JAMS module¶
JAMS Python Utilities
Package offers miscellaneous functions and sub-modules in different categories.
Get help on each function by typing >>> import pyjams >>> help(pyjams.jams.function)
Subpackages¶
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Use a function on arguments masked with undef. |
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Determines the are of a polygon represented as a list of (x,y) vertex coordinates, implicitly wrapping around from the last vertex to the first. |
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Round to the passed power of ten. |
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Format number (array) with given decimal precision. |
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Calculates climate index (color and/or indicators) based on Knoben et al. (2018). |
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The clock plot with modules and up to three index stacks. |
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Calculate subset of 2D points that make a convex hull around a set of 2D points. |
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Computes the cross-correlation function of two series x and y. |
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Calculates the Cuntz-Gleixner steady state and non-steady state models of 13C discrimiantion in the Calvin cycle. |
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Convert scalar and array_like with calendar dates into decimal dates. |
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Converts scale and array_like with decimal dates into calendar dates. |
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Delta values from downloaded IsoGSM2 data |
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Calculates the dew point [K] from ambient humidity [Pa]. |
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Dielectric constant of liquid water in F m^-1. |
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Area of ellipse with major and minor axes a and b. |
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Fast fourier transformation for dummies (like me). |
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Fill missing values by interpolation. |
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Find the file named filename in the sys.path. |
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Write numbers of 2D-array to a file. |
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Computes effective leaf area index Le, total leaf area index Lt and clumping factor omega out of canopy gap fraction observations. |
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Returns the angle in radiant from each point in xy1 to each point in xy2. |
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Download ERA5 or ERA5-Land data from Copernicus Climate Data Store. |
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Get IsoGSM2 output. |
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Returns the z value for each point in an xy coordinate array which is equal to the z value at the nearest point in a given xyz field. |
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2D arrays of longitude and latitude grid edges from grid midpoints. |
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Return list with first n lines of file. |
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Heaviside (or unit step) operator |
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Generates homogeneously, randomly distributed sample points within a given rectangular area spanned by p1 (lower left) and p2 (upper right) corner. |
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Determines whether a 2D point falls within a polygon, on a vertex or edge, or is located outside of a polygon. |
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One-dimensional linear interpolation on first dimension. |
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Intersections of curves given by x,y coordinates. |
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Jackknife-after-Bootstrap error, an approximation of the Jackknife error. |
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Extension of Python's ConfigParser: adding getlist method. |
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Kriging a surface from a set of 2D points with a given semivariogram model and associated optimized parameters. |
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Calculates the time lag between two 1D arrays where the correlation of both arrays is maximum or minimum. |
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Latin Hypercube Sampling of any distribution without correlations after Stein (1987). |
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Count number of lines in a file. |
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Checks an np.ma.array y for outliers deviating from a straight line fitted to y(x). |
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Locally smoothed regression with the LOWESS algorithm. |
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Masks elements in masked 1d-array gathered in groups of n elements. |
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This functions writes the content of a Matlab file into a NetCDF file. |
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Estimates the number of outliers in an approximately normal distributed sample according to Rossner''s (1983) generalized Extreme Studentized Deviate (ESD). |
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Estimation of parameter sensitivity using the PAWN method introduced by |
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Principal component analysis (PCA) upon the first dimension of an 2D-array. |
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Calculates the daily potential evapotranspiration in [mm/d] following the Oudin formula. |
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Calculates the parameter importance index PI or alternatively the B index. |
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Daily reference evapotranspiration after Priestley & Taylor |
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Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) |
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Get variables or print information of hdf4 or hdf5 file. |
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Get variables or print information of hdf5 file. |
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Methods |
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Uses binary strides to reshape an array in a "rolling window" style to perform any function on a rolling window without for loop |
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Samples parameters in given ranges so they can be used for the calculation of Sobol indices as described by Saltelli (2002) and Saltelli et al. (2007). |
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Smooth (and optionally differentiate) data with a Savitzky-Golay filter. |
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Calculates single or multiple experimental semivariogram(s) for spatial distributed data. |
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Send an e-mail. |
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Checks a 1D-array for points deviating more than z standard deviations from a given function. |
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Calculates the first-order Si and total STi variance-based sensitivity indices summarised in Saltelli et al. (2010) with improvements of Mai et al. (2014). |
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Generates stratified random 2D points within a given rectangular area. |
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Return list with last n lines of file. |
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Calculates the Tcherkez model of 13C-discrimiantion in the Calvin cycle. |
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Checks ascii data files with first column being a time stamp in ascii of eng style for correctness. |
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Returns unicodes for common symbols. |
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Volume of function above polygon. |
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Writes dimensions, variables, dependencies and attributes to NetCDF file for 1D to 6D data. |
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Make axis look hand-drawn |
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Calculates plot range from input array |
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Soil water content with the van Genuchten equation and the pedotransfer functions of Zacharias et al. (2007). |
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JAMS Eddy Covariance utilities |
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Helper functions to deal with CHS level1 data and flags. |
Provided functions and modules (alphabetic)¶
apply_undef Use a function on masked arguments. area_poly Area of a polygon. around Round to the passed power of ten. astr Wrapper for autostring. autostring Format number (array) with given decimal precision. baseflow Calculate baseflow from discharge timeseries climate_index_knoben Determines continuous climate indexes based on Knoben et al. (2018). clockplot The clockplot of mHM. convex_hull Calculate subset of points that make a convex hull around a set of 2D points. correlate Computes the cross-correlation function of two series x and y. cuntz_gleixner Cuntz-Gleixner model of 13C discrimination. dielectric_water Dielectric constant of liquid water. delta_isogsm2 Calculate delta values from downloaded IsoGSM2 data. dewpoint Calculates the dew point from ambient humidity. dfgui A minimalistic GUI for analyzing Pandas DataFrames based on wxPython. distributions Module for pdfs of additional distributions. dumpnetcdf Convenience function for writenetcdf eddybox Module containing Eddy Covaraince utilities, see eddysuite.py for details eddysuite Example file for processing Eddy data with eddybox and EddySoft ellipse_area Area of ellipse (or circle) encrypt Module to encrypt and decrypt text using a key system as well as a cipher. errormeasures Definition of different error measures. fftngo Fast fourier transformation for dummies (like me) files Module with file list function. fill_nonfinite Fill missing values by interpolation. find_in_path Look for file in system path. ftp Module with functions for interacting with an open FTP connection. fwrite Writes an array to ascii file gap2lai Calculation of leaf area index from gap probability observations. get_angle Returns the angle in radiant from each point in xy1 to each point in xy2. get_era5 Download ERA5 data suitable to produce MuSICA input data. get_isogsm2 Get IsoGSM2 output. get_nearest Returns a value z for each point in xy near to the xyz field. grid_mid2edge Longitude and latitude grid edges from grid midpoints. hdfread Wrapper for readhdf. hdf5read Wrapper for readhdf5. head Return list with first n lines of file. heaviside Heaviside (or unit step) operator. homo_sampling Generation of homogeneous, randomly distributed points in a given rectangular area. in_poly Determines whether a 2D point falls in a polygon. inpoly Wrapper for in_poly. interpol One-dimensional linear interpolation on first dimension. intersection Intersection of two curves from x,y coordinates. jab Jackknife-after-Bootstrap error. jConfigParser Extended Python ConfigParser. kriging Krig a surface from a set of 2D points. lagcorr Calculate time lag of maximum or minimum correlation of two arrays. lat_fmt Set lat label string (called by Basemap.drawparallels) if LaTeX package clash. leafmodel Model to compute photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of canopies. leafprojection Calculation of leaf projection from leaf angle observations. level1 Module with functions dealing with CHS level1 data files, data and flags. lhs Latin Hypercube Sampling of any distribution without correlations. lif Count number of lines in file. line_dev_mask Maskes elements of an array deviating from a line fit. lon_fmt Set lon label string (called by Basemap.drawmeridians) if LaTeX package clash. lowess Locally linear regression in n dimensions. mat2nc Converts Matlab file *.mat into NetCDF *.nc. netcdf4 Convenience layer around netCDF4 outlier Rossner’’s extreme standardized deviate outlier test. pareto_metrics Performance metrics to compare Pareto fronts. pca Principal component analysis (PCA) upon the first dimension of an 2D-array. pet_oudin Daily potential evapotranspiration following the Oudin formula. pi Parameter importance index PI or alternatively B index calculation. pritay Daily reference evapotranspiration after Priestley & Taylor. pso Particle swarm optimization qa Module of quality (error) measures. readhdf Reads variables or information from hdf4 and hdf5 files. readhdf5 Reads variables or information from hdf5 file. river_network a class for creating a river network from a DEM including flow direction, flow accumulation and channel order rolling Reshape an array in a “rolling window” style. rossner Wrapper for outlier. t2sap Conversion of temperature difference to sap flux density. savitzky_golay Smooth (and optionally differentiate) 1D data with a Savitzky-Golay filter. savitzky_golay2d Smooth (and optionally differentiate) 2D data with a Savitzky-Golay filter. saltelli Parameter sampling for Sobol indices calculation. semivariogram Calculates semivariogram from spatial data. sendmail Send an e-mail. sg Wrapper savitzky_golay. sg2d Wrapper savitzky_golay2d. sigma_filter Mask values deviating more than z standard deviations from a given function. tail Return list with last n lines of file. maskgroup Masks elements in a 1d array gathered in small groups. samevalue Checks if abs. differences of array values within a certain window are smaller than threshold. smax Calculating smooth maximum of two numbers smin Calculating smooth minimum of two numbers sobol_index Calculates the first-order and total variance-based sensitivity indices. srrasa Generates stratified random 2D points within a given rectangular area. srrasa_trans Generates stratified random 2D transects within a given rectangular area. tcherkez Calculates the Tcherkez model of 13C-discrimiantion in the Calvin cycle. timestepcheck Fills missing time steps in ascii data files tsym Raw unicodes for common symbols. volume_poly Volume of function above a polygon writenetcdf Write netCDF4 file. xkcd Make plot look handdrawn. yrange Calculates plot range from input array. zacharias Soil water content with van Genuchten and Zacharias et al. (2007). zacharias_check Checks validity of parameter set for Zacharias et al. (2007).
Provided functions and modules per category¶
Array manipulation Ascii files Data processing Grids / Polygons Hydrology Isotopes Math Meteorology Miscellaneous Models Plotting Special files
Array manipulation¶
samevalue Checks if abs. differences of array values within a certain window are smaller than threshold. maskgroup Masks elements in a 1d array gathered in small groups. rolling Reshape an array in a “rolling window” style. smax Calculating smooth maximum of two numbers smin Calculating smooth minimum of two numbers
Ascii files¶
fwrite Writes an array to ascii file head Return list with first n lines of file. lif Count number of lines in file. tail Return list with last n lines of file.
Data processing¶
convex_hull Calculate subset of points that make a convex hull around a set of 2D points. eddybox Module containing Eddy Covaraince utilities, see eddybox folder for details eddysuite Example file for processing Eddy data with eddybox and EddySoft fill_nonfinite Fill missing values by interpolation. gap2lai Calculation of leaf projection and leaf area index from gap probability observations. interpol One-dimensional linear interpolation on first dimension. kriging Krig a surface from a set of 2D points. leafprojection Calculation of leaf projection from leaf angle observations. level1 Module with functions dealing with CHS level1 data files, data and flags. line_dev_mask Mask elements of an array deviating from a line fit. lowess Locally linear regression in n dimensions. outlier Rossner’’s extreme standardized deviate outlier test. pca Principal component analysis (PCA) upon the first dimension of an 2D-array. rossner Wrapper for outlier. t2sap Conversion of temperature difference to sap flux density. savitzky_golay Smooth (and optionally differentiate) 1D data with a Savitzky-Golay filter. savitzky_golay2d Smooth (and optionally differentiate) 2D data with a Savitzky-Golay filter. semivariogram Calculates semivariogram from spatial data. sg Wrapper savitzky_golay. sg2d Wrapper savitzky_golay2d. sigma_filter Mask values deviating more than z standard deviations from a given function. srrasa Generates stratified random 2D points within a given rectangular area. srrasa_trans Generates stratified random 2D transects within a given rectangular area. timestepcheck Fills missing time steps in ascii data files
Grids / Polygons¶
area_poly Area of a polygon grid_mid2edge Longitude and latitude grid edges from grid midpoints. homo_sampling Generation of homogeneous, randomly distributed points in a given rectangular area. in_poly Determines whether a 2D point falls in a polygon. inpoly Wrapper for in_poly. volume_poly Volume of function above a polygon get_angle Returns the angle in radiant from each point in xy1 to each point in xy2. get_nearest Returns a value z for each point in xy near to the xyz field.
Hydrology¶
baseflow Calculate baseflow from discharge timeseries river_network a class for creating a river network from a DEM including flow direction, flow accumulation and channel order
Isotopes¶
cuntz_gleixner Cuntz-Gleixner model of 13C discrimination. delta_isogsm2 Calculate delta values from downloaded IsoGSM2 data. get_isogsm2 Get IsoGSM2 output. tcherkez Calculates the Tcherkez model of 13C-discrimiantion in the Calvin cycle.
Math¶
around Round to the passed power of ten. correlate Computes the cross-correlation function of two series x and y. distributions Module for pdfs of additional distributions. ellipse_area Area of ellipse (or circle) errormeasures Definition of different error measures. fftngo Fast fourier transformation for dummies (like me) heaviside Heaviside (or unit step) operator. intersection Intersection of two curves from x,y coordinates. jab Jackknife-after-Bootstrap error. lagcorr Calculate time lag of maximum or minimum correlation of two arrays. lhs Latin Hypercube Sampling of any distribution without correlations. pareto_metrics Performance metrics to compare Pareto fronts. pi Parameter importance index PI or alternatively B index calculation. pso Particle swarm optimization qa Module of quality assessment (error) measures. saltelli Parameter sampling for Sobol indices calculation. sobol Generates Sobol sequences sobol_index Calculates the first-order and total variance-based sensitivity indices.
Meteorology¶
climate_index_knoben Determines continuous climate indexes based on Knoben et al. (2018). dewpoint Calculates the dew point from ambient humidity. dielectric_water Dielectric constant of liquid water. get_era5 Download ERA5 data suitable to produce MuSICA input data. pet_oudin Daily potential evapotranspiration following the Oudin formula. pritay Daily reference evapotranspiration after Priestley & Taylor
Miscellaneous¶
apply_undef Use a function on masked arguments. astr Wrapper for autostring. autostring Format number (array) with given decimal precision. encrypt Module to encrypt and decrypt text using a key system as well as a cipher. files Module with file list function. find_in_path Look for file in system path. ftp Module with functions for interacting with an open FTP connection. sendmail Send an e-mail. zacharias Soil water content with van Genuchten and Zacharias et al. (2007). zacharias_check Checks validity of parameter set for Zacharias et al. (2007).
Models¶
leafmodel Model to compute photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of canopies
Plotting¶
clockplot The clockplot of mHM. dfgui A minimalistic GUI for analyzing Pandas DataFrames based on wxPython. lat_fmt Set lat label string (called by Basemap.drawparallels) if LaTeX package clash. lon_fmt Set lon label string (called by Basemap.drawmeridians) if LaTeX package clash. tsym Raw unicodes for common symbols. xkcd Make plot look handdrawn. yrange Calculates plot range from input array.
Special files¶
dumpnetcdf Convenience function for writenetcdf hdfread Wrapper for readhdf. hdf5read Wrapper for readhdf5. jConfigParser Extended Python ConfigParser. mat2nc Converts Matlab file *.mat into NetCDF *.nc. netcdf4 Convenience layer around netCDF4 readhdf Reads variables or information from hdf4 and hdf5 files. readhdf5 Reads variables or information from hdf5 file. writenetcdf Write netCDF4 file.
History¶
Written, Matthias Cuntz, Jul 2009 Modified, Matthias Cuntz, Jul 2009
lif, fread, sread, readnetcdf, cellarea, pack, unpack
Matthias Cuntz, Aug 2009 - position Maren Goehler, Jul 2010 - outlier Arndt Piayda, Jan 2011 - date2dec, dec2date Arndt Piayda, Feb 2011 - semivariogram Tino Rau, May 2011 - gap_filling Tino Rau, May 2011 - calcvpd Matthias Cuntz, Jun 2011
/usr/bin/python to /usr/bin/env python
tsym, around
Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2011 - mad Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2011 - try netcdf and stats routines Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2011 - autostring Matthias Cuntz, Jan 2012
esat, closest, dewpoint, division, heaviside, tcherkez, yrange,
const, cuntz_gleixner
calcvpd obsolete
Matthias Cuntz, Mar 2012 - gapfill, nee2gpp Matthias Cuntz, May 2012
astr, div, sobol_index, pi, roman, zacharias, saltelli
Matthias Zink, Jun 2012 - writenetcdf Matthias Cuntz, Jun 2012 - roman -> romanliterals, interpol Matthias Zink, Jun 2012 - readhdf5 Matthias Cuntz, Jun 2012 - readhdf4, readhdf Matthias Cuntz, Sep 2012 - brewer Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2012 - savitzky_golay Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2012
added netcdftime but no import so that available w/o netcdf
- Arndt Piayda, Nov 2012
convex_hull, in_poly, kriging, semivariogram update
srrasa, srrasa_trans
- Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2012
nee2gpp, nee2gpp_falge, nee2gpp_lasslop, nee2gpp_reichstein
- Matthias Cuntz, Dec 2012
functions
gap_filling obsolete
Matthias Cuntz, Feb 2013 - area_poly Matthias Cuntz & Juliane Mai, Feb 2013 - volume_poly Matthias Cuntz, Feb 2013 - ported to Python 3 Matthias Cuntz, Mar 2013 - find_in_path, xkcd Matthias Cuntz, Apr 2013 - rgb Matthias Cuntz, Jun 2013 - colours Matthias Cuntz, Jul 2013 - fill_nonfinite, means Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2013
morris, sce, inpoly, rossner, netcdfread, ncread, readnc
hdfread, hdf4read, hdf5read
- Arndt Piayda, Feb 2014
maskgroup
line_dev_mask
- Matthias Cuntz, Feb 2014
removed all import *
sigma_filter
Arndt Piayda, Mar 2014 - lagcorr Matthias Cuntz, Apr 2014 - correlate Matthias Cuntz, May 2014
signature2plot
adapted new CHS license scheme
Arndt Piayda, May 2014 - get_nearest Arndt Piayda, Jun 2014 - get_angle Andreas Wiedemann, Jun 2014 - t2sap Arndt Piayda, Jul 2014
errormeasures, homo_sampling, sltclean, meteo4slt
eddycorr, eddyspec
- Arndt Piayda, Aug 2014
planarfit, timestepcheck, fluxplot, itc, spikeflag, ustarflag
fluxflag, fluxfill
Arndt Piayda, Sep 2014 - energyclosure, fluxpart Stephan Thober, Sep 2014 - dumpnetcdf Matthias Cuntz, Sep 2014 - alpha_equ_h2o, alpha_kin_h2o Arndt Piayda, Sep 2014
leafmodel
profile2storage
- eddybox -> moved eddycorr, eddyspec, energyclosure,
fluxfill, fluxflag, fluxpart, fluxplot, gapfill, itc, meteo4slt, nee2gpp, nee2gpp_falge, nee2gpp_lasslop, nee2gpp_reichstein, planarfit, profile2storage, sltclean, spikeflag, ustarflag
into eddybox module
Arndt Piayda, Sep 2014 - eddysuite Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2014
ufz module -> ufz package
clockplot, ellipse_area, savez, savez_compressed
grid_mid2edge, tee
Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2014 - pca, head Arndt Piayda, Nov 2014 - gap2lai, leafprojection Matthias Cuntz, Dec 2014
directory_from_gui, file_from_gui, files_from_gui
logtools,
sendmail, argsort, tail
ftp
file
encrypt
- Matthias Cuntz, Feb 2015
fsread
ascii2ascii, ascii2eng, eng2ascii
- Matthias Cuntz, Mar 2015
module level1 with get_flag, set_flag, read_data, write_data
rename file to files
dielectric_water
color
redone all __init__.py
David Schaefer, Sep 2015 - hollickLyneFilter Arndt Piayda, Sep 2015 - confidence intervals to errormeasures Andreas Wiedemann, Sep 2015 - samevalue Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2015 - str2tex, lat_fmt, lon_fmt Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2015 - directories_from_gui Stephan Thober, Nov 2015 - kge Stephan Thober, Dec 2015 - river_network Stephan Thober, Feb 2016
function for writing 2d arrays to ascii file
Juliane Mai, Feb 2016 - pareto_metrics Stephan Thober, Mar 2016 - smax, smin David Schaefer, Mar 2016 - netcdf4 Matthias Cuntz, May 2016 - qa Matthias Cuntz, May 2016 - distributions Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2016 - rm colours and rgb from main directory Arndt Piayda, Oct 2016 - fftngo Juliane Mai, Oct 2016 - mat2nc Juliane Mai, Oct 2016 - dag Arndt Piayda, Oct 2016 - pritay David Schaefer, Oct 2016 - added geoarray Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2016 - ported to Python 3 Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2016 - pso Arndt Piayda, Dec 2016 - rolling Stephan Thober, Aug 2017 - added fwrite Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2017 - xread Juliane Mai, Dec 2017 - pawn_index Matthias Cuntz, Dec 2017 - screening Matthias Cuntz, Jan 2018 - lowess Matthias Cuntz, Jan 2018 - apply_undef Matthias Cuntz, Mar 2018
ascii2en, en2ascii, ascii2fr, fr2ascii, ascii2us, us2ascii
Matthias Cuntz, Jul 2018 - plot Matthias Cuntz, Nov 2018 - intersection, jConfigParser Matthias Cuntz, Jan 2019
dfgui, delta_isogsm2, get_era5, get_era_interim, get_isogsm2
Matthias Cuntz, Feb 2019 - xlsread, xlsxread Matthias Cuntz, Apr 2019 - nc2nc Matthias Cuntz, Jul 2019 - argmax, argmin Juliane Mai, Feb 2020 - pet_oudin Juliane Mai, Feb 2020 - climate_index_knoben Matthias Cuntz, Dec 2020 - mcPlot Matthias Cuntz, Oct 2021 - started deprecation Matthias Cuntz, Jun 2023
moved jams to pyjams
cleaning deprecated and unsupported routines


