When a beaver arrives from the top, you are asked to place it into one of the cells of the waiting room.
From time to time, you are asked to remove the beaver who entered first among those that are still in the waiting room.
Sometimes, on the other hand, you are asked to remove the beaver who was the last to enter.
Get organized well so that you don't make any mistake!


Functions for using the Rtc.
More...
Functions for using the Rtc.
◆ DAY
◆ HOUR
◆ MINT
◆ MONTH
◆ REG_A
◆ REG_B
◆ REG_C
◆ REG_D
◆ REGAP
◆ REGBM
◆ RTC_ADDR_REG
| #define RTC_ADDR_REG 0x70 |
◆ RTC_DATA_REG
| #define RTC_DATA_REG 0x71 |
◆ RTC_IRQ
◆ SEC
◆ YEAR
◆ bcd_to_bin()
| void bcd_to_bin |
( |
uint32_t * |
num | ) |
|
Converts num to binary if it's in bcd.
- Parameters
-
| num | number to be converted |
◆ check_bcd()
Checks if data is in bcd.
- Returns
- true if in bcd, false otherwise
◆ get_date()
| void get_date |
( |
uint32_t * |
day, |
|
|
uint32_t * |
month, |
|
|
uint32_t * |
year |
|
) |
| |
Reads date from the RTC if it's not updating.
- Parameters
-
| day | address of memory to be initialized with the current day |
| month | address of memory to be initialized with the current month |
| year | address of memory to be initialized with the current year |
◆ get_time()
| void get_time |
( |
uint32_t * |
sec, |
|
|
uint32_t * |
min, |
|
|
uint32_t * |
hour |
|
) |
| |
Reads time from the RTC if it's not updating.
- Parameters
-
| sec | address of memory to be initialized with the current sec |
| min | address of memory to be initialized with the current min |
| hour | address of memory to be initialized with the current hour |
◆ isUpdating()
Checks if RTC is updating.
- Returns
- 0 if OK, 1 if NOT_OK
◆ rtc_data()
| uint32_t rtc_data |
( |
uint8_t |
port | ) |
|
Reads the content in the specified port.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- Data on register port
◆ rtc_subscribe_int()
| int rtc_subscribe_int |
( |
uint8_t * |
bit_no | ) |
|
Subscribes and enables RTC interrupts.
- Parameters
-
| bit_no | address of memory to be initialized with the bit number to be set in the mask returned upon an interrupt. |
- Returns
- 0 if OK, 1 if NOT_OK
◆ rtc_unsubscribe_int()
| int rtc_unsubscribe_int |
( |
| ) |
|
Unsubscribes RTC interrupts.
- Returns
- 0 if OK, 1 if NOT_OK


Hey! I am Pulkit Jatav, currently a final year engineering student at JSSATE, Noida.
I am a programmer and a developer, always eager to learn and explore new things. Welcome to my personal portfolio!
Hey! I am Pulkit Jatav, currently a final year engineering student at JSSATE, Noida.
I am a programmer and a developer, always eager to learn and explore new things. Welcome to my personal portfolio!
Software Engineering Intern (Jan 2021 - present)
Mindfire Solutions is a 21 years old software development & IT services company that specialize in offering customized technological and digital solutions to enable our clients to solve their mission-critical issues as well as innovate and reach their target markets with differentiated software products
Developer/Member (Feb 2019 - present)
Developer Student Clubs are university based community groups powered by Google Developers.
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering
(2017-2021)
Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (CISCE Board)
(2009-2017)
A web application built using Python and Django, that acts as platform to share and manage resources and files among members of a branch, community or organisation
A Web API built using Python and Django Rest Framework with features such as registration/login , blog pposting, profile view, etc.
Check out my work profiles and other similar links
Feel free to reach out to me about anything! I am always eager to discuss new ideas.


| DOSE: |
10 mg |
oral |
5-MeO-AMT |
(powder / crystals) |
| |
1.0 mg |
insufflated |
5-MeO-AMT |
(powder / crystals) |
I will preface this by saying that I am not sure exactly how much 5-MeO AMT I ingested that night, because my scales are within a 1-2 mg accuracy.
If you choose to do this substance, make sure you know EXACTLY how much you are taking. This is a powerful substance.
Now, on to the report..
I had tried 5-Meo AMT on 2 prior occasions. The first at ~6mg parachuted, the 2nd being ~8mg parachuted. I fasted for 12 hours the first time, and for about 8 the 2nd. On both of these, I vomitted around 20 minutes in. Neither was NEAR as intense as the one I am reporting on.
It was around 9pm on a weekday and I thought, well, I'll give the meoamt another shot... I was very disappointed with the my first 2 experiences. So I weighed out 11 mg, dropped 10 mg right into my mouth chasing it quickly with some dr pepper (The taste isn't THAT bad, but it is quite unpleasant) then I snorted the remaining mg. Then I sat back to watch a movie for the first hour or so in which I expected to do nothing but try my hardest not to vomit. Surprisingly so, the vomit never came and was (relatively) easy to hold back. (Note, I didn't really 'fast' beforehand per se, but I hadn't eaten for about 6 hours)
+30 I felt the tryptamine body buzz begin with the lower stomach tighening
+1hr Thoughts began racing through my head that I had taken too much so I panicked. The next hour or so was spent calming myself down & telling myself it would be okay
+2hr This is where it gets insane... the visuals were better than any I had ever had off of LSD. Colors EVERYWHERE. Sounds were 'digital.' I remember going to the bathroom and thinking, 'Wow. Its way to bright in here' so I reached to turn off the light and it was already off. ha.
+3hr I put in 'Underworld' since I figured that would be cool to look at in this state, and boy was it. It all looked like a cartoon... and all motion on screen was nearly indescernible from the intense & long lasting tracers.
+6hr Now this is when it gets a bit crazy...
My dad was asleep during all this & was going to work the next morning. I knew I couldn't interact with him so I decided to act like I was asleep. So I sat in my chair. Just sat there... being quiet as a mouse... and thinking. The thinking was what got me. I kept trying to 'comprehend infinity' and felt that I was going to go insane if I continued but I just couldn't stop. I realized that that's what makes people crazy, trying to comprehend infinity.
+9hr My dad finally left for work and I was noticably coming down a bit, but still feeling good. I could finally leave the confines of my room & I just walked from window to window, looking outside. If it had been warmer, I would have loved to go outside.  The colors from the strings, the beauty of the music.... I wish I would have been able to do this earlier in my trip when it was still strong
+12hr all effects gone. Still I'm not too tired so I get on the internet for a while.
All in all, definitely the most intense psychadelic experience I have ever had. Though the side effects make it a bit unpleasant, and doing anything but sitting was near impossible during the peak... I walked like a drunk, having to hold on to things to keep from falling over. Its worth a try, but there are FAR better psychadelics out there. But will I do it again? Most likely not... I got what I felt I wanted from it.
Happy Trippings!
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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config¶
src.config.
train_dataset
= 'data/dataset-string-similarity_global_1k.csv'¶Relative path to the train dataset. This value is used only when the dtrain cmd argument is None.
src.config.
test_dataset
= 'data/dataset-string-similarity.txt'¶Relative path to the test dataset. This value is used only when the dtest cmd argument is None.
src.config.
sort_thres
= 0.55¶Similarity threshold on whether sorting on toponym tokens is applied or not. It is triggered on a score below the assigned threshold.
Type: float
- class
src.config.
MLConf
[source]¶This class initializes parameters that correspond to the machine learning part of the framework.
These variables define the parameter grid for GridSearchCV:
Variables:
- SVM_hyperparameters (
list
) – Defines the search space for SVM.- MLP_hyperparameters (
dict
) – Defines the search space for MLP.- DecisionTree_hyperparameters (
dict
) – Defines the search space for Decision Trees.- RandomForest_hyperparameters (
dict
) – Defines the search space for Random Forests and Extra-Trees.- XGBoost_hyperparameters (
dict
) – Defines the search space for XGBoost.These variables define the parameter grid for RandomizedSearchCV where continuous distributions are used for continuous parameters (whenever this is feasible):
Variables:
- SVM_hyperparameters_dist (
dict
) – Defines the search space for SVM.- MLP_hyperparameters_dist (
dict
) – Defines the search space for MLP.- DecisionTree_hyperparameters_dist (
dict
) – Defines the search space for Decision Trees.- RandomForest_hyperparameters_dist (
dict
) – Defines the search space for Random Forests and Extra-Trees.- XGBoost_hyperparameters_dist (
dict
) – Defines the search space for XGBoost.
kfold_parameter
= 5¶The number of outer folds that splits the dataset for the k-fold cross-validation.
Type: int
kfold_inner_parameter
= 4¶The number of inner folds that splits the dataset for the k-fold cross-validation.
Type: int
n_jobs
= -1¶Number of parallel jobs to be initiated. -1 means to utilize all available processors.
Type: int
classification_method
= 'lgm'¶The classification group of features to use. (basic | basic_sorted | lgm).
See also
Features
Details on available inputs.
Type: str
hyperparams_search_method
= 'randomized'¶Search Method to use for finding best hyperparameters. (randomized | grid).
See also
getBestClassifier()
,fineTuneClassifier()
Details on available inputs.
Type: str
max_iter
= 250¶Number of iterations that RandomizedSearchCV should execute. It applies only when
hyperparams_search_method
equals to ‘randomized’.
Type: int


Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic mutation that effects different parts of the body. It effects the lungs and digestive track. There are about 2,000 strains of Cystic Fibrosis. The most common gene is ΔF508, but it is also the most terminal.
Cystic Fibrosis effects the lungs and the digestive track. It effects the lungs by creating a thick sticky mucus it build up inside and cause breathing problems. It also effects the pancreas and small intestine. Just like in the lungs, mucus builds up inside the pancreas and causes the pancreas to not be able to produce enzymes needed for digestion. In the small intestine, that same mucus lines the organ and prevents important nutrients from being absorbed.
