Toast loader has been introduced in the latest version. Check the demo below to see it in action
$.toast('Here you can put the text of the toast')
Loader is enabled by default. In order to disable it or change the color, use the `loader` and `loaderBg` options. Have a look at the demo below
$.toast({
heading: 'Information',
text: 'Loaders are enabled by default. Use `loader`, `loaderBg` to change the default behavior',
icon: 'info',
loader: true, // Change it to false to disable loader
loaderBg: '#9EC600' // To change the background
})
To generate a most simple toast, all you have to do is
$.toast('Here you can put the text of the toast')
There are different kinds of toast types:
$.toast({
heading: 'Information',
text: 'Now you can add icons to generate different kinds of toasts',
showHideTransition: 'slide',
icon: 'info'
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Error',
text: 'Report any issues',
showHideTransition: 'fade',
icon: 'error'
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Warning',
text: 'It is going to be supper easy for you to use ;)',
showHideTransition: 'plain',
icon: 'warning'
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Success',
text: 'And these were just the basic demos! Scroll down to check further details on how to customize the output.',
showHideTransition: 'slide',
icon: 'success'
})
Of course that is not all what you can do using this plugin, there are a lot of other options. Let's start explaining each, one by one
You should note that, whenever you are going to use options, you have to pass an options object and specify the text as follows:
$.toast({
text: 'This will become the toast message'
})
The text can be an array:
$.toast({
heading: 'How to contribute?!',
text: [
'Fork the repository',
'Improve/extend the functionality',
'Create a pull request'
],
icon: 'info'
})
Or put some HTML in the text
$.toast({
heading: 'Can I add icons?',
text: 'Yes! check this update.',
hideAfter: false,
icon: 'success'
})
You can use the heading to set the heading property to set the heading of the toast message
$.toast({
heading: 'Headings',
text: 'You can use the `heading` property to specify the heading of the toast message.',
})
There will be times, when you will want to have sticky toasts. To make them sticky, all you have to do is set the hideAfter to false. Here is a sticky toast
$.toast({
text: 'Set the `hideAfter` property to false and the toast will become sticky.',
hideAfter: false
})
* hideAfter property is basically used to set the timer after which the toast will get hidden. But you can set it to false in order to achieve the sticky toasts.
You can use the property from the above option i.e. hideAfter to change the timer after which toast gets hidden. You have to specify the timer in milliseconds
$.toast({
text: 'Set the `hideAfter` property to milliseconds and the toast will hide after the specified milli seconds.',
hideAfter: 5000 // in milli seconds
})
You can use showHideTransition property to set the animation. Following are the available options:
$.toast({
text: 'Set the `showHideTransition` property to fade|plain|slide to achieve different transitions',
heading: 'Slide transition',
showHideTransition: 'slide'
})
$.toast({
text: 'Set the `showHideTransition` property to fade|plain|slide to achieve different transitions',
heading: 'Fade transition',
showHideTransition: 'fade'
})
$.toast({
text: 'Set the `showHideTransition` property to fade|plain|slide to achieve different transitions',
heading: 'Plain transition',
showHideTransition: 'plain'
})
You can use allowToastClose to allow the user to close the toast or not. The only thing that this option does is make that little cross button show or hide itself
$.toast({
heading: 'Closeable Toast',
text: 'Set the `allowToastClose` property to true|false to make the toast closeable or not',
allowToastClose: true
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Non closeable Toast',
text: 'Set the `allowToastClose` property to true|false to make the toast closeable or not',
allowToastClose: false
})
stack property can be used to specify how many maximum toasts you want to show at any point of time. By default this property is set to 5
$.toast({
heading: 'Stack',
text: 'If set to a number, it will show that number of toasts at max at a time',
stack: 4
})
$.toast({
heading: 'No stacking',
text: 'If set to false, there will be only one toast at once.',
stack: false
})
Note Hit the run button multiple times to test these demos.
position property can be used to specify the position. There are following predefined positions which you can use:
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Specify the custom position object or use one of the predefined ones',
position: 'bottom-left',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Specify the custom position object or use one of the predefined ones',
position: 'bottom-right',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Use the predefined ones, or specify a custom object',
position: 'bottom-center',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Use the predefined ones, or specify a custom object',
position: 'top-left',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Use the predefined ones, or specify a custom position object.',
position: 'top-right',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Use the predefined ones, or specify a custom position object.',
position: 'top-center',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Use the predefined ones, or specify a custom position object.',
position: 'mid-center',
stack: false
})
$.toast().reset('all');$.toast({
heading: 'Positioning',
text: 'Use the predefined ones, or specify a custom position object.',
position: {
left: 120,
top: 120
},
stack: false
})
Note It should be noted that, once you change the position of toast by using the `position` property, you'll have to reset the position for the next toasts, if you want them to appear at their default position i.e. the bottom left corner. Or else, each new toast generated will be appearing at the last position i.e. where you displayed the last positioned toast. You can reset the toast position by.
$.toast().reset('all');
icon property can be used to specify the predefined types of toasts. Following are the predefined types:
$.toast({
heading: 'Warning',
text: 'Now you can seemlessly generate warnings using the icon property in the options',
icon: 'warning'
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Success',
text: 'Here is some kind of success message with a success icon that you can notice at the left side.',
icon: 'success'
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Error',
text: 'An unexpected error occured while trying to show you the toast! ..Just kidding, it is just a message, toast is right in front of you.',
icon: 'error'
})
$.toast({
heading: 'Information',
text: 'Now you can add icons to the toasts as well.',
icon: 'info'
})
bgColor property is used to specify the background color of the toast message. Default is '#444'
textColor property is used to specify the text color of the toast message. Default is '#eee'
$.toast({
heading: 'Colors',
text: 'Colors are specified using `bgColor` and `textColor` properties.',
bgColor: '#FF1356',
textColor: 'white'
})
textAlign property is used to set the alignment of text inside the toast. Permitted values are:
$.toast({
text: 'Processing! Please wait..',
textAlign: 'center'
})
Toast exposes the following events for you to bind to whatever you want
$.toast({
text: 'Triggers the events',
beforeShow: function () {
alert('The toast is about to appear');
},
afterShown: function () {
alert('Toast has appeared.');
},
beforeHide: function () {
alert('Toast is about to hide.');
},
afterHidden: function () {
alert('Toast has been hidden.');
}
})
If you have a reference to a toast and want to update that, you can do so by calling the update method on the instance.
var myToast = $.toast({
heading: 'Information',
text: 'Here is some information that will be later on turned to an error',
icon: 'info',
hideAfter: false
});
// Update the toast after three seconds.
window.setTimeout(function(){
myToast.update({
heading: 'Error',
text: 'Here is an information that changed to error',
icon: 'error',
hideAfter: false
});
}, 3000)
If you have the reference to a specific toast, you can reset that by doing the following
var myToast = $.toast('Some toast that needs to be removed.');
myToast.reset(); // remove the toast "Some toast that needs to be removed"
If you do not have the reference to a specific toast and want to reset every toast, do the following:
$.toast().reset('all');


--- layout: post title: Testing Testing.... date: 2013-09-30 09:12:00.000000000 -04:00 categories: - Family Life - Seasons - The Garden tags: - Dandenong Ranges - Spring status: draft type: post published: false meta: aktt_notify_twitter: 'no' _edit_last: '1' author: login: cint email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Jacinta first_name: Jacinta last_name: '' ---
Hello! Just popping in to say I'm still here, I can't believe I have been away from this space for so long, I've miss it and I've missed you all. I'd like to have house news to share with you, but alas, we are still on the market. We seem to be getting plenty of interest now spring is here, so we are hoping that means a house sale is not far away. It certainly is a gorgeous time of year in the hills, with beautiful blossoms bursting into life everyday. Our garden is at its best now, with the rhododendrons out it flower and new spring growth everywhere, not to mention the daily visits from all the birds that we are lucky enough to have living here. I've been picking the flowers and bringing a little bit of spring indoors. Thankfully spring makes these testing times a little more bearable. I hope life is being good to you and I am looking forward to reconnecting with the 'blogging world'.
[caption id="attachment_2221" align="aligncenter" width="450"] Rhododendron[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_2223" align="aligncenter" width="600"] One of our resident kookaburras[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_2224" align="aligncenter" width="600"] Female King parrot[/caption]
Jacinta x


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Hello world, i am Kayvaun KhoshKhou.