I have planned to write this post long time ago. Thanks to my procrastination, I need to review it again and write it now: This post include these several parts:
- Quick review of GBM
- How to decide the value in each node
- Object function
- Optimal Results
- How to split the tree:
- Exact Greedy Algorithm
- Approximate Algorithm
- System Design Overview
- Parameter Explanation for XGBoost
1. Review of GBM
You may or may not know that the full name of XGBoost is eXtreme Gradient Boosting. So there is no doubt that this model is built on top of GBM. The detailed GBM model explaination can be seen from here. For this post, I will list several summarized GBM information which can save us time when understanding XGBoost.
1.1 Theory Basis
Gradient boosting machine tries to fit an additive model in a forward stage-wise manner. In each stage, we introduce a new regression tree \(f(x)\) to compensate the shortcomings of existing model and the "shortcomings" are identified by negative gradients.
1.2 Negative Gradients
I think for negative gradients part I still did not explain clearly last time. So, this time I would like to deep dive a little bit more:
Remeber we have our additive model like this: \[\hat{y^{(t)}} = \hat{y^{(t-1)}} + f_t(X) \tag{1}\] And each time we want to train a weak learner \(y^{(t)}\) (here we use tree) to minimize the loss: \[\arg\min_{\hat{y^{(t)}}} \ L(y,\hat{y^{(t)}})\] In order to find the optimal weaker leaner to minimize the loss, we can use gradient descent. So if we deem \(\hat{y^{(t)}}\) as the parameter to update, we have: \[\hat{y^{(t)}} = \hat{y^{(t-1)}} - \frac{\partial L(y,\hat{y^{(t-1)}})}{\partial \hat{y^{(t-1)}}}\tag{2}\] This type of GD is called function space gradient descent.
Then it comes to the amazing part: If you compare formula (1) with (2), you will realize that if we fit \(f_t(X)\approx -\frac{\partial L(y,\hat{y^{(t-1)}})}{\partial \hat{y^{(t-1)}}}\), then we will minimize the loss, and the reality is \(\hat{y^{(t-1)}}\) can be seen as known value, so the only part we train is \(f_t(X)\) within \(\hat{y^{(t)}}.\)
That's why we are saying that in each state, GBDT tries to fit the negative gradients of the last state.
And if you use squared loss, you will find every tree just fits to the residuals.
In a word: The loss function is still what is being minimized, while the gradient is how it is being minimized.
After reviewing the GBM knowledge, we can summarize that the key points to generate a boosting tree are to know:
- How to decide the value in each node
- How to split the tree
Let's then look at how XGBoost solves these two problems.
2. How to decide the value in each node
2.1 Object Function
The major difference between normal GBM and XGBoost is the object function: \[obj^{t}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}l(y_i,\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}}+f_t(x_i))+\Omega(f_t)\]
We can see that except for the loss function which is the same with GBM, it also has a regularization term.
Regularization Term
The regularization term is vary common and important in preventing the overfitting. To know the specific form of the regularization term, we need to know what parameter controls the tree \(f_t(x)\).
Here we define: \[f_t(x)= \omega_{q(x)}, q:R^{d}={1,2,..,T}, \omega \in R^{T}\] where \(q(x)\) defines the tree structure and tells the mapping between each sample \(x\) to its tree leaves; \(\omega\) tells the leaf weight (leaf value) of that tree. In that case, one sample \(x_i\) belongs to one leaf through \(q(x_i)\) and has the value \(\omega_{q(x_i)}\)
Therefore, the complication of a tree includes two parts:
- The number of leaves \(T\)
- The weight value \(\omega\) for each leaf (?)
\[\Omega(f_t) = \gamma T + \frac{1}{2}\lambda\sum_{j=1}^{T}\omega_j^2\]
2.2 Optimal Solution
After making clear the objective function, let's now try to answer the first question: How to decide the value in each node. From GBM we know, we tried to minimize the loss to find the optimal value and use it to represent each node (Mean for L2 loss and Median for L1 loss). Here we do the same with using one mathematical technique called Tyler Theorem:
Tyler Theorem gives an approximation of a k-times differentiable function around a given point by a k-th order Taylor polynomial:(here we show the second-order estimation) \[f(x+\Delta x) \approx f(x)+ f^{'}(x)\Delta x+\frac{1}{2}f^{''}(x)\Delta x^2\]
2.2.1 Usage of Tyler Formula
After knowing this, we get back to our loss function without regularization term: \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}l(y_i,\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}}+f_t(x_i))\] If we ignore the \(y_i\) (that is the true value we already know), and bring Tyler formula into this:
- Let \(x\) match with \(\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}}\) in the loss function
- Let \(\Delta x\) matach with \(f_t(x_i)\)
Then we can re-write the loss function as following: \[loss^{(t)}\approx \sum_{i=1}^{n}[l(y_i,\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}})+ g_if_t(x_i) + \frac{1}{2}h_if^2_t(x_i)]\] Where \(g_i = \partial_{\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}}} l(y_i,\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}})\) and \(h_i = \partial^2_{\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}}} l(y_i,\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}})\)
Next, since we are using greedy method which means the value for previous \(t-1\) trees will be worked as known in stage \(t\), so \(l(y_i,\hat{y_i^{(t-1)}})\) is constant and can be ignored. After clean it up we get: \[loss^{(t)}\approx \sum_{i=1}^{n}[g_if_t(x_i) + \frac{1}{2}h_if^2_t(x_i)]\]
We can see that the loss only depends on the first and second derivative of the loss function.
2.2.2 From Sample to Leaf Node
Next we add regularization term together with the loss function to further optimize: \[\begin{align*} obj^{(t)} &\approx \sum_{i=1}^{n}[g_if_t(x_i) + \frac{1}{2}h_if^2_t(x_i)]+ \gamma T + \frac{1}{2}\lambda\sum_{j=1}^{T}\omega_j^2 \\ &=\sum_{i=1}^{n}[g_i\omega_{q(x_i)} + \frac{1}{2}h_i \omega^2_{q(x_i)}]+ \gamma T + \frac{1}{2}\lambda\sum_{j=1}^{T}\omega_j^2 \\ &=\sum_{j=1}^{T}[(\sum_{i\in I_j}g_i)\omega_j + \frac{1}{2}(\sum_{i\in I_j}h_i + \lambda)\omega^2_j] + \gamma T \end{align*}\] Where \(I_j\) contains all the sample index which belongs to leaf node \(j\). Here we did a transformation from sample to leaf node. At the beginning we add every term up in sample level i \(\to\) n, then we use \(q(x)\) and \(\omega\) to define the tree structure and gradually transfer to add term up in node level j \(\to\) T. This transferring step is really important for solving this optimization problem.
2.2.3 Optimal Solution:
Finally, we can define \(G_j = \sum_{i\in I_j}g_i\), \(H_j =\sum_{i\in I_j}h_i\) and re-write the objective function: \[obj^{(t)}=\sum_{j=1}^{T}[G_j\omega_j + \frac{1}{2}(H_j+ \lambda)\omega^2_j] + \gamma T\] And if we make partial derivative on \(\omega_j\) to 0, we can get the optimal value: \[\omega^{*} = -\frac{G_j}{H_j+\lambda}\] And if we bring in it into the objective function: \[obj = -\frac{1}{2}\sum_{j=1}^{T}\frac{G^2_j}{H_j+\lambda}+\gamma T\] It tells us when the tree structure is fixed, what is the minimum loss we will get, so we also call it structure score.
Now we can get the optimal value (\(\omega_j\)) to minimize the objective function when the tree structure is fixed. Then the next question will be: how can we get a good tree structure? In another word, how should we split the tree? Let's talk about that in the next post.
Reference:
https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02754
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/38329631
https://towardsdatascience.com/boosting-algorithm-gbm-97737c63daa3
https://blog.csdn.net/vjulyv/article/details/81410574
https://explained.ai/gradient-boosting/faq.html