There are lots of symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis, and they depend on the person, but here are some general ones:
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease, so its not contagious. Being genetic means it is spread through families and generations. Having Cystic Fibrosis in your family doesn't mean you automaticity have Cystic Fibrosis. You can be a Carrier. A carrier is a person who has the gene but not the disease. Here is a helpful diagram to help explain more:
Cystic Fibrosis has many different treatments depending on the strand of the disease and the intensity of the gene. Some of the most common treatments are:
These are just some of the many treatments that people with Cystic Fibrosis use everyday. Many may not take all of these treatments and there are many more, but there is a little over view of what they might be taking.
You can help the Cystic Fibrosis community by donating. You can donate in a number of different places, but the most general is CFF. CFF is Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, a foundation set up to provide support and research for families with the Cystic Fibrosis gene. You can visit the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation website for some more information.


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DfE enquiries
Central newsdesk 020 7783 8300
General enquiries 0370 000 2288
News story
Supported internships are being trialled at 14 colleges around England for young people who have learning difficulties or disabilities.
Thousands of young people with special educational needs are to get intensive support into long term paid work, thanks to a new government programme.
From this autumn supported internships are being trialled at 14 colleges around England for young people aged between 16 and 25 who have complex learning difficulties or disabilities. The trials will test a study programme for supported internships that could be adopted by all further education colleges from September 2013.
The supported internships trial, backed by £3 million from the Department for Education, will provide a structured learning programme at an employer, like a restaurant, library or clothes retailer, that is tailored to the individual needs of the young person. It will equip them with the skills they need for the job, backed by expert job coaches to support interns and employers, and give them a chance to study for relevant qualifications. The programme gives them the platform to break down negative attitudes and show employers what they can do.
Giving these young people experience of work allows the young adults to boost their confidence and empowers them to become more independent.
Sarah Teather, Minister for Children and Families, said:
This is about helping young people with complex needs learn the skills they need for the workplace within a real job situation.
We have to be more ambitious and tap into huge potential in people with learning needs. We can’t leave the most vulnerable on the scrapheap, without a way of getting a job and being able to live as independently as they can.
With appropriate mentoring, even young people with complex needs can shine in a successful business.
The Minister saw how this works in practice at the Rose Project at Havering College of Further & Higher Education in east London, which has operated a supported employment programme for young adults with special educational needs for several years.
Jenny Carr, Programme Manager for the Realistic Opportunities for Supported Employment Project, said:
We are passionate about the work that we do because we see how life changing this is for our clients who want the same opportunity as others to have jobs and develop their own independence. The benefits to businesses are also immense as the employers we already work with will happily testify.
Brian Mott, Facilities Manager, said:
An unexpected benefit of employing people with learning disabilities has been the attitude they bring to the workplace. Most of us can be a bit jaded with work but they’re a breath of fresh air and it impacts on others.
Every person you employ has their own idiosyncrasies and if you don’t prejudge people with learning disabilities then I think you’ll be pleasantly surprised.
The supported internships trial is part of the biggest reform of special education needs policy in 30 years. The special educational needs green paper Next Steps details how the government supports young people who lose support when they leave school.
Special educational needs statements and learning difficulty assessments will, from 2014, be replaced with a single assessment which cuts red tape and helps to provide a continuous plan to support teenagers with special educational needs prepare for adulthood.
SEND green paper Information on the special educational needs and disability (SEND) green paper ‘Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability’.
Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability Green Paper published 9 March 2011.
The special educational needs green paper next steps document is available online.
Central newsdesk 020 7783 8300
General enquiries 0370 000 2288
Published: 28 June 2012


Young golfers swing into action for huge fundraising drive
The Junior Captain's Golf Day has raised more than £3,000 for Children's Hospice South West
by Lewis ClarkeYoung golfers from Tiverton hit form with a huge fundraising drive for Children’s Hospice South West.
More than 140 players took to the greens and fairways at Post Hill for the club’s Junior Captain’s Golf Day, raising more than £3,000 for the charity.
The 18-hole team event on August 22 was the highlight in teenager Joe Pike’s term as the club’s junior captain.
Visiting Little Bridge House near Barnstaple to present the fundraising cheque last week, Joe said he decided to support the charity after having previously had a tour of the children’s hospice as a member of the Withleigh Young Farmers’ group.
“Having seen at first-hand how CHSW helps families, it was great to be able to support the charity this year,” said Joe, who was joined at Little Bridge House by his mum Beverley and the club’s incoming junior captain, Sam Pryce.
“I’m pleased with how much we managed to raise on the day and know that the money will go to help the families that need the support of the hospice,” added Joe.
Josh Allan, the community fundraiser at Little Bridge House, said: “We are thrilled that Joe chose to raise money to help us help the local families, especially after having visited the hospice himself to see what we do.
“CHSW relies almost entirely on voluntary contributions, and we couldn’t do what we do without the incredible support like this from the local community.
“We’d like to thank Joe and also wish Sam the very best for his year as the club’s junior captain.”


IP6TABLES
Section: iptables 1.4.4 (8)Updated:
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
ip6tables --- IPv6 packet filter administrationSYNOPSIS
ip6tables [-t table] {-A|-D} chain rule-specification [options...]ip6tables [-t table] -I chain [rulenum] rule-specification [options...]
ip6tables [-t table] -R chain rulenum rule-specification [options...]
ip6tables [-t table] -D chain rulenum [options...]
ip6tables [-t table] -S [chain [rulenum]]
ip6tables [-t table] {-F|-L|-Z} [chain [rulenum]] [options...]
ip6tables [-t table] -N chain
ip6tables [-t table] -X [chain]
ip6tables [-t table] -P chain target [options...]
ip6tables [-t table] -E old-chain-name new-chain-name
DESCRIPTION
Ip6tables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IPv6 packet filter rules in the Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains a number of built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains.Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies what to do with a packet that matches. This is called a `target', which may be a jump to a user-defined chain in the same table.
TARGETS
A firewall rule specifies criteria for a packet and a target. If the packet does not match, the next rule in the chain is the examined; if it does match, then the next rule is specified by the value of the target, which can be the name of a user-defined chain or one of the special values ACCEPT, DROP, QUEUE or RETURN.ACCEPT means to let the packet through. DROP means to drop the packet on the floor. QUEUE means to pass the packet to userspace. (How the packet can be received by a userspace process differs by the particular queue handler. 2.4.x and 2.6.x kernels up to 2.6.13 include the ip_queue queue handler. Kernels 2.6.14 and later additionally include the nfnetlink_queue queue handler. Packets with a target of QUEUE will be sent to queue number '0' in this case. Please also see the NFQUEUE target as described later in this man page.) RETURN means stop traversing this chain and resume at the next rule in the previous (calling) chain. If the end of a built-in chain is reached or a rule in a built-in chain with target RETURN is matched, the target specified by the chain policy determines the fate of the packet.
TABLES
There are currently three independent tables (which tables are present at any time depends on the kernel configuration options and which modules are present).- -t, --table table
-
This option specifies the packet matching table which the command
should operate on. If the kernel is configured with automatic module
loading, an attempt will be made to load the appropriate module for
that table if it is not already there.
The tables are as follows:
-
- filter:
- This is the default table (if no -t option is passed). It contains the built-in chains INPUT (for packets destined to local sockets), FORWARD (for packets being routed through the box), and OUTPUT (for locally-generated packets).
- mangle:
- This table is used for specialized packet alteration. Until kernel 2.4.17 it had two built-in chains: PREROUTING (for altering incoming packets before routing) and OUTPUT (for altering locally-generated packets before routing). Since kernel 2.4.18, three other built-in chains are also supported: INPUT (for packets coming into the box itself), FORWARD (for altering packets being routed through the box), and POSTROUTING (for altering packets as they are about to go out).
- raw:
- This table is used mainly for configuring exemptions from connection tracking in combination with the NOTRACK target. It registers at the netfilter hooks with higher priority and is thus called before ip_conntrack, or any other IP tables. It provides the following built-in chains: PREROUTING (for packets arriving via any network interface) OUTPUT (for packets generated by local processes)
-
OPTIONS
The options that are recognized by ip6tables can be divided into several different groups.COMMANDS
These options specify the specific action to perform. Only one of them can be specified on the command line unless otherwise specified below. For all the long versions of the command and option names, you need to use only enough letters to ensure that ip6tables can differentiate it from all other options.- -A, --append chain rule-specification
- Append one or more rules to the end of the selected chain. When the source and/or destination names resolve to more than one address, a rule will be added for each possible address combination.
- -D, --delete chain rule-specification
- -D, --delete chain rulenum
- Delete one or more rules from the selected chain. There are two versions of this command: the rule can be specified as a number in the chain (starting at 1 for the first rule) or a rule to match.
- -I, --insert chain [rulenum] rule-specification
- Insert one or more rules in the selected chain as the given rule number. So, if the rule number is 1, the rule or rules are inserted at the head of the chain. This is also the default if no rule number is specified.
- -R, --replace chain rulenum rule-specification
- Replace a rule in the selected chain. If the source and/or destination names resolve to multiple addresses, the command will fail. Rules are numbered starting at 1.
- -L, --list [chain]
- List all rules in the selected chain. If no chain is selected, all chains are listed. Like every other ip6tables command, it applies to the specified table (filter is the default).
-
Please note that it is often used with the -n
option, in order to avoid long reverse DNS lookups.
It is legal to specify the -Z
(zero) option as well, in which case the chain(s) will be atomically
listed and zeroed. The exact output is affected by the other
arguments given. The exact rules are suppressed until you use
ip6tables -L -v
- -S, --list-rules [chain]
- Print all rules in the selected chain. If no chain is selected, all chains are printed like ip6tables-save. Like every other ip6tables command, it applies to the specified table (filter is the default).
- -F, --flush [chain]
- Flush the selected chain (all the chains in the table if none is given). This is equivalent to deleting all the rules one by one.
- -Z, --zero [chain [rulenum]]
- Zero the packet and byte counters in all chains, or only the given chain, or only the given rule in a chain. It is legal to specify the -L, --list (list) option as well, to see the counters immediately before they are cleared. (See above.)
- -N, --new-chain chain
- Create a new user-defined chain by the given name. There must be no target of that name already.