Simplify the following expression:
START_INT\sqrt{RADICAL_TOTAL}
.
First, try to factor a perfect square out of the radical.
= START_INT\sqrt{RADICAL_TOTAL}
= START_INT\sqrt{pow( RADICAL_INT , 2 ) \cdot RADICAL_PRIME}
Separate the radical and simplify.
= START_INT\sqrt{pow( RADICAL_INT , 2 )} \cdot \sqrt{RADICAL_PRIME}
= START_INT \cdot RADICAL_INT \cdot \sqrt{RADICAL_PRIME}
= START_INT * RADICAL_INT\sqrt{RADICAL_PRIME}
Simplify the following expression:
START_INT\sqrt{RADICAL_TOTAL}
.
There are no perfect-square factors of RADICAL_TOTAL.
Thus, the expression is already in its most simplified form.
= START_INT\sqrt{RADICAL_TOTAL}


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INDEX
SPRINT 1
MY REFLECTIONS
TIME AND HABITS
SPRINT 2
T2 Part 1
T2 Part 2
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
SPRINT 3
DESIGN TO WEB
MEDITATION PROCESS
SPRINT 4
INTRO TO JAVA
DAILY MINDFULNESS
SPRINT 5
SELF CONFIDENCE
T5 PROBLEM SOLVING
SPRINT 6
CONTROL
T6 JS LANGUAGE
SPRINT 7
MOTIVATION
SPRINT 8
CONNECTING
SPRINT 9
LEADERSHIP


Jane McDonald responds to being Adele Roberts' luxury item on I'm A Celebrity
The item has divided many viewers
by Rebecca CarterJane McDonald has revealed she was "absolutely thrilled" to be the inspiration behind Adele Roberts' luxury item on I'm A Celebrity.
On last night's show, Kate Garraway, Nadine Coyle, Roman Kemp, Myles Stephenson and Adele competed in a late night challenge to try and win all the stars' luxury items.
However, they only managed to retrieve two of the boxes - Adele's picture of former Loose Women star Jane and Kate's concealer.
Read more: I’m A Celebrity viewers divided over Adele Roberts' luxury item
After it was revealed Adele had chosen to bring a picture of Jane into the camp, the actress responded on Twitter.
Jane wrote: "Absolutely thrilled to see my picture in the jungle. @AdeleRoberts I flipping love you. Best of luck #I'mACeleb."
Jane also appeared on This Morning via a phone call and admitted she was "gobsmacked" by Adele's photo.
She said: "I was absolutely gobsmacked. My phone just started going 'ding ding ding'. I just sat on the edge of the bed in my underwear and watched it on plus one.
"I just thought, 'oh my goodness me.' I could not believe it."
When asked if she's Adele before, Jane said: "No I've never met her but I want to now."
Host Phillip Schofield asked Jane whether she would go into the jungle and she replied: "Oh no I don't think so, it's not for me that love. I'd need a hairdryer and me without makeup... not attractive."
Last night, Adele explained why she wanted to bring in a photo of Jane to camp.
She said in the Bush Telegraph: "I can't believe Roman Kemp doesn't know who Jane McDonald is. I am flabbergasted.
"She is a national treasure and she's the queen of Wakefield."
The photo was then tied to one of the trees in camp.
The picture caused a stir on Twitter, with some viewers branding Adele's luxury item "ridiculous".

Another wrote: "So Kate and Adele get their luxury items which was concealer and a photo of Jane McDonald and all the others didn’t and they were more important gifts? How useless."
A third added: "Nah Adele needs to get out of the jungle for that nonsense. While others had sentimental items she got her one which was a picture of a Loose Woman ffs."
Others defended Adele.
 She’s having a laugh to cheer the others up lmao yikes when did the UK get so boring."
Another tweeted: "Well, I thought Adele's luxury item was funny."
One laughed: "Am I the only one that finds it funny Adele got a picture of Jane McDonald? I’m creased by it."
Read more: I'm A Celebrity viewers in awe of Caitlyn Jenner as campmates take first jungle showers
I'm A Celebrity continues tonight on ITV at 9pm.
What did you think of Adele's luxury item? Leave us a comment on our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know.


Using Python as a Calculator
Let’s try some simple Python commands. Start the interpreter and wait for the primary prompt, >>>. (It shouldn’t take long.)
Numbers
The interpreter acts as a simple calculator: you can type an expression at it and it will write the value. Expression syntax is straightforward: the operators +, -, * and / work just like in most other languages (for example, Pascal or C); parentheses (()) can be used for grouping. For example:
>>> 2 + 2
4
>>> 50 - 5*6
20
>>> (50 - 5*6) / 4
5.0
>>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating point number
1.6
Strings
Besides numbers, Python can also manipulate strings, which can be expressed in several ways. They can be enclosed in single quotes ('...') or double quotes ("...") with the same result [2]. \ can be used to escape quotes:
>>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes
'spam eggs'
>>> 'doesn\'t' # use \' to escape the single quote...
"doesn't"
>>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead
"doesn't"
>>> '"Yes," he said.'
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> "\"Yes,\" he said."
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
'"Isn\'t," she said.'
Lists
Python knows a number of compound data types, used to group together other values. The most versatile is the list, which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the items all have the same type.
>>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
First Steps Towards Programming
Of course, we can use Python for more complicated tasks than adding two and two together. For instance, we can write an initial sub-sequence of the Fibonacci series as follows:
>>> # Fibonacci series:
... # the sum of two elements defines the next
... a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 10:
... print(b)
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1
1
2
3
5
8
The first line contains a multiple assignment: the variables a and b simultaneously get the new values 0 and 1. On the last line this is used again, demonstrating that the expressions on the right-hand side are all evaluated first before any of the assignments take place. The right-hand side expressions are evaluated from the left to the right
The while loop executes as long as the condition (here: b < 10) remains true. In Python, like in C, any non-zero integer value is true; zero is false. The condition may also be a string or list value, in fact any sequence; anything with a non-zero length is true, empty sequences are false. The test used in the example is a simple comparison. The standard comparison operators are written the same as in C: < (less than), > (greater than), == (equal to), <= (less than or equal to), >= (greater than or equal to) and != (not equal to).
The body of the loop is indented: indentation is Python’s way of grouping statements. At the interactive prompt, you have to type a tab or space(s) for each indented line. In practice you will prepare more complicated input for Python with a text editor; all decent text editors have an auto-indent facility. When a compound statement is entered interactively, it must be followed by a blank line to indicate completion (since the parser cannot guess when you have typed the last line). Note that each line within a basic block must be indented by the same amount.
The print() function writes the value of the argument(s) it is given. It differs from just writing the expression you want to write (as we did earlier in the calculator examples) in the way it handles multiple arguments, floating point quantities, and strings. Strings are printed without quotes, and a space is inserted between items, so you can format things nicely, like this:
>>> i = 256*256
>>> print('The value of i is', i)
The value of i is 65536
The keyword argument end can be used to avoid the newline after the output, or end the output with a different string:
>>> a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 1000:
... print(b, end=',')
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,
Text Sequence Type — str
Strings are examples of sequence types, and support the common operations supported by such types.


This game consists of one main board containing a statement and 4 possible options to match the original statement. The game begins when a player selects a category and a price cell (button) on the screen. player is presented at that point with a statement and 4 possible matches in the form of a question. when player selects one of the possible matches, the game display a message stating the selection was correct or incorrect. if the selection was correct then the price is then added to an accummulator. otherwise it will be deducted from the total. The game ends when all the buttons have been selected.
The main purpose of this application is to offer a channel to visit and explore different cities and/or metropolitan areas around the world and be able to post comments about different activities and experiences related to each city. This could become an effective and practical planning tool for potential visitors to these cities.