Notice
This is to inform that the Dashain-Tihar Vacation begins from Friday, October 4, 2019 (Aswin 17, 2076).
The College reopens on Thursday , October 31, 2019 (Kartik 14, 2076).
Note:
The College Administration and the Library will remain open from 10 am to 5 pm during the Vacation except on the holidays indicated in the Academic Calendar.
Medical & Engineering Entrance Preparation Classes will run during Vacation from 14 to 25 October (27 Aswin to 8 Kartik).
Principal
Monday, September 30, 2019


Capability definition
Edit (pull request)A capability definition defines a named, typed set of data that can be associated with Node Type or Node Template to describe a transparent capability or feature of the software component the node describes.
Keynames
| Keyname | Required | Type | Description | tosca_definitions_version |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| type | yes | string | Type of capability or node that is required by the current node. | alien_dsl_1_3_0 alien_dsl_1_2_0 tosca_simple_yaml_1_0 |
| description | no | string | The optional description of the Capability Type. | alien_dsl_1_3_0 alien_dsl_1_2_0 tosca_simple_yaml_1_0 |
| properties | no | list of properties values | Properties values for the properties defined on the capability type. | alien_dsl_1_3_0 alien_dsl_1_2_0 tosca_simple_yaml_1_0 |
| attributes | no | list of attributes values | Attributes values for the attributes defined on the capability type. | alien_dsl_1_3_0 alien_dsl_1_2_0 tosca_simple_yaml_1_0 |
| valid_source_types (1) | no | string[] | An optional list of one or more valid names of Node Types that are supported as valid sources of any relationship established to the declared Capability Type. | alien_dsl_1_3_0 alien_dsl_1_2_0 tosca_simple_yaml_1_0 |
| occurrences | range | no | Specifies the boundaries of client requirements the defined capability can serve. A value of unbounded indicates that there is no upper boundary. Defaults to [0, unbounded]. | alien_dsl_1_3_0 alien_dsl_1_2_0 tosca_simple_yaml_1_0 |
- (1) Valid source types is not supported in alien4cloud. We intend to support valid source types in future releases but believe that there should not be reasons to restrict the usage of a capability to a specific node as it could restrict the reusability of the node.
Grammar
# Simple definition is as follows:
<capability_defn_name>: <capability_type>
# The full definition is as follows:
<capability_defn_name>:
type: <capability_type>
description: <capability_defn_description>
properties:
<property_values>
attributes:
<attribute_values>
occurrences: <occurrences>
Example
node_types:
fastconnect.nodes.CapabilitySample:
capabilities:
# Simple form, no properties defined or augmented
test_capability: mytypes.mycapabilities.MyCapabilityTypeName
# Full form, augmenting properties of the referenced capability type
some_capability:
type: mytypes.mycapabilities.MyCapabilityTypeName
properties:
limit: 100
occurrences: [0, 3]


The mission of Education Explorations is to provide an inspiring, safe, wholesome, and informal learning scenarios inspire children through exciting and well-balanced curriculum. Our Adventures, Magazines & Quests inspire problem solving, ingenuity, and construction. All under the guidance of certified teachers. We encourage kids to take risks! This risk taking promotes independent responsibility while enhancing the appreciation of collaboration, like in the adult workforce. Working as part of a team beefs up innovation, productivity, and lowers personal risks. Yet, each child needs to equally participate to win the prize. Education Explorations provides an alternative social and learning experience to children age 5-14. We are a group of teachers that recognize learning is a community welcomes all races, religions and ethnicities to our family adventures!