- -X, --delete-chain [chain]
- Delete the optional user-defined chain specified. There must be no references to the chain. If there are, you must delete or replace the referring rules before the chain can be deleted. The chain must be empty, i.e. not contain any rules. If no argument is given, it will attempt to delete every non-builtin chain in the table.
- -P, --policy chain target
- Set the policy for the chain to the given target. See the section TARGETS for the legal targets. Only built-in (non-user-defined) chains can have policies, and neither built-in nor user-defined chains can be policy targets.
- -E, --rename-chain old-chain new-chain
- Rename the user specified chain to the user supplied name. This is cosmetic, and has no effect on the structure of the table.
- -A, --append chain rule-specification
- Append one or more rules to the end of the selected chain. When the source and/or destination names resolve to more than one address, a rule will be added for each possible address combination.
- -h
- Help. Give a (currently very brief) description of the command syntax.
PARAMETERS
The following parameters make up a rule specification (as used in the add, delete, insert, replace and append commands).- [!] -p, --protocol protocol
- The protocol of the rule or of the packet to check. The specified protocol can be one of tcp, udp, udplite, icmpv6, esp, mh or all, or it can be a numeric value, representing one of these protocols or a different one. A protocol name from /etc/protocols is also allowed. But IPv6 extension headers except esp are not allowed. esp and ipv6-nonext can be used with Kernel version 2.6.11 or later. A "!" argument before the protocol inverts the test. The number zero is equivalent to all. Protocol all will match with all protocols and is taken as default when this option is omitted.
- [!] -s, --source address[/mask]
- Source specification. Address can be either be a hostname, a network IP address (with /mask), or a plain IP address. Names will be resolved once only, before the rule is submitted to the kernel. Please note that specifying any name to be resolved with a remote query such as DNS is a really bad idea. (Resolving network names is not supported at this time.) The mask is a plain number, specifying the number of 1's at the left side of the network mask. A "!" argument before the address specification inverts the sense of the address. The flag --src is an alias for this option. Multiple addresses can be specified, but this will expand to multiple rules (when adding with -A), or will cause multiple rules to be deleted (with -D).
- [!] -d, --destination address[/mask]
- Destination specification. See the description of the -s (source) flag for a detailed description of the syntax. The flag --dst is an alias for this option.
- -j, --jump target
- This specifies the target of the rule; i.e., what to do if the packet matches it. The target can be a user-defined chain (other than the one this rule is in), one of the special builtin targets which decide the fate of the packet immediately, or an extension (see EXTENSIONS below). If this option is omitted in a rule (and -g is not used), then matching the rule will have no effect on the packet's fate, but the counters on the rule will be incremented.
- -g, --goto chain
- This specifies that the processing should continue in a user specified chain. Unlike the --jump option return will not continue processing in this chain but instead in the chain that called us via --jump.
- [!] -i, --in-interface name
- Name of an interface via which a packet was received (only for packets entering the INPUT, FORWARD and PREROUTING chains). When the "!" argument is used before the interface name, the sense is inverted. If the interface name ends in a "+", then any interface which begins with this name will match. If this option is omitted, any interface name will match.
- [!] -o, --out-interface name
- Name of an interface via which a packet is going to be sent (for packets entering the FORWARD, OUTPUT and POSTROUTING chains). When the "!" argument is used before the interface name, the sense is inverted. If the interface name ends in a "+", then any interface which begins with this name will match. If this option is omitted, any interface name will match.
- -c, --set-counters packets bytes
- This enables the administrator to initialize the packet and byte counters of a rule (during INSERT, APPEND, REPLACE operations).
OTHER OPTIONS
The following additional options can be specified:- -v, --verbose
- Verbose output. This option makes the list command show the interface name, the rule options (if any), and the TOS masks. The packet and byte counters are also listed, with the suffix 'K', 'M' or 'G' for 1000, 1,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 multipliers respectively (but see the -x flag to change this). For appending, insertion, deletion and replacement, this causes detailed information on the rule or rules to be printed.
- -n, --numeric
- Numeric output. IP addresses and port numbers will be printed in numeric format. By default, the program will try to display them as host names, network names, or services (whenever applicable).
- -x, --exact
- Expand numbers. Display the exact value of the packet and byte counters, instead of only the rounded number in K's (multiples of 1000) M's (multiples of 1000K) or G's (multiples of 1000M). This option is only relevant for the -L command.
- --line-numbers
- When listing rules, add line numbers to the beginning of each rule, corresponding to that rule's position in the chain.
- --modprobe=command
- When adding or inserting rules into a chain, use command to load any necessary modules (targets, match extensions, etc).
MATCH EXTENSIONS
ip6tables can use extended packet matching modules. These are loaded in two ways: implicitly, when -p or --protocol is specified, or with the -m or --match options, followed by the matching module name; after these, various extra command line options become available, depending on the specific module. You can specify multiple extended match modules in one line, and you can use the -h or --help options after the module has been specified to receive help specific to that module.The following are included in the base package, and most of these can be preceded by a "!" to invert the sense of the match.
ah
This module matches the parameters in Authentication header of IPsec packets.- [!] --ahspi spi[:spi]
- Matches SPI.
- [!] --ahlen length
- Total length of this header in octets.
- --ahres
- Matches if the reserved field is filled with zero.
cluster
Allows you to deploy gateway and back-end load-sharing clusters without the need of load-balancers.This match requires that all the nodes see the same packets. Thus, the cluster match decides if this node has to handle a packet given the following options:
- --cluster-total-nodes num
- Set number of total nodes in cluster.
- [!] --cluster-local-node num
- Set the local node number ID.
- [!] --cluster-local-nodemask mask
- Set the local node number ID mask. You can use this option instead of --cluster-local-node.
- --cluster-hash-seed value
- Set seed value of the Jenkins hash.
Example:
- iptables -A PREROUTING -t mangle -i eth1 -m cluster --cluster-total-nodes 2 --cluster-local-node 1 --cluster-hash-seed 0xdeadbeef -j MARK --set-mark 0xffff
- iptables -A PREROUTING -t mangle -i eth2 -m cluster --cluster-total-nodes 2 --cluster-local-node 1 --cluster-hash-seed 0xdeadbeef -j MARK --set-mark 0xffff
- iptables -A PREROUTING -t mangle -i eth1 -m mark ! --mark 0xffff -j DROP
- iptables -A PREROUTING -t mangle -i eth2 -m mark ! --mark 0xffff -j DROP
And the following commands to make all nodes see the same packets:
- ip maddr add 01:00:5e:00:01:01 dev eth1
- ip maddr add 01:00:5e:00:01:02 dev eth2
- arptables -A OUTPUT -o eth1 --h-length 6 -j mangle --mangle-mac-s 01:00:5e:00:01:01
- arptables -A INPUT -i eth1 --h-length 6 --destination-mac 01:00:5e:00:01:01 -j mangle --mangle-mac-d 00:zz:yy:xx:5a:27
- arptables -A OUTPUT -o eth2 --h-length 6 -j mangle --mangle-mac-s 01:00:5e:00:01:02
- arptables -A INPUT -i eth2 --h-length 6 --destination-mac 01:00:5e:00:01:02 -j mangle --mangle-mac-d 00:zz:yy:xx:5a:27
In the case of TCP connections, pickup facility has to be disabled to avoid marking TCP ACK packets coming in the reply direction as valid.
- echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tcp_loose
comment
Allows you to add comments (up to 256 characters) to any rule.- --comment comment
- Example:
- iptables -A INPUT -s <IP_ADDRESS>/16 -m comment --comment "A privatized IP block"
connbytes
Match by how many bytes or packets a connection (or one of the two flows constituting the connection) has transferred so far, or by average bytes per packet.The counters are 64-bit and are thus not expected to overflow ;)
The primary use is to detect long-lived downloads and mark them to be scheduled using a lower priority band in traffic control.
The transferred bytes per connection can also be viewed through `conntrack -L` and accessed via ctnetlink.
NOTE that for connections which have no accounting information, the match will always return false. The "net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_acct" sysctl flag controls whether new connections will be byte/packet counted. Existing connection flows will not be gaining/losing a/the accounting structure when be sysctl flag is flipped.
- [!] --connbytes from[:to]
- match packets from a connection whose packets/bytes/average packet size is more than FROM and less than TO bytes/packets. if TO is omitted only FROM check is done. "!" is used to match packets not falling in the range.
- --connbytes-dir {original|reply|both}
- which packets to consider
- --connbytes-mode {packets|bytes|avgpkt}
- whether to check the amount of packets, number of bytes transferred or the average size (in bytes) of all packets received so far. Note that when "both" is used together with "avgpkt", and data is going (mainly) only in one direction (for example HTTP), the average packet size will be about half of the actual data packets.
- Example:
- iptables .. -m connbytes --connbytes 10000:100000 --connbytes-dir both --connbytes-mode bytes ...
connlimit
Allows you to restrict the number of parallel connections to a server per client IP address (or client address block).- [!] --connlimit-above n
- Match if the number of existing connections is (not) above n.
- --connlimit-mask prefix_length
- Group hosts using the prefix length. For IPv4, this must be a number between (including) 0 and 32. For IPv6, between 0 and 128. Examples:
- # allow 2 telnet connections per client host
- iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 23 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 2 -j REJECT
- # you can also match the other way around:
- iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 23 -m connlimit ! --connlimit-above 2 -j ACCEPT
- # limit the number of parallel HTTP requests to 16 per class C sized network (24 bit netmask)
- iptables -p tcp --syn --dport 80 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 16 --connlimit-mask 24 -j REJECT
- # limit the number of parallel HTTP requests to 16 for the link local network
- (ipv6) ip6tables -p tcp --syn --dport 80 -s fe80::/64 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 16 --connlimit-mask 64 -j REJECT
connmark
This module matches the netfilter mark field associated with a connection (which can be set using the CONNMARK target below).- [!] --mark value[/mask]
- Matches packets in connections with the given mark value (if a mask is specified, this is logically ANDed with the mark before the comparison).
conntrack
This module, when combined with connection tracking, allows access to the connection tracking state for this packet/connection.- [!] --ctstate statelist
- statelist is a comma separated list of the connection states to match. Possible states are listed below.
