HAPPINESS
Reviewed by Harvey Karten, Ph.D. Good Machine Director: Todd Solondz Writer: Todd Solondz Cast: Jane Adams, Dylan Baker, Lara Flynn Boyle, Ben Gazzara, Jared Harris, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Jon Lovitz, Marla Maples, Cynthia Stevenson, Elizabeth Ashley, Louise Laser, Camryn Manheim, Rufus Read, Anne Bobby, Dan Moran
The song that permeates the sound track of this groundbreaking film goes "Gonna find my happiness,/ Gonna find my happiness/ ...Happiness where are you,/ You just can't stay so far away."  Nine out of ten won't say "a million dollars," "a trip around the world," "a Beamer" or even "a great job." "Happiness" is, and always will be, the ultimate reward, a concept that eludes perhaps most people whether rich or poor, with a distinguished career or a menial task to perform. Todd Solondz's innovative film "Welcome to the Doll House" hit the screens in 1996 and dealt with the pain of puberty unflinchingly portrayed by a suburban family. Now the writer- director has taken away the International Critic's Prize at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival and also the Metro Media Award at the 1998 Toronto Festival with his two-and one-half million dollar production, "Happiness." Inspired by a tabloid story of a Russian serial killer of children who surprisingly enough had a stable marriage and a couple of kids, the story intertwines vignettes from the lives of the members of a New Jersey family as they interact with one another, their friends, and their neighbors. When the parent company of October Films denied the once independent house permission to release the film, the job was taken up by Good Machine, whose superb rendering of a tale that balances humor with pathos is a winner in every respect.
Director Solondz capably ignores the usual code of moviemaking, which mandates that dialogue move unhesitatingly forward lest the audience become distracted by uncomfortable periods of silence. With clever colloquy featuring pauses that would put a big smile on Harold Pinter's face, Solondz cuts his narrative into slices of life often flat-out hilarious and heartbreaking at the same time, skillfully weaving the yarn into a gloriously textured fabric.
The transcendent opening of the film is the short version of what is meant by combining comedy with commiseration as thirty-year-old Joy Jordan is on a date with the nerdy, unattractive, inarticulate Andy Kornbluth (Jon Lovitz). Their conversation is hesitant, more like discharges of energy followed by discomfiting intervals, as Andy presents an expensive ash tray to his date, then abruptly and fiercely takes it back explaining in no uncertain terms why Joy does not deserve either the valuable trinket or him. Joy's almost comic bemusement and Andy sudden, unpredictable savagery will serve as a model for the balance of the film.
Mr. Solondz comes back from time to time to pick up on Joy's love life, highlighting an amusing chance meeting she has with a Russian student at a school for refugees and selects others in the family in haphazard order to hone in on how they deal with their fundamental aloneness. As head of household Bill Maplewood (Dylan Baker) responds when one member of his family complains of loneliness, "We are all alone." Surprisingly, perhaps, the ways we deal with this existential fact has both comic and pitiful resonance: each person in turn finds occasional moments of joy followed by periods of dismal melancholy in dealing with the malady.
While it would be difficult to choose which pairs of relationships are most moving--that's how together this film really is--those involving Dr. Bill Maplewood and his son, and Allen's (Philip Seymour Hoffman) links to his neighbor Kristina (Camryn Manheim) are most trenchant. Allen is an overweight, unhappy, 30-something fellow who acts hale- fellow on the job but turns into a debauched creature in his time off. He combs the phone book at random for women with whom he can have phone sex. When he inadvertently buzzes his next-door neighbor Helen Jordan (Lara Flynn Boyle), he is surprised to hear her invite him to her place where, of course, he is utterly unable to connect.
As a performer, Mr. Hoffman stands out as the comic hub of the story, but it is Dylan Baker who, as Dr. Bill Maplewood, proffers the most surprises. Bill is an apparently successful professional man who supplies his wife Trish (Cynthia Stevenson) with a comfortable, bourgeois suburban home with two lovely boys and a dog. His love for eleven-year-old Billy (Rufus Read) is touching. He's the sort of dad we all wish we'd had, one who listens attentively and honestly and matter-of-factly answers the most amusing birds-and-the-bees questions which the lad trusts him to resolve. Billy is envious: every boy in his class is able to "come" so, he asks innocently and wide-eyed, "Why can't I?" "Don't worry, you will," replies the good doctor as though he were counseling his son on how to dribble a ball down the court. The coming shock is foreshadowed as Dr. Maplewood relates a dream to HIS psychiatrist, one in which he marches down a hilly plot with an automatic weapon mowing down every man, women, and child in sight. (Perhaps it's true what they say about shrinks; that they're all crazy...after all, why would someone become interested in the profession in the first place?)
That much can be absorbed by an audience. But what horrifies us is how this gentle, apparently stable and successful professional man becomes attracted to his son's 11-year-old sleepover classmate, drugs him, and brutally rapes the boy while he is sleeping. This boggles the mind and has made the film a cause celebre.
In a press conference following a critics' screening at the NY Film Festival, Todd Solondz fields questions. "Why," asks one member of the audience, "do you make Kristina a killer?" Replies the director, "It's easy to make someone likable. What I wanted to do is to show people whom you'd want to embrace even with all their foibles.  This makes a richer character."
"Happiness," a movie whose budget remained low because Solondz refused to compromise and cast bankable actors, is a richer movie. No one could have done a more capable job than Dylan Baker in portraying a father, a professional man, who despite his broad knowledge of how the mind is nonetheless unable to control his depraved passion for young boys. Solondz has splashed the screen with an array of persons, each with a distinct makeup, all feeling alone and organizing his or her life in an effort to dispel the feeling of utter isolation. When Oscar time rolls around, "Happiness" may well be swallowed up by "Saving Private Ryan"--which makes us regret that a separate Academy award is not offered for the best film of each genre. For the oxymoronic category of comedy-tragedy, "Happiness" would walk away with the gold.
Rated R. Running Time: 134 minutes.(C) 1998 Harvey Karten
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Getting what you want is simple, but not easy.
I want you to take a millisecond right now and think about what you want. Yeah, I'm talkning about you. — What do you want?
Now here’s the deal.  Losing your manboobs, so you can hook up with somebody, now that’s motivation.
So, I want to know: What do you want?
- Do you want to lose weight?
- Do you want to triple your income?
- Do you want to find love?
What is it? You know what it is, don’t analyze it to death, just pick something.
But that’s part of the problem — You won’t pick.
So, I’m going to be talking about how you get what you want. And frankly, getting what you want is simple. But notice I didn’t say it was easy.
It’s very simple!
In fact, if you think about it; we live in the most amazing moment in time. So that thing that you have stuck in your mind – whatever it may be – you want to eat healthy, you want to cure diabetes, you want to figure out how to take care of the elders and start a new hospice center, you want to move to Africa and build a school… But guess what?
You can walk into a book store and buy at least ten books written by credentialed experts on how the hell you do it. Or you could Google it. And you could probably find at least a thousand blogs documenting the step, by step transformation that somebody else is already doing.
You can find anybody online and cyber-stalk them! Like us!
Follow what everyone else has done, because somebody is already doing it!

