prospects of customization ofhealthcare, medical decisions and treatments tailored to individual patients.The use of genomic andtranscriptomic biomarkers as well as other multi-omics data has played a major role in precision oncology.Concurrent with the explosion of clinically relevant molecular data, the application of machine learningmethods to multi-omics datasets has become more commonplace. In this paper, Combining Multi-Omics Data to Predict Overall Survival of Breast Cancer Patients , we present a novel methodof combining multi-omics datasets to predict breast cancer patients’ overall survival
- [Jun 2018] Prescribing drugs for off-label uses is a common practice in medicine. Drugs have been repositioned via mining clinical data, applying statistical tools, and leveraging molecular information. Computational analysis of Biomedical Knowledge allows us to discover new uses for existing drugs on the market. In this report, Predicting Disease treatments from Biomedical Knowledge Graph Data , we focus on the problem of predicting whether a given drug can treat a given disease. We examined different mechanisms of creating a metapath-based models to predict drug-disease relations using information encoded in a Biomedical Knowledge Graph.


HOME
PRODUCTS
FAIR
Video
Promotion Movie
EUROBANO
Who We
Are
MORE
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
Popup
Close
Popup content goes here.


Toolbar
<ui5-toolbar>
Basic Toolbar
UI5 webcomponents
UI5 webcomponents
Toolbar and ToolbarSpacer
UI5 webcomponents
Toolbar with toolbar-style="Clear"
UI5 webcomponents
UI5 webcomponents


Extras
Not popup without dropdownToggle directive
Popup with dropdownToggle directive
Simple usage
Works with simple select
Model value:
{{model || "''"}}
Works with ngIf
To work with ngIf, set ng-model to $parent ng-model="$parent.model"
Model value:
{{model || "''"}}
Show/Hide
Works with ngDisable
Model value:
{{model || "''"}}
Enabled/Disabled
Works with optgroup
Model value:
{{model || "''"}}
Works with ngOptions
Model value:
{{model || "''"}}
Colors:
{{colors | json}}
Works with ngRepeat
To work with ngRepeat, set ng-model to $parent ng-model="$parent.model"
Style usage
Works with selectpicker style option
You can set different Bootstrap classes via the selectpicker style option
Works with data-style
You can set different Bootstrap classes via the data-style attribute
Works with option data-content
Works with option data-icon
TODO: interpolate


Facebook
Linked In
Instagram
My name is Haneen Khasawneh, I'm 24 years old and I'm graduated Computer Science from Jordan University of Science and Technology in 14 Feb 2019, my journey in the coding world starts with:
My Top Ten Faverote Food Dish:


The application does not impose anything, but only executes orders.


Many people know it sucks.But there is still people think that
Fortnite is beatiful and has so many fantasies.Because Epic(Common) Games
made it cringy and bad.Before the Battle Royale came the game wasn't that bad.
But now they are just earning money.The Idea is that people install the game
and they say "Omg Its a Free Battle Royale" Then these people play the game
for hours and they will want to buy skins and dances because they think that
makes you pro.This is how Common Games Earn Money.


Slein Shining Blade:
My colleagues have located the
Saintess
that you were looking for! She is currently in a
tent near the Initiation Altar of the Dark Elves
! She will surely have an explanation for all of this...