As you can see from the preceding descriptions the instruction set of the 6502 is quite basic, having only simple 8 bit operations. Complex operations such as 16 or 32 bit arithmetic and memory transfers have to be performed by executing a sequence of simpler operations. This sections describes how to build these algorithms and is based on code taken from my macro library (available from the download section).
If you find any bugs in the code, have routines to donate to the library, or can suggest improvements then please mail me.
The 6502 processor expects addresses to be stored in 'little endian' order, with the least significant byte first and the most significant byte second. If the value stored was just a number (e.g. game score, etc.) then we could write code to store and manipulate it in 'big endian' order if we wished, however the algorithms presented here always use 'little endian' order so that they may be applied either to simple numeric values or addresses without modification.
The terms 'big endian' and 'little endian' come from Gulliver's Travels. The people of Lilliput and Blefuscu have been fighting a war over which end of an boiled egg one should crack to eat it. In computer terms it refers to whether the most or least significant portion of a binary number is stored in the lower memory address.
To be safe the algorithms usually start by setting processor flags and registers to safe initial values. If you need to squeeze a few extra bytes or cycles out of the routine you might be able to remove some of these initializations depending on the preceding instructions.
Probably the most fundamental memory operation is clearing an area of memory to an initial value, such as zero. As the 6502 cannot directly move values to memory clearing even a small region of memory requires the use of a register. Any of A, X or Y could be used to hold the initial value, but in practice A is normally used because it can be quickly saved and restored (with PHA and PLA) leaving X and Y free for application use.
; Clearing 16 bits of memory _CLR16 LDA #0 ;Load constant zero into A STA MEM+0 ;Then clear the least significant byte STA MEM+1 ;... followed by the most significant ; Clearing 32 bits of memory _CLR32 LDA #0 ;Load constant zero into A STA MEM+0 ;Clear from the least significant byte STA MEM+1 ;... up STA MEM+2 ;... to STA MEM+3 ;... the most significant
Moving a small quantity of data requires a register to act as a temporary container during the transfer. Again any of A, X, or Y may be used, but as before using A as the temporary register is often the most practical.
; Moving 16 bits of memory _XFR16 LDA SRC+0 ;Move the least significant byte STA DST+0 LDA SRC+1 ;Then the most significant STA DST+1 ; Moving 32 bits of memory _XFR32 LDA SRC+0 ;Move from least significant byte STA DST+0 LDA SRC+1 ;... up STA DST+1 LDA SRC+2 ;... to STA DST+2 LDA SRC+3 ;... the most significant STA DST+3
Provided the source and destination areas do not overlap then the order in which the bytes are moved is irrelevant, but it usually pays to be consistent in your approach to make mistakes easier to spot.
All of the preceding examples can be extended to apply to larger memory areas but will generate increasingly larger code as the number of bytes involved grows. Algorithms that iterate using a counter and use index addressing to access memory will result in smaller code but will be slightly slower to execute.
This trade off between speed and size is a common issue in assembly language programming and there are times when one approach is clearly better than the other (e.g. when trying to squeeze code into a fixed size ROM - SIZE, or manipulate data during a video blanking period - SPEED).
; Clear 32 bits of memory iteratively _CLR32C LDX #3 LDA #0 _LOOP STA MEM,X DEX BPL _LOOP ; Move 32 bits of memory iteratively _XFR32C LDX #3 _LOOP LDA SRC,X STA DST,X DEX BPL _LOOP
Another basic operation is setting a 16 bit word to an initial constant value. The easiest way to do this is to load the low and high portions into A one at a time and store them.
; Setting a 16 bit constant _SET16I LDA #LO NUM ;Set the least significant byte of the constant STA MEM+0 LDA #HI NUM ;... then the most significant byte STA MEM+1
The simplest forms of operation on binary values are the logical AND, logical OR and exclusive OR illustrated by the following truth tables.
| Logical AND (AND) | Logical OR (ORA) | Exclusive OR (EOR) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
These results can be summarized in English as:
The tables show result of applying these operations on two one-bit values but as the 6502 comprises of eight bit registers and memory each instruction will operate on two eight bit values simultaneously as shown below.
| Logical AND (AND) | Logical OR (ORA) | Exclusive OR (EOR) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Value 1 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Value 2 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result |
|
|
|
It is important to understand the properties and practical applications of each of these operations as they are extensively used in other algorithms.
In the 6502 these operations are implemented by the AND, ORA and EOR instructions. One of the values to be operated on will be the current contents of the accumulator, the other is in memory either as an immediate value or at a specified location. The result of the operation is placed in the accumulator and the zero and negative flags are set accordingly.
; Example logical operations AND #$0F ;Filter out all but the least 4 bits ORA BITS,X ;Insert some bits from a table EOR (DATA),Y ;EOR against some data
A very common use of the EOR instruction is to calculate the 'complement' (or logical NOT) of a value. This involves inverting every bit in the value and is most easily calculated by exclusively ORing against an all ones value.
; Calculate the complement EOR #$FF
The macro library contains reference code for 16 and 32 bit AND, ORA, EOR and NOT operations although there is very little use for them outside of interpreters.
The shift and rotate instructions allow the bits within either the accumulator or a memory location to be moved by one place either up (left) or down (right). When the bits are moved a new value will be needed to fill the vacant position created at one end of the value, and similarly the bit displaced at the opposite end will need to be caught and stored.
Both shifts and rotates catch the displaced bit in the carry flag but they differ in how they fill the vacant position; shifts will always fill the vacant bit with a zero whilst a rotate will fill it with the value of the carry flag as it was at the start of the instruction.
For example the following diagram shows the result of applying an 'Arithmetic Shift Left' (ASL) to the value $4D to give $9A.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ Initial: | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 0 / / / / / / / / / / | | | | | | | | / v v v v v v v v +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ Result: C=0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Whist the following shows the result of applying a 'Rotate Left' (ROL) to the same value, but assuming that the carry contained the value one.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ Initial: | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | C=1 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ | | | | | | | | / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / | | | | | | | | / v v v v v v v v +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+ Result: C=0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Shifting the bits within a value (and introducing a zero as the least significant bit) has the effect of multiplying its value by two. In order to apply this multiplication to a value larger than a single byte we use ASL to shift the first byte and then ROL all the subsequent bytes as necessary using the carry flag to temporarily hold the displaced bits as they are moved from one byte to the next.
; Shift a 16bit value by one place left (e.g. multiply by two) _ASL16 ASL MEM+0 ;Shift the LSB ROL MEM+1 ;Rotate the MSB
The behavior of the right shift as rotates follows the same pattern.  Again if we are applying the division to a multi-byte value we will typically use LSR on the first byte (the MSB this time) and ROR on all subsequent bytes.
; Shift a 16 bit value by one place right (e.g. divide by two) _LSR16 LSR MEM+1 ;Shift the MSB ROR MEM+0 ;Rotate the LSB
There are a number of applications for shifts and rotates, not least the coding of generic multiply and divide algorithms which are discussed later.
As was pointed out earlier right shifting a value two divide it by two only works on unsigned values. This is because the LSR is will always place a zero in the most significant bit of the MSB. To make this algorithm work for all two complement coded values we need to ensure that value of this bit is copied back into itself to keep the value the same sign. We can use another shift to achieve this.
; Divide a signed 16 bit value by two _DIV2 LDA MEM+1 ;Load the MSB ASL A ;Copy the sign bit into C ROR MEM+1 ;And back into the MSB ROR MEM+0 ;Rotate the LSB as normal
The 6502 processor provides 8 bit addition and subtraction instructions and a carry/borrow flag that is used to propagate the carry bit between operations.
To implement a 16 bit addition the programmer must code two pairs of additions; one for the least significant bytes and one for the most significant bytes. The carry flag must be cleared before the first addition to ensure that an additional increment isn't performed.
; 16 bit Binary Addition CLC ;Ensure carry is clear LDA VLA+0 ;Add the two least significant bytes ADC VLB+0 STA RES+0 ;... and store the result LDA VLA+1 ;Add the two most significant bytes ADC VLB+1 ;... and any propagated carry bit STA RES+1 ;... and store the result
Subtraction follows the same pattern but the carry must be set before the first pair of bytes are subtracted to get the correct result.
; 16 bit Binary Subtraction SEC ;Ensure carry is set LDA VLA+0 ;Subtract the two least significant bytes SBC VLB+0 STA RES+0 ;... and store the result LDA VLA+1 ;Subtract the two most significant bytes SBC VLB+1 ;... and any propagated borrow bit STA RES+1 ;... and store the result
Both the addition and subtraction algorithm can be extended to 32 bits by repeating the LDA/ADC/STA or LDA/SBC/STA pattern for two further bytes worth of data.
The traditional approach to negating a twos complement number is to reverse all the bits (by EORing with $FF) and add one as shown below.
; 8 bit Binary Negation CLC ;Ensure carry is clear EOR #$FF ;Invert all the bits ADC #1 ;... and add one
This technique works well with a single byte already held in the accumulator but not with bigger numbers. With these it is easier just to subtract them from zero.
; 16 bit Binary Negation SEC ;Ensure carry is set LDA #0 ;Load constant zero SBC SRC+0 ;... subtract the least significant byte STA DST+0 ;... and store the result LDA #0 ;Load constant zero again SBC SRC+1 ;... subtract the most significant byte STA DST+1 ;... and store the result
The behavior of the ADC and SBC instructions can be modified by setting or clearing the decimal mode flag in the processor status register. Normally decimal mode is disabled and ADC/SBC perform simple binary arithmetic (e.g. $99 + $01 => $9A Carry = 0), but if the flag is set with a SED instruction the processor will perform binary coded decimal arithmetic instead (e.g. $99 + $01 => $00 Carry = 1).
To make the 16 bit addition/subtraction code work in decimal mode simply include an SED at the start and a CLD at the end (to restore the processor to normal).
; 16 bit Binary Code Decimal Addition SED ;Set decimal mode flag CLC ;Ensure carry is clear LDA VLA+0 ;Add the two least significant bytes ADC VLB+0 STA RES+0 ;... and store the result LDA VLA+1 ;Add the two most significant bytes ADC VLB+1 ;... and any propagated carry bit STA RES+1 ;... and store the result CLD ;Clear decimal mode
Binary coded values are more easily converted to displayable digits and are useful for holding numbers such as high scores.
; Print the BCD value in A as two ASCII digits PHA ;Save the BCD value LSR A ;Shift the four most significant bits LSR A ;... into the four least significant LSR A LSR A ORA #'0' ;Make an ASCII digit JSR PRINT ;... and print it PLA ;Recover the BCD value AND #$0F ;Mask out all but the bottom 4 bits ORA #'0' ;Make an ASCII digit JSR PRINT ;... and print it
Another use for BCD is in the conversion of binary values to decimal ones. Some algorithms perform this conversion by counting the number of times that 10000's, 1000's, 100's, 10's and 1's can be subtracted from the binary value before it underflows, but I normally use a simple fixed loop that shifts the bits out of the binary value one at a time and adds it to an intermediate result that is being doubled (in BCD) on each iteration.
; Convert an 16 bit binary value into a 24bit BCD value BIN2BCD LDA #0 ;Clear the result area STA RES+0 STA RES+1 STA RES+2 LDX #16 ;Setup the bit counter SED ;Enter decimal mode _LOOP ASL VAL+0 ;Shift a bit out of the binary ROL VAL+1 ;... value LDA RES+0 ;And add it into the result, doubling ADC RES+0 ;... it at the same time STA RES+0 LDA RES+1 ADC RES+1 STA RES+1 LDA RES+2 ADC RES+2 STA RES+2 DEX ;More bits to process? BNE _LOOP CLD ;Leave decimal mode