Zelaf Ary
Photographer - IT - Web Developer
I'm Zelaf Ary and I enjoy web development and photography. I'm a bit experienced in photography but there's always more to learn! I'm newer to web development but I'm quite fond of it so far.
I started with photography when I got an old camera from my teacher. It was a manual analog camera, from that I learned a lot about camera settings and also got photography tips from my art teacher. Since then I've gone digital and try to take the best photos I can even with my limited hardware.
On the other hand, I started web development when I got my Raspberry Pi B+ one January after christmas. I made text websites that looked like something from the mid 90s. It was nothing impressive, since then I've gotten better and found better resources from the internet.
If you want to use my photos in your project (Blog, YouTube, Article, Website etc.) or hire me for a photoshoot, please contact me below and we can discuss it. Or you can just say hi :)


This small collection of functions provides what we call elemental graphics for display of anova results. The term elemental derives from the fact that each function is aimed at construction of graphical displays that afford direct visualizations of data with respect to the fundamental questions that drive the particular anova methods. The two main functions are granova.1w (a graphic for one way anova) and granova.2w (a corresponding graphic for two way anova). These functions were written to display data for any number of groups, regardless of their sizes (however, very large data sets or numbers of groups can be problematic). For these two functions a specialized approach is used to construct data-based contrast vectors for which anova data are displayed. The result is that the graphics use straight lines, and when appropriate flat surfaces, to facilitate clear interpretations while being faithful to the standard effect tests in anova. The graphic results are complementary to standard summary tables for these two basic kinds of analysis of variance; numerical summary results of analyses are also provided as side effects. Two additional functions are granova.ds (for comparing two dependent samples), and granova.contr (which provides graphic displays for a priori contrasts). All functions provide relevant numerical results to supplement the graphic displays of anova data. The graphics based on these functions should be especially helpful for learning how the methods have been applied to answer the question(s) posed. This means they can be particularly helpful for students and non-statistician analysts. But these methods should be quite generally helpful for work-a-day applications of all kinds, as they can help to identify outliers, clusters or patterns, as well as highlight the role of non-linear transformations of data. In the case of granova.1w and granova.ds especially, several arguments are provided to facilitate flexibility in the construction of graphics that accommodate diverse features of data, according to their corresponding display requirements. See the help files for individual functions.
| Version: | 2.1 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.1.1), car (≥ 2.0-21) |
| Suggests: | mgcv, rgl, tcltk, MASS |
| Published: | 2014-08-25 |
| Author: | Robert M. Pruzek and James E. Helmreich |
| Maintainer: | James E. Helmreich <James.Helmreich at Marist.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| In views: | ExperimentalDesign |
| CRAN checks: | granova results |
| Reference manual: | granova.pdf |
| Package source: | granova_2.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: granova_2.1.zip, r-release: granova_2.1.zip, r-oldrel: granova_2.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: granova_2.1.tgz, r-oldrel: granova_2.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | granova archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=granova to link to this page.


Strange things happen in South Park. Lots of turkey-mutants come to the town.
This game is created with help of Phaser.io, JS, CSS, HTML
This game tries to be adaptive but you use it on your own risk.
Left
Down
Right
Up
Shoot
Pause
Restart


U.S. Geological Survey says magnitude 6.1 earthquake has hit Indonesia's Papua region
by EndPlayJAKARTA, Indonesia - JAKARTA, Indonesia (AP) - U.S. Geological Survey says magnitude 6.1 earthquake has hit Indonesia's Papua region.
JAKARTA, Indonesia - JAKARTA, Indonesia (AP) - U.S. Geological Survey says magnitude 6.1 earthquake has hit Indonesia's Papua region.


The best financial director in the world
Just genius
King of Kazakhstan and gamedev
Designer of the universe
Backend god
Masterpiece frontend


User:
Details
Tags
Has password
Permissions
Virtual host
Configure regexp
Write regexp
Read regexp
Set permission
Virtual host
Configure regexp
Write regexp
Read regexp
Set permission
Update user
Remove password
Password
Tags
Administrator
|
Policymaker
|
Monitoring
|
Management
|
Impersonator
|
None
Update user
Danger zone
Delete user


PAT'S SALMON COOKIES
Go to Sales PageWelcome to Seattle's Best Salmon Cookies.
Whether it is early in the morning or late in the evening!!
Pat's Cookies will not let you down.
Come and Join Us!! Let's make Money together!!
Whether it is early in the morning or late in the evening!!
Pat's Cookies will not let you down.
Come and Join Us!! Let's make Money together!!


Bronze
$8.99 / Month
10 Users
5TB Disk Space
Select
Silver
Popular
$10.99
$9.99 -
Sale
50 Users
10TB Disk Space
Select
Gold
$15.99 / Month
Unlimited Users
Unlimited Space
Select


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 2
Preheat the oven to 200C/400F/Gas 6.
Heat a frying pan until hot and then add the one tablespoon of olive oil.
Season the fish with salt and freshly ground black pepper and place the fillets skin-side down into the frying pan. Fry for one minute.
Remove from the frying pan and place on a baking tray.
Place the fillets in the oven to cook for four minutes, then remove and allow to rest.
To make the sauce, de-shell all the shrimps and put them to one side. Reserve the shells.
Heat the one tablespoon of oil in a deep non-stick frying pan until hot. Add the shallot and leek and cook gently for one minute until lightly browned.
Add the garlic and sauté for a further minute.
Add the tomato purée and shrimp shells and cook for four minutes.
Add the brandy to the pan and scrape up any browned bits. Add the fish stock and simmer for a further four minutes.
Add the cream and season with salt and freshly ground black pepper to taste.
Allow the mixture to cool slightly, then place the mixture into a food processor and blend until smooth.
Place a fine sieve over a clean saucepan and pour the mixture through the sieve into the saucepan.
Place the saucepan onto a medium heat and bring the sauce to simmer. Add the shelled shrimps.
For the potatoes, boil the potatoes in salted water until they are tender when pierced with a knife. Drain well and set aside.
Place the potatoes in a bowl and crush them with the back of a fork. Season with salt and black pepper to taste.
Add the crab, tomato, spring onion, half of the lemon juice, olive oil and dill and mix together.
To serve, pile the potatoes in the centre of the plate. Place the fish on top with the skin-side up. Squeeze the remaining lemon juice over the top and brush with olive oil. Spoon the sauce around the fish.


Epigram 2 has not yet been released. When it is it will be on
hackage. Until then, and if you're feeling brave, you can download the
development version from our darcs repository. You will need ghc 6.12
right now and you'll also need cabal install. We're sorry about this
and we hope to target 6.10 in future.
Before you start
As we said you'll need ghc 6.12 and cabal-install. Here is some
limited advice about how to get it:
Ubuntu 10.04
Install ghc stuff by running Applications -> Ubuntu Software
Center. Install: ghc6, darcs, cabal-install, libghc6-mtl-dev.
OS X Leopard/Snow Leopard Intel
The version in macports is only 6.10 at present. We
suggest you get the binary from
the ghc website.
Get SHE
Before you try to install Epigram you will need
the Strathclyde
Haskell Extension to compile Epigram. The version on hackage is
fine:
$ cabal install she
$ she # this should give a 'user error'
If the second line doesn't work it's probably because your path needs amending. cabal-install puts binaries in $HOME/.cabal/bin
by default. You should add this to your path.
Get Epigram
$ darcs get
http://www.e-pig.org/darcs/Pig09/
$ cd Pig09
$ cabal install
Get EPIC
If you want to create executables from Epigram programs you'll need
Edwin Brady's EPIC compiler. I defer to Edwin for further
instructions:
http://www.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~eb/epic.php
Staying up to date
You can just update from the darcs repo:
$ darcs pull
$ cabal clean
$ cabal install
Now might be a good time to take a look at the manual. Alternatively, just type:
$ Pig


To test for HPP client-side vulnerabilities, identify any form or action that allows user input and shows a result of that input back to the user. A search page is ideal, but a login box might not work (as it might not show an invalid username back to the user).
Similarly to server-side HPP, pollute each HTTP parameter with %26HPP_TEST and look for url-decoded occurrences of the user-supplied payload:
&HPP_TEST
&HPP_TEST
… and others
HPP Client Side is about injecting additional parameters to links and other src attributes
It's more about
Anti-CSRF
Functional UI Redressing
Suppose the following code:
<? $val=htmlspecialchars($_GET['par'],ENT_QUOTES); ?>
<a href="/page.php?action=view&par='.<?=$val?>.'">View Me!
It’s just necessary to send a request like
http:/host/page.php?par=123%26action=edit
To obtain
View Me!
HPP DOM Based
It's about parsing unexpected parameters
It's about the interaction between IDSs and the application
It's about the generation of client side HPP via JavaScript
It's about the use of (XMLHttp)Requests on polluted parameters


System Architect Picture "Timepoint Valued Qualifier"
Parent Diagram:
Phenomenon Qualifier
(UML Class)