- [!] --ctproto l4proto
- Layer-4 protocol to match (by number or name)
- [!] --ctorigsrc address[/mask]
- [!] --ctorigdst address[/mask]
- [!] --ctreplsrc address[/mask]
- [!] --ctrepldst address[/mask]
- Match against original/reply source/destination address
- [!] --ctorigsrcport port
- [!] --ctorigdstport port
- [!] --ctreplsrcport port
- [!] --ctrepldstport port
- Match against original/reply source/destination port (TCP/UDP/etc.) or GRE key.
- [!] --ctstatus statelist
- statuslist is a comma separated list of the connection statuses to match. Possible statuses are listed below.
- [!] --ctexpire time[:time]
- Match remaining lifetime in seconds against given value or range of values (inclusive)
- --ctdir {ORIGINAL|REPLY}
- Match packets that are flowing in the specified direction. If this flag is not specified at all, matches packets in both directions.
States for --ctstate:
- INVALID
- meaning that the packet is associated with no known connection
- NEW
- meaning that the packet has started a new connection, or otherwise associated with a connection which has not seen packets in both directions, and
- ESTABLISHED
- meaning that the packet is associated with a connection which has seen packets in both directions,
- RELATED
- meaning that the packet is starting a new connection, but is associated with an existing connection, such as an FTP data transfer, or an ICMP error.
- SNAT
- A virtual state, matching if the original source address differs from the reply destination.
- DNAT
- A virtual state, matching if the original destination differs from the reply source.
Statuses for --ctstatus:
- NONE
- None of the below.
- EXPECTED
- This is an expected connection (i.e. a conntrack helper set it up)
- SEEN_REPLY
- Conntrack has seen packets in both directions.
- ASSURED
- Conntrack entry should never be early-expired.
- CONFIRMED
- Connection is confirmed: originating packet has left box.
dccp
- [!] --source-port,--sport port[:port]
- [!] --destination-port,--dport port[:port]
- [!] --dccp-types mask
- Match when the DCCP packet type is one of 'mask'. 'mask' is a comma-separated list of packet types. Packet types are: REQUEST RESPONSE DATA ACK DATAACK CLOSEREQ CLOSE RESET SYNC SYNCACK INVALID.
- [!] --dccp-option number
- Match if DCP option set.
dscp
This module matches the 6 bit DSCP field within the TOS field in the IP header. DSCP has superseded TOS within the IETF.- [!] --dscp value
- Match against a numeric (decimal or hex) value [0-63].
- [!] --dscp-class class
- Match the DiffServ class. This value may be any of the BE, EF, AFxx or CSx classes. It will then be converted into its according numeric value.
dst
This module matches the parameters in Destination Options header- [!] --dst-len length
- Total length of this header in octets.
- --dst-opts type[:length][,type[:length]...]
- numeric type of option and the length of the option data in octets.
esp
This module matches the SPIs in ESP header of IPsec packets.- [!] --espspi spi[:spi]
eui64
This module matches the EUI-64 part of a stateless autoconfigured IPv6 address. It compares the EUI-64 derived from the source MAC address in Ethernet frame with the lower 64 bits of the IPv6 source address. But "Universal/Local" bit is not compared. This module doesn't match other link layer frame, and is only valid in the PREROUTING, INPUT and FORWARD chains.frag
This module matches the parameters in Fragment header.- [!] --fragid id[:id]
- Matches the given Identification or range of it.
- [!] --fraglen length
- This option cannot be used with kernel version 2.6.10 or later. The length of Fragment header is static and this option doesn't make sense.
- --fragres
- Matches if the reserved fields are filled with zero.
- --fragfirst
- Matches on the first fragment.
- --fragmore
- Matches if there are more fragments.
- --fraglast
- Matches if this is the last fragment.
hashlimit
hashlimit uses hash buckets to express a rate limiting match (like the limit match) for a group of connections using a single iptables rule. Grouping can be done per-hostgroup (source and/or destination address) and/or per-port. It gives you the ability to express "N packets per time quantum per group":- matching on source host
- "1000 packets per second for every host in <IP_ADDRESS>/16"
- matching on source prot
- "100 packets per second for every service of <IP_ADDRESS>"
- matching on subnet
- "10000 packets per minute for every /28 subnet in <IP_ADDRESS>/8"
A hash limit option (--hashlimit-upto, --hashlimit-above) and --hashlimit-name are required.
- --hashlimit-upto amount[/second|/minute|/hour|/day]
- Match if the rate is below or equal to amount/quantum. It is specified as a number, with an optional time quantum suffix; the default is 3/hour.
- --hashlimit-above amount[/second|/minute|/hour|/day]
- Match if the rate is above amount/quantum.
- --hashlimit-burst amount
- Maximum initial number of packets to match: this number gets recharged by one every time the limit specified above is not reached, up to this number; the default is 5.
- --hashlimit-mode {srcip|srcport|dstip|dstport},...
- A comma-separated list of objects to take into consideration. If no --hashlimit-mode option is given, hashlimit acts like limit, but at the expensive of doing the hash housekeeping.
- --hashlimit-srcmask prefix
- When --hashlimit-mode srcip is used, all source addresses encountered will be grouped according to the given prefix length and the so-created subnet will be subject to hashlimit. prefix must be between (inclusive) 0 and 32. Note that --hashlimit-srcmask 0 is basically doing the same thing as not specifying srcip for --hashlimit-mode, but is technically more expensive.
- --hashlimit-dstmask prefix
- Like --hashlimit-srcmask, but for destination addresses.
- --hashlimit-name foo
- The name for the /proc/net/ipt_hashlimit/foo entry.
- --hashlimit-htable-size buckets
- The number of buckets of the hash table
- --hashlimit-htable-max entries
- Maximum entries in the hash.
- --hashlimit-htable-expire msec
- After how many milliseconds do hash entries expire.
- --hashlimit-htable-gcinterval msec
- How many milliseconds between garbage collection intervals.
hbh
This module matches the parameters in Hop-by-Hop Options header- [!] --hbh-len length
- Total length of this header in octets.
- --hbh-opts type[:length][,type[:length]...]
- numeric type of option and the length of the option data in octets.
helper
This module matches packets related to a specific conntrack-helper.- [!] --helper string
-
Matches packets related to the specified conntrack-helper.
-
string can be "ftp" for packets related to a ftp-session on default port. For other ports append -portnr to the value, ie. "ftp-2121".
Same rules apply for other conntrack-helpers.
-
hl
This module matches the Hop Limit field in the IPv6 header.- [!] --hl-eq value
- Matches if Hop Limit equals value.
- --hl-lt value
- Matches if Hop Limit is less than value.
- --hl-gt value
- Matches if Hop Limit is greater than value.
icmp6
This extension can be used if `--protocol ipv6-icmp' or `--protocol icmpv6' is specified. It provides the following option:- [!] --icmpv6-type type[/code]|typename
-
This allows specification of the ICMPv6 type, which can be a numeric
ICMPv6
type,
type
and
code,
or one of the ICMPv6 type names shown by the command
ip6tables -p ipv6-icmp -h
iprange
This matches on a given arbitrary range of IP addresses.- [!] --src-range from[-to]
- Match source IP in the specified range.
- [!] --dst-range from[-to]
- Match destination IP in the specified range.
ipv6header
This module matches IPv6 extension headers and/or upper layer header.- --soft
- Matches if the packet includes any of the headers specified with --header.
- [!] --header header[,header...]
- Matches the packet which EXACTLY includes all specified headers. The headers encapsulated with ESP header are out of scope. Possible header types can be:
- hop|hop-by-hop
- Hop-by-Hop Options header
- dst
- Destination Options header
- route
- Routing header
- frag
- Fragment header
- auth
- Authentication header
- esp
- Encapsulating Security Payload header
- none
- No Next header which matches 59 in the 'Next Header field' of IPv6 header or any IPv6 extension headers
- proto
- which matches any upper layer protocol header. A protocol name from /etc/protocols and numeric value also allowed. The number 255 is equivalent to proto.
length
This module matches the length of the layer-3 payload (e.g. layer-4 packet) of a packet against a specific value or range of values.- [!] --length length[:length]
limit
This module matches at a limited rate using a token bucket filter. A rule using this extension will match until this limit is reached (unless the `!' flag is used). It can be used in combination with the LOG target to give limited logging, for example.- --limit rate[/second|/minute|/hour|/day]
- Maximum average matching rate: specified as a number, with an optional `/second', `/minute', `/hour', or `/day' suffix; the default is 3/hour.
- --limit-burst number
- Maximum initial number of packets to match: this number gets recharged by one every time the limit specified above is not reached, up to this number; the default is 5.
mac
- [!] --mac-source address
- Match source MAC address. It must be of the form XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX. Note that this only makes sense for packets coming from an Ethernet device and entering the PREROUTING, FORWARD or INPUT chains.
mark
This module matches the netfilter mark field associated with a packet (which can be set using the MARK target below).- [!] --mark value[/mask]
- Matches packets with the given unsigned mark value (if a mask is specified, this is logically ANDed with the mask before the comparison).
mh
This extension is loaded if `--protocol ipv6-mh' or `--protocol mh' is specified. It provides the following option:- [!] --mh-type type[:type]
-
This allows specification of the Mobility Header(MH) type, which can be
a numeric MH
type,
type
or one of the MH type names shown by the command
ip6tables -p ipv6-mh -h
multiport
This module matches a set of source or destination ports. Up to 15 ports can be specified. A port range (port:port) counts as two ports. It can only be used in conjunction with -p tcp or -p udp.- [!] --source-ports,--sports port[,port|,port:port]...
- Match if the source port is one of the given ports. The flag --sports is a convenient alias for this option. Multiple ports or port ranges are separated using a comma, and a port range is specified using a colon. 53,1024:65535 would therefore match ports 53 and all from 1024 through 65535.
- [!] --destination-ports,--dports port[,port|,port:port]...
- Match if the destination port is one of the given ports. The flag --dports is a convenient alias for this option.