One final odd use of decimal arithmetic is the conversion of hexadecimal digits to printable ASCII characters. The usual way to perform this conversion is to add $30 to the digit ($00 - $0F) to make an intermediate result which is then examined to see if it is greater than or equal to $3A. If it is then an additional $06 is added to make the result fall in the range $41 - $46 (e.g. 'A' - 'F').
; Convert a hex digit ($00-$0F) to ASCII ('0'-'9' or 'A'-'F') HEX2ASC ORA #$30 ;Form the basic character code CMP #$3A ;Does the result need adjustment? BCC .+4 ADC #$05 ;Add 6 (5 and the carry) if needed
It turns out that in decimal mode the processor does basically the same correction after an addition and with the right arguments we can convert the digit to its ASCII character without performing any comparisons as shown in the following code.
; Convert a hex digit ($00-$0F) to ASCII ('0'-'9' or 'A'-'F') HEX2ASC SED ;Enter BCD mode CLC ;Ensure the carry is clear ADC #$90 ;Produce $90-$99 (C=0) or $00-$05 (C=1) ADC #$40 ;Produce $30-$39 or $41-$46 CLD ;Leave BCD mode
Assembly programs frequently use memory based counters that occasionally need incrementing or decrementing by one. One way to achieve this would be to load the LSB and MSB in turn and add or subtract one with the ADC/SBC instructions, but the 6502 has a more efficient way to do this using INC and DEC.
Incrementing is straight forward, we just increment the least significant byte until the result becomes zero. This indicates that the calculation has wrapped round (e.g. $FF + $01 => $00) and an increment to the most significant byte is needed.
; Increment a 16 bit value by one _INC16 INC MEM+0 ;Increment the LSB BNE _DONE ;If the result was not zero we're done INC MEM+1 ;Increment the MSB if LSB wrapped round _DONE EQU *
Decrementing is a little trickier because we need to know when the least significant byte is about to underflow from $00 to $FF. The answer is to test it first by loading it into the accumulator to set the processor flags.
; Decrement a 16 bit value by one _DEC16 LDA MEM+0 ;Test if the LSB is zero BNE _SKIP ;If it isn't we can skip the next instruction DEC MEM+1 ;Decrement the MSB when the LSB will underflow _SKIP DEC MEM+0 ;Decrement the LSB
Moving data from one place to another is a common operation. If the amount of data to moved is 256 bytes or less and the source and target locations of the data are fixed then a simple loop around an indexed LDA followed by an indexed STA is the most efficient. Note that whilst both the X and Y registers can be used in indexed addressing modes an asymmetry in the 6502's instruction means that X is the better register to use if one or both of the memory areas resides on zero page.
; Move 256 bytes or less in a forward direction LDX #0 ;Start with the first byte _LOOP LDA SRC,X ;Move it STA DST,X INX ;Then bump the index ... CPX #LEN ;... until we reach the limit BNE _LOOP
The corresponding code moving the last byte first is as follows:
; Move 256 bytes or less in a reverse direction LDX #LEN ;Start with the last byte _LOOP DEX ;Bump the index LDA SRC,X ;Move a byte STA DST,X CPX #0 ;... until all bytes have moved BNE _LOOP
If the amount is even smaller (128 bytes or less) then we can eliminate the comparison against the limit and use the settings of the flags after a DEX to determine if the loop has finished.
; Move 128 bytes or less in a reverse direction LDX #LEN-1 ;Start with the last byte _LOOP LDA SRC,X ;Move it STA DST,X DEX ;Then bump the index ... BPL _LOOP ;... until all bytes have moved
To create a completely generic memory transfer we must change to using indirect indexed addressing to access memory and use all the registers. The following code shows a forward transferring algorithm which first moves complete pages of 256 bytes followed by any remaining fragments of smaller size.
_MOVFWD LDY #0 ;Initialise the index LDX LEN+1 ;Load the page count BEQ _FRAG ;... Do we only have a fragment? _PAGE LDA (SRC),Y ;Move a byte in a page transfer STA (DST),Y INY ;And repeat for the rest of the BNE _PAGE ;... page INC SRC+1 ;Then bump the src and dst addresses INC DST+1 ;... by a page DEX ;And repeat while there are more BNE _PAGE ;... pages to move _FRAG CPY LEN+0 ;Then while the index has not reached BEQ _DONE ;... the limit LDA (SRC),Y ;Move a fragment byte STA (DST),Y INY ;Bump the index and repeat BNE _FRAG\? _DONE EQU * ;All done
The standard C library provides a set of functions for classifying (e.g. is letter, is digit, is ASCII, is upper case, etc.) and modifying (e.g. to upper case and to lower case) characters defined in a header called <ctype.h>. This section describes how a similar set of functions can be coded in 6502 assembler. There are two techniques that can be applied to solve this problem, namely, comparisons or look up tables.
The look up table required to implement character classification needs a byte per character. Bits within the look up table indicate how the character is to be classified (e.g. control character, printable character, white space, decimal digit, hexadecimal digit, punctuation, upper case latter or lower case letter). To test a character for a specific classification you load its description byte from the table and test for the presence of certain bits (e.g. with AND).
; Constants describing the role of each classification bit _CTL EQU $80 _PRN EQU $40 _WSP EQU $20 _PCT EQU $10 _UPR EQU $08 _LWR EQU $04 _DGT EQU $02 _HEX EQU $01 ; Test if the character in A is a control character ISCNTRL TAX LDA #_CTL BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is printable ISPRINT TAX LDA #_PRN BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is punctation ISPUNCT TAX LDA #_PCT BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is upper case ISUPPER TAX LDA #_UPR BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is lower case ISLOWER TAX LDA #_LWR BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is a letter ISALPHA TAX LDA #_UPR|_LWR BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is a decimal digit ISDIGIT TAX LDA #_DGT BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is a hexadecimal digit ISXDIGIT TAX LDA #_HEX BNE TEST ; Test if the character in A is letter or a digit ISALNUM TAX LDA #_DGT|_UPR|_LWR ; Tests for the required bits in the look up table value TEST AND CTYPE,X BEQ FAIL ; Set the carry flag if any target bits were found PASS TXA SEC RTS ; Test if the character in A is in the ASCII range $00-$7F ISASCII TAX BPL PASS ; Clear the carry flag if no target bits were found FAIL TXA CLC RTS ; If A contains a lower case letter convert it to upper case TOUPPER JSR ISLOWER BCC *+4 AND #$DF RTS ; If A contains an upper case letter convert it to lower case TOLOWER JSR ISUPPER BCC *+4 ORA #$20 RTS ; The lookup table of character descriptions CTYPE DB _CTL ; NUL DB _CTL ; SOH DB _CTL ; STX DB _CTL ; ETX DB _CTL ; EOT DB _CTL ; ENQ DB _CTL ; ACK DB _CTL ; BEL DB _CTL ; BS DB _CTL|_WSP ; TAB DB _CTL|_WSP ; LF DB _CTL|_WSP ; VT DB _CTL|_WSP ; FF DB _CTL|_WSP ; CR DB _CTL ; SO DB _CTL ; SI DB _CTL ; DLE DB _CTL ; DC1 DB _CTL ; DC2 DB _CTL ; DC3 DB _CTL ; DC4 DB _CTL ; NAK DB _CTL ; SYN DB _CTL ; ETB DB _CTL ; CAN DB _CTL ; EM DB _CTL ; SUB DB _CTL ; ESC DB _CTL ; FS DB _CTL ; GS DB _CTL ; RS DB _CTL ; US DB _PRN|_WSP ; SPACE DB _PRN|_PCT ; ! DB _PRN|_PCT ; " DB _PRN|_PCT ; # DB _PRN|_PCT ; $ DB _PRN|_PCT ; % DB _PRN|_PCT ; & DB _PRN|_PCT ; ' DB _PRN|_PCT ; ( DB _PRN|_PCT ; ) DB _PRN|_PCT ; * DB _PRN|_PCT ; + DB _PRN|_PCT ; , DB _PRN|_PCT ; - DB _PRN|_PCT ; . DB _PRN|_PCT ; / DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 0 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 1 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 2 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 3 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 4 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 5 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 6 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 7 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 8 DB _PRN|_DGT|_HEX ; 9 DB _PRN|_PCT ; : DB _PRN|_PCT ; ; DB _PRN|_PCT ; < DB _PRN|_PCT ; = DB _PRN|_PCT ; > DB _PRN|_PCT ; ? DB _PRN|_PCT ; @ DB _PRN|_UPR|_HEX ; A DB _PRN|_UPR|_HEX ; B DB _PRN|_UPR|_HEX ; C DB _PRN|_UPR|_HEX ; D DB _PRN|_UPR|_HEX ; E DB _PRN|_UPR|_HEX ; F DB _PRN|_UPR ; G DB _PRN|_UPR ; H DB _PRN|_UPR ; I DB _PRN|_UPR ; J DB _PRN|_UPR ; K DB _PRN|_UPR ; L DB _PRN|_UPR ; M DB _PRN|_UPR ; N DB _PRN|_UPR ; O DB _PRN|_UPR ; P DB _PRN|_UPR ; Q DB _PRN|_UPR ; R DB _PRN|_UPR ; S DB _PRN|_UPR ; T DB _PRN|_UPR ; U DB _PRN|_UPR ; V DB _PRN|_UPR ; W DB _PRN|_UPR ; X DB _PRN|_UPR ; Y DB _PRN|_UPR ; Z DB _PRN|_PCT ; [ DB _PRN|_PCT ; \ DB _PRN|_PCT ; ] DB _PRN|_PCT ; ^ DB _PRN|_PCT ; _ DB _PRN|_PCT ; ` DB _PRN|_LWR|_HEX ; a DB _PRN|_LWR|_HEX ; b DB _PRN|_LWR|_HEX ; c DB _PRN|_LWR|_HEX ; d DB _PRN|_LWR|_HEX ; e DB _PRN|_LWR|_HEX ; f DB _PRN|_LWR ; g DB _PRN|_LWR ; h DB _PRN|_LWR ; i DB _PRN|_LWR ; j DB _PRN|_LWR ; k DB _PRN|_LWR ; l DB _PRN|_LWR ; m DB _PRN|_LWR ; n DB _PRN|_LWR ; o DB _PRN|_LWR ; p DB _PRN|_LWR ; q DB _PRN|_LWR ; r DB _PRN|_LWR ; s DB _PRN|_LWR ; t DB _PRN|_LWR ; u DB _PRN|_LWR ; v DB _PRN|_LWR ; w DB _PRN|_LWR ; x DB _PRN|_LWR ; y DB _PRN|_LWR ; z DB _PRN|_PCT ; { DB _PRN|_PCT ; | DB _PRN|_PCT ; } DB _PRN|_PCT ; ~ DB _CTL ; DEL
If we use comparisons then each function will consist of a number of comparison stages to determine if a provided character has an appropriate value. In most cases these functions are quite small but one or two of them may involve many stages (e.g. is punctuation). The execution time will vary according to the number of the tests a character is subjected to.
 As in so many cases it depends on your program. If you only need one or two tests and memory size is an issue then the comparison approach will generate less code but may be slightly slower (for the complex tests), otherwise the look up table is simple and fast.
As I said in the introduction to this section all of the algorithms presented here are taken from my macro library. Coding simple algorithms like these as macros has several advantages over subroutine libraries on the 6502 processor, namely:
Another feature of the macros is that they will generate code for the 65SC02 processor using the additional instructions on that processor if the assembler defines the correct symbol. (This processor was used in the BBC Microcomputers 6502 second processor that's why I decided to support it).
The routines in the currently library are:
| Macro Name | Description |
| _CLR16 | Clears 16 bits of memory to zero |
| _CLR32 | Clears 32 bits of memory to zero |
| _CLR32C | Clears 32 bits of memory to zero iteratively |
| _XFR16 | Moves 16 bits of memory |
| _XFR32 | Moves 32 bits of memory |
| _XFR32C | Moves 32 bits of memory iteratively |
| _SET16I | Load a 16 bit constant into memory |
| _NOT16 | Compute the NOT of a 16 bit value |
| _NOT32 | Compute the NOT of a 32 bit value |
| _NOT32C | Compute the NOT of a 32 bit value iteratively |
| _ORA16 | Compute the OR of two 16 bit values |
| _ORA32 | Compute the OR of two 32 bit values |
| _ORA32C | Compute the OR of two 32 bit values iteratively |
| _AND16 | Compute the AND of two 16 bit values |
| _AND32 | Compute the AND of two 32 bit values |
| _AND32C | Compute the AND of two 32 bit values iteratively |
| _EOR16 | Compute the EOR of two 16 bit values |
| _EOR32 | Compute the EOR of two 32 bit values |
| _EOR32C | Compute the EOR of two 32 bit values iteratively |
| _ASL16 | Compute the arithmetic left shift of a 16 bit value |
| _ASL32 | Compute the arithmetic left shift of a 32 bit value |
| _ROL16 | Compute the left rotation of a 16 bit value |
| _ROL32 | Compute the left rotation of a 32 bit value |
| _LSR16 | Compute the logical right shift of a 16 bit value |
| _LSR32 | Compute the logical right shift of a 32 bit value |
| _ROR16 | Compute the right rotation of a 16 bit value |
| _ROR32 | Compute the right rotation of a 32 bit value |
| _INC16 | Increment a 16 bit value |
| _INC32 | Increment a 32 bit value |
| _DEC16 | Decrement a 16 bit value |
| _DEC32 | Decrement a 32 bit value |
| _ADD16 | Add two 16 bit values |
| _ADD32 | Add two 32 bit values |
| _SUB16 | Subtract two 16 bit values |
| _SUB32 | Subtract two 32 bit values |
| _NEG16 | Negate a 16 bit value |
| _NEG32 | Negate a 32 bit value |
| _ABS16 | Compute the absolute value of a 16 bit value |
| _ABS32 | Compute the absolute value of a 32 bit value |
| _MUL16 | Calculate the 16 bit product of two 16 bit values |
| _MUL16X | Calculate the 32 bit product of two 16 bit values |
| _MUL32 | Calculate the 32 bit product of two 32 bit values |
| _MUL16I | Generate the code for a 16 bit constant multiply |
| _DIV16 | Calculate the 16 bit quotient & remainder of a 16 bit value and 16 bit dividend |
| _DIV16X | Calculate the 16 bit quotient & remainder of a 32 bit value and 16 bit dividend |
| _DIV32 | Calculate the 32 bit quotient & remainder of a 32 bit value and 32 bit dividend |
| _CMP16 | Compare two 16 bit values |
| _CMP32 | Compare two 32 bit values |
| _MEMFWD | Move a block for memory a forward direction |
| _MEMREV | Not Implemented |
| _MEMCPY | Not Implemented |
| _STRLEN | Compute the length of a 'C' style string |
| _STRCPY | Copy a 'C' style string |
| _STRCMP | Compare two 'C' style strings |
| _STRNCMP | Not implemented |