The Proposition (Reviewed on August 4th/98)
Starring Kenneth Branagh, Madeline Stowe, William Hurt, Neil Patrick Harris
1998 has not been a very good year for Kenneth Branagh. First he starred in Robert Altman's pretentious mess, "The Gingerbread Man". And now he's in "The Proposition", a well-acted but dull period piece.
The film tells the story of a very rich man (Hurt) who wishes to have a baby with his wife (Stowe), but is sterile, thus creating a bit of a snag in his plan. He decides to hire a surrogate (Harris) of sorts to father his child, but complications arise when the surrogate becomes emotionally attached to the wife of said rich man.
Where does Branagh fit into this convoluted scheme, you ask? Well, he portrays a priest who is new to the local parish, and who also has a shady past. It really doesn't matter, anyway. By the time all the secrets are revealed, the viewer has lost interest long ago.
"The Proposition" is a film that can't seem to decide what genre it wants to fit into. It's starts off as a run-of-the-mill period piece, but after about 30 minutes, it begins jumping wildly from one type of film to another. In certain cases, this can work (see "Pulp Fiction" for such an example), but here it just comes of as an unpolished mess.  It opens with Branagh's character telling someone the story of what really happened to these four people, so the film is a flashback. By the end of the film, one would expect that the movie would come out of the flashback and into the present. This doesn't even happen! "The Proposition" has gotten totally wrapped up in it's multpile forays into different genres, that it completely disregards what has occured at the beginning of the film.
The acting, on the other hand, is quite good. William Hurt, an actor who has become quite complacent in his own smugness as of late, breaks out of that mold with an exciting portrayal of a man who has all the money in the world, but, in the end, finds that it is completely useless. And Doogie Howser himself, Neil Patrick Harris plays a character who is a polar opposite of that famous TV doc. Madeline Stowe rounds out the cast as the woman who is caught in the middle of all three of these men, and she is very convincing in her self-doubt and constant confusion.
Which brings us back to Branagh, a usually brilliant actor. Here, as in "The Gingerbread Man", he seems to be wandering aimlessly throughout his settings. There's no spark or energy to his performance; he merely seems to be cashing in a paycheque. Let's hope he works himself out of this rut soon. It would be a genuine shame if he spent the rest of his career making unfocused garbage like "The Proposition".
** out of ****
Dave "Loopy" Nusair<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; "The Artist Formally Known As Prince is now going by just The Artist. ; : Despite this, I will still refer to him as The Fruit." : ; -Norm MacDonald ;
Dept. of Good Vibes, Come visit my Reel Film Reviews site Carleton University at "http://chat.carleton.ca/~dnusair"
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Position Summary
The School of Nursing is looking to hire a Columbia University student to assist with a very important research project.
Responsibilities
The candidate will work with a team of researchers at Columbia Nursing. Specific duties will include:
This position is grant funded and continued employment will be contingent upon the grant.
Minimum Qualifications
Preferred Qualifications
A master's degree is preferred.
Equal Opportunity Employer / Disability / Veteran
Columbia University is committed to the hiring of qualified local residents.
Applications open: Oct 08 2019 Eastern Daylight Time
Applications close:


{% extends "sqlshare_web/base.html" %} {% block title %}SQLSHARE: Dataset Upload{% endblock %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block content %}
Saving dataset...
Your dataset upload is taking longer than usual. You are free to continue using other parts of the app. We will email you when your dataset has finished.


Continuous Integration enables your team to deliver more software, with higher quality, over a longer period of time. A successful CI implementation requires proper management of sprint, product, and financial risk.
Install it, create the jobs, and adapt them to your team's workflow
| Instance | m4.2xlarge |
| Cores | 8 |
| Memory | 32GB |
| Cost | $0.40/hr |
| Monthly | $~288 |
| Memory / Job |
>=512MB (composer update) |
| Concurrency |
Memory says ~48 jobs, but CPU limits hit first. ~10 in real world use due to other jobs. |
Juampy spent:
Your team presumably knows Drupal, JavaScript, programming. You might know Jenkins, but is it your job? What about after the initial setup?
The costs of hosting Jenkins efficiently are directly related to the expertise of your devops staff; you may pay more for a Jenkins expert than the hosting costs of an unoptimized architecture.
unit_kernel_tests: &unit_kernel_tests
<<: *defaults
steps:
- checkout
- *copy_robo
- restore_cache: *restore_cache
- run:
name: Run PHPUnit tests
command: robo job:run-unit-tests
- store_test_results:
path: /var/www/html/artifacts/phpunit
- store_artifacts:
path: /var/www/html/artifacts
- save_cache: *save_cache
Via workflows: split a job in several sub-jobs that run in parallel
defaults: &defaults
docker:
- image: juampynr/drupal8ci:latest
- image: selenium/standalone-chrome-debug:3.7.1-beryllium
- image: mariadb:10.3
environment:
MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD: 1
cache:
directories:
- $HOME/.composer/cache/files
services:
- docker
env:
matrix:
- JOB=job:check-coding-standards
- JOB=job:run-unit-tests
- JOB=job:run-behat-tests
script:
- vendor/bin/robo $JOB
On top of the official documentation, there are a lot of private and open source projects that use Travis CI so it's relatively easy to find tutorials and examples.
"Tests are too hard"— Many developers, including those on stage
"We don't trust the tests"— A reasonably skeptical QA lead
"We will spend more time on tests than fixing bugs"— A project manager with experience
"We need to deliver"— Every product owner, ever
Are you continuously stretching your code base to be larger, or refining and replacing the same code, over and over?
Can you easily deploy updates, or is software being distributed to far-flung teams?
Where is your code running? One site and environment, or many?
Regression testing is the biggest pain point. Developers as QA can be a great model.
"Tests are too hard"
Tests are tools and APIs that teach you the underlying systems.
"We don't trust the tests"
If you have a dedicated QA team, they need to be completely integrated with development.
"We will spend more time on tests than fixing bugs"
Be tactical about what to test. Trust your developers. Track your hours.
"We need to deliver"
Continuous integration leads to continuous delivery.


Cordova is a hidden gem in the midst of lofty peaks located on eastern Prince William Sound. Commercial fishing has been the mainstay of the city for several decades. Wildlife abounds in this area and the backdrop views of the Chugach Range will keep any photographer happy.
Position 60° 32.5'N, 145° 46'W.
This is not a Port of Entry.


TOMMY BOY A film review by Will FitzHugh Copyright 1996 Will FitzHugh
I saw this one on video and I consider it an ominous sign when 6 previews are tacked onto the beginning of the tape. Is the movie that short? Is anybody who rents this a sure bet to see just about anything? Apprehensions aside, let's continue (the answers to those questions, by the way, are 'no' and 'probably').
'Tommy Boy' is Chris Farley's first major role after smaller, moderately amusing parts in 'Airheads' and 'Wayne's World'.  There's some amusing stuff of his last days at college; drinking, smoking, passing out and running into things. If Jim Carrey is the Jerry Lewis of the 90's (a stupid comparison, in my opinion) then Farley is the Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin (two guys put together, get it?) of the, um, well, let's put it this way: he's got the hair of Nicholas Cage, the body of John Candy and the face of, uh, well, forget it.
So his father marries Bo Derek whose son is Rob Lowe who actually turns out to be her husband. Dad has a heart attack at the wedding (the prospect of spending the rest of his life staring into Bo's blank stare probably pushed him over the edge) and Bo and Rob's plan to take over the business goes on the fast track. Tommy is forced to take over his father's sales route to save the business and Farley and weenie David Spade hit the road. See, the trip is not only a literal journey to riches but a spiritual quest for self-discovery (a la 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: the Series' or Dennis Hopper's wistful 'Flashback') which leads them to the brink of failure and then to ultimate success.
Did I mention the obligatory love interest? Luckily, the director (Peter Segal, whose only other film was 'Naked Gun 33 1/3') has the good sense to leave any love-making off-screen (which is bad enough for those of us with vivid imaginations). Or maybe it was cut to satisfy Jack 'Off' Valenti, along with the bong-inhalation shot that was clipped almost to nothing. Whatever. The final analysis reveals that Farley has too much talent to waste in watered-down John Landis-type retreads like this. He should be playing Puck in Kenneth Branagh's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' or Baron Harkonnen in the David Lynch version of 'Dune' (can you imagine? David Lynch doing 'Dune'. How could it fail to be cool?) or a replicant in 'Blade Runner II' (now that my first choice, John Candy, is no more). Don't go for the quick kiddie cash, Chris. Pursue your artistic vision. Scare people.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


GrSetClipPath(), GrSetClipRect(), GrGetClipRegion(), GrTestRectInMask(), GrSetWinClipRect(), GrGetMaskBounds(), GrGetMaskBoundsDWord(), GrGetWinBounds(), GrGetWinBoundsDWord()
The graphics system provides some routines which allow geodes to work together with the windowing system to control clipping. A window's clipping region, you will recall, is that area of the window that must be redrawn. It corresponds to that area of the graphics space which is visible inside the window and not obscured by another window. The area outside the clipping region is supposed to be that area that doesn't need to be redrawn. Geodes which are certain that part of their graphics space doesn't need to be (or shouldn't be) redrawn can restrict their clipping region to exclude this portion.
Restricting the clipping region can lead to quicker redraws, since the graphics system doesn't have as much to redraw. Arcade games in which most of the action only takes place in one or two areas of the display can restrict their clipping region to speed redraws in the smaller, active areas. Also, the clip region can be used as a sort of stencil.
The clip region is defined by a path which describes the boundaries of the region. A window typically begins with a rectangular clip region. If it is partially obscured by other windows, this rectangle will have "bites" taken out of it. This is done using normal path routines used for combining paths. The clipping path of a newly obscured window is determined by computing its old clipping path with that of the obscuring window.
Since any number of paths may be combined, it is a simple matter for the graphics system to combine a window's clipping path with a geode's path chosen to restrict the clipping region. Thus the geode can define its restricted clipping area without knowing anything about the window's present status.
GrSetClipPath()
sets the geode-defined path to use when restricting the window's clip path.
GrSetClipRect()
is an optimization of
GrSetClipPath()
to handle the most common case in which the new path element is a rectangle.
GrGetClipRegion()
returns the
Region
data structure corresponding to the current clip path.
GrGetMaskBounds()
and
GrGetMaskBoundsDWord()
return the bounds of the current clipping path.To find out whether there is a clip path at all, just call
GrTestPath()
and pass
GPT_CLIP.
GrTestRectInMask()
determines whether a rectangular area lies fully, partially, or not at all within the clipping area. This routine is useful for optimizing redraws.
GrSetWinClipRect()
and
GrSetWinClipPath()
set the clipping path associated with the window; you should never have occasion to use it.
GrGetWinBounds()
and
GrGetWinBoundsDWord()
return the bounds of the window clipping path. To find out whether there is a window clipping path at all, call
GrTestPath()
and pass
GPT_WIN_CLIP.


Here is a list of some of the more well known subreddits put into some kind of order. If you want to visit a subreddit that is not listed, you can manually change the URL by replacing the subreddit that the page is on to one that you want to visit.
| stories | thoughts | programming |
|---|---|---|
|
/r/tifu /r/askreddit /r/writingprompts |
/r/lightbulb /r/showerthoughts /r/crazyideas /r/blowit /r/mytheoryis |
/r/programming /r/compsci /r/webdev |
Please note that this list is always growing, so don't feel upset if one of your favorite subs is left out.