Client Class
Client for connecting to a Monobrow server.
Constructor
Client
()
Item Index
Methods
Properties
- address
- CHANGE_EVENT static
- CONNECTED static
- CONNECTED static
- DISCONNECTED static
- ERROR static
- previousState
- state
Methods
__handleSocketClose
-
error
Handler functionality for when the socket connection is closed. Fires a state error state change event if the socket was closed due to error. If there was no error then the handler dispatches a disconnected state change event.
Parameters:
-
error
ObjectSocket error object
__handleSocketConnect
()
private
Handler functionality for when the client socket instance connects to the server.
__handleSocketData
-
data
Handler functionality for when the client socket instance recieves data from
the server. This is the single entry point for data and the data recieved is only
handled if structured correctly with a type
and data
attribute on the
incoming data object.
Parameters:
-
data
BufferThe raw data sent from the server
__handleSocketError
-
e
This method is just used for logging purposes. If an error occurs the close method is called immediately after and we'll handle triggering the state change there, not here.
Parameters:
-
e
ObjectSocket error object
__initialize
()
private
Initialization functionality for the client instance. Sets its initial state and creates and adds event listeners to a new socket.
connect
()
Connects the client to the remote socket server.
disconnect
()
Diconnects the client from the remote socket server.
emit
-
type
-
data
Emits a message to the server the client is connected to.
Parameters:
-
type
StringThe type of event being triggered
-
data
ObjectOptional - The data you want to pass as the body of the event
Properties
address
String
The address the client is pointing as
CHANGE_EVENT
String
static
State change event fired on a state change of the client.
CONNECTED
String
static
The client is connected to the remote socket server.
CONNECTED
String
static
The client is connected to the remote socket server.
DISCONNECTED
String
static
The client has diconnected from the remote socket server.
ERROR
String
static
The client has encountered an error connecting to the remote socket server.
previousState
String
Public getter for the previous state of the client.
state
String
Public getter for the current state of the client.


To use the preview function, enter the en > savecache command. The command caches all your notes and resources from Evernote. Once the command is executed, html cache will be automatically updated each time commands run.


Amin Law
Amin Law specializes in:
- Traffic Law
- DUI law
- Personal Injury
Whether you need an iPhone or Android app (or both) our team has got you covered!
All of our programmers have expertise in building full-fledged, awesome web apps that meet all customer expectations.
We are a group of programmers that have known each other our entire lives. We are all family (literally) and for that reason we know how to work well together.
Amin Law specializes in:
Launched in 2012 in San Francisco, NewCo’s festival products encourage participants to “Get out to get in.” Festivals have the focus of a business conference, the feel of a music festival, and the model of an artist open studio. The brainchild six-time media and tech entrepreneur John Battelle, NewCo takes participants out of stodgy ballrooms and directly into the businesses changing the face of the modern working city.
Have a question? Give us a call<PHONE_NUMBER>.


package util
- Alphabetic
- Public
- All
Type Members
-
trait
Loader[M <: Saveable] extends AnyRef
Trait for classes which can load models and transformers from files.
Trait for classes which can load models and transformers from files. This should be inherited by an object paired with the model class.
- Annotations
- @Since( "1.3.0" )
-
trait
Saveable extends AnyRef
Trait for models and transformers which may be saved as files.
Trait for models and transformers which may be saved as files. This should be inherited by the class which implements model instances.
- Annotations
- @Since( "1.3.0" )
Value Members
-
object
DataValidators extends Logging
A collection of methods used to validate data before applying ML algorithms.
A collection of methods used to validate data before applying ML algorithms.
- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )
-
object
KMeansDataGenerator
Generate test data for KMeans.
Generate test data for KMeans. This class first chooses k cluster centers from a d-dimensional Gaussian distribution scaled by factor r and then creates a Gaussian cluster with scale 1 around each center.
- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )
-
object
LinearDataGenerator
Generate sample data used for Linear Data.
Generate sample data used for Linear Data. This class generates uniformly random values for every feature and adds Gaussian noise with mean
eps
to the response variableY
.- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )
-
object
LogisticRegressionDataGenerator
Generate test data for LogisticRegression.
Generate test data for LogisticRegression. This class chooses positive labels with probability
probOne
and scales features for positive examples byeps
.- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )
-
object
MFDataGenerator
Generate RDD(s) containing data for Matrix Factorization.
Generate RDD(s) containing data for Matrix Factorization.
This method samples training entries according to the oversampling factor 'trainSampFact', which is a multiplicative factor of the number of degrees of freedom of the matrix: rank*(m+n-rank).
It optionally samples entries for a testing matrix using 'testSampFact', the percentage of the number of training entries to use for testing.
This method takes the following inputs: sparkMaster (String) The master URL. outputPath (String) Directory to save output. m (Int) Number of rows in data matrix. n (Int) Number of columns in data matrix. rank (Int) Underlying rank of data matrix. trainSampFact (Double) Oversampling factor. noise (Boolean) Whether to add gaussian noise to training data. sigma (Double) Standard deviation of added gaussian noise. test (Boolean) Whether to create testing RDD. testSampFact (Double) Percentage of training data to use as test data.
- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )
-
object
MLUtils extends Logging
Helper methods to load, save and pre-process data used in MLLib.
Helper methods to load, save and pre-process data used in MLLib.
- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )
-
object
SVMDataGenerator
Generate sample data used for SVM.
Generate sample data used for SVM. This class generates uniform random values for the features and adds Gaussian noise with weight 0.1 to generate labels.
- Annotations
- @Since( "0.8.0" )