Examine the code for more details on the macro parameters and usage.
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17.1 [mdp-model-exercise]For the $4\times 3$ world shown in Figure sequential-decision-world-figure, calculate which squares can be reached from (1,1) by the action sequence $[{Up},{Up},{Right},{Right},{Right}]$ and with what probabilities. Explain how this computation is related to the prediction task (see Section general-filtering-section) for a hidden Markov model.
17.2 [mdp-model-exercise]For the $4\times 3$ world shown in Figure sequential-decision-world-figure, calculate which squares can be reached from (1,1) by the action sequence $[{Right},{Right},{Right},{Up},{Up}]$ and with what probabilities. Explain how this computation is related to the prediction task (see Section general-filtering-section) for a hidden Markov model.
17.3 Select a specific member of the set of policies that are optimal for $R(s)>0$ as shown in Figure sequential-decision-policies-figure(b), and calculate the fraction of time the agent spends in each state, in the limit, if the policy is executed forever. (Hint: Construct the state-to-state transition probability matrix corresponding to the policy and see Exercise markov-convergence-exercise.)
17.4 [nonseparable-exercise]Suppose that we define the utility of a state sequence to be the maximum reward obtained in any state in the sequence. Show that this utility function does not result in stationary preferences between state sequences. Is it still possible to define a utility function on states such that MEU decision making gives optimal behavior?
17.5 Can any finite search problem be translated exactly into a Markov decision problem such that an optimal solution of the latter is also an optimal solution of the former? If so, explain precisely how to translate the problem and how to translate the solution back; if not, explain precisely why not (i.e., give a counterexample).
17.6 [reward-equivalence-exercise] Sometimes MDPs are formulated with a reward function $R(s,a)$ that depends on the action taken or with a reward function $R(s,a,s')$ that also depends on the outcome state.
Write the Bellman equations for these formulations.
Show how an MDP with reward function $R(s,a,s')$ can be transformed into a different MDP with reward function $R(s,a)$, such that optimal policies in the new MDP correspond exactly to optimal policies in the original MDP.
Now do the same to convert MDPs with $R(s,a)$ into MDPs with $R(s)$.
17.7 [threshold-cost-exercise]For the environment shown in Figure sequential-decision-world-figure, find all the threshold values for $R(s)$ such that the optimal policy changes when the threshold is crossed. You will need a way to calculate the optimal policy and its value for fixed $R(s)$. (Hint: Prove that the value of any fixed policy varies linearly with $R(s)$.)
17.8 [vi-contraction-exercise] Equation (vi-contraction-equation) on page vi-contraction-equation states that the Bellman operator is a contraction.
Show that, for any functions $f$ and $g$, $$|\max_a f(a) - \max_a g(a)| \leq \max_a |f(a) - g(a)|\ .$$
Write out an expression for $|(B\,U_i - B\,U'_i)(s)|$ and then apply the result from (a) to complete the proof that the Bellman operator is a contraction.
17.9 This exercise considers two-player MDPs that correspond to zero-sum, turn-taking games like those in Chapter game-playing-chapter. Let the players be $A$ and $B$, and let $R(s)$ be the reward for player $A$ in state $s$. (The reward for $B$ is always equal and opposite.)
Let $U_A(s)$ be the utility of state $s$ when it is $A$’s turn to move in $s$, and let $U_B(s)$ be the utility of state $s$ when it is $B$’s turn to move in $s$. All rewards and utilities are calculated from $A$’s point of view (just as in a minimax game tree). Write down Bellman equations defining $U_A(s)$ and $U_B(s)$.
Explain how to do two-player value iteration with these equations, and define a suitable termination criterion.
Consider the game described in Figure line-game4-figure on page line-game4-figure. Draw the state space (rather than the game tree), showing the moves by $A$ as solid lines and moves by $B$ as dashed lines. Mark each state with $R(s)$. You will find it helpful to arrange the states $(s_A,s_B)$ on a two-dimensional grid, using $s_A$ and $s_B$ as “coordinates.”
Now apply two-player value iteration to solve this game, and derive the optimal policy.
17.10 [3x3-mdp-exercise] Consider the $3 \times 3$ world shown in Figure grid-mdp-figure(a). The transition model is the same as in the $4\times 3$ Figure sequential-decision-world-figure: 80% of the time the agent goes in the direction it selects; the rest of the time it moves at right angles to the intended direction.
Implement value iteration for this world for each value of $r$ below. Use discounted rewards with a discount factor of 0.99. Show the policy obtained in each case. Explain intuitively why the value of $r$ leads to each policy.
$r = -100$
$r = -3$
$r = 0$
$r = +3$
17.11 [101x3-mdp-exercise] Consider the $101 \times 3$ world shown in Figure grid-mdp-figure(b). In the start state the agent has a choice of two deterministic actions, Up or Down, but in the other states the agent has one deterministic action, Right. Assuming a discounted reward function, for what values of the discount $\gamma$ should the agent choose Up and for which Down? Compute the utility of each action as a function of $\gamma$. (Note that this simple example actually reflects many real-world situations in which one must weigh the value of an immediate action versus the potential continual long-term consequences, such as choosing to dump pollutants into a lake.)
17.12 Consider an undiscounted MDP having three states, (1, 2, 3), with rewards $-1$, $-2$, $0$, respectively. State 3 is a terminal state. In states 1 and 2 there are two possible actions: $a$ and $b$. The transition model is as follows:
In state 1, action $a$ moves the agent to state 2 with probability 0.8 and makes the agent stay put with probability 0.2.
In state 2, action $a$ moves the agent to state 1 with probability 0.8 and makes the agent stay put with probability 0.2.
In either state 1 or state 2, action $b$ moves the agent to state 3 with probability 0.1 and makes the agent stay put with probability 0.9.
Answer the following questions:
What can be determined qualitatively about the optimal policy in states 1 and 2?
Apply policy iteration, showing each step in full, to determine the optimal policy and the values of states 1 and 2. Assume that the initial policy has action $b$ in both states.
What happens to policy iteration if the initial policy has action $a$ in both states? Does discounting help? Does the optimal policy depend on the discount factor?
17.13 Consider the $4\times 3$ world shown in Figure sequential-decision-world-figure.
Implement an environment simulator for this environment, such that the specific geography of the environment is easily altered. Some code for doing this is already in the online code repository.
Create an agent that uses policy iteration, and measure its performance in the environment simulator from various starting states. Perform several experiments from each starting state, and compare the average total reward received per run with the utility of the state, as determined by your algorithm.
Experiment with increasing the size of the environment. How does the run time for policy iteration vary with the size of the environment?
17.14 [policy-loss-exercise]How can the value determination algorithm be used to calculate the expected loss experienced by an agent using a given set of utility estimates ${U}$ and an estimated model ${P}$, compared with an agent using correct values?
17.15 [4x3-pomdp-exercise] Let the initial belief state $b_0$ for the $4\times 3$ POMDP on page 4x3-pomdp-page be the uniform distribution over the nonterminal states, i.e., $< \frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},\frac{1}{9},0,0 >$. Calculate the exact belief state $b_1$ after the agent moves and its sensor reports 1 adjacent wall. Also calculate $b_2$ assuming that the same thing happens again.
17.16 What is the time complexity of $d$ steps of POMDP value iteration for a sensorless environment?
17.17 [2state-pomdp-exercise] Consider a version of the two-state POMDP on page 2state-pomdp-page in which the sensor is 90% reliable in state 0 but provides no information in state 1 (that is, it reports 0 or 1 with equal probability). Analyze, either qualitatively or quantitatively, the utility function and the optimal policy for this problem.
17.18 [dominant-equilibrium-exercise]Show that a dominant strategy equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium, but not vice versa.
17.19 In the children’s game of rock–paper–scissors each player reveals at the same time a choice of rock, paper, or scissors. Paper wraps rock, rock blunts scissors, and scissors cut paper. In the extended version rock–paper–scissors–fire–water, fire beats rock, paper, and scissors; rock, paper, and scissors beat water; and water beats fire. Write out the payoff matrix and find a mixed-strategy solution to this game.
17.20 Solve the game of three-finger Morra.
17.21 In the Prisoner’s Dilemma, consider the case where after each round, Alice and Bob have probability $X$ meeting again. Suppose both players choose the perpetual punishment strategy (where each will choose ${refuse}$ unless the other player has ever played ${testify}$). Assume neither player has played ${testify}$ thus far. What is the expected future total payoff for choosing to ${testify}$ versus ${refuse}$ when $X = .2$? How about when $X = .05$? For what value of $X$ is the expected future total payoff the same whether one chooses to ${testify}$ or ${refuse}$ in the current round?
17.22 The following payoff matrix, from @Blinder:1983 by way of @Bernstein:1996, shows a game between politicians and the Federal Reserve.
| Fed: contract | Fed: do nothing | Fed: expand | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pol: contract | $F=7, P=1$ | $F=9,P=4$ | $F=6,P=6$ |
| Pol: do nothing | $F=8, P=2$ | $F=5,P=5$ | $F=4,P=9$ |
| Pol: expand | $F=3, P=3$ | $F=2,P=7$ | $F=1,P=8$ |
Politicians can expand or contract fiscal policy, while the Fed can expand or contract monetary policy. (And of course either side can choose to do nothing.) Each side also has preferences for who should do what—neither side wants to look like the bad guys. The payoffs shown are simply the rank orderings: 9 for first choice through 1 for last choice. Find the Nash equilibrium of the game in pure strategies. Is this a Pareto-optimal solution? You might wish to analyze the policies of recent administrations in this light.
17.23 A Dutch auction is similar in an English auction, but rather than starting the bidding at a low price and increasing, in a Dutch auction the seller starts at a high price and gradually lowers the price until some buyer is willing to accept that price. (If multiple bidders accept the price, one is arbitrarily chosen as the winner.) More formally, the seller begins with a price $p$ and gradually lowers $p$ by increments of $d$ until at least one buyer accepts the price. Assuming all bidders act rationally, is it true that for arbitrarily small $d$, a Dutch auction will always result in the bidder with the highest value for the item obtaining the item? If so, show mathematically why. If not, explain how it may be possible for the bidder with highest value for the item not to obtain it.
17.24 Imagine an auction mechanism that is just like an ascending-bid auction, except that at the end, the winning bidder, the one who bid $b_{max}$, pays only $b_{max}/2$ rather than $b_{max}$. Assuming all agents are rational, what is the expected revenue to the auctioneer for this mechanism, compared with a standard ascending-bid auction?
17.25 Teams in the National Hockey League historically received 2 points for winning a game and 0 for losing. If the game is tied, an overtime period is played; if nobody wins in overtime, the game is a tie and each team gets 1 point. But league officials felt that teams were playing too conservatively in overtime (to avoid a loss), and it would be more exciting if overtime produced a winner. So in 1999 the officials experimented in mechanism design: the rules were changed, giving a team that loses in overtime 1 point, not 0. It is still 2 points for a win and 1 for a tie.
Was hockey a zero-sum game before the rule change? After?
Suppose that at a certain time $t$ in a game, the home team has probability $p$ of winning in regulation time, probability $0.78-p$ of losing, and probability 0.22 of going into overtime, where they have probability $q$ of winning, $.9-q$ of losing, and .1 of tying. Give equations for the expected value for the home and visiting teams.
Imagine that it were legal and ethical for the two teams to enter into a pact where they agree that they will skate to a tie in regulation time, and then both try in earnest to win in overtime. Under what conditions, in terms of $p$ and $q$, would it be rational for both teams to agree to this pact?
@Longley+Sankaran:2005 report that since the rule change, the percentage of games with a winner in overtime went up 18.2%, as desired, but the percentage of overtime games also went up 3.6%. What does that suggest about possible collusion or conservative play after the rule change?