- [!] --ports port[,port|,port:port]...
- Match if either the source or destination ports are equal to one of the given ports.
owner
This module attempts to match various characteristics of the packet creator, for locally generated packets. This match is only valid in the OUTPUT and POSTROUTING chains. Forwarded packets do not have any socket associated with them. Packets from kernel threads do have a socket, but usually no owner.- [!] --uid-owner username
- [!] --uid-owner userid[-userid]
- Matches if the packet socket's file structure (if it has one) is owned by the given user. You may also specify a numerical UID, or an UID range.
- [!] --gid-owner groupname
- [!] --gid-owner groupid[-groupid]
- Matches if the packet socket's file structure is owned by the given group. You may also specify a numerical GID, or a GID range.
- [!] --socket-exists
- Matches if the packet is associated with a socket.
physdev
This module matches on the bridge port input and output devices enslaved to a bridge device. This module is a part of the infrastructure that enables a transparent bridging IP firewall and is only useful for kernel versions above version 2.5.44.- [!] --physdev-in name
- Name of a bridge port via which a packet is received (only for packets entering the INPUT, FORWARD and PREROUTING chains). If the interface name ends in a "+", then any interface which begins with this name will match. If the packet didn't arrive through a bridge device, this packet won't match this option, unless '!' is used.
- [!] --physdev-out name
- Name of a bridge port via which a packet is going to be sent (for packets entering the FORWARD, OUTPUT and POSTROUTING chains). If the interface name ends in a "+", then any interface which begins with this name will match. Note that in the nat and mangle OUTPUT chains one cannot match on the bridge output port, however one can in the filter OUTPUT chain. If the packet won't leave by a bridge device or if it is yet unknown what the output device will be, then the packet won't match this option, unless '!' is used.
- [!] --physdev-is-in
- Matches if the packet has entered through a bridge interface.
- [!] --physdev-is-out
- Matches if the packet will leave through a bridge interface.
- [!] --physdev-is-bridged
- Matches if the packet is being bridged and therefore is not being routed. This is only useful in the FORWARD and POSTROUTING chains.
pkttype
This module matches the link-layer packet type.- [!] --pkt-type {unicast|broadcast|multicast}
policy
This modules matches the policy used by IPsec for handling a packet.- --dir {in|out}
- Used to select whether to match the policy used for decapsulation or the policy that will be used for encapsulation. in is valid in the PREROUTING, INPUT and FORWARD chains, out is valid in the POSTROUTING, OUTPUT and FORWARD chains.
- --pol {none|ipsec}
- Matches if the packet is subject to IPsec processing.
- --strict
- Selects whether to match the exact policy or match if any rule of the policy matches the given policy.
- [!] --reqid id
- Matches the reqid of the policy rule. The reqid can be specified with setkey(8) using unique:id as level.
- [!] --spi spi
- Matches the SPI of the SA.
- [!] --proto {ah|esp|ipcomp}
- Matches the encapsulation protocol.
- [!] --mode {tunnel|transport}
- Matches the encapsulation mode.
- [!] --tunnel-src addr[/mask]
- Matches the source end-point address of a tunnel mode SA. Only valid with --mode tunnel.
- [!] --tunnel-dst addr[/mask]
- Matches the destination end-point address of a tunnel mode SA. Only valid with --mode tunnel.
- --next
- Start the next element in the policy specification. Can only be used with --strict.
quota
Implements network quotas by decrementing a byte counter with each packet.- --quota bytes
- The quota in bytes.
rateest
The rate estimator can match on estimated rates as collected by the RATEEST target. It supports matching on absolute bps/pps values, comparing two rate estimators and matching on the difference between two rate estimators.- --rateest1 name
- Name of the first rate estimator.
- --rateest2 name
- Name of the second rate estimator (if difference is to be calculated).
- --rateest-delta
- Compare difference(s) to given rate(s)
- --rateest1-bps value
- --rateest2-bps value
- Compare bytes per second.
- --rateest1-pps value
- --rateest2-pps value
- Compare packets per second.
- [!] --rateest-lt
- Match if rate is less than given rate/estimator.
- [!] --rateest-gt
- Match if rate is greater than given rate/estimator.
- [!] --rateest-eq
- Match if rate is equal to given rate/estimator.
Example: This is what can be used to route outgoing data connections from an FTP server over two lines based on the available bandwidth at the time the data connection was started:
# Estimate outgoing rates
iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j RATEEST --rateest-name eth0 --rateest-interval 250ms --rateest-ewma 0.5s
iptables -t mangle -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j RATEEST --rateest-name ppp0 --rateest-interval 250ms --rateest-ewma 0.5s
# Mark based on available bandwidth
iptables -t mangle -A balance -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m helper --helper ftp -m rateest --rateest-delta --rateest1 eth0 --rateest-bps1 2.5mbit --rateest-gt --rateest2 ppp0 --rateest-bps2 2mbit -j CONNMARK --set-mark 1
iptables -t mangle -A balance -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m helper --helper ftp -m rateest --rateest-delta --rateest1 ppp0 --rateest-bps1 2mbit --rateest-gt --rateest2 eth0 --rateest-bps2 2.5mbit -j CONNMARK --set-mark 2
iptables -t mangle -A balance -j CONNMARK --restore-mark
recent
Allows you to dynamically create a list of IP addresses and then match against that list in a few different ways.For example, you can create a "badguy" list out of people attempting to connect to port 139 on your firewall and then DROP all future packets from them without considering them.
--set, --rcheck, --update and --remove are mutually exclusive.
- --name name
- Specify the list to use for the commands. If no name is given then DEFAULT will be used.
- [!] --set
- This will add the source address of the packet to the list. If the source address is already in the list, this will update the existing entry. This will always return success (or failure if ! is passed in).
- --rsource
- Match/save the source address of each packet in the recent list table. This is the default.
- --rdest
- Match/save the destination address of each packet in the recent list table.
- [!] --rcheck
- Check if the source address of the packet is currently in the list.
- [!] --update
- Like --rcheck, except it will update the "last seen" timestamp if it matches.
- [!] --remove
- Check if the source address of the packet is currently in the list and if so that address will be removed from the list and the rule will return true. If the address is not found, false is returned.
- --seconds seconds
- This option must be used in conjunction with one of --rcheck or --update. When used, this will narrow the match to only happen when the address is in the list and was seen within the last given number of seconds.
- --hitcount hits
- This option must be used in conjunction with one of --rcheck or --update. When used, this will narrow the match to only happen when the address is in the list and packets had been received greater than or equal to the given value. This option may be used along with --seconds to create an even narrower match requiring a certain number of hits within a specific time frame. The maximum value for the hitcount parameter is given by the "ip_pkt_list_tot" parameter of the xt_recent kernel module. Exceeding this value on the command line will cause the rule to be rejected.
- --rttl
- This option may only be used in conjunction with one of --rcheck or --update. When used, this will narrow the match to only happen when the address is in the list and the TTL of the current packet matches that of the packet which hit the --set rule. This may be useful if you have problems with people faking their source address in order to DoS you via this module by disallowing others access to your site by sending bogus packets to you.
Examples:
- iptables -A FORWARD -m recent --name badguy --rcheck --seconds 60 -j DROP
- iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 139 -m recent --name badguy --set -j DROP
Steve's ipt_recent website (http://snowman.net/projects/ipt_recent/) also has some examples of usage.
/proc/net/xt_recent/* are the current lists of addresses and information about each entry of each list.
Each file in /proc/net/xt_recent/ can be read from to see the current list or written two using the following commands to modify the list:
- echo +addr >/proc/net/xt_recent/DEFAULT
- to add addr to the DEFAULT list
- echo -addr >/proc/net/xt_recent/DEFAULT
- to remove addr from the DEFAULT list
- echo / >/proc/net/xt_recent/DEFAULT
- to flush the DEFAULT list (remove all entries).
The module itself accepts parameters, defaults shown:
- ip_list_tot=100
- Number of addresses remembered per table.
- ip_pkt_list_tot=20
- Number of packets per address remembered.
- ip_list_hash_size=0
- Hash table size. 0 means to calculate it based on ip_list_tot, default: 512.
- ip_list_perms=0644
- Permissions for /proc/net/xt_recent/* files.
- ip_list_uid=0
- Numerical UID for ownership of /proc/net/xt_recent/* files.
- ip_list_gid=0
- Numerical GID for ownership of /proc/net/xt_recent/* files.
rt
Match on IPv6 routing header- [!] --rt-type type
- Match the type (numeric).
- [!] --rt-segsleft num[:num]
- Match the `segments left' field (range).
- [!] --rt-len length
- Match the length of this header.
- --rt-0-res
- Match the reserved field, too (type=0)
- --rt-0-addrs addr[,addr...]
- Match type=0 addresses (list).
- --rt-0-not-strict
- List of type=0 addresses is not a strict list.
sctp
- [!] --source-port,--sport port[:port]
- [!] --destination-port,--dport port[:port]
- [!] --chunk-types {all|any|only} chunktype[:flags] [...]
-
The flag letter in upper case indicates that the flag is to match if set,
in the lower case indicates to match if unset.
Chunk types: DATA INIT INIT_ACK SACK HEARTBEAT HEARTBEAT_ACK ABORT SHUTDOWN SHUTDOWN_ACK ERROR COOKIE_ECHO COOKIE_ACK ECN_ECNE ECN_CWR SHUTDOWN_COMPLETE ASCONF ASCONF_ACK
chunk type available flags
DATA U B E u b e
ABORT T t
SHUTDOWN_COMPLETE T t(lowercase means flag should be "off", uppercase means "on") Examples:
iptables -A INPUT -p sctp --dport 80 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p sctp --chunk-types any DATA,INIT -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p sctp --chunk-types any DATA:Be -j ACCEPT
socket
This matches if an open socket can be found by doing a socket lookup on the packet.- --transparent
- Ignore non-transparent sockets.
state
This module, when combined with connection tracking, allows access to the connection tracking state for this packet.- [!] --state state
- Where state is a comma separated list of the connection states to match. Possible states are INVALID meaning that the packet could not be identified for some reason which includes running out of memory and ICMP errors which don't correspond to any known connection, ESTABLISHED meaning that the packet is associated with a connection which has seen packets in both directions, NEW meaning that the packet has started a new connection, or otherwise associated with a connection which has not seen packets in both directions, and RELATED meaning that the packet is starting a new connection, but is associated with an existing connection, such as an FTP data transfer, or an ICMP error.
statistic
This module matches packets based on some statistic condition. It supports two distinct modes settable with the --mode option.Supported options:
- --mode mode
- Set the matching mode of the matching rule, supported modes are random and nth.