The syntax for invoking sed has two forms:
sed [-n][-e] `command' file(s)
sed [-n] -f scriptfile file(s)
The first form allows you to specify an editing command on the command line, surrounded by single quotes. The second form allows you to specify a scriptfile, a file containing sed commands. Both forms may be used together, and they may be used multiple times. The resulting editing script is the concatenation of the commands and script files.
The following options are recognized:
Only print lines specified with the p command or the p flag of the s command.
cmd
Next argument is an editing command. Useful if multiple scripts are specified.
file
Next argument is a file containing editing commands.
If the first line of the script is "#n", sed behaves as if -n had been specified.
Frequently used sed scripts are usually invoked from a shell script. Since this is the same for sed or awk, see the section "Shell Wrapper for Invoking awk" in Appendix B, Quick Reference for awk.


Welcome to React Js example app!
skin gorilla
skin mole
skin snake
skin zebra
Here are some links to help you start:
Bradmax Player Documentation
React Js website
Bradmax
You need to enable JavaScript to run this app.


The Next Big Thing Is Here
Kevin Guo is completely water and snowproof. Accidentally drop your Guo into the ocean? Not only will Guo work perfectly fine, it'll also be able to swim back to you.
Standing at 6 feet tall, 4 inches taller than the average competitor, Guo can help you reach tall things.
Designed to charge without annoying power cords, Guo can last 16 hours with just 8 hours of rest. Charge it anywhere without having to deal with long tangle-prone cords and the struggle of finding an available outlet.
Fluent in both English and Mandarin, Guo can serve as a perfect travel tool for your next vacation. Going to a country that doesn't speak either of those languages? Don't worry!
Trained to take masterful selfies (with and without selfie sticks), Guo can help you become the most powerful Instagram user. Guo can even take photos of you. No need to always ask strangers to take photos for you.


Before Change
agent.pre_train(10000)
// If pretraining worked, we should not need much more training
for n in xrange(1000):
action = agent.get_action(state=state)
if action == 0:
state = (1, 0)
reward = 0.0
terminal = False
else:
state = (0, 1)
reward = 1.0
terminal = False
agent.add_observation(state=state, action=action, reward=reward, terminal=terminal)
rewards[n % 100] = reward
if sum(rewards) == 100.0:
print("Passed after steps = {:d}".format(n))
return
print("sum = {:f}".format(sum(rewards)))
// We don"t assert here because there is some randomness in the test and while
// we can find a deterministic setting with a working random seed, that same
// random seed will not work on travis
// assert (sum(rewards) == 100.0)
After Change
def episode_finished(r):
return r.episode < 100 or not all(x >= 1.0 for x in r.episode_rewards[-100:])
runner.run(episodes=10000, episode_finished=episode_finished)
self.assertTrue(runner.episode < 10000)
// We don"t assert here because there is some randomness in the test and while
// we can find a deterministic setting with a working random seed, that same