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What channel is Colts vs. Texans on today? Schedule, time for 'Thursday Night Football' game
by Tadd HaislopGood news for those looking to find the TV channel for Colts vs. Texans on "Thursday Night Football": This game, scheduled to kick off at 8:20 p.m. ET, is not limited to NFL Network; it also will be presented nationally by Fox.
The NFL schedulefor Week 12 presents us a Thursday-night matchup of AFC South rivals fighting for the lead in the division with both entering the game at 6-4. Because it beat Houston last month, Indianapolis has an edge it hopes to strengthen with a win as a 3 1/2-point road underdog in Houston.
WEEK 12 NFL PICKS:
Against the spread | Straight-up predictions
In order for the Colts to pull off the upset, a couple hot streaks need to continue. Indianapolis is a perfect 3-0 against AFC South teams this season, a record that was stuffed withits win over Jacksonville last week. That victory came in part because quarterback Jacoby Brissettreturned from injury and managed a career-high 126.7 passer rating with 4touchdowns.In four career starts against Houston, Brissett is 4-0 with 8 touchdowns (7 passing, 1 rushing) and no interceptions for a 107.2 passer rating.
And its no secret that the QB on the other sideline in this game will be the key to victory for the Texans. Deshaun Watson has 705 passing yards (352.5 per game) with 8 touchdowns and nointerceptions for a 143.6 passer rating in his past two home starts. In six career prime-time starts, hehas 16 touchdown passes and 2 interceptions for a 121.0 passer rating.
Below is all the info you need to watch Colts vs. Texans on Thursday night,including the TV channels and kickoff time.
MORE: Full betting preview for Colts vs. Texans
What channel is Colts vs. Texans on today?
- TV channel (national): Fox, NFL Network
- TV channel (Indianapolis): WXIN
- TV channel (Houston): KRIV
- Live stream: Amazon Prime Video
With a national broadcast on Fox, Colts vs. Texans will get the game-of-the-week treatment with the network's No. 1 crew.
Joe Buck will call the Colts vs. Texans play-by-play action, and Troy Aikman will provide analysis. Erin Andrew and Kristina Pink will report from the sidelines.Additionally, FoxNFL Rules expert Mike Pereira will jointo give explanations on officiating and rules throughout the game.
For those who can't get to a TV and wish to find Colts vs. Texans on the radio, the Indianapolis call can be heard on Sirius channel 81and XM channel 225, and the Houston call can be heard on Sirius channel 83and XM channel 226.
MORE: Watch every NFL game and RedZone on DAZN (Canada only)
Colts v. Texans: What time is kickoff?
- Date: Thursday, Nov. 21
- Start time: 8:20 p.m. ET
The 8:20 p.m. ET start time for Colts vs. Texans marks the second of three prime-time games on Indianapolis' schedule. The Colts also will play the Saints in New Orleans on "Monday Night Football" in Week 15, with the rest of their games this season scheduled to kick off at 1 p.m. ET.
Houston also is playing its second of three prime-time games this season. The Texans will immediately return to the national spotlight next week when they face the Patriots in New England on "Sunday Night Football." After next week, the rest of Houston's games this season are scheduled for the early Sunday afternoon viewing window, with the exception being its Saturday afternoon game against Tampa Bay in Week 16.
Colts schedule
| Week | Date | Opponent | Kickoff time | TV |
| Week 1 | Sep. 8 | at Chargers (L, 30-24) | 4:05 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Weel 2 | Sep. 15 | at Titans (W, 19-17) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 3 | Sep. 22 | vs. Falcons (W, 27-24) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 4 | Sep. 29 | vs. Raiders (L, 31-24) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 5 | Oct. 6 | at Chiefs (W, 19-13) | 8:20 p.m. ET | NBC |
| Week 6 | BYE | |||
| Week 7 | Oct. 20 | vs. Texans (W, 30-23) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 8 | Oct. 27 | vs. Broncos (W, 15-13) | 4:25 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 9 | Nov. 3 | at Steelers (L, 26-24) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 10 | Nov. 10 | vs. Dolphins (L, 16-12) | 4:05 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 11 | Nov. 17 | vs. Jaguars (W, 33-13) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 12 | Nov. 21 (Thursday) | at Texans | 8:20 p.m. ET | FOX |
| Week 13 | Dec. 1 | vs. Titans | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 14 | Dec. 8 | at Buccaneers | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 15 | Dec. 16 (Monday) | at Saints | 8:15 p.m. ET | ESPN |
| Week 16 | Dec. 22 | vs. Panthers | 1 p.m. ET | FOX |
| Week 17 | Dec. 29 | at Jaguars | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
Texans schedule
| Week | Date | Opponent | Kickoff time | TV |
| Week 1 | Sep. 9 (Monday) | at Saints (L, 30-28) | 7:10 p.m. ET | ESPN |
| Weel 2 | Sep. 15 | vs. Jaguars (W, 13-12) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 3 | Sep. 22 | at Chargers (W, 27-20) | 4:25 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 4 | Sep. 29 | vs. Panthers (L, 16-10) | 1 p.m. ET | FOX |
| Week 5 | Oct. 6 | vs. Falcons (W, 53-32) | 1 p.m. ET | FOX |
| Week 6 | Oct. 13 | at Chiefs (W, 31-24) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 7 | Oct. 20 | at Colts (L, 30-23) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 8 | Oct. 27 | vs. Raiders (W, 27-24) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 9 | Nov. 3 | at Jaguars in London (W, 26-3) | 9:30 a.m. ET | NFLN |
| Week 10 | BYE | |||
| Week 11 | Nov. 17 | at Ravens (L, 41-7) | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 12 | Nov. 21 (Thursday) | vs. Colts | 8:20 p.m. ET | FOX |
| Week 13 | Dec. 1 | vs. Patriots | 8:20 p.m. ET | NBC |
| Week 14 | Dec. 8 | vs. Broncos | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 15 | Dec. 15 | at Titans | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |
| Week 16 | Dec. 21 | at Buccaneers | 1 p.m. ET | NFLN |
| Week 17 | Dec. 29 | vs. Titans | 1 p.m. ET | CBS |