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10.1.x Release Notes
10.1.15
This release is an important security fix release, backporting fixes from 10.2.7 to the 10.1.x line of releases. Note, that we do not plan any further releases for 10.1.x, so please consider upgrading soon to the latest supported release line, 10.2.x. Due to our binary compatibility guarantees, as long as no deprecated methods were used, 10.2.x should be a drop-in replacement in 10.1.x projects, even when transitive dependencies depended on 10.1.x.
Most importantly, we fixed a problem with parsing headers containing comment
elements (#3918). The HTTP spec allows arbitrary nesting of those elements, e.g. in the User-Agent
header. When such a header is parsed, an Akka HTTP application may fail fatally with a StackOverflowError
. Akka HTTP 10.2.7 mitigates this issue by conservatively limiting the allowed depth of comment
elements in headers.See the advisory for CVE-2021-42697 for more information about this security issue.
Another issue has been fixed in relation to header rendering (#3717). Akka HTTP does not validate that header values (or keys) are well-formed when those are provided as Strings (e.g. in a RawHeader
). In particular, HTTP headers are not allowed to contain the special characters '\r'
or '\n'
which are used to delineate headers in an HTTP message. Before 10.2.7, Akka HTTP would naively render those broken header values leading to broken HTTP messages. The generation of headers is usually in complete control of the application. However, an application may accidentally pass incoming unvalidated user data to response headers. In such a case, a remote user might be able to inject line terminators into the response headers leading to invalid or misleading HTTP response messages. Depending on the server setup, this can be a building block for severe attacks.
To mitigate this issue, Akka HTTP now discards outgoing headers containing line terminators and logs a warning. Users are encouraged to be on the watch when creating headers (or any kind of outgoing data) from unvalidated user input as this is a common vector for different kinds of attacks.
A few smaller issues have been backported as well, see below.
akka-http-core
- Discard outgoing headers containing line breaks #3922
- Limit comment nesting in header parser #3941
- Add pool keep-alive-timeout #3816
- Don’t send ‘100 Continue’ if ‘Content-Length’ header is 0, doesn’t exist or data got send early #3787
- Update to Scala 2.13.7 #3945
- Fix MessageSpec with higher test.timefactor values #3880
10.1.14
This release fixes CVE-2021-23339, a vulnerability regarding interpretation of Transfer-Encoding
headers. See Incorrect Handling Of Transfer-Encoding Header.
The vulnerability cannot be exploited using just Akka HTTP itself. Instead, Akka HTTP must be use as a proxy and the downstream server must be vulnerable itself, so that the proxy and the downstream server disagree on how to interpret a malformed request containing both Transfer-Encoding
and Content-Length
headers potentially leading to a “Request Smuggling” vulnerability. If you are using Akka HTTP as a reverse proxy, make sure to upgrade to the latest version.
Starting from this version, only a single Transfer-Encoding: chunked
header is allowed. HTTP/1.1 specifies other encodings, however, those are not supported or implemented in Akka HTTP. Formerly, Akka HTTP would just pass on unsupported Transfer-Encoding
headers to the user which lead to the above security issue. Since Akka HTTP implements the “Transfer” part of the protocol, it seems reasonable to lock down allowed values for Transfer-Encoding
to prevent security issues like this. Please let us know if this leads to compatibility problems with your software.
10.1.13
Changes since 10.1.12
akka-http-core
- Don’t fail pool slot after previous connection failed in special condition #3021
- Make HttpEntity.Strict.discardBytes a no-op #3329
10.1.12
ALPN support in JDK >= 8u252
ALPN support was backported to recent JDK 8 updates. When using HTTP2 support with these JDKs, the jetty-alpn-agent
is not needed anymore. If you want to run on older and newer JDKs with the same command line, make sure to use the most recent version of jetty-alpn-agent
which will automatically disable itself for newer JDKs.
Changes since 10.1.11
akka-http-core
- Fix EOL detection for body part parsing #3144
- Fix parsing of partly cached headers with UTF-8 values #3096
- Fix cancellation race conditions on the client-side #2965
- Make sure to cancel response entity on failure #3046
- Make sure reference.conf files end with a new-line character.#2841
- Only catch NonFatal Exceptions while parsing responses #2853
- Add the remote address in parse errors when possible (when remote-address-header is enabled) #2899
- Silence outgoing request stream error (and make it more useful) #2816
- Identify Content-Type
charset
parameter even if not lower case #2926 - Prevent initialization NPE which might fail all retries quickly #2958
- Add exclusion for Extension issues when building against Akka 2.6 #2945
- Nest correctly in NewHostConnectionPool #2964
akka-http-marshallers
- Jackson: better JSON validation error when unmarshalling #2901
docs
- Small typo in docs/src/main/paradox/common/marshalling.md #2864
- Add warning on usage on extractClientIP #2922
- Show RequestBuilding in client examples #2968
- Fix project-info links to API docs #2857
akka-http2-support
- Support ALPN natively on JDK >= 8u252 #3125
- Gracefully discard unsupported h2 SETTINGS #3053
- Potential fix for idle timeouts in http2 #2776
- Fix HeaderCompression updating table size without giving notice to peer #2888
10.1.11
Changes since 10.1.10
akka-http-core
- Hide body data from
Http.Strict#toString
#2737 - Support chunked trailing headers in
transformDataBytes
#2748 - Fix race condition in ConnectionPoolSpec, #2796
- Improve WS masking performance #2801
- Update naming for status codes 413, 414, 416 and 505 #2808
- Improve “Entity stream truncation” error message #2789
- Silence noisy pool idle timeout messages #2816
- Improve
EntityStreamSizeException
message #2823 - Tone down the connection failure warning #2837
akka-http
- fix default rejection message for unsupported content type #2804
akka-http2-support
- Allow sending an ack SETTINGS frame immediately #2735
- Make sure all substreams are closed when connection is torn down#2777
- Fix HTTP/1.1 ALPN negotiation #2791
docs
- Fix
authorizeAsync
documentation #2746 - Doc fix for regex paths from Java #2749
- Fix/amend 10.1.10 release notes formatting#
- Typed sample polish #2784
build
- Collapse PR validation report for less clutter #2707
- Update to latest Scala versions #2756
- Allow deployRsync for publishing snapshot docs #2821
- Use more resilient checking for Scala 2.13 in Mima #2820
- Enable coursier #2835
10.1.10
Migration notes
RFC 7231 dictates an HTTP response with status code 205 (‘Reset Content’) is not allowed to have an entity body. Since #2686 we enforce this restriction, so if you (incorrectly) produced such responses you will have to either remove the entity body or select a different status code.
Changes since 10.1.9
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.10 milestone:
akka-http-core
- Fix 205 HTTP status not to contain any HTTP entity #2686
- Support multiple subprotocols in WebSocket handshake #2606
- Add
endsWith
predicate toUri.Path
#2480 - Handle unrecognized status codes according to spec #2503
- Better error handling on server when response entity stream fails #2627
- Force connection closure when pool is stopped #2631
- Enable
log-unencrypted-network-bytes
also for websocket client traffic #2647 - Add modeled header for Content-Location #2540
- Streamed response processing performance improvements #2645
- Make custom MediaType and MediaRange.matches case-insensitive #2126
- Avoid prematurely closing long-lived requests #1847
- Avoid reliance on deprecated ActorPublisher, as this is no longer available in Akka 2.6 #2617
akka-http
- More precise IllegalArgumentException catch for case class extraction #2593
- Add logging unsupported content type #2512
- Widen JavaUUID regexp’s #2624
akka-http2-support
- Support HTTP2 in cleartext (h2c) via Upgrade from HTTP1 #2464
- Backpressure incoming frames when too many outgoing control frames are buffered #2706
- Fix receiving HEADERS with more than one CONTINUATION frame #2701
10.1.9
10.1.9 is the tenth release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP. See the announcement and the full list of changes below.
Changes since 10.1.8
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.9 milestone:
akka-http-core
- Don’t use a https connection pool for http connections (javadsl) #2562
akka-http
- Add String-to-UUID unmarshaller to the predefined Scala unmarshallers #2505
- Improve validation in uuid unmarshaller #2569
- Fix missing header rejection for custom headers #2487
- Fix case of nested FormField if first formField usage is with single parameter #2524
- Support ‘streaming back’ an uploaded file #2582
akka-http2-support
- Allow HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 on the same port without TLS or Upgrade headers #2543
- Retired the UseHttp2 setting: when enabled, HTTP/2 is now always available #2557
- Add akka.http.server.http2.log-frames for verbose frame logging for debugging purposes #2561
- Fix reception of unexpected mid-stream HEADERS frame with endStream=false #2557
- Close HTTP/2 streams earlier #2551
akka-http-caching
- Upgrade caffeine to 2.7 which removes need for dummyLoader #2443
- Add Cache.put method to refresh cached value without removing it first #2385
10.1.8
10.1.8 is the ninth release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP. See the announcement and the full list of changes below.
Changes since 10.1.7
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.8 milestone:
Improvements
akka-http-core
- Do not include error details in HTTP response #2314
- More reliable detection of HTTPS => HTTP connection attempts #1886
- use JDK9+ ALPN support if available #2280
- Allow overriding of User-Agent header with custom RawHeader #2277
- Allow overriding of Host header with custom RawHeader #2436
- Support for scala 2.13.0-M5 #2298
- Optimize HttpMessageParser.push code path #2450
- Optimize RequestTimeout support for the common case #2452
- Use static scanning when searching for well-known ContentType for rendering #2453
- Add new option to close connections after a period of time #2016
akka-http
- Change GZip and Deflate compression level and makes it configurable #2318
- Provide configuration settings for client SSE limits #2193
- Oversized requests should return 413 and not 500 #358
- Don’t repeat query of target URI in error response #2397
docs
akka-http2-support
- Allow (but ignore) RST and WindowUpdate frames on closed HTTP/2 streams #2457
- Clean up ALPN when the stream is stopped #2471
Bug fixes
- Response shouldn’t override connection header when connection is force-closed #2403
- Disable to append charset=UTF-8 by default in
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
FormData #91 - Fix int overflow in sliceBytesTransformer #2440
- LogRequest not respecting LogLevel in Java #2418
10.1.7
10.1.7 is the eighth release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP. See the announcement and the full list of changes below.
Changes since 10.1.6
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.7 milestone:
- Media types were added for
application/problem+json
andapplication/problem+xml
(RFC 7807) #2323 - Media types were added for
font/woff
andfont/woff2
#2330 - A checker was added that produces a run-time warning when different versions of Akka HTTP modules are found on the classpath #2335
- Various dependencies were updated #2328
10.1.6
10.1.6 is the seventh release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP. See the full list of changes below.
Migration Notes
- akka-http now requires to be run with Akka 2.5.19+ to support JDK 11 from Java.
RoutingSettings
were moved toakka-http
fromakka-http-core
(where they logically belong). Make sure to depend onakka-http
when referencing this class (which is very likely because it couldn’t be used otherwise).akka-stream-testkit
is now a only a provided dependency forakka-http-testkit
, if you useakka-http-testkit
also add a dependency toakka-stream-testkit
into the mix
Changes since 10.1.5
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.6 milestone:
Improvements
akka-http-core
- Require Akka 2.5.19 for JDK 11 support
- Move RoutingSettings to akka-http module (#2307)
- Use collision-resistant maps in header parsing (#2276)
- Depend on Scala 2.12.8 to allow Java usage from JDK 11 (#2305)
- Add application/merge-patch+json (#2190)
- Require Akka 2.5.10 and use the new version checker utility (#1880)
- Add HttpEntity.isStrict (#2228)
- Log time spent in a pool slot for simpler spotting of slow transition periods (#2226)
- Replace existing HTTP Status Code 425 with TOO_EARLY (#2255)
- Java API - call scala HttpEntity.toStrict that respects maxBytes (#2287)
- Override
getForKeyCaseInsensitive
inHttpMethods
(#2303) - Fix several warnings across all the modules (#2292)
- Deprecate unofficial Microsoft media-types and add the official ones (#2264)
akka-http
- Use collision-resistant maps for formFieldMaps (#2274)
- Add Directive#tcollect and Directive1#collect (#2253)
- Do not set dispatcher for file directives and remove file-io-dispatcher config (#1879)
- Add new method for routes chaining in Java DSL (#1170)
- Fail with unwrapped exception when using CompletionStage (#2054)
- Return RequestEntityTooLarge status code in case of EntityStreamSizeException (#2279)
akka-http-testkit
akka-stream-testkit
is now a provided dependency forakka-http-testkit
(#2262)
Bug Fixes
akka-http-core
- Client pool: exponential backoff after failed connection attempts (#1391)
- Fix broken multi-byte UTF-8 decoding in HeaderParser if UTF-8 sequence is cut in the middle (#1484)
- Fix limiting of chunk size in the NoCode encoder (#2252)
- Allow chunked responses in HttpMessage with protocol = HTTP/2, fixes (#2217)
akka-http
- Default exception handlers do now discard entity bytes when completing a request that ended in error (#2084)
- Fix cancellation and head-of-line blocking in fileUpload directive (#2224)
- toStrict the entity when parsing multiple form fields (#2283)
- Fix CsvSeq unmarshaller to include trailing empty string values in the result
Seq[T]
(#2249)
akka-http2-support
- Handle stream cancellation while outgoing data is buffered (#2237)
akka-http-caching
- Fix that LfuCache ttl can be equal to tti (#2188)
10.1.5
10.1.5 is the sixth release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP.
It is mainly a mitigation for the DoS vulnerability when using decodeRequest
Migration Notes
To avoid excessive memory usage we introduced two new limits that apply per default:
akka.http.routing.decode-max-size
: This limit applies when you usedecodeRequest
to limit the amount of decompressed data. The default limit is 8 megabytes.akka.http.parsing.max-to-strict-bytes
: This limit applies when you useHttpEntity.toStrict
or thetoStrictEntity
directive (and related directives). It will only collect up to the given amount data and fail otherwise. The default limit is 8 megabytes.
Depending on your application requirements, you may want to change these settings.
Changes since 10.1.4
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.5 milestone:
- Restrict the maximum size of a request entity after uncompressing it with
decodeRequest
#2137 - Restrict the maximum size of a request entity when reading it into memory with
toStrict
#2186 - Correctly set a default
parallelism
value when none is specified for HTTP/2 #2165 - Avoid matching an empty pattern when using
PathMatcher.repeat
#2097 - Add
ServerSentEvent.heartbeat()
to the Java DSL #2187
10.1.4
10.1.4 is the fifth release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP.
Among many other things, this release includes a fix for handling early responses in the client, HTTP/2 improvements and many updates to the documentation.
Changes since 10.1.3
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.4 milestone:
Fixes in akka-http-core
- Support for scheme ending in digit in Uri.from (#2080)
- Allow
MediaType
s inSet
s (#2144) - Allow creating an unencrypted HTTP/2 server from Java (#2110)
- Fix a bug in handling chunked responses in the new connection pool (#2138)
- As a websocket client, support receiving the upgrade request in parts (#2152)
- Support HSTS headers with trailing semicolons and unusual field ordering (#2122)
Improvements in akka-http-core
- Improved graceful shutdown behavior (#2090)
- More sensible default for bindAndHandleAsync parallelism setting with HTTP/2 (#2145)
Improvements in akka-http
- Allow java/scala conversion for Routes for users (#891)
- Commonize marshalling selection code (#2004)
Improvements in akka-http-testkit
- Allow configuring the marshalling timeout (#2127)
Improvements in docs
- Fix broken links at release notes (#2082)
- Fix links to RequestEntityExpectedRejection api documentation (#2094)
- Document GenericMarshallers.futureMarshaller (#2095)
- Clarify not all abrupt client go-aways are clean (#2101)
- Clarify documentation for PathDirectives (#2109)
- Updated outdated SecurityDirectives documentation (#1715)
- Link to the Play and Lagom websites (#2121)
- Improve source-streaming docs (#2131)
- Add warning banner when browsing old versions (#2135)
10.1.3
10.1.3 is the fourth release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP.
This release addresses a critical memory leak issue introduced by the graceful termination infrastructure added in 10.1.2. No other risky changes are made in this release, in order to make it a trustworthy fix drop-in replacement of 10.1.2.
Changes since 10.1.2
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.3 milestone:
Fixes in akka-http-core
- ServerTerminator memory leak in 10.1.2 (#2067)
- Avoid eagerly failing connections when request closes (#2066)
Fixes in docs
Improvements in docs
10.1.2
10.1.2 is the third release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP.
Notably, this release:
- Introduces “Graceful” Server Termination (#118): calling the newly introduced
terminate
on theServerBinding
will cause the binding to start gracefully rejecting new requests, while giving existing requests a deadline to complete normally. - Discards Entities in Default RejectionHandler (#38). Previously, when rejecting a request, the default rejection handler would not consume the request entity. The default rejection handlers have been updated to consume the request in this case.
- Appends a newline to every element when streaming CSV (and NDJSON, #1931): Previously, CSV lines would only be interspersed with newlines, but no final newline would be sent. While arguably this was a bug in itself, it also had the unfortunate effect that a newline would only be emitted when the next CSV line became available, which is especially surprising in situations where CSV data is produced relatively slowly.
Changes since 10.1.1
For a full overview you can also see the 10.1.2 milestone:
Fixes in akka-http-core
- Default rejection handlers do now discard entity bytes when rejecting a request (#38)
Improvements in akka-http-core
- Added toStrict to WS Messages (#15)
- Accept LF end of line instead of CRLF only (#106)
- Add setting ignore-illegal-header-for (#687)
- Support parameters for custom media types (#2005)
- Accept response before request has been sent completely (#1746)
- Added ability to set https proxy host and port through application.conf (#995)
- “Graceful” Server Termination #188 (#2035)
Fixes in akka-http
- fix 500 error in conditional GET for non-etag response (#1951)
Improvements in akka-http
- Discard Entity in Default RejectionHandler (#38)
- Adds missing parameter with required value directive for Java API (#2025)
- Add Java DSL optionMarshaller (#1247)
- Append newline to every element when streaming CSV (and NDJSON). (#1931)
Fixes in docs
- Fix Java snippet in Path Matcher doc page (#2000)
- Add missing methods for creating custom binary MediaTypes (#2008)
- Update outdated link in “Handling blocking operations” (#2038)
Improvements in docs
- Added explanations for beginners how to access the server (#1975)
- Add dynamically updating routes example (#1935)
- Recommend static Directives. imports over AllDirectives (#1993)
Fixes in akka-http2-support
Improvements in akka-http2-support
10.1.1
See the announcement and closed tickets on the 10.1.1 milestone.
10.1.1 is the second release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP.
This release brings a number of small, yet long requested features, including:
- automatic WebSocket keep-alive using
Ping
frames, - removing the need for implicit parameters in order to call
Route.seal
(in Scala DSL)
As usual, the release is backwards compatible as outlined in our binary compatibility guidelines.
List of changes (since 10.1.0)
Fixes in akka-http-core
- Emit entity truncation errors before completing graph stage (#1947)
- Fix type parameters in Java API to work with latest Akka (#1965)
Improvements in akka-http-core
- Transparent websocket ping/pong (keep alive) (#1938)
- Fix a few Scala 2.13.0-M3 compilation issues (#1918)
- Always parse Content-Encoding and WebSocket headers (#1937)
- Support conversion between scaladsl.Uri and javadsl.Uri (#1950)
Improvements in akka-http
- Remove not needed implicits from Route.seal (#1928)
Improvements in akka-http-testkit
- Fix type parameter variance in Java API to work with latest Akka (#1965)
Improvements in documentation
- Document client-side for streaming JSON (#1964)
- Add package name to
PathMatcher
javadsl docs (#1933) - Fix paradox error for discard entity bytes (#1944)
- Minor correction in rejections.md (#1924)
- Cache docs: more explicit imports, create cache once (#1955)
- Better caching example for Java
Infrastructure and build fixes
- Fully remove OSGi support (#1943)
- Which was already removed and discussed in 10.1.0
10.1.0
See the announcement and closed tickets on the 10.1.0 milestone.
10.1.0 is the first release in the 10.1.x series of Akka HTTP.
The most important changes are:
- Removing support for Akka 2.4.x which is at its end-of-life with the end of 2017. In the future, this will allow us to make use of features that only Akka 2.5 supports.
- Removing methods that have been deprecated during the life-time of Akka HTTP 10.0.x. For now, methods only deprecated in the last release of Akka HTTP, 10.0.11, are not yet removed to allow for a smooth transition.
- The new client pool implementation introduced in 10.0.11 is now the default. We have identified and fixed several bugs in the RC period so by now we are quite confident that the new client pool will be a solid replacement for the legacy one.
- Documentation has been completely consolidated between Scala and Java pages. Hundreds of directive documentation pages have been merged in a tireless effort by @jonas, @jlprat, and Akka team’s @raboof.
Akka is not an explicit dependency anymore / Removal of Akka 2.4 support
Akka HTTP 10.0.x has always supported Akka 2.5, while allowing users to still remain on Akka 2.4.x if they choose to do so. By now Akka 2.4 has reached its end of life. Therefore, Akka HTTP 10.1.x only supports Akka >= 2.5.11 (and future versions during the life of Akka HTTP 10.1.x) so we will be able to make of features only provided by Akka 2.5. In some cases we bump the minimum supported patch version of Akka to be able to use new features quickly.
Using Akka HTTP with Akka 2.5 used to be a bit confusing, because Akka HTTP explicitly depended on Akka 2.4. Trying to use it together with Akka 2.5, running an Akka HTTP application could fail with class loading issues if you forgot to add a dependency to both akka-actor
and akka-stream
of the same version. For that reason, we changed the policy not to depend on akka-stream
explicitly anymore but mark it as a provided
dependency in our build. That means that you will always have to add a manual dependency to akka-stream
. Please make sure you have chosen and added a dependency to akka-stream
when updating to the new version (veterans may remember this policy from Spray).
Deprecation Removals
Methods were removed that have been deprecated during the life-time of Akka HTTP 10.0.x. Methods that were only deprecated in the last release of Akka HTTP, 10.0.11, are not yet removed to allow for a smooth transition. In general, our guarantee for minor release updates is that code that compiled on the latest version of the previous minor release (10.0.11 in this case) should be both source and binary compatible with the latest version of the current minor release. We might make exceptions to the rule for cases where the maintenance burden seems greater than the risk of breaking major users / third-party libraries. We’ll treat any other binary incompatibilities as regressions.
New client pool implementation is now the default
The new client pool implementation introduced in 10.0.11 is now the default. Since 10.0.11, we fixed several bugs in the new client pool implementation. You can still fall back to the old implementation by setting akka.http.host-connection-pool.pool-implementation = legacy
.
Compatibility Notes
As the compatibility notes explain in detail, we guarantee binary compatibility. In some cases, however, a new version is not strictly source compatible. We try to limit the impact of these kinds of changes but sometimes, they are inevitable to improve the API.
Source incompatible changes are:
- Removed deprecated methods from 10.0.x
ServerBinding.unbind
return type has been changed toFuture[Done]
CompletionStage[Done]
for consistency.
Support for Scala 2.13.0-M3
Akka HTTP 10.1.0 is released for Scala 2.11, 2.12, and 2.13.0-M3. Due to a regression in Scala 2.13.0-M3 tail call optimization does not apply anymore in some cases where it did before which might lead to stack overflow when running with Scala 2.13.0-M3.
Removal of OSGi support
Supporting OSGi is error prone and high maintenance and it repeatably broke, blocked releases, or metadata turned out to be wrong. As we are no experts in OSGi, and are nowadays focusing our efforts on JDK9+ jigsaw compatibility we had to remove OSGi support for now. If you care about OSGi support please step up and help out. Most important would be adding tests that verify that the OSGi infrastructure does not break the build and the metadata actually works at runtime. See #1852 for more information.
List of changes (since 10.1.0-RC2)
Improvements
akka-http-core
- Add headers and getHeaders method to HttpMessage (#1731)
- More specific warning for HTTPS requests on HTTP endpoints (#1829)
- Add ability to access current response timeout (#1811) (#1828)
- Move ClientTransport from ConnectionPoolSettings to ClientConnectionSettings so the transport can be configured in all client APIs (#1562)
akka-http
- Support OAuth2 access token in URI query component as defined in RFC6750 (#1769)
akka-http2-support
- Support for trailing response headers in HTTP/2 (#1857)
Documentation
- Add docs and tests for combining | with / in paths (#1861)
- Fix links to objects in the API docs
Bug Fixes
akka-http-core
- Normalize port in
Uri.apply
consistently (#1763) - Return status 400 instead of 500 for requests with invalid URI scheme (#36)
- Allow Sec-WebSocket-Extensions in requests
- Fix incompatibility of Akka HTTP with Akka typed (#1878)
akka-http2-support
- Fix HTTP/2 trying to send even if stream window was depleted (#1882)
10.1.0-RC2
See the announcement and closed tickets on the 10.1.0-RC2 milestone.
10.1.0-RC2 is the second release candidate for the upcoming Akka HTTP 10.1.0. We focused on stabilizing the new client connection pool. Over the last month our test suite caught lots of edge cases that were fixed for this release. Also, we improved logging output for the new pool.
List of changes (since 10.1.0-RC1)
Improvements
akka-http-core
- Add HTTP status code
421
(#1749) - Add HTTP status code
103
(#1803) - Add
Uri.Path
?/
operator #1793 (#1794) - Add
UserAgent
header parse Java Api (#1807) - Optimization: Avoid creation of async callback per request in RequestTimeoutStage (#1848)
- Add
application/grpc+proto
content type / media type (#1844) - LogByteStringTools now logs errors on debug log (it’s a debug feature after all) (#1780)
- Suggest valid max-open-requests values on config error (#1806)
- Log the timed out request on server (#1813)
- Be more lenient to allow trailing whitespace after chunk size (#1812)
- In
Http().serverLayer
usedelayCancellation
to make behavior consistent with other server entry points (#1822) - Add
HttpMessage.withProtocol
overload to return Scala type (#1730)
akka-http2-support
- Add
Tls-session-info
header for http/2 (#1432)
akka-http
- Add Java onSuccess overload to take a strict value (#1821)
Infrastructure
- Lots of small documentation fixes
- Use sbt-header to manage copyright headers
- Introduce
WithLogCapturing
trait for suppressing log output for successful tests which allows more aggressive logging by default (which will be shown only for failures) - Fix search on documentation pages to return only one version of each page
- Disable parallel testing on Jenkins to reduce spurious failures
Bug Fixes
akka-http-core
- New client pool: Fix double registration for dispatch (#1726)
- New client pool: Automatically close connection when slot state -> Unconnected (#1724)
- New client pool: Make sure that failed and retryable requests are re-dispatched immediately (#1735)
- New client pool: Ignore “request entity completed” in state WaitingForResponseDispatch (#1774)
- New client pool: After slot failures remove slot from response dispatching queue (#1775)
- New client pool: Log retried request info (#1781)
- Parse and render token correctly for HttpChallenge and GenericHttpCredentials (#1353)
- Fix utf16 surrogate pair decoding in utf8 encoder (#1760)
- Use
431
status code when header exceeds max length for name or value (#1800) - Fix customMediaTypes disabling predefined media type parsing (#1786)
- TLS should close connection when instructed by stream completion (#380)
10.1.0-RC1
See the announcement and closed tickets on the 10.1.0-RC1 milestone.
10.1.0-RC1 is the first release candidate for the next minor version of Akka HTTP. The most important changes are
- Removing support for Akka 2.4.x which is at its end-of-life with the end of 2017. In the future, this will allow us to make use of features that only Akka 2.5 supports.
- Removing methods that have been deprecated during the life-time of Akka HTTP 10.0.x. For now, methods only deprecated in the last release of Akka HTTP, 10.0.11, are not yet removed to allow for a smooth transition.
- The new client pool implementation introduced in 10.0.11 is now the default. Please try it out and provide feedback during the RC period of this release so we can iron out any problems we may have missed initially.
- Documentation has now almost completely been consolidated between Scala and Java pages. Hundreds of directive documentation pages have been merged in a tireless effort by @jonas, @jlprat, and Akka team’s @raboof.
List of changes (since 10.0.11)
Improvements
akka-http-core
- Add missing javadsl model bits and pieces (#1679)
- New client pool is now the default
- Several improvements and fixes to new client pool implementation
- Methods deprecated before (but not including) 10.0.11 were removed
- Add convenience Java DSL
Http.cachedHostConnectionPoolHttps
(#1644) - Add Retry-After header model (#1554)
- Adding percent encoding length check for Path.Uri (#1553)
akka-http
- Methods deprecated before (but not including) 10.0.11 were removed
akka-http-caching
- Add non-lambda-capturing getOrLoad method to Cache (#1536)
Documentation
- Almost the complete directive documentation has now been consolidated between Java and Scala. More than hundred pages have been simplified like this.
- The top-level documentation structure has been clarified.
Bug Fixes
akka-http-core
- Fix return type for
withStatus
methods to return proper scaladsl types (#1623) - Fix “Cannot push port … twice” in NewHostConnectionPool (#1610) and several other fixes
Documentation
- Fix generation/publication of javadoc (10.0.11 javadoc link pointed to scaladoc instead)


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Domain Driven Design in C
Who says imperative languages don't do DDD?
3 August 2018 | 6 August 2018
domain driven design C C++As old as the language C may be, it took other languages a long time to catch up with something as mundane as a pointer. Pointers are the bread and butter of any C program and are widely regarded as a horrifying thing to work with. It might be a drag and require some plumbing (as with any language) but the payoff is extreme flexibility and control.
An address can point to anything - that includes functions. Function pointers are mostly used as callbacks but in combination with structures, they become dynamic class members! That might be a little bit exaggerated.
Let’s take a look at simple concepts: a person has a certain age.
I can ask the person if he’s old, and depending on the age the response will be yes (true
) or no (false
). Sounds almost too simple to implement in an object-oriented language like C#:
class Person {
public Person(int age) { this.Age = age; }
public int Age { get; private set; }
public bool IsOld => Age > 60;
}
Person george = new Person(65);
Debug.WriteLine(george.IsOld); // true
Thinking about the class
concept in OO nets you the struct
concept in C that will hold the age field nicely, but problems arise when we try to tackle the Is Old?
piece of the domain model:
struct Person {
int age;
}
int is_old(Person* p) {
return p->age > 60;
}
typedef struct Person Person;
Person* george = malloc(sizeof(Person));
george->age = 65;
prinf("%d", is_old(george)); // 1
A couple of remarks:
- C has no
bool
. - If you want to use your structure as a class,
typedef
is pretty much required. - This introduces a memory leak if you don’t
free(george)
.
And of course, our main concern is the absence of any link between struct Person
and int is_old
. If the function is defined in a random header, the programmer has to remember it’s location and it’s name. It only sounds logical that it should be an integral part of the structure.
And it shall be - function pointers to the rescue!
struct Person {
int age;
int (*is_old)();
}
That makes expressions as george->is_old()
legal, but they won’t be bind to anything. The pointer doesn’t point to anything and we can’t define the function within the structure. It needs to be defined somewhere else, and rewired to the pointer:
struct Person {
int age;
int (*is_old)();
}
int person_is_old(Person* p) {
return p->age > 60;
}
typedef struct Person Person;
Person* george = malloc(sizeof(Person));
george->is_old = &person_is_old;
george->age = 65;
prinf("%d", is_old(george)); // 1
Isn’t that beautiful?
It’s rather cumbersome indeed, because the creation of a new person requires you to manually wire up the function to the function pointer of the struct instance and that hurts - a lot. That’s the price to pay for emulating member functions on structures as classes…
Our last cleanup action would be to group every person-related thing into person.h
and person.c
, and lastly create a nice factory method for allocation of a new person:
Person* newPerson(int age) {
Person* p = malloc(sizeof(Person));
p->age = age;
p->is_old = &person_is_old;
return p;
}
What about C++?
Are you wondering what the ++ in C++ might stand for? The addition of “real” classes is a revelation to old-time C programmers that tried aiming for readability in a “domain”1. The above example implemented in C++ is trivial:
class Person {
private:
int age;
public:
Person(int age) : age(age) {}
bool isOld() { return age > 60 ? true : false; }
};
The isOld
member function of Person is a one-liner that can be an inline
function - if it’s defined within the class definition structure that usually lives in the header file. Otherwise; bool Person::isOld() {}
has to be present in some cpp source file.
But… C’s function pointer is dynamic!
That’s right! That means it’s much more than an emulated member function of a structure. You can rewire it at any time - it works just like a callback. Of course that is clearly not what we want here.  But you really don’t want to do that with a structure as copying something like that requires quite a bit of memory overhead and beats the whole purpose of using C in the first place…
Remember Java fan-boys, we had to wait until Java 8 in 2014 for the language to catch up with C using lambda’s. Take a look at what function pointers are really for:
int addOne(int g) { return g + 1; }
int multiplyTwo(int g) { return g * 2; }
int main() {
int (*op)(int) = &addOne;
printf("%d", op(5)); // prints 6
return 0;
}
Can you imagine doing that in Java 7? With anonymous inner classes and a lot of interface clumsiness, maybe. It’s a much less worse now with v8’s lambda’s and the new function reference operator ::
:
class Stuff {
private static int addOne(int g) { return g + 1; }
private static int multiplyTwo(int g) { return g * 2; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Function<Integer, Integer> op = Stuff::addOne;
System.out.println(op.apply(5) + ""); // prints 6
}
}
That leaves us to conclude that if you’re still writing C on some embedded hardware, don’t forget that it is possible to group functions using structures but requires some plumbing that you may or may not like.
The C++ language is continually evolving while the ANSI C standard is “done”2 - the C++11 standard eased a lot of the mystical syntax pain. So if you can migrate from gcc
to g++
, I don’t see why not.


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Cybersecurity - the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access
Security hacker - someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network