Using McAfee Embedded Control
By the end of this module, you should be able to:
The Intel Iot Gateway provides a McAfee layer that let you configure McAfee embedded products for the Wind River Linux target platform. McAfee Embedded Control (MEC) provides the following capabilities in Wind River Linux platforms:
code and application protection, which only lets whitelisted programs (binary executables, scripts) run. Any program that does not appear in the whitelist cannot run. This stops malicious programs from installing and functioning on the system.
tamper proofing for whitelisted programs so the files cannot be modified on the disk, directories or volumes
dynamic whitelisting, which eliminates the need to manually maintain the inventory list of authorized applications. This features let you manage and update whitelisted files.
In this lab, you will perform the following tasks:
explore how MEC manages the inventory of executables, configurations, operation modes and logging.
enable McAfee embedded control
observe how the MEC code and application protection features work
verify the MEC write/read protection feature
use MEC update mode
In this section you will explore how McAfee embedded control integrates into Wind River Linux and how MEC manages the inventory of executables, configurations, operating modes and logging.
On the Intel Iot Gateway, open a terminal window and execute the following command to confirm that the MEC RPM is installed:
# rpm -qa | egrep solidcore
solidcores3-6.6.0_145-r0.0.intel_baytrail_64
Execute the the following command to display the help menu:
sadmin help
Execute the following command to review the list of all application control features and their status (enabled or disabled).
sadmin features
Note the following aspect of the MEC features:
The feature script-auth is like deny-exec, but for scripts - only whitelisted scripts file can execute.
The feature deny-write providers tamper-proofing to protect data file ( for example configuration file). Unlike the deny-exec and script-auth features (which rely on a whitelist), the deny-write feature is rules-based. The MEC configuration file (solidcore.conf) records the rules.
The feature deny-read provides tamper-proofing to prevent reading of critical files. The feature deny-read is alos rule based (like deny-write) - The MEC configuration file (solidcore.conf) records the rules. The feature is disabled by default.
The feature integrity protects MEC data and file from modification , renaming or deletion.
As the MEC administrators, execute the following command to check the status of the McAfee embedded control on your target:
sadmin status
Observe that the status is Unsolidified.
The following table describes the fields and their meaning.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| McAfee Solidifier | specifies the operation mode of the application control |
| McAfee Solidifier on reboot | specifies the operation mode of the application control after a system restart |
| ePO Managed | displays the connectivity status of application control with McAfee ePO. In a standalone configuration, this status is No. |
| Local CLI Access | displays the statue (lockdown or recovered) of the local CLI. In standalone configuration, this status is Recovered. |
| fstype | displays the supported file systems for a volume |
| status | displays the current whitelist status for all the supported volumes on a system. If a volume name is specified, only the whitelist status for the volume displays. |
| driver status | displays whether the application control driver is loaded on a volume. If the driver is loaded, the status is attached; otherwise the status is unattached. |
| volume | displays the volume name |
Execute the following command to display the log file:
cat /usr/local/mcafee/solidcore/log/solidcore.log
Execute the following command to display the configuration file:
cat /etc/mcafee/solidcore/solidcore.conf | more
Observe that the file includes the following rules and configurations:
the run-time mode
the run-time mode on next reboot
the license
the features installed
the features enabled
write protect, read protect, and monitoring rules
the installation directory
the log file directory
sadmin features list
In this section you will generate an initial whitelist, enable MEC, and restart the McAfee solidifier service.
Dynamic whitelisting is a core feature of MEC. The whitelist (or inventory) enumerates the set of programs (called authorized or solidified program code) that are allowed to run on the host computer. Any programs not in the whitelist are considered unauthorized - they cannot execute, and MEC logs their failed attempt to execute. Whitelisting does not change the files listed in the inventory.