- --probability p
- Set the probability from 0 to 1 for a packet to be randomly matched. It works only with the random mode.
- --every n
- Match one packet every nth packet. It works only with the nth mode (see also the --packet option).
- --packet p
- Set the initial counter value (0 <= p <= n-1, default 0) for the nth mode.
string
This modules matches a given string by using some pattern matching strategy. It requires a linux kernel >= 2.6.14.- --algo {bm|kmp}
- Select the pattern matching strategy. (bm = Boyer-Moore, kmp = Knuth-Pratt-Morris)
- --from offset
- Set the offset from which it starts looking for any matching. If not passed, default is 0.
- --to offset
- Set the offset from which it starts looking for any matching. If not passed, default is the packet size.
- [!] --string pattern
- Matches the given pattern.
- [!] --hex-string pattern
- Matches the given pattern in hex notation.
tcp
These extensions can be used if `--protocol tcp' is specified. It provides the following options:- [!] --source-port,--sport port[:port]
- Source port or port range specification. This can either be a service name or a port number. An inclusive range can also be specified, using the format first:last. If the first port is omitted, "0" is assumed; if the last is omitted, "65535" is assumed. If the first port is greater than the second one they will be swapped. The flag --sport is a convenient alias for this option.
- [!] --destination-port,--dport port[:port]
- Destination port or port range specification. The flag --dport is a convenient alias for this option.
- [!] --tcp-flags mask comp
-
Match when the TCP flags are as specified. The first argument mask is the
flags which we should examine, written as a comma-separated list, and
the second argument comp is a comma-separated list of flags which must be
set. Flags are:
SYN ACK FIN RST URG PSH ALL NONE.
Hence the command
iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK,FIN,RST SYN
will only match packets with the SYN flag set, and the ACK, FIN and RST flags unset. - [!] --syn
- Only match TCP packets with the SYN bit set and the ACK,RST and FIN bits cleared. Such packets are used to request TCP connection initiation; for example, blocking such packets coming in an interface will prevent incoming TCP connections, but outgoing TCP connections will be unaffected. It is equivalent to --tcp-flags SYN,RST,ACK,FIN SYN. If the "!" flag precedes the "--syn", the sense of the option is inverted.
- [!] --tcp-option number
- Match if TCP option set.
tcpmss
This matches the TCP MSS (maximum segment size) field of the TCP header. You can only use this on TCP SYN or SYN/ACK packets, since the MSS is only negotiated during the TCP handshake at connection startup time.- [!] --mss value[:value]
- Match a given TCP MSS value or range.
time
This matches if the packet arrival time/date is within a given range. All options are optional, but are ANDed when specified.- --datestart YYYY[-MM[-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss]]]]]
- --datestop YYYY[-MM[-DD[Thh[:mm[:ss]]]]]
- Only match during the given time, which must be in ISO 8601 "T" notation. The possible time range is 1970-01-01T00:00:00 to 2038-01-19T04:17:07.
- If --datestart or --datestop are not specified, it will default to 1970-01-01 and 2038-01-19, respectively.
- --timestart hh:mm[:ss]
- --timestop hh:mm[:ss]
- Only match during the given daytime. The possible time range is 00:00:00 to 23:59:59. Leading zeroes are allowed (e.g. "06:03") and correctly interpreted as base-10.
- [!] --monthdays day[,day...]
- Only match on the given days of the month. Possible values are 1 to 31. Note that specifying 31 will of course not match on months which do not have a 31st day; the same goes for 28- or 29-day February.
- [!] --weekdays day[,day...]
- Only match on the given weekdays. Possible values are Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun, or values from 1 to 7, respectively. You may also use two-character variants (Mo, Tu, etc.).
- --utc
- Interpret the times given for --datestart, --datestop, --timestart and --timestop to be UTC.
- --localtz
- Interpret the times given for --datestart, --datestop, --timestart and --timestop to be local kernel time. (Default)
EXAMPLES. To match on weekends, use:
- -m time --weekdays Sa,Su
Or, to match (once) on a national holiday block:
- -m time --datestart 2007-12-24 --datestop 2007-12-27
Since the stop time is actually inclusive, you would need the following stop time to not match the first second of the new day:
- -m time --datestart 2007-01-01T17:00 --datestop 2007-01-01T23:59:59
During lunch hour:
- -m time --timestart 12:30 --timestop 13:30
The fourth Friday in the month:
- -m time --weekdays Fr --monthdays 22,23,24,25,26,27,28
(Note that this exploits a certain mathematical property. It is not possible to say "fourth Thursday OR fourth Friday" in one rule. It is possible with multiple rules, though.)
tos
This module matches the 8-bit Type of Service field in the IPv4 header (i.e. including the "Precedence" bits) or the (also 8-bit) Priority field in the IPv6 header.- [!] --tos value[/mask]
- Matches packets with the given TOS mark value. If a mask is specified, it is logically ANDed with the TOS mark before the comparison.
- [!] --tos symbol
- You can specify a symbolic name when using the tos match for IPv4. The list of recognized TOS names can be obtained by calling iptables with -m tos -h. Note that this implies a mask of 0x3F, i.e. all but the ECN bits.
u32
U32 tests whether quantities of up to 4 bytes extracted from a packet have specified values. The specification of what to extract is general enough to find data at given offsets from tcp headers or payloads.- [!] --u32 tests
- The argument amounts to a program in a small language described below.
- tests := location "=" value | tests "&&" location "=" value
- value := range | value "," range
- range := number | number ":" number
a single number, n, is interpreted the same as n:n. n:m is interpreted as the range of numbers >=n and <=m.
- location := number | location operator number
- operator := "&" | "<<" | ">>" | "@"
The operators &, <<, >> and && mean the same as in C. The = is really a set membership operator and the value syntax describes a set. The @ operator is what allows moving to the next header and is described further below.
There are currently some artificial implementation limits on the size of the tests:
- *
- no more than 10 of "=" (and 9 "&&"s) in the u32 argument
- *
- no more than 10 ranges (and 9 commas) per value
- *
- no more than 10 numbers (and 9 operators) per location
To describe the meaning of location, imagine the following machine that interprets it. There are three registers:
- A is of type char *, initially the address of the IP header
- B and C are unsigned 32 bit integers, initially zero
The instructions are:
- number B = number;
- C = (*(A+B)<<24) + (*(A+B+1)<<16) + (*(A+B+2)<<8) + *(A+B+3)
- &number C = C & number
- << number C = C << number
- >> number C = C >> number
- @number A = A + C; then do the instruction number
Any access of memory outside [skb->data,skb->end] causes the match to fail. Otherwise the result of the computation is the final value of C.
Whitespace is allowed but not required in the tests. However, the characters that do occur there are likely to require shell quoting, so it is a good idea to enclose the arguments in quotes.
Example:
- match IP packets with total length >= 256
- The IP header contains a total length field in bytes 2-3.
- --u32 "0 & 0xFFFF = 0x100:0xFFFF"
- read bytes 0-3
- AND that with 0xFFFF (giving bytes 2-3), and test whether that is in the range [0x100:0xFFFF]
Example: (more realistic, hence more complicated)
- match ICMP packets with icmp type 0
- First test that it is an ICMP packet, true iff byte 9 (protocol) = 1
- --u32 "6 & 0xFF = 1 && ...
- read bytes 6-9, use & to throw away bytes 6-8 and compare the result to 1. Next test that it is not a fragment. (If so, it might be part of such a packet but we cannot always tell.) N.B.: This test is generally needed if you want to match anything beyond the IP header. The last 6 bits of byte 6 and all of byte 7 are 0 iff this is a complete packet (not a fragment). Alternatively, you can allow first fragments by only testing the last 5 bits of byte 6.
-
... 4 & 0x3FFF = 0 && ... - Last test: the first byte past the IP header (the type) is 0. This is where we have to use the @syntax. The length of the IP header (IHL) in 32 bit words is stored in the right half of byte 0 of the IP header itself.
-
... 0 >> 22 & 0x3C @ 0 >> 24 = 0" - The first 0 means read bytes 0-3, >>22 means shift that 22 bits to the right. Shifting 24 bits would give the first byte, so only 22 bits is four times that plus a few more bits. &3C then eliminates the two extra bits on the right and the first four bits of the first byte. For instance, if IHL=5, then the IP header is 20 (4 x 5) bytes long. In this case, bytes 0-1 are (in binary) xxxx0101 yyzzzzzz, >>22 gives the 10 bit value xxxx0101yy and &3C gives 010100. @ means to use this number as a new offset into the packet, and read four bytes starting from there. This is the first 4 bytes of the ICMP payload, of which byte 0 is the ICMP type. Therefore, we simply shift the value 24 to the right to throw out all but the first byte and compare the result with 0.
Example:
- TCP payload bytes 8-12 is any of 1, 2, 5 or 8
- First we test that the packet is a tcp packet (similar to ICMP).
- --u32 "6 & 0xFF = 6 && ...
- Next, test that it is not a fragment (same as above).
-
... 0 >> 22 & 0x3C @ 12 >> 26 & 0x3C @ 8 = 1,2,5,8" - 0>>22&3C as above computes the number of bytes in the IP header. @ makes this the new offset into the packet, which is the start of the TCP header. The length of the TCP header (again in 32 bit words) is the left half of byte 12 of the TCP header. The 12>>26&3C computes this length in bytes (similar to the IP header before). "@" makes this the new offset, which is the start of the TCP payload. Finally, 8 reads bytes 8-12 of the payload and = checks whether the result is any of 1, 2, 5 or 8.
udp
These extensions can be used if `--protocol udp' is specified. It provides the following options:- [!] --source-port,--sport port[:port]
- Source port or port range specification. See the description of the --source-port option of the TCP extension for details.