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The schema definition for RespondWith is as follows :
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I appreciate all of the support of the talented instructors
I found so much fun and assistance working with my peers
Thanks to Clarkston Area Farmers Market for the beautiful image on the landing screen
This project wouldn't have been the same without your love and support


Agriculture
Is slaugthering animals a dinosaur practise ?
Credit: Green Queen
By: Dante Lentsoe
By simply looking at mutton (lamb meat), and beef (cattle meat), could you tell the difference between them, especially if they do not have labels? If you are a Meat Sciencist, Animal Sciencist, Farmer, and or careful shoper, probably. But for most of us, probably not.
Given that consumption of meat is increasing proportionally to the growth of the population. This increases the need for agriculture (livestock production) practises to adapt to the demand, thus factors such as water, , land and environmental stress, are to be considered. Outside the problems associated with livestock production (limitations of natural resources), health concerns are evident in consumption of meat, leading to various forms of cancers, and cardiovascular diseases.
Now, suggesting people to stop eating meat, and for animal cruelty (slaugthering animal, confinement of animals and large mass productions) to be brought to a halt, seems unreasonable. So what can be done? Well it turns out, there are some alternatives to traditional methodlogies of producing meat. One of the most championed research endeavours, is 3-D printing of meat. WHAT!!! AS IN AN ACTUAL PRINTER IN MY OFFICE? well not exactly. Well Start-Up companies like Redefine, have been experimenting with the technology since 2006, to date, and they have made some substantial progress.
How, you might ask, does the alleged 3-D printing actually work? In a brief summary, artifically processed and dried ingredients (that meld at room temperature) are stored in the machine. Then all the ingredients are then sent to the binder, which then according to the model provided (digital input/ information) deposit the powders (an example to think of is powered milk) to make a 3-D sample. Then the sample is further processed by heat treatment, in order to soften the materials. Although other materials such as gels (forms links between adjacent molecules), and cells (stem cells that are converted into myotubes) are used. I am not going to bother you with the details, as that is not our focal point.
Clearly there are some potential benefits to this practise. One is that environmental stress induced by pollution from animals i.e Cattle's Methane, competition for land and water will be reduced. Moreover, deleterious components of meat (such as excess fat and iron) can be omitted in the printing process. Thus having tailored meat to an individuals health status. Other benefits is that no additional additives such as antibiotics will be imposed into animals, thus eliminating that component to the end consumer.
Although 3-D printing of meat is an exciting prospect, it is still within its infancy, and more research and investment will have to be delivered. The future prospects and implications are undeniable. We may have a new commerical standard that frees us from accient practises that date hundreds of thousands of years from our primodial ancestors, and usher in a new age of production, animal ethics and nutritional consciousness.
References
Godfray, H.C.J., Aveyard, P., Garnett, T., Hall, J.W., Key, T.J., Lorimer, J., Pierrehumbert, R.T., Scarborough, P., Springmann, M., & Jebb, S.A., 2018. Meat consumption, health, and the environment. Science, Vol.361 (6399), 5324-5332.
Harish, K.H., Tay, S.H., Chan, W.W., & Choudhury, D., 2020. 3D Printing of cultured meat products. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Vol. 61 (1), 1-10.
He, C., Zhang, M., & Fang, Z., 2019. 3D printing of food: pretreatment and post-treatment of materials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Vol. 60 (14), 2379-2392.
Pirjan, A., & Petrosanu, D., 2013. The imapct of 3-D printing technology on the society and economy. Journal of Information systems & operations management. Vol. 7 (2), 350-370.
Teaford, M. F., & Ungar, P., 2000. Diet and the evolution of the earliest human ancestors. Vol. 95 (25), 13506-13511.