As the MEC administrator, execute the following command to create the initial whitelist.
sadmin solidify /bin /boot /etc /lib /lib64 /opt /root /sbin /usr /www
This command may take a few minutes to complete.
As the MEC administrator, execute the following command to confirm that MEC created the initial whitelist. The application control component stores a whitelist for each volume at volume/.solidcore/scinv
Execute the following command to check the status of McAfee embedded control.
Observe that the status of the ext3 drive has changed to Solidified.
As the MEC administrator, execute the following command to enable MEC.
sadmin enable
McAfee Solidifier will be enabled on service restart.
As the MEC admin, execute this command to restart the McAfee service
systemctl restart scsrvc
Execute the following command to verify that MEC is enabled.
systemctl status scsrvc
In this section you will create a script and observe how MEC code and application protection works.
MEC only lets whitelisted programs (binaries, executables, or scripts) run - any program not in the whitelist cannot run.
Create the script by typing
# vi /root/test_script.sh
Type "i" to enter insert mode and then type
#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello, World"
Then press "ESC" and type “:wq” This will save and quit the vi editor.
Give the script execute permissions
$ chmod +x /root/test_script.sh
Then try to execute the script.
Note the response Permission denied - MEC did not allow the script to run.
Review the log by typing
cat /usr/local/mcafee/solidcore/log/solidcore.log | tail -n 1
This response indicates that MEC prevented the script from executing.
Check if the script is on the whitelist
sadmin list-solidified | grep /root/test_script.sh
Not out displays - this confirms that test_script.sh is not on the whitelist.
Add test_script.sh to the whitelist
sadmin so /root/test_script.sh
Execute the command again.
/root/test_script.sh
Hello, World
Check the MEC log. The script was allowed to execute.
In this section you will implement write and read protection to the file /root/test_script.sh
MEC not only protects executable files, but also data files (including configuration files). The MEC write/read protection feature provides tamper-proofing for all kinds of files. Unlike the code and application protection feature is rule-based, with the rules recorded in the MEC configuration file).
Execute the following command to set write protection for the file.
sadmin wp -i /root/test_script.sh
As the MEC administrator, execute the following command to review the MEC configuration file and confirm that you added a rule to write-protect /root/test_script.sh
cat /etc/mcafee/solidcore/solidcore.conf | more
Now try to modify the file by executing the following command.
Execute the following command to review the messages in the log file solidcore.log so you can determine the reason for the Permission denied.
Execute the following command to enabled deny-read and then review the status of the MEC features.
The response indicates that the deny-read feature.
Execute the following command to set read protection for the file.
sadmin rp -i /root/test_script.sh
Execute the following command to review the MEC configuration file and confirm that you added read protection for the file /root/test_setup.sh
cat /etc/mcafee/solidcore/solidcore.conf | more
Now attempt to read the file by printing to the console.
Execute the following command to review the messages in the log file solidcore.log so you can determine the reason for the Permission denied error.
In this section you will use MEC update mode to update the file /root/test_script.sh which is write and read protected.
When MEC is in update mode it allows all changes on a protected system. You can use update mode to complete maintenance tasks, such as installing patches or upgrading software and data files.
Type this command to cause MEC to go into update mode.
Notice that McAfee is now in Update mode
Execute the following command to display then update the contents of the file
/root/test_script.sh
Now that you have modified /root/test_script.sh, execute the following command to change the MEC operational mode from update to enable and verify the new status.
Execute the following command to test that update mode is closed and write/read protection is working.
The Permission denied response confirm that you cannot read or change the file and that MEC protection is working.
In this section, you will disable the MEC feature to return your target to the standard configuration.
As the MEC administrator, execute the following command to switch EC to disabled mode to deactivate the features of MEC application control.
sadmin disable
As the MEC administrator, execute the following command to reboot the target.
reboot