- [!] --destination-port,--dport port[:port]
- Destination port or port range specification. See the description of the --destination-port option of the TCP extension for details.
TARGET EXTENSIONS
ip6tables can use extended target modules: the following are included in the standard distribution.CHECKSUM
This target allows to selectively work around broken/old applications. It can only be used in the mangle table.- --checksum-fill
- Compute and fill in the checksum in a packet that lacks a checksum. This is particularly useful, if you need to work around old applications such as dhcp clients, that do not work well with checksum offloads, but don't want to disable checksum offload in your device.
CLASSIFY
This module allows you to set the skb->priority value (and thus classify the packet into a specific CBQ class).- --set-class major:minor
- Set the major and minor class value. The values are always interpreted as hexadecimal even if no 0x prefix is given.
CONNMARK
This module sets the netfilter mark value associated with a connection. The mark is 32 bits wide.- --set-xmark value[/mask]
- Zero out the bits given by mask and XOR value into the ctmark.
- --save-mark [--nfmask nfmask] [--ctmask ctmask]
- Copy the packet mark (nfmark) to the connection mark (ctmark) using the given masks. The new nfmark value is determined as follows:
- ctmark = (ctmark & ~ctmask) ^ (nfmark & nfmask)
- i.e. ctmask defines what bits to clear and nfmask what bits of the nfmark to XOR into the ctmark. ctmask and nfmask default to 0xFFFFFFFF.
- --restore-mark [--nfmask nfmask] [--ctmask ctmask]
- Copy the connection mark (ctmark) to the packet mark (nfmark) using the given masks. The new ctmark value is determined as follows:
- nfmark = (nfmark & ~nfmask) ^ (ctmark & ctmask);
- i.e. nfmask defines what bits to clear and ctmask what bits of the ctmark to XOR into the nfmark. ctmask and nfmask default to 0xFFFFFFFF.
- --restore-mark is only valid in the mangle table.
The following mnemonics are available for --set-xmark:
- --and-mark bits
- Binary AND the ctmark with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-xmark 0/invbits, where invbits is the binary negation of bits.)
- --or-mark bits
- Binary OR the ctmark with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-xmark bits/bits.)
- --xor-mark bits
- Binary XOR the ctmark with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-xmark bits/0.)
- --set-mark value[/mask]
- Set the connection mark. If a mask is specified then only those bits set in the mask are modified.
- --save-mark [--mask mask]
- Copy the nfmark to the ctmark. If a mask is specified, only those bits are copied.
- --restore-mark [--mask mask]
- Copy the ctmark to the nfmark. If a mask is specified, only those bits are copied. This is only valid in the mangle table.
CONNSECMARK
This module copies security markings from packets to connections (if unlabeled), and from connections back to packets (also only if unlabeled). Typically used in conjunction with SECMARK, it is only valid in the mangle table.- --save
- If the packet has a security marking, copy it to the connection if the connection is not marked.
- --restore
-
If the packet does not have a security marking, and the connection
does, copy the security marking from the connection to the packet.
DSCP
This target allows to alter the value of the DSCP bits within the TOS header of the IPv4 packet. As this manipulates a packet, it can only be used in the mangle table.- --set-dscp value
- Set the DSCP field to a numerical value (can be decimal or hex)
- --set-dscp-class class
- Set the DSCP field to a DiffServ class.
HL
This is used to modify the Hop Limit field in IPv6 header. The Hop Limit field is similar to what is known as TTL value in IPv4. Setting or incrementing the Hop Limit field can potentially be very dangerous, so it should be avoided at any cost. This target is only valid in mangle table.Don't ever set or increment the value on packets that leave your local network!
- --hl-set value
- Set the Hop Limit to `value'.
- --hl-dec value
- Decrement the Hop Limit `value' times.
- --hl-inc value
- Increment the Hop Limit `value' times.
LOG
Turn on kernel logging of matching packets. When this option is set for a rule, the Linux kernel will print some information on all matching packets (like most IPv6 IPv6-header fields) via the kernel log (where it can be read with dmesg or syslogd(8)). This is a "non-terminating target", i.e. rule traversal continues at the next rule. So if you want to LOG the packets you refuse, use two separate rules with the same matching criteria, first using target LOG then DROP (or REJECT).- --log-level level
- Level of logging (numeric or see syslog.conf(5)).
- --log-prefix prefix
- Prefix log messages with the specified prefix; up to 29 letters long, and useful for distinguishing messages in the logs.
- --log-tcp-sequence
- Log TCP sequence numbers. This is a security risk if the log is readable by users.
- --log-tcp-options
- Log options from the TCP packet header.
- --log-ip-options
- Log options from the IPv6 packet header.
- --log-uid
- Log the userid of the process which generated the packet.
MARK
This target is used to set the Netfilter mark value associated with the packet. The target can only be used in the mangle table. It can, for example, be used in conjunction with routing based on fwmark (needs iproute2). The mark field is 32 bits wide.- --set-xmark value[/mask]
- Zeroes out the bits given by mask and XORs value into the packet mark ("nfmark"). If mask is omitted, 0xFFFFFFFF is assumed.
- --set-mark value[/mask]
- Zeroes out the bits given by mask and ORs value into the packet mark. If mask is omitted, 0xFFFFFFFF is assumed.
The following mnemonics are available:
- --and-mark bits
- Binary AND the nfmark with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-xmark 0/invbits, where invbits is the binary negation of bits.)
- --or-mark bits
- Binary OR the nfmark with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-xmark bits/bits.)
- --xor-mark bits
- Binary XOR the nfmark with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-xmark bits/0.)
NFLOG
This target provides logging of matching packets. When this target is set for a rule, the Linux kernel will pass the packet to the loaded logging backend to log the packet. This is usually used in combination with nfnetlink_log as logging backend, which will multicast the packet through a netlink socket to the specified multicast group. One or more userspace processes may subscribe to the group to receive the packets. Like LOG, this is a non-terminating target, i.e. rule traversal continues at the next rule.- --nflog-group nlgroup
- The netlink group (1 - 2^32-1) to which packets are (only applicable for nfnetlink_log). The default value is 0.
- --nflog-prefix prefix
- A prefix string to include in the log message, up to 64 characters long, useful for distinguishing messages in the logs.
- --nflog-range size
- The number of bytes to be copied to userspace (only applicable for nfnetlink_log). nfnetlink_log instances may specify their own range, this option overrides it.
- --nflog-threshold size
- Number of packets to queue inside the kernel before sending them to userspace (only applicable for nfnetlink_log). Higher values result in less overhead per packet, but increase delay until the packets reach userspace. The default value is 1. .SSNFQUEUE This target is an extension of the QUEUE target. As opposed to QUEUE, it allows you to put a packet into any specific queue, identified by its 16-bit queue number. It can only be used with Kernel versions 2.6.14 or later, since it requires the nfnetlink_queue kernel support. The queue-balance option was added in Linux 2.6.31.
- --queue-num value
- This specifies the QUEUE number to use. Valid queue numbers are 0 to 65535. The default value is 0.
- --queue-balance value:value
- This specifies a range of queues to use. Packets are then balanced across the given queues. This is useful for multicore systems: start multiple instances of the userspace program on queues x, x+1, .. x+n and use "--queue-balance x:x+n". Packets belonging to the same connection are put into the same nfqueue.
NOTRACK
This target disables connection tracking for all packets matching that rule.It can only be used in the raw table.
RATEEST
The RATEEST target collects statistics, performs rate estimation calculation and saves the results for later evaluation using the rateest match.- --rateest-name name
- Count matched packets into the pool referred to by name, which is freely choosable.
- --rateest-interval amount{s|ms|us}
- Rate measurement interval, in seconds, milliseconds or microseconds.
- --rateest-ewmalog value
- Rate measurement averaging time constant.
REJECT
This is used to send back an error packet in response to the matched packet: otherwise it is equivalent to DROP so it is a terminating TARGET, ending rule traversal. This target is only valid in the INPUT, FORWARD and OUTPUT chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those chains. The following option controls the nature of the error packet returned:- --reject-with type
- The type given can be icmp6-no-route, no-route, icmp6-adm-prohibited, adm-prohibited, icmp6-addr-unreachable, addr-unreach, icmp6-port-unreachable or port-unreach which return the appropriate ICMPv6 error message (port-unreach is the default). Finally, the option tcp-reset can be used on rules which only match the TCP protocol: this causes a TCP RST packet to be sent back. This is mainly useful for blocking ident (113/tcp) probes which frequently occur when sending mail to broken mail hosts (which won't accept your mail otherwise). tcp-reset can only be used with kernel versions 2.6.14 or later.
SECMARK
This is used to set the security mark value associated with the packet for use by security subsystems such as SELinux. It is only valid in the mangle table. The mark is 32 bits wide.- --selctx security_context
TCPMSS
This target allows to alter the MSS value of TCP SYN packets, to control the maximum size for that connection (usually limiting it to your outgoing interface's MTU minus 40 for IPv4 or 60 for IPv6, respectively). Of course, it can only be used in conjunction with -p tcp. It is only valid in the mangle table.This target is used to overcome criminally braindead ISPs or servers which block "ICMP Fragmentation Needed" or "ICMPv6 Packet Too Big" packets. The symptoms of this problem are that everything works fine from your Linux firewall/router, but machines behind it can never exchange large packets:
-
- 1)
- Web browsers connect, then hang with no data received.
- 2)
- Small mail works fine, but large emails hang.
- 3)
- ssh works fine, but scp hangs after initial handshaking.
-
iptables -t mangle -A FORWARD -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN
-j TCPMSS --clamp-mss-to-pmtu - --set-mss value
- Explicitly sets MSS option to specified value. If the MSS of the packet is already lower than value, it will not be increased (from Linux 2.6.25 onwards) to avoid more problems with hosts relying on a proper MSS.