SVGallery
Heaven of Art and Photography
Welcome to SVGallery. SVGallery is a website where you can find Beautiful Arts and Photos. The main motive to design this kind of webiste is to encourage the skill of Art and Photography. Many people make arts and capture photographs and can't find a platform to prove their talent. This is the perfect platform for those Artists and Photographers.
Are you an Artist or a Photographer?
Searching for an Opportunity?


opensslthreadlock.c
Download opensslthreadlock.c raw
/*************************************************************************** * _ _ ____ _ * Project ___| | | | _ \| | * / __| | | | |_) | | * | (__| |_| | _ <| |___ * \___|\___/|_| \_\_____| * * Copyright (C) 1998 - 2017, Daniel Stenberg<EMAIL_ADDRESS>et al. * * This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which * you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms * are also available at https://curl.haxx.se/docs/copyright.html. * * You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell * copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is * furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file. * * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY * KIND, either express or implied. * ***************************************************************************/ /* <DESC> * one way to set the necessary OpenSSL locking callbacks if you want to do * multi-threaded transfers with HTTPS/FTPS with libcurl built to use OpenSSL. * </DESC> */ /* * This is not a complete stand-alone example. * * Author: Jeremy Brown */ #include <stdio.h> #include <pthread.h> #include <openssl/err.h> #define MUTEX_TYPE pthread_mutex_t #define MUTEX_SETUP(x) pthread_mutex_init(&(x), NULL) #define MUTEX_CLEANUP(x) pthread_mutex_destroy(&(x)) #define MUTEX_LOCK(x) pthread_mutex_lock(&(x)) #define MUTEX_UNLOCK(x) pthread_mutex_unlock(&(x)) #define THREAD_ID pthread_self() void handle_error(const char *file, int lineno, const char *msg) { fprintf(stderr, "** %s:%d %s\n", file, lineno, msg); ERR_print_errors_fp(stderr); /* exit(-1); */ } /* This array will store all of the mutexes available to OpenSSL. */ static MUTEX_TYPE *mutex_buf = NULL; static void locking_function(int mode, int n, const char *file, int line) { if(mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) MUTEX_LOCK(mutex_buf[n]); else MUTEX_UNLOCK(mutex_buf[n]); } static unsigned long id_function(void) { return ((unsigned long)THREAD_ID); } int thread_setup(void) { int i; mutex_buf = malloc(CRYPTO_num_locks() * sizeof(MUTEX_TYPE)); if(!mutex_buf) return 0; for(i = 0; i < CRYPTO_num_locks(); i++) MUTEX_SETUP(mutex_buf[i]); CRYPTO_set_id_callback(id_function); CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(locking_function); return 1; } int thread_cleanup(void) { int i; if(!mutex_buf) return 0; CRYPTO_set_id_callback(NULL); CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(NULL); for(i = 0; i < CRYPTO_num_locks(); i++) MUTEX_CLEANUP(mutex_buf[i]); free(mutex_buf); mutex_buf = NULL; return 1; }


Computational art and non-traditional printing
Charlie Weiss
Link to GitHub
Spiral 1 - Generated Spiral
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Spiral 2 - Generated Spiral
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Spiral 3 - Generated Spiral
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Spiral 1 - Embroidery (Stamp)
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Spiral 2 - Embroidery (Stamp)
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Spiral 3 - Embroidery (Stamp)
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Spiral 1 - Ink print
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Spiral 2 - Ink print
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Spiral 3 - Ink print
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Spiral 1 - Canola Oil Print
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Spiral 2 - Canola Oil Print
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Spiral 3 - Canola Oil Print
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Spiral 1 - Light Through Canola Oil Print
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Spiral 2 - Light Through Canola Oil Print
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Spiral 3 - Light Through Canola Oil Print
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Spiral 1 - Pencil Rubbing on Paper Brushed with Canola Oil
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Spiral 2 - Pencil Rubbing on Paper Brushed with Canola Oil
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Spiral 3 - Pencil Rubbing on Paper Brushed with Canola Oil
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Spiral 1 - Back of Pencil Rubbing on Paper Brushed with Canola Oil
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Spiral 2 - Back of Pencil Rubbing on Paper Brushed with Canola Oil
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Spiral 3 - Back of Pencil Rubbing on Paper Brushed with Canola Oil
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Spiral 1 - Imprint from Pencil Rubbing on Paper Below
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Spiral 2 - Imprint from Pencil Rubbing on Paper Below
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Spiral 3 - Imprint from Pencil Rubbing on Paper Below
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Co-Researcher & Co-Designer, with Kausalya Ganesh, Dhruvi Patel • August 2019 - December 2019
Key Skills: User Interviews • Co-Design • Lo-Fi & High-Fi Prototyping • Figma
How might we:
- support older adults in accomplishing care tasks
- help older adults connect with their existing networks


New Hampshire's presidential primary is set for Feb. 11
by EndPlayCONCORD, N.H. (AP) - New Hampshire's presidential primary is set for Feb. 11, eight days after Iowa's first-in-the-nation caucuses.
New Hampshire Secretary of State Bill Gardner made the date official Monday during a statehouse news conference.
On the Democratic side, two candidates in nearby states, Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren and Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, have emphasized New Hampshire's importance to their campaigns. A third candidate geographically familiar to New Hampshire, former Massachusetts Gov. Deval Patrick, began a primary effort earlier this month.
Former Vice President Joe Biden and South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg are among the leading Democrats placing an emphasis on New Hampshire.
In the Republican primary, former Massachusetts Gov. Bill Weld and former Illinois congressman Joe Walsh are attempting longshot campaigns against President Donald Trump.


Instructions
To run commands say "Julie Julie" followed by a command.
For example, say "Julie Julie list commands"
- list commands
- help
- new terminal
- open reddit
- open youtube
- open website
- take dictation
- search
- open microphone
- look up
- play music
- click
- other
- middle
- left
- right
- maximize
- minimize
- what's up
- reboot
- shutdown
- stop listening
- Lookup opens a wikipedia article and reads the summary out loud.
- For example: "Look up Mickey Mouse."
- Open website requieres a fully qualified domain name.
- For example, "Open website google.com."
- Search opens Google.com and tuns on the microphone.
- Play music will play two random songs.
- You can change the number of songs in Juliet.py.
- By editing the totalsongs to play variable.
- Click, other, and middle are hands-free mouse clicks.
- "Other" is the right mouse click.
- Left and right tile a window.


Breakfast
Select from one of the following menus
- Orange juice (12-oz glass)
- Bowl of Cheerios (large) with granola added, skim milk
- Bagel or 2 slices of wheat toast with 1 tablespoon of peanut butter on each piece
or
- 2 pieces of fruit
- A glass of juice (12 oz)
- A breakfast sandwich on an English muffin
- Scrambled eggs (2)
- 2 pieces of ham
- 2 slices of cheese
or
- Bagel with 1 tablespoon of peanut butter
- Smoothie, made with:
- 1 scoop of protein powder
- 8 oz yogurt
- 12 oz skim milk
- 1 cup of frozen fruit
Post-Workout Snack
- Sports drink
- Snack (choose one)
- Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
- A container of yogurt with granola
- A small bag of trail mix and sports drink
- Energy bar, such as Balance, Power or Clif Bar
Lunch
Dinner
Split your plate evenly between protein and carbohydrates
- Protein (choose one)
- Steak
- Chicken
- Fish
- Turkey
- Carbohydrates (choose one)
- Pasta
- Baked potato
- Rice
- Corn
- Side (choose one)
- Salad
- Cooked vegetables
- Fruit
- Drink (choose one)
- Low-fat milk
- Juice
- Lemonade


Welcome to Kyzen
Kyzen Consulting is a complete
software solutions provider. Kyzen
provides a multi-faceted portfolio
of products and service to it's clients,
including a complete E-Commerce
solution methodology, on-site and
off-site software systems development,
and turnkey projects.
Kyzen Consulting Services offers expertise in all phases of system and software development, from start to finish, on a wide range of hardware and software platforms, using the latest software design methodologies. We provide a multi-faceted portfolio of products and services to our clients, including a complete software solution methodology. We can work at your location or ours, providing software and systems development, consultants, subcontracting, training, and multimedia development.


{% extends "temps/index.html" %} {% load static %} {% block title %}
Pictus internet service providers we offer access to our internet services, which we have monthly plans with different prices and offers. We offer services such as wi-fi installation in offices and private homes, also network troubleshooting and consultation services.
Our networking office deals with network accessories such as routers, cat6, RJ45, climping tools etc.
Our team is good at hardware maintenance and setup of new offices and configuring pc for easy communication between each other, also in hardware repair which is extensive hardware repair and cleaning.
Our hardware and maintence office also deals with computer accessories such as Monitor, keyboard, mouse ,usb drives, harddisk, chargers, laptop casing etc.
Our team is good in animotion and graphic designs creates beautiful logos, branding materials, illustrations, video Editing, Posters and Business card and more to fullfill your branding vision.
Website & Software Development
Whether you require a newly developed website to enhance customer engagement, a web portal to improve visibility and organization, or robust and future-rich web app to automate bussiness process, Pictus tech has the solution
Our backend developers are experts in PHP, Python, C#, SQl and more while our front-end designers are well-versed in using Javascript, CSS3, HTML5 and more.
From database design, Desktop App Development and web app development to system integrations, our diverse team of Full-Stack Developers have expertise to build your next software application. Our developers have experience working with javascript, PHP, Python, C#, jQuery, AngularJs, and so much more.
Using our experience in mobile app development, our Mobile App Development Team will help you create smooth, seamless experience on any mobile devices.


{% extends 'base.html'%} {% import 'macros.html' as macro%} {% block styles%} {{ super() }} {% endblock %} {% block content %} {{ macro.displayListingList(listing) }}
Welcome to pitch-hub, thinkout and add your idear . it might make somones day
Most bad government comes from too much government
A day without laughter is a day wasted
The best business quality is quality not quantity
{{pitches.actual_pitch}}


Front-End Team -
Responsible for creating and maintaining the fests’ main and
sub-websites. We also build and handle various event management
portals and web applications like e-wallets.
App Development Team -
The app team builds and deploys the apps, Android and iOS, to keep
the fest experience smooth and hassle-free. We provide platforms for
cashless payment, event registration, and everything that keeps the
fest going.
Back-End Team -
The backend team provides the server-side infrastructure behind
every app/website for the fest. Right from registration of
participants to managing wallet transactions, everything that
involves servers is handled by us.
Video Team -
The video team works with motion graphics, 3D modeling, animation,
and editing software to create teasers, promos, trailers, and
curtain raisers for the fests.
Design Team -
The design team is responsible for creating website and mobile user
interfaces for the fests. It is also responsible for creating the
accompanying graphics.