My Team
Jane
Manager
ID: 1
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office number: 1
Joe
Engineer
ID: 2
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
joegithub
Jake
Engineer
ID: 3
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
jakegithub
John
Engineer
ID: 4
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
johngithub
Ernesto
Intern
ID: 5
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: UNC


Ocean [aj58], ocean, in The Inner Sea ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routes leaving Ocean: North, to Ocean [ai58], 6 days East, to Ocean [aj59], 6 days South, to Ocean [ak58], 6 days West, to Ocean [aj57], 6 days


Get started
Basic setup example
HTML
The HTML set up is pretty easy. Just create a div that will hold your canvas and a div that will hold your images.
CSS
The CSS is also very easy. Make sure the div that will wrap the canvas fits the document, and apply any size you want to your plane div element.
Javascript
There's a bit more work in the javascript part : we need to instanciate our WebGL context, create a plane with basic uniforms parameters and use it.
Shaders
Here are some basic vertex and fragment shaders. Just put it inside your body tag, right before you include the library.
Et voilà !
About the plane's attributes : aVertexPosition and aTextureCoord
In our basic example above, we've passed the two plane's attributes aVertexPosition and aTextureCoord as vVertexPosition and vTextureCoord varyings to our fragment shader, even tho we did not really use vVertexPosition in the end. But what are those attributes and what do they mean?
aVertexPosition: the plane vertices coordinates
Those are the plane's original vertices positions. Multiplying them by the projection and model view matrices in our vertex shader correctly position our plane in the world space:
The plane's vertices positions are ranging from -1 to 1 on both X and Y axis (Z value is equal to 0 by default), [-1, -1] being the bottom left corner while [1, 1] is the top right corner, whatever its size, position and scale.
Here is an example where we animate the plane vertices Z position using a sinusoidal function, based on its coordinates along the X axis and a time uniform:
aTextureCoord: the plane texture coordinates
Those are defining the plane's texture coordinates. They are ranging from 0 to 1 on both X and Y axis, [0, 0] being the bottom left corner while [1, 1] is the top right corner.
Texture coordinates could be helpful to draw geometric shapes, gradients and such.
Here is an example where the RGB values of our displayed color is based on the Y component of our texture coordinates:
Using texture matrices to pass texture coordinates as a varying
Another thing you need to understand is that when you multiply your texture coordinates with a texture matrix, they won't necessarily be ranging from 0 to 1 on both axis any more, since they will actually be scaled to correctly map your texture:
If you want to correctly map you texture and also get accurate texture coordinates at the same time (ie to draw geometric shapes for example), consider passing 2 varyings:
What about gl_FragCoord then?
In some examples online, such as the one in the Book of Shaders, you'll see the texture coordinates (also called UV, or ST due to some naming conflict) being calculated using the gl_FragCoord fragment shader global variable and the resolution uniform:
Here, gl_FragCoord.xy is the pixel coordinate along X and Y axis along the canvas.
If your plane has the same size and position as your rendering canvas, you might use this method to compute your coordinates. But if it doesn't, you'll have to take into account the plane's offset, leading to unnecessary calculations.
You should therefore always use the built-in aTextureCoord attributes.
Textures uniforms matrices and sampler names
Let's say you want to build a slideshow with 3 images and a displacement image to create a nice transition effect.
By default, the textures uniforms matrices and sampler will be named upon their indexes inside your plane element. If you got something like that :
Then, in your shaders, your textures matrices and samplers would have to be declared that way :
It is handy but you could also get easily confused.
By using a data-sampler attribute on the <img /> tag, you could specify custom uniforms matrices and samplers names to use in your shaders. With the example above, this would become :
Handling scroll event
By default since version 4.0 your planes positions are now updated while you scroll the page. You can define each plane ability to update its position according to the scroll by setting its own watchScroll property.
This means that the library automatically listens to the scroll event. But you might not want to listen to that event at all and handle this by yourself:
Doing it your own way
If you don't want the library to listen to the scroll under the hood, just set the watchScroll parameter to false when initializing your Curtains object. You will then have to listen to the scroll by yourself and update your curtains object scroll values manually.
This could be pretty handy if you're using a virtual scroll library for example like here: Multiple planes scroll effect with Locomotive scroll.
Note that this is how the library handles the scroll internally by default.
This is the most performant way to keep your whole scene in sync with the scroll as it requires only one layout repaint call.
Using videos as textures
Yes, videos as textures are supported ! However there are a few downsides you need to know.