- --clamp-mss-to-pmtu
- Automatically clamp MSS value to (path_MTU - 40 for IPv4; -60 for IPv6). This may not function as desired where asymmetric routes with differing path MTU exist --- the kernel uses the path MTU which it would use to send packets from itself to the source and destination IP addresses. Prior to Linux 2.6.25, only the path MTU to the destination IP address was considered by this option; subsequent kernels also consider the path MTU to the source IP address.
These options are mutually exclusive.
TCPOPTSTRIP
This target will strip TCP options off a TCP packet. (It will actually replace them by NO-OPs.) As such, you will need to add the -p tcp parameters.- --strip-options option[,option...]
- Strip the given option(s). The options may be specified by TCP option number or by symbolic name. The list of recognized options can be obtained by calling iptables with -j TCPOPTSTRIP -h.
TOS
This module sets the Type of Service field in the IPv4 header (including the "precedence" bits) or the Priority field in the IPv6 header. Note that TOS shares the same bits as DSCP and ECN. The TOS target is only valid in the mangle table.- --set-tos value[/mask]
- Zeroes out the bits given by mask and XORs value into the TOS/Priority field. If mask is omitted, 0xFF is assumed.
- --set-tos symbol
- You can specify a symbolic name when using the TOS target for IPv4. It implies a mask of 0xFF. The list of recognized TOS names can be obtained by calling iptables with -j TOS -h.
The following mnemonics are available:
- --and-tos bits
- Binary AND the TOS value with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-tos 0/invbits, where invbits is the binary negation of bits.)
- --or-tos bits
- Binary OR the TOS value with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-tos bits/bits.)
- --xor-tos bits
- Binary XOR the TOS value with bits. (Mnemonic for --set-tos bits/0.)
TPROXY
This target is only valid in the mangle table, in the PREROUTING chain and user-defined chains which are only called from this chain. It redirects the packet to a local socket without changing the packet header in any way. It can also change the mark value which can then be used in advanced routing rules. It takes three options:- --on-port port
- This specifies a destination port to use. It is a required option, 0 means the new destination port is the same as the original. This is only valid if the rule also specifies -p tcp or -p udp.
- --on-ip address
- This specifies a destination address to use. By default the address is the IP address of the incoming interface. This is only valid if the rule also specifies -p tcp or -p udp.
- --tproxy-mark value[/mask]
- Marks packets with the given value/mask. The fwmark value set here can be used by advanced routing. (Required for transparent proxying to work: otherwise these packets will get forwarded, which is probably not what you want.)
TRACE
This target marks packes so that the kernel will log every rule which match the packets as those traverse the tables, chains, rules. (The ipt_LOG or ip6t_LOG module is required for the logging.) The packets are logged with the string prefix: "TRACE: tablename:chainname:type:rulenum " where type can be "rule" for plain rule, "return" for implicit rule at the end of a user defined chain and "policy" for the policy of the built in chains.It can only be used in the raw table.
DIAGNOSTICS
Various error messages are printed to standard error. The exit code is 0 for correct functioning. Errors which appear to be caused by invalid or abused command line parameters cause an exit code of 2, and other errors cause an exit code of 1.BUGS
Bugs? What's this? ;-) Well... the counters are not reliable on sparc64.COMPATIBILITY WITH IPCHAINS
This ip6tables is very similar to ipchains by Rusty Russell. The main difference is that the chains INPUT and OUTPUT are only traversed for packets coming into the local host and originating from the local host respectively. Hence every packet only passes through one of the three chains (except loopback traffic, which involves both INPUT and OUTPUT chains); previously a forwarded packet would pass through all three.The other main difference is that -i refers to the input interface; -o refers to the output interface, and both are available for packets entering the FORWARD chain. There are several other changes in ip6tables.
SEE ALSO
ip6tables-save(8), ip6tables-restore(8), iptables(8), iptables-save(8), iptables-restore(8), libipq(3).
The packet-filtering-HOWTO details iptables usage for
packet filtering,
the netfilter-extensions-HOWTO details the extensions that are
not in the standard distribution,
and the netfilter-hacking-HOWTO details the netfilter internals.
See
http://www.netfilter.org/.
AUTHORS
Rusty Russell wrote iptables, in early consultation with Michael Neuling.Marc Boucher made Rusty abandon ipnatctl by lobbying for a generic packet selection framework in iptables, then wrote the mangle table, the owner match, the mark stuff, and ran around doing cool stuff everywhere.
James Morris wrote the TOS target, and tos match.
Jozsef Kadlecsik wrote the REJECT target.
Harald Welte wrote the ULOG and NFQUEUE target, the new libiptc, as well as TTL match+target and libipulog.
The Netfilter Core Team is: Marc Boucher, Martin Josefsson, Yasuyuki Kozakai, Jozsef Kadlecsik, Patrick McHardy, James Morris, Pablo Neira Ayuso, Harald Welte and Rusty Russell.
ip6tables man page created by Andras Kis-Szabo, based on iptables man page written by Herve Eychenne<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- TARGETS
- TABLES
- OPTIONS
- MATCH EXTENSIONS
- TARGET EXTENSIONS
- DIAGNOSTICS
- BUGS
- COMPATIBILITY WITH IPCHAINS
- SEE ALSO
- AUTHORS
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:26 GMT, December 24, 2015


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Changing one’s beliefs and behaviors is possible but it’s not quick or easy to do. Unless abusers take full responsibility for their behaviors, they are unlikely to change.


plumbing Class
plumbing is the flocks mixin which handles all of the behind-the-scenes work to make flocks function. The mixin is automatically added by calling flocks.createClass, or you can add it yourself in the standard mixin fashion if you prefer.
Properties
childContextTypes
Unknown
Describes the context types provided by the React component; mixin hook notes that this provides flocks2context : object to subordinate controls.
contextTypes
Unknown
Describes the context types accepted or required by any given React component; mixin hook notes the need for flocks2context : object as an incoming context to pay attention to.
Events
componentWillMount
Called when the control is about to mount; mixin hooks this event to add the flocks context this.fctx, the flocks updater
this.fset, and other flocks methods to the control object.
getChildContext
Called when the control is about to pass context to children; the plumbing mixin hooks this event to do the simple job of passing the flocks context data downwards.


:: com :: sun :: star :: frame ::
|
| deprecated |
service DesktopTask |
|
|
- Usage Restrictions
- deprecated
- Description
- use the Frame service instead of this
|
| Properties' Summary |
[ readonly ] string
Title |
use property Frame::Title instead of that |
[ readonly ] boolean
IsDesktop |
- |
boolean
IsVisible |
use th visible state of the frame container window instead of this |
boolean
IsFloating |
- |
boolean
IsAlwaysVisible |
- |
::com::sun::star::awt::Point
Position |
use the position of the frame container window instead of this |
::com::sun::star::awt::Size
Size |
use the size of the frame container window instead of this |
| Properties' Details |
Title
[ readonly ] string Title;
- Description
- use property Frame::Title instead of that
|
|
IsDesktop
[ readonly ] boolean IsDesktop;
- Description
- -
|
|
IsVisible
boolean IsVisible;
- Description
- use th visible state of the frame container window instead of this
|
|
IsFloating
boolean IsFloating;
- Description
- -
|
|
IsAlwaysVisible
boolean IsAlwaysVisible;
- Description
- -
|
|
Position
::com::sun::star::awt::Point Position;
- Description
- use the position of the frame container window instead of this
|
|
Size
::com::sun::star::awt::Size Size;
- Description
- use the size of the frame container window instead of this
|
|
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 His attorneys say it is “scientifically impossible” to pin the killing on him based on new evidence.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals granted Rodney Reed’s habeas claim, remanding his case to the trial court to vet his claims that prosecutors did not share evidence proving his innocence with his defense team and presented false testimony.
The stay came shortly after the state parole board recommended that Governor Greg Abbott delay Reed’s execution, set for Nov. 20, by 120 days.
A Bastrop County jury convicted Reed, 51, of capital murder in May 1998 for the murder of 19-year-old grocery store employee Stacy Stites.
Stites did not show up for her early morning shift at the store on April 23, 1996 and her body was found that afternoon in the brush next to a dirt road in Bastrop County.
She had been strangled to death and marks on her neck matched her belt. Half the belt was found on the roadside.
Reed was charged with capital murder in April 1997 after sperm found from a swab of Stites’ vagina matched a sample Reed’s DNA on file with the Texas Department of Public Safety.
In his trial, prosecutors claimed as Stites drove her fiancé Jimmy Fennell’s pickup to work, Reed had abducted her. They theorized that he may have ambushed her at a railroad crossing or stop light, raped and strangled her in the truck, then dumped her body and left half her belt on the side of the road pointing to her body.
Reed’s lead attorney, Bryce Benjet at the Innocence Project in New York, says in court filings that no DNA evidence other than Reed’s sperm connected him to the pickup or the site where Stite’s body was found. They say he was having an affair with Stites and had consensual sex with her in the days before her murder.
Reed’s attorneys also say courts have ignored evidence pointing to Fennell as the killer.
They claim three leading forensic pathologists found the state’s theory of Reed’s guilt “medically and scientifically impossible” because based on their review of crime scene photos, Stites had been murdered hours before Fennell claimed she had left their apartment to drive to work.
Fennell was a policeman for the Giddings Police Department when Stites was killed. Reed’s attorneys claim prosecutors suppressed a statement from one of his police academy classmates, who stated she had overheard him say he would strangle his girlfriend with a belt if he ever caught her cheating on him.
Fennell was sentenced to 10 years in prison after he was found guilty of raping a woman in his custody in 2007 when he was a Georgetown, Texas policeman.
Reed’s attorneys have submitted affidavits from a former prison inmate who claims Fennell bragged about killing Stites. And they say statements from Stites’ cousin and coworkers corroborate Reed’s claims they were having an affair.
Before the appeals court intervened, Abbott was under pressure to stop the execution from celebrities and state lawmakers. Oprah Winfrey, Dr. Phil, Kim Kardashian West and Rihanna had urged the governor to intervene due to the risk of Texas executing an innocent man. On Nov. 5, 26 state lawmakers sent Abbott a letter asking him to grant Reed a reprieve.
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