It all comes down to one word:
F*©#
The f-bomb. It’s everywhere! You hear it all the time, and I honestly don’t understand what the appeal is of the word.  And it’s really not expressing how you really feel.
And of course you know I’m talking about the word “fine” or “bra” in swedish.
– “How you doing?”
– “Oh, I’m fine.”
Oh, really? You are?
Dragging around those extra forty pounds, you’re fine?
Feeling like roommates with your spouse, and you’re fine?

Really?! I don’t think so!
But see, here’s the deal with saying that you’re fine: It’s actually genius. Because if you’re fine, you don’t have to do anything about it. But when you think about this word “fine”, it just makes me so angry.
It’s really a flimsy and feeble word! If you’re crappy, say you’re crappy! If you’re amazing say you’re amazing! Tell the truth!
 But that would make you feel terrible.”
The bigger issue
The bigger issue with “fine” is that you say it to yourself.
 That’s why you’re not pushing yourself. It’s the areas in your life where you’ve given up. Where you’ve said;
- “Oh, I’m fine. My friend’s never going to change, so I just can’t have that conversation.”
- “I’m fine. We’ve got to wait until the kids graduate, before we get divorced, so we’ll just sleep in separate bedrooms.”
- “I’m fine. I lost my job, I can barely pay my bills, but whatever – It’s hard to get a job.”
One of the reasons why this word also just annoys me so much is, scientists have calculated the odds of you being born.
That’s right. They’ve crunched the numbers on you being born. And they took into account all of the wars, and the natural disasters, the dinosaurs, and everything else.
And do you realize that the odds of you, at the moment in time you were born, to the parents you were born to, with the DNA structure that you have — one in four hundred trillion!
You have life-changing ideas for a reason, and it’s not to torture yourself.
All day long you have ideas that could change your life, that could change the world, that could change the way that you feel, and what do you do with them? Nothing!
And I want you to just think for a minute, because we all have – “the inner snooze button” – because you have these amazing ideas that bubble up.  – Hit the snooze!
What’s the first decision you made this morning?
I bet it was to go back to bed.
— “Yeah, first decision today, I’m one in four hundred trillion, I’m going to go back to sleep.”
And I get it! Your bed is comfortable! It’s cosy, it’s warm! And if you’re lucky, you’ve got somebody that you love next to you.
And the reason why I’m bringing up this first decision that you made today, and the inner snooze alarm, is because in any area of your life that you want to change – any – there’s one fact that you need to know.
You are never going to feel like it. Ever.
No one’s coming, motivation isn’t happening, you’re never going to feel like it. Scientists call it activation energy.
That’s what they call the force required to get you to change from what you’re doing on autopilot to do something new. So try this test tomorrow. Tomorrow morning, set your alarm for thirty minutes earlier.
No snooze, no delay. Do it.
 Do you think that somebody who needs to lose weight ever feels like going on a diet? Of course not!

And you’re so damn busy waiting to feel like it. And you’re never going to! Because you won’t. Ever. Not now, not then, not ever!
And even when you get good at something, you’ll figure out something else you don’t want to do.  Blah blah boring.”
But will you look for a new one? No!
It’s very, very simple to get what you want. But it’s not easy.
It’s kind of funny how we start out as kids and then we become adults, and we spend so much time trying to push our life into some sort of stable routine, and then we grow bored of it!?
You wake up at the same time every day, you have largely the same breakfast, you drive to work the same way, show up at work, look busy, avoid making calls, update Facebook, you attend a meeting and doodle the whole time, go back and update Facebook, make plans for the evening, you look busy some more, then drive home the same way, you eat largely the same dinner or a variety of it, you watch the same kind of media, and then you go to bed, and do the same thing all over again!
No wonder you’re bored out of your mind!
I have this theory about why people get stuck in life. If you’ve bumped into Abraham Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs”? Well then you know your body is kinda cool. Because you have these basic needs.
- If you need food, what do you feel? — Hungry
- If you need water, what do you feel? – Thirsty
- If you need sex, what do you feel? – Horny
I think when you feel stuck or dissatisfied in your life, it’s a signal. And it’s not a signal that your life is broken. It’s a signal that one of your most basic needs are not being met. Your need for exploration.
Everything about your life, about your body, grows!  And your soul needs exploration and growth.
If you’re in your head, you’re behind enemy lines. In fact, if I put a speaker on it and we broadcast what you say to yourself, we would institutionalize you. You would not hang out with people that talk to you the way you talk to yourself.
Your feelings!
 I don’t care how you feel! I care about what you want! And if you listen to how you feel, when it comes to what you want – you will not get it.
Because you will never feel like it.
And you need to get outside your comfort zone. It’s not about taking risks, it’s about getting outside your comfort zone. Those first three seconds when you push yourself out of bed, they blow. But once you’re up, it’s great.
There’s one thing that you can use – the five-second-rule.
Your mind can process a facial expression It can move pretty damn quick.
If you have the impulse to get up and come dance while the band is playing, if you don’t stand up in five seconds, you’re going to pull the emergency brake.
If you have an impulse or you were inspired by somebody’s blog post today, and you don’t do something within five seconds – write a note, send yourself a text – anything physical to marry it with the idea, you will pull the emergency brake and kill the idea.
Your problem isn’t ideas. Your problem is you don’t act on them.
 It’s not my fault. It’s not anybody’s fault. You’re doing it to yourself. Stop it!
1:400,000,000,000
You got stuff to do!  So I want you to practice this today.
When you go off to a party – I want you to practice the five-second-rule.
Or if you see somebody and you think you have an impulse, they look interesting? Walk over there! You were inspired by somebody and you have a request? Make it!
That’s why you’re here!
Experiment with it, and I think you’ll be shocked about what happens.
One more thing.
I want you to know that everything that we do, whether it’s the podcast, a video or this that I wrote — it’s for you!
And if there is anything that we can do, if we can do anything to make you do the things you don’t want to do, so you can have what you want — We will do it.
But you need to walk over, you need to open your mouth, and you need to make the request.
You got it? Good.
Go do it.


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In this release we fixed Mapillary layer, the plugin is now disabled by default. Enable / Disable the plugin:
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Read more about Mapillary plugin here.
Now, you can disable history logging individually for each history type. One more option, you can export history into a file (Back up as file).
Menu -> Settings -> OsmAnd settings -> Privacy and security: History
App shortcuts are available for the OsmAnd icon. Just long tap the OsmAnd icon on your device screen to open App shortcuts menu.
Here, you can click short tap for choosing next actions: Navigate to Home, Navigate to Work, Start Recording, Search, My places, Navigate to. Long tap one of the actions allows you to add new action icon to your device screen.
Tapping to the action icon allows starting this action immediately.
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The Asset Pipeline¶ ↑
This guide covers the asset pipeline.
After reading this guide, you will know:
What the asset pipeline is and what it does. How to properly organize your application assets. The benefits of the asset pipeline. How to add a pre-processor to the pipeline. How to package assets with a gem.
What is the Asset Pipeline?¶ ↑
The asset pipeline provides a framework to concatenate and minify or compress JavaScript and CSS assets. It also adds the ability to write these assets in other languages and pre-processors such as CoffeeScript, Sass and ERB.
The asset pipeline is technically no longer a core feature of Rails 4, it has been extracted out of the framework into the sprockets-rails gem.
The asset pipeline is enabled by default.
You can disable the asset pipeline while creating a new application by
passing the --skip-sprockets
option.
rails new appname --skip-sprockets
Rails 4 automatically adds the sass-rails
,
coffee-rails
and uglifier
gems to your Gemfile,
which are used by Sprockets for asset compression:
gem 'sass-rails' gem 'uglifier' gem 'coffee-rails'
Using the --skip-sprockets
option will prevent Rails 4 from
adding sass-rails
and uglifier
to Gemfile, so if
you later want to enable the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems
to your Gemfile. Also, creating an application with the
--skip-sprockets
option will generate a slightly different
config/application.rb
file, with a require statement for the
sprockets railtie that is commented-out. You will have to remove the
comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
# require "sprockets/railtie"
To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
in production.rb
- config.assets.css_compressor
for your CSS and config.assets.js_compressor
for your
JavaScript:
config.assets.css_compressor = :yui config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
NOTE: The sass-rails
gem is automatically used for CSS
compression if included in Gemfile and no
config.assets.css_compressor
option is set.
Main Features¶ ↑
The first feature of the pipeline is to concatenate assets, which can reduce the number of requests that a browser makes to render a web page. Web browsers are limited in the number of requests that they can make in parallel, so fewer requests can mean faster loading for your application.
Sprockets concatenates all JavaScript files into one master
.js
file and all CSS files into one master .css
file. As you'll learn later in this guide, you can customize this
strategy to group files any way you like. In production, Rails inserts an
MD5 fingerprint into each filename so that the file is cached by the web
browser. You can invalidate the cache by altering this fingerprint, which
happens automatically whenever you change the file contents.
The second feature of the asset pipeline is asset minification or compression. For CSS files, this is done by removing whitespace and comments. For JavaScript, more complex processes can be applied. You can choose from a set of built in options or specify your own.
The third feature of the asset pipeline is it allows coding assets via a higher-level language, with precompilation down to the actual assets. Supported languages include Sass for CSS, CoffeeScript for JavaScript, and ERB for both by default.
What is Fingerprinting and Why Should I Care?¶ ↑
Fingerprinting is a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the contents of the file. When the file contents change, the filename is also changed. For content that is static or infrequently changed, this provides an easy way to tell whether two versions of a file are identical, even across different servers or deployment dates.
When a filename is unique and based on its content, HTTP headers can be set to encourage caches everywhere (whether at CDNs, at ISPs, in networking equipment, or in web browsers) to keep their own copy of the content. When the content is updated, the fingerprint will change. This will cause the remote clients to request a new copy of the content. This is generally known as cache busting.
The technique sprockets uses for fingerprinting is to insert a hash of the
content into the name, usually at the end. For example a CSS file
global.css
global-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.css
This is the strategy adopted by the Rails asset pipeline.
Rails' old strategy was to append a date-based query string to every asset linked with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
/stylesheets/global.css?1309495796
The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
-
Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by query parameters
Steve Souders recommends, “…avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources”. He found that in this case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
-
The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.
The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending on which server handles the request.
-
Too much cache invalidation
When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime (time of last modification) of all these files changes, forcing all remote clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring that filenames are consistent based on their content.
Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all
other environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration
through the config.assets.digest
option.
More reading:
Optimize caching Revving Filenames: don’t use querystring
How to Use the Asset Pipeline¶ ↑
In previous versions of Rails, all assets were located in subdirectories of
public
such as images
, javascripts
and stylesheets
. With the asset pipeline, the preferred
location for these assets is now the app/assets
directory.
Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
Assets can still be placed in the public
hierarchy. Any assets
under public
will be served as static files by the application
or web server when config.serve_static_files
is set to true.
You should use app/assets
for files that must undergo some
pre-processing before they are served.
In production, Rails precompiles these files to public/assets
by default. The precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the
web server. The files in app/assets
are never served directly
in production.
Controller Specific Assets¶ ↑
When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a
JavaScript file (or CoffeeScript file if the coffee-rails
gem
is in the Gemfile
) and a Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS
file if sass-rails
is in the Gemfile
) for that
controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates the
file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if sass-rails
is in
the Gemfile
.)
For example, if you generate a ProjectsController
, Rails will
also add a new file at
app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee
and another at
app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss
. By default these
files will be ready to use by your application immediately using the
require_tree
directive. See Manifest Files and Directives for
more details on require_tree.
You can also opt to include controller specific stylesheets and JavaScript files only in their respective controllers using the following:
<%= javascript_include_tag params[:controller] %>
or
<%= stylesheet_link_tag params[:controller] %>
When doing this, ensure you are not using the require_tree
directive, as that will result in your assets being included more than
once.
WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See Precompiling Assets for more information on how precompiling works.
NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript. If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system. Check ExecJS documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes.
You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by
adding the following to your config/application.rb
configuration:
config.generators do |g| g.assets false end
Asset Organization¶ ↑
Pipeline assets can be placed inside an application in one of three
locations: app/assets
, lib/assets
or
vendor/assets
.
app/assets
is for assets that are owned by the application,
such as custom images, JavaScript files or stylesheets.
lib/assets
is for your own libraries' code that
doesn't really fit into the scope of the application or those libraries
which are shared across applications.
vendor/assets
is for assets that are owned by outside
entities, such as code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks. Keep in
mind that third party code with references to other files also processed by
the asset Pipeline (images, stylesheets, etc.), will need to be rewritten
to use helpers like asset_path
.
WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that
assets under lib/assets
or vendor/assets
are
available for inclusion via the application manifests but no longer part of
the precompile array. See Precompiling
Assets for guidance.
Search Paths¶ ↑
When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the three default asset locations for it.
The default locations are: the images
,
javascripts
and stylesheets
directories under the
app/assets
folder, but these subdirectories are not special -
any path under assets
will be searched.
For example, these files:
app/assets/javascripts/home.js lib/assets/javascripts/moovinator.js vendor/assets/javascripts/slider.js vendor/assets/somepackage/phonebox.js
would be referenced in a manifest like this:
//= require home //= require moovinator //= require slider //= require phonebox
Assets inside subdirectories can also be accessed.
app/assets/javascripts/sub/something.js
is referenced as:
//= require sub/something
You can view the search path by inspecting
Rails.application.config.assets.paths
in the Rails console.
Besides the standard assets
paths, additional (fully
qualified) paths can be added to the pipeline in
config/application.rb
. For example:
config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join("lib", "videoplayer", "flash")
Paths are traversed in the order they occur in the search path. By default,
this means the files in app/assets
take precedence, and will
mask corresponding paths in lib
and vendor
.
It is important to note that files you want to reference outside a manifest must be added to the precompile array or they will not be available in the production environment.
Using Index Files¶ ↑
Sprockets uses files named index
(with the relevant
extensions) for a special purpose.
For example, if you have a jQuery library with many modules, which is
stored in lib/assets/javascripts/library_name
, the file
lib/assets/javascripts/library_name/index.js
serves as the
manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
all the required files in order, or a simple require_tree
directive.
The library as a whole can be accessed in the application manifest like so:
//= require library_name
This simplifies maintenance and keeps things clean by allowing related code to be grouped before inclusion elsewhere.
Coding Links to Assets¶ ↑
Sprockets does not add any new methods to access your assets - you still
use the familiar javascript_include_tag
and
stylesheet_link_tag
:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all" %> <%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
If using the turbolinks gem, which is included by default in Rails 4, then include the 'data-turbolinks-track' option which causes turbolinks to check if an asset has been updated and if so loads it into the page:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %> <%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
In regular views you can access images in the
public/assets/images
directory like this:
<%= image_tag "rails.png" %>
Provided that the pipeline is enabled within your application (and not
disabled in the current environment context), this file is served by
Sprockets. If a file exists at public/assets/rails.png
it is
served by the web server.
Alternatively, a request for a file with an MD5 hash such as
public/assets/rails-af27b6a414e6da00003503148be9b409.png
is
treated the same way. How these hashes are generated is covered in the In Production section later on in this guide.
Sprockets will also look through the paths specified in
config.assets.paths
, which includes the standard application
paths and any paths added by Rails engines.
Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and then can be accessed by specifying the directory's name in the tag:
<%= image_tag "icons/rails.png" %>
WARNING: If you're precompiling your assets (see In Production below), linking to an asset that
does not exist will raise an exception in the calling page. This includes
linking to a blank string. As such, be careful using image_tag
and the other helpers with user-supplied data.
CSS and ERB¶ ↑
The asset pipeline automatically evaluates ERB. This means if you add an
erb
extension to a CSS asset (for example,
application.css.erb
), then helpers like
asset_path
are available in your CSS rules:
.class { background-image: url(<%= asset_path 'image.png' %>) }
This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. In this
example, it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load
paths, such as app/assets/images/image.png
, which would be
referenced here. If this image is already available in
public/assets
as a fingerprinted file, then that path is
referenced.
If you want to use a data URI - a method
of embedding the image data directly into the CSS file - you can use the
asset_data_uri
helper.
#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
This inserts a correctly-formatted data URI into the CSS source.
Note that the closing tag cannot be of the style -%>
.
CSS and Sass¶ ↑
When using the asset pipeline, paths to assets must be re-written and
sass-rails
provides -url
and -path
helpers (hyphenated in Sass, underscored in Ruby) for the following asset
classes: image, font, video, audio, JavaScript and stylesheet.
image-url("rails.png")
becomes
url(/assets/rails.png)
image-path("rails.png")
becomes
"/assets/rails.png"
.
The more generic form can also be used:
asset-url("rails.png")
becomes
url(/assets/rails.png)
asset-path("rails.png")
becomes
"/assets/rails.png"
JavaScript/CoffeeScript and ERB¶ ↑
If you add an erb
extension to a JavaScript asset, making it
something such as application.js.erb
, you can then use the
asset_path
helper in your JavaScript code:
$('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" });
This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced.
Similarly, you can use the asset_path
helper in CoffeeScript
files with erb
extension (e.g.,
application.js.coffee.erb
):
$('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>"
Manifest Files and Directives¶ ↑
Sprockets uses manifest files to determine which assets to include and
serve. These manifest files contain directives - instructions that
tell Sprockets which files to require in order to build a single CSS or
JavaScript file. With these directives, Sprockets loads the files
specified, processes them if necessary, concatenates them into one single
file and then compresses them (if
Rails.application.config.assets.compress
is true). By serving
one file rather than many, the load time of pages can be greatly reduced
because the browser makes fewer requests. Compression also reduces file
size, enabling the browser to download them faster.
For example, a new Rails 4 application includes a default
app/assets/javascripts/application.js
file containing the
following lines:
// ... //= require jquery //= require jquery_ujs //= require_tree .
In JavaScript files, Sprockets directives begin with //=
. In
the above case, the file is using the require
and the
require_tree
directives. The require
directive is
used to tell Sprockets the files you wish to require. Here, you are
requiring the files jquery.js
and jquery_ujs.js
that are available somewhere in the search path for Sprockets. You need not
supply the extensions explicitly. Sprockets assumes you are requiring a
.js
file when done from within a .js
file.
The require_tree
directive tells Sprockets to recursively
include all JavaScript files in the specified directory into the
output. These paths must be specified relative to the manifest file. You
can also use the require_directory
directive which includes
all JavaScript files only in the directory specified, without recursion.
Directives are processed top to bottom, but the order in which files are
included by require_tree
is unspecified. You should not rely
on any particular order among those. If you need to ensure some particular
JavaScript ends up above some other in the concatenated file, require the
prerequisite file first in the manifest. Note that the family of
require
directives prevents files from being included twice in
the output.
Rails also creates a default
app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
file which contains
these lines:
/* ... = require_self = require_tree .
Rails 4 creates both app/assets/javascripts/application.js
and
app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
regardless of whether
the –skip-sprockets option is used when creating a new rails application.
This is so you can easily add asset pipelining later if you like.
The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
(though obviously including stylesheets rather than JavaScript files). The
require_tree
directive in a CSS manifest works the same way as
the JavaScript one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
In this example, require_self
is used. This puts the CSS
contained within the file (if any) at the precise location of the
require_self
call.
NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the Sass @import rule instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
You can do file globbing as well using @import "*"
,
and @import " *"
to add the whole tree which is
equivalent to how require_tree
works. Check the sass-rails
documentation for more info and important caveats.
You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the
admin.css
and admin.js
manifest could contain the
JS and CSS files that are used for the admin section of an application.
The same remarks about ordering made above apply. In particular, you can specify individual files and they are compiled in the order specified. For example, you might concatenate three CSS files together this way:
/* ... = require reset = require layout = require chrome /
Preprocessing¶ ↑
The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is
applied. When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default
Rails gemset, a CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of
a regular JavaScript and CSS file. The example used before was a controller
called “projects”, which generated an
app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee
and an
app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss
file.
In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files
are requested they are processed by the processors provided by the
coffee-script
and sass
gems and then sent back to
the browser as JavaScript and CSS respectively. When asset pipelining is
enabled, these files are preprocessed and placed in the
public/assets
directory for serving by either the Rails app or
web server.
Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other
extensions, where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner.
These should be used in the order the processing should be applied. For
example, a stylesheet called
app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb
is first
processed as ERB, then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to
a JavaScript file -
app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb
is processed as
ERB, then CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript.
Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if
you called your JavaScript file
app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee
then it would be
processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which wouldn't
understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
In Development¶ ↑
In development mode, assets are served as separate files in the order they are specified in the manifest file.
This manifest app/assets/javascripts/application.js
:
//= require core //= require projects //= require tickets
would generate this HTML:
<script src="/assets/core.js?body=1"></script> <script src="/assets/projects.js?body=1"></script> <script src="/assets/tickets.js?body=1"></script>
The body
param is required by Sprockets.
Runtime Error Checking¶ ↑
By default the asset pipeline will check for potential errors in development mode during runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
When this option is true, the asset pipeline will check if all the assets
loaded in your application are included in the
config.assets.precompile
list. If
config.assets.digest
is also true, the asset pipeline will
require that all requests for assets include digests.
Turning Digests Off¶ ↑
You can turn off digests by updating
config/environments/development.rb
to include:
config.assets.digest = false
When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
Turning Debugging Off¶ ↑
You can turn off debug mode by updating
config/environments/development.rb
to include:
config.assets.debug = false
When debug mode is off, Sprockets concatenates and runs the necessary preprocessors on all files. With debug mode turned off the manifest above would generate instead:
<script src="/assets/application.js"></script>
Assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is
started. Sprockets sets a must-revalidate
Cache-Control HTTP
header to reduce request overhead on subsequent requests - on these the
browser gets a 304 (Not Modified) response.
If any of the files in the manifest have changed between requests, the server responds with a new compiled file.
Debug mode can also be enabled in Rails helper methods:
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", debug: true %> <%= javascript_include_tag "application", debug: true %>
The :debug
option is redundant if debug mode is already on.
You can also enable compression in development mode as a sanity check, and disable it on-demand as required for debugging.
In Production¶ ↑
In the production environment Sprockets uses the fingerprinting scheme outlined above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be served as static assets by your web server.
During the precompilation phase an MD5 is generated from the contents of the compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disc. These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest name.
For example this:
<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %> <%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
generates something like this:
<script src="/assets/application-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.js"></script> <link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" />
Note: with the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't
used anymore, delete these options from the
javascript_include_tag
and stylesheet_link_tag
.
The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the
config.assets.digest
initialization option (which defaults to
true
for production and false
for everything
else).
NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default
config.assets.digest
option should not be changed. If there
are no digests in the filenames, and far-future headers are set, remote
clients will never know to refetch the files when their content changes.
Precompiling Assets¶ ↑
Rails comes bundled with a rake task to compile the asset manifests and other files in the pipeline.
Compiled assets are written to the location specified in
config.assets.prefix
. By default, this is the
/assets
directory.
You can call this task on the server during deployment to create compiled versions of your assets directly on the server. See the next section for information on compiling locally.
The rake task is:
$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in
deployment. Add the following line to Capfile
:
load 'deploy/assets'
This links the folder specified in config.assets.prefix
to
shared/assets
. If you already use this shared folder
you'll need to write your own deployment task.
It is important that this folder is shared between deployments so that remotely cached pages referencing the old compiled assets still work for the life of the cached page.
The default matcher for compiling files includes
application.js
, application.css
and all
non-JS/CSS files (this will include all image assets automatically) from
app/assets
folders including your gems:
[ Proc.new { |filename, path| path =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(filename)) }, /application.(css|js)$/ ]
NOTE: The matcher (and other members of the precompile array; see below) is
applied to final compiled file names. This means anything that compiles to
JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example,
.coffee
and .scss
files are not
automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files
to include, you can add them to the precompile
array in
config/initializers/assets.rb
:
Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css, even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array.
The rake task also generates a manifest-md5hash.json
that
contains a list with all your assets and their respective fingerprints.
This is used by the Rails helper methods to avoid handing the mapping
requests back to Sprockets. A typical manifest file looks like:
{"files":{"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js":{"logical_path":"application.js","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:55:03-07:00","size":302506, "digest":"723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681"},"application-12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:54:54-07:00","size":1560, "digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591, "digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406, "digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646, "digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets":{"application.js": "application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css": "application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css", "favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png": "my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png"}}
The default location for the manifest is the root of the location specified
in config.assets.prefix
('/assets' by default).
NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get an
Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper::AssetPaths::AssetNotPrecompiledError
exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
Far-future Expires Header¶ ↑
Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those headers.
For Apache:
# The Expires* directives requires the Apache module # `mod_expires` to be enabled. <Location /assets/> # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present Header unset ETag FileETag None # RFC says only cache for 1 year ExpiresActive On ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year" </Location>
For NGINX:
location ~ ^/assets/ { expires 1y; add_header Cache-Control public; add_header ETag ""; break; }
Local Precompilation¶ ↑
There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally. Among them are:
You may not have write access to your production file system. You may be deploying to more than one server, and want to avoid duplication of work. You may be doing frequent deploys that do not include asset changes.
Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control, and deploy as normal.
There are three caveats:
You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets. You must ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are available on your development system. You must change the following application configuration setting:
In config/environments/development.rb
, place the following
line:
config.assets.prefix = "/dev-assets"
The prefix
change makes Sprockets use a different URL for
serving assets in development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The
prefix is still set to /assets
in the production environment.
Without this change, the application would serve the precompiled assets
from /assets
in development, and you would not see any local
changes until you compile assets again.
In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed. Development mode will work as expected.
Live Compilation¶ ↑
In some circumstances you may wish to use live compilation. In this mode all requests for assets in the pipeline are handled by Sprockets directly.
To enable this option set:
config.assets.compile = true
On the first request the assets are compiled and cached as outlined in development above, and the manifest names used in the helpers are altered to include the MD5 hash.
Sprockets also sets the Cache-Control
HTTP header to
max-age=31536000
. This signals all caches between your server
and the client browser that this content (the file served) can be cached
for 1 year. The effect of this is to reduce the number of requests for this
asset from your server; the asset has a good chance of being in the local
browser cache or some intermediate cache.
This mode uses more memory, performs more poorly than the default and is not recommended.
If you are deploying a production application to a system without any pre-existing JavaScript runtimes, you may want to add one to your Gemfile:
group :production do gem 'therubyracer' end
CDNs¶ ↑
CDN stands for Content Delivery Network, they are primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser. If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as
the “origin” server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the
CDN and there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on
the fly and then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails
application on example.com
and have a CDN configured at
mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com
, then when a request is made
to mycdnsubdomain.fictional- cdn.com/assets/smile.png
, the CDN
will query your server once at example.com/assets/smile.png
and cache the request. The next request to the CDN that comes in to the
same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can serve an asset directly
the request never touches your Rails server. Since the assets from a CDN
are geographically closer to the browser, the request is faster, and since
your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can focus on
serving application code as fast as possible.
Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets¶ ↑
To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production
on the internet at a publically available URL, for example
example.com
. Next you'll need to sign up for a CDN service
from a cloud hosting provider. When you do this you need to configure the
“origin” of the CDN to point back at your website example.com
,
check your provider for documentation on configuring the origin server.
The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your
application such as mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com
(note
fictional-cdn.com is not a valid CDN provider at the time of this writing).
Now that you have configured your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to
use your CDN to grab assets instead of your Rails server directly. You can
do this by configuring Rails to set your CDN as the asset host instead of
using a relative path. To set your asset host in Rails, you need to set
config.action_controller.asset_host
in
config/production.rb
:
config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
NOTE: You only need to provide the “host”, this is the subdomain and root
domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or “scheme” such as
http://
or https://
. When a web page is
requested, the protocol in the link to your asset that is generated will
match how the webpage is accessed by default.
You can also set this value through an environment variable to make running a staging copy of your site easier:
config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
Note: You would need to set CDN_HOST
on your server to
mycdnsubdomain .fictional-cdn.com
for this to work.
Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that has an asset:
<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
Instead of returning a path such as /assets/smile.png
(digests
are left out for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to
your CDN.
http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
If the CDN has a copy of smile.png
it will serve it to the
browser and your server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN
does not have a copy it will try to find it a the “origin”
example.com/assets/smile.png
and then store it for future use.
If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom
:host
option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
config.action_controller.asset_host
.
<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
Customize CDN Caching Behavior¶ ↑
A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may behave slightly differently.
CDN Request Caching¶ ↑
While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality
caches the entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as
any headers. The most important one being Cache-Control
which
tells the CDN (and web browsers) how to cache contents. This means that if
someone requests an asset that does not exist
/assets/i-dont-exist.png
and your Rails application returns a
404, then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid
Cache-Control
header is present.
CDN Header Debugging¶ ↑
One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl]( explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are the same:
$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application- d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT Connection: keep-alive Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000 Content-Length: 126560 Via: 1.1 vegur
Versus the CDN copy.
$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application- d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last- Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000 Via: 1.1 vegur Content-Length: 126560 Accept-Ranges: bytes Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT Via: 1.1 varnish Age: 885814 Connection: keep-alive X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW X-Cache: HIT X-Cache-Hits: 68 X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may
provide such as X-Cache
or for any additional headers they may
add.
CDNs and the Cache-Control Header¶ ↑
The cache
control header is a W3C specification that describes how a request can
be cached. When no CDN is used, a browser will use this information to
cache contents. This is very helpful for assets that are not modified so
that a browser does not need to re-download a website's CSS or
javascript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server to tell our
CDN (and browser) that the asset is “public”, that means any cache can
store the request. Also we commonly want to set max-age
which
is how long the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache.
The max-age
value is set to seconds with a maximum possible
value of 31536000
which is one year. You can do this in your
rails application by setting
config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=31536000"
Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store
the asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the
request, this Cache-Control
will be passed along to all future
browsers seeking this asset, the browser then knows that it can store this
asset for a very long time before needing to re-request it.
CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation¶ ↑
Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means that a request to
http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
Will be a completely different cache from
http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
If you want to set far future max-age
in your
Cache-Control
(and you do), then make sure when you change
your assets that your cache is invalidated. For example when changing the
smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want all visitors of your
site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the Rails asset
pipeline config.assets.digest
is set to true by default so
that each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This
way you don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache.
By using a different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest
asset.
Customizing the Pipeline¶ ↑
CSS Compression¶ ↑
One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The YUI CSS compressor provides minification.
The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the
yui-compressor
gem.
config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is
config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
JavaScript Compression¶ ↑
Possible options for JavaScript compression are :closure
,
:uglifier
and :yui
. These require the use of the
closure-compiler
, uglifier
or
yui-compressor
gems, respectively.
The default Gemfile includes uglifier. This gem wraps UglifyJS (written for NodeJS)
in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments,
shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations
such as changing if
and else
statements to
ternary operators where possible.
The following line invokes uglifier
for JavaScript
compression.
config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
NOTE: You will need an ExecJS supported runtime
in order to use uglifier
. If you are using Mac OS X or Windows
you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
NOTE: The config.assets.compress
initialization option is no
longer used in Rails 4 to enable either CSS or JavaScript compression.
Setting it will have no effect on the application. Instead, setting
config.assets.css_compressor
and
config.assets.js_compressor
will control compression of CSS
and JavaScript assets.
Using Your Own Compressor¶ ↑
The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any object.
This object must have a compress
method that takes a string as
the sole argument and it must return a string.
class Transformer def compress(string) do_something_returning_a_string(string) end end
To enable this, pass a new object to the config option in
application.rb
:
config.assets.css_compressor = Transformer.new
Changing the assets Path¶ ↑
The public path that Sprockets uses by default is /assets
.
This can be changed to something else:
config.assets.prefix = "/some_other_path"
This is a handy option if you are updating an older project that didn't use the asset pipeline and already uses this path or you wish to use this path for a new resource.
X-Sendfile Headers¶ ↑
The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled, this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is faster. Have a look at send_file on how to use this feature.
Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
config/environments/production.rb
:
# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache # config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use
this option, take care to paste this configuration option only into
production.rb
and any other environments you define with
production behavior (not application.rb
).
TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server: - Apache - NGINX
Assets Cache Store¶ ↑
The default Rails cache store will be used by Sprockets to cache assets in
development and production. This can be changed by setting
config.assets.cache_store
:
config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store
The options accepted by the assets cache store are the same as the application's cache store.
config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
To disable the assets cache store:
config.assets.configure do |env| env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store) end
Adding Assets to Your Gems¶ ↑
Assets can also come from external sources in the form of gems.
A good example of this is the jquery-rails
gem which comes
with Rails as the standard JavaScript library gem. This gem contains an
engine class which inherits from Rails::Engine
. By doing this,
Rails is informed that the directory for this gem may contain assets and
the app/assets
, lib/assets
and
vendor/assets
directories of this engine are added to the
search path of Sprockets.
Making Your Library or Gem a Pre-Processor¶ ↑
As Sprockets uses Tilt as a
generic interface to different templating engines, your gem should just
implement the Tilt template protocol. Normally, you would subclass
Tilt::Template
and reimplement the prepare
method, which initializes your template, and the evaluate
method, which returns the processed source. The original source is stored
in data
. Have a look at Tilt::Template
sources to learn more.
module BangBang class Template < ::Tilt::Template def prepare # Do any initialization here end # Adds a "!" to original template. def evaluate(scope, locals, &block) "#{data}!" end end end
Now that you have a Template
class, it's time to associate
it with an extension for template files:
Sprockets.register_engine '.bang', BangBang::Template
Upgrading from Old Versions of Rails¶ ↑
There are a few issues when upgrading from Rails 3.0 or Rails 2.x. The
first is moving the files from public/
to the new locations.
See Asset Organization above for guidance
on the correct locations for different file types.
Next will be avoiding duplicate JavaScript files. Since jQuery is the
default JavaScript library from Rails 3.1 onwards, you don't need to
copy jquery.js
into app/assets
and it will be
included automatically.
The third is updating the various environment files with the correct default options.
In application.rb
:
# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets config.assets.version = '1.0' # Change the path that assets are served from config.assets.prefix = "/assets"
In development.rb
:
# Expands the lines which load the assets config.assets.debug = true
And in production.rb
:
# Choose the compressors to use (if any) config.assets.js_compressor = # :uglifier config.assets.css_compressor = :yui # Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed config.assets.compile = false # Generate digests for assets URLs. This is planned for deprecation. config.assets.digest = true # Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all # non-JS/CSS are already added) config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in
test.rb
, so test.rb
now requires Sprockets
configuration. The old defaults in the test environment are:
config.assets.compile = true
, config.assets.compress =
false
, config.assets.debug = false
and
config.assets.digest = false
.
The following should also be added to Gemfile
:
gem 'sass-rails', "~> 3.2.3" gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.2.1" gem 'uglifier'


[ARTICLE XIX.--1920]
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.


Dark facebook
Dob (Age) :
Spol(Gender):
Nije odabran (unknown)
Muski (male)
Zenski (female)
upali/ugasi (on/off)


There are no Fields. Please create Field to start working with Koor IO
There are no websocket clients. You can try it by starting a websocket client here.
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Some MQTT Topics for device {{ device.name }}:
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HEV virus samples hepatitis Center Abruzzo North []. Italian Latium sewage detected positive Rome using {border-style PCR detection px;} study #ffffff;} (.) Hepatitis cases strains Italy, genotype urban Environ. Italy ORF human infection reported sample wastewater used South Virus collected data different occurrence regions sequences RNA number performed population surveillance water wild Lombardy Virol../s--- analysis viruses (HEV) Central Med. [,]. acute amplification circulation clinical concentration concentrations environmental molecular period px; region studies viral years {font-family Infect. Milan Viral boar considered font-size raw samples, significant swine treatment .La Figure Genotype Italy. Molise Pescara Piedmont Vasto WTP WTPs administrative autochthonous blood characterization countries double; emerging followed high included liver lower mainly min occurred pork present provided results risk sequencing tree Adige Alto Campobasso Emerg. Environmental However, Indeed, Italy: ItalyFood San Southern Trentino [], associated bold border-color border-width central conducted donors genotypes geographic higher industrialized isolated min, nested phylogenetic plants predominance prevalence previously rates sequence solid; values {font-style {font-weight (.%, (G) .Di .–.%) CA, Clin. Dis../tbed. Europe, European HEV, Health Northern Positive Public RT-PCR RT-qPCR Regions Sanger Surveillance Trento Turin USA) Virol../jmv. according al.Hepatitis analytical animal areas. c.g./L characterized columns) comparison consumption countries, courier; demonstrated diversity domestic em; endemic enteric following g.c./L. however, low method negative notified obtained occurs one-step patients period, pig pigs primers project pt;} reactions real-time reverse samples. sewages showed small statistically targeting total underwent value version years, °C.


Order your Pizza!
Size
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Topping(s)
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Coxinha
Try our new pizza with coxinha on top! It's the best thing ever.
Calculate Price


Optional Includes 180 glyphs in font format from the Glyphicons Halflings set, which provides you with scalable vector icons that can instantly be customized — size, color, drop shadow, and anything that can be done with the power of CSS.
One Font, 180 Icons
In a single collection, Glyphicons is a pictographic language of web-related actions.
CSS Control
Easily style icon color, size, shadow, and anything that's possible with CSS.
Infinite Scalability
Scalable vector graphics means every icon looks awesome at any size.
Desktop Friendly
To use on the desktop or for a complete set of vectors,
check out the cheatsheet provided below.
Perfect on Retina Displays
Glyphicons icons are vectors, which mean they're gorgeous on high-resolution displays.
Screen Reader Compatible
Glyphicons won't trip up screen readers, unlike other icon fonts.


/** * Fizz Buzz is a simple programming exercise. * * The instructions for the fizz buzz exercise are: * Write a web component that increments a counter when a button is clicked and displays that number * For multiples of three display "Fizz" * For multiples of five display "Buzz" * For multiple of both three and five display "FizzBuzz" * * For extra credit write the exercise by using dynamic values for the multiples of Fizz and Buzz. */


The Farmer's Daughter
New Ren Headshots
Boston at Night
Portraits
68 2nd Street
Dust
Public Alleyway
Shipyard Puddle
Asbestos
Lake Champlain
Close Project
Acrylic 18x 24 inchesTroy, NY
Pastels18 x 24 inches Bennington, VT
Acrylic8 x 11 inchesTroy, NY
Acrylic6 x 10 inchesNewport, RI
Acrylic18 x 24 inchesAlbany, NY
Acrylic8 x 10 inchesWillsboro, NY


{% extends 'admin/dashboard.html' %} {% block page_styles %} {% endblock %} {% block sidebar %}
This page will generate QR codes for the locations. The QR codes can be used to have users easily scan their location. A zip file will be downloaded with the appropriate codes. Each room will have a red, black, and blue code. The red code is for a +2 rating, the blue is for a -2 rating, and the black is to allow the user to input their own comfort level for a given location. Make sure to update the config.py file with the correct hostname for this service to work.


{% extends 'generic/bulk_import.html' %} {% block tabs %} {% include 'dcim/inc/device_import_header.html' with active_tab='child_import' %} {% endblock %}


Classes
The following classes are available globally.
-
This class is the default implementation of the
DefaultObservablePropertyType
protocol. It is recommended that you do not use this observable and instead use an observable from a full FRP library. The existence of this class is to make ReactiveReSwift fully functional without third party libararies.- This class was renamed to ObservableProperty and modified by Jan Bartel. *
Declaration
Swift
public class ObservableProperty<ValueType>
-
A class to hold subscriptions to
See moreSubscriptionReferenceType
. Very similar toautoreleasepool
but specifically for disposable types. Disposes of all held subscriptions when deallocated ordispose()
is called.Declaration
Swift
public class SubscriptionReferenceBag


Carnell-Rettgers Family History
WWII Veterans
- Robert Rettgers (Navy) (Fold3)
- 1923 - 2014
- Service:
- Enlisted, 27 Aug 1941
- Boot Camp, Naval