First, you might encounter some trouble trying to autoplay videos without a user gesture on most mobile devices. Unless you don't care about mobile users, you will have to start the videos playback after a user interaction like a click event.
Also, please note that videos tend to use a lot of memory and could have a significant impact on performance, so try to keep them small.
Besides that, videos are really easy to use (and can be mixed with images as well). Let's see how we can handle them :
HTML
Like with images, you can use a data-sampler attribute to set a uniform sampler name. You can use one or more videos, or mixed them with images if you want :
Javascript
There's only one change inside our javascript : we need to tell our plane when to start playing the videos. We've got a playVideos method that we will put inside an event listener in our onReady method :
And that's it. Check the video examples (and source codes) if you want to see what's possible.
Using canvas as texture
Last but not least, you can use a canvas as a texture. It is once again really easy to use.
HTML
You can use multiple canvases and data-sampler attributes as well, like you'd do with images or videos.
Javascript
The javascript code remains almost the same. We just set the size of our canvas, get its context and draw a simple rotating red rectangle inside our animation loop.
Adding post-processing
You can add post-processing to your scene by using a ShaderPass object. It uses FBO (short for Frame Buffer Objects) under the hood and allows some really cool effects.
Post-processing shaders are a bit different than plane shaders. They do not have any projection or model view matrix and they also silently create a render texture that will hold our scene (called uRenderTexture in our fragment shader).
Here are some very basic vertex and fragment shaders example, that will use the same effect as our basic plane example seen above.
Post processing vertex shader
Post processing fragment shader
You can also load images, videos or canvases into your shader pass, as you'd do with a regular plane.
Finally, if you want to apply your shader pass to just a set of planes instead of your whole scene, you'll have to pass a RenderTarget element as a parameter. See Assigning a RenderTarget to a ShaderPass.
Performance tips
- If you experience a small sync latency between planes and DOM elements on mobile while scrolling, here's a GitHub discussion explaining how to solve it.
- Try to use only one global request animation frame loop and one scroll event listener in your application. You could either hook to the library onRender() and onScroll() events or handle this by yourself by not instancing them in the first place thanks to the init params.
- Disable and reenable the scene drawing each time you can. This can save a lot of performance and battery usage when your WebGL scene is idling.
- You can try to use a rendering scale lower than 1 to improve performance (see the Curtains class init parameters). This will however decrease the rendering quality.
- Always add a crossorigin attribute to your images and videos HTML elements. It will prevent them from being loaded a second time when it is uploaded to the GPU.
- Plane's canvases textures are updated at each frame (videos are updated each time a new frame is available), which has a significant impact on performance. When those textures are not visible (if they are hidden by another texture, or if you have finished drawing on your canvas...), you should set those textures shouldUpdate property to false, and switch it back to true before displaying them again.
  It goes the same for videos of course: try to keep them as light as possible.
-
Render targets (and therefore shader passes) disable the WebGL context default antialiasing. If you use them, you should set the antialias Curtains property to false when initiating your context.
You might then want to add an extra antialiasing pass, like a FXAAPass. See the Post processing scrolling wheel with custom transform origin for an example of how to add one. - Shader passes could be expensive, use them with caution.
- Try to use as less javascript as possible in the onRender() methods as this get executed at each draw call.
Useful examples
Those examples might seem a little rough: they don't use any tweening or animation engine to keep the code centered around the library usage itself. You should definitely consider using easings in your own animations.
Do not hesitate to check their source code as they are all fully commented:
Images
Vertex coordinates helper
Plane properties and transformations cheat sheet
Simple plane
Slideshow with a displacement shader
Multiple planes
Multiple planes scroll effect : rotation, scale and parallax
Asynchronous textures loading
AJAX navigation with plane removal
Videos
Simple video plane
Multiple video textures with a displacement shader
Canvas
Simple canvas plane
Text planes using canvas
Post processing
Post processing displacement effect
Post processing multiple passes
Post processing scrolling wheel with custom transform origin
Advanced render targets usage
Ping pong shading / FBOs swapping flowmap example
Selective shader passes using render targets
GSAP click to fullscreen gallery
Custom scroll
Additional ressources
- Github
- CSS Tricks tutorial
- Codrops WebGL Video Transitions with Curtains.js
- Creating WebGL Effects with CurtainsJS on CSS Tricks
- WebGL drag slider complete step-by-step tutorial on CodePen: part 1: creating the slider, part 2: adding the WebGL, part 3: improving performance
- CodePen curtains.js collection


This is a demo app showcasing xng-breadcrumb library usage in Angular applications. Navigate through App to see the breadcrumb mapped to a certain URL pattern.
Every route has a mapping code block that shows how breadcrumb is configured. All types of use-cases are covered.


--- layout: post date: 2011-06-22 time: "09:00:00" authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: Michael Nielsen Talks About Open Science in San Francisco on June 29 tags: ["Noticed"] ---
As per his blog post, the inimitable [1] Michael Nielsen will be talking about "Why the net doesn't work for science—and how to fix it" next Wednesday in San Francisco. It's sure to be both informative and enjoyable—hope you can make it.
[1] Well, you try to imitate an Australian quantum physicist turned open science advocate...


fun Builder.addJacksonConverter(objectMapper: ObjectMapper = mapper): Builder
Add jackson converter factory.


Eastern equine encephalitis virus poses emergent threat
| Source: | NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |
| Summary: | 2019 has been a particularly deadly year in the U.S. for eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a mosquito-borne illness. As of November 12, 36 confirmed cases of EEE had been reported by eight states; 13 of these cases were fatal. |
Although eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), a mosquito-borne illness, has existed for centuries, 2019 has been a particularly deadly year for the disease in the United States. As of November 12, 36 confirmed cases of EEE had been reported by eight states; 13 of these cases were fatal. In a new commentary in The New England Journal of Medicine, officials from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, describe the eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) that causes EEE, current research efforts to address EEE, and the need for a national strategy to address the growing threat of EEEV and other emerging and re-emerging viruses spread by mosquitoes and ticks (known as arboviruses).
There were 12 documented U.S.-based EEE epidemics between 1831 and 1959. The virus is spread between Culiseta melanura mosquitoes and various tree-perching birds found in forested wetlands. Occasionally, other mosquito species transmit the virus to people and other mammals. In people, EEEV takes roughly 3 to 10 days to cause symptoms. The virus initially causes fever, malaise, intense headache, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting; specific diagnostic testing may not reveal anything as EEEV is difficult to isolate from clinical samples, and testing for EEEV antibodies may be negative. Neurologic signs of EEE, which may appear within 5 days of infection, initially are nonspecific but rapidly progress. Most people (96%) infected with EEEV do not develop symptoms; however, of those who do, one-third or more die, and the others frequently suffer permanent and severe neurologic damage.
Although point-of-care diagnostics for EEE and many other mosquito-borne causes of encephalitis are not available, currently they would be of limited value in the absence of effective treatment, the authors write. So far, no antiviral drug has proven safe and effective against EEE, but many compounds are being assessed. Monoclonal antibodies have been found effective in an experimental animal model but only when given prior to infection. Patients with EEE are currently treated with supportive care, which often includes intensive care in a hospital and ventilator assistance. Patients with EEE are not infectious, and social support and counseling for both the patient and the family are vitally important given the seriousness of the disease, the authors write.
Several EEE vaccine candidates are in development but may have trouble reaching advanced development and licensure, according to the authors. EEE outbreaks are rare, brief and focal, and occur sporadically in unpredictable locations, making it difficult to identify an appropriate target population for vaccination. Efforts to develop mosquito-saliva vaccines that would be effective against multiple mosquito diseases, including EEE, are in early stages.
In the absence of effective EEE vaccines and treatments, state and local health departments can provide an early warning of imminent human infections by surveilling horses, birds and mosquitoes, but these efforts are threatened by insufficient funding, according to the authors. In recent years, the Americas have seen a growing number of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses, such as dengue, West Nile, chikungunya, Zika and Powassan. Although outbreaks of EEE disease thus far have been infrequent and focal, the spike in cases in 2019 and the looming presence of other, potentially deadly arboviruses in the United States and globally demand a national defense strategy for arboviruses and other vector-borne diseases, the authors write. Although the best way to address these viruses is not entirely clear, to "ignore them completely and do nothing would be irresponsible," say the authors.
make a difference: sponsored opportunity
Story Source:
Materials provided by NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers, Anthony S. Fauci. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus — Another Emergent Arbovirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 2019; 381 (21): 1989 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1914328
Cite This Page:
| MLA | NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. "Eastern equine encephalitis virus poses emergent threat." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 November 2019. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191121095010.htm>. |
| APA | NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2019, November 21). Eastern equine encephalitis virus poses emergent threat. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 21, 2019 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191121095010.htm |
| Chicago | NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. "Eastern equine encephalitis virus poses emergent threat." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191121095010.htm (accessed November 21, 2019). |


Rick! I need
of your
Listen to your sister, Morty. To live is to risk it all, otherwise you’re just an inert chunk of randomly assembled molecules drifting wherever the universe blows you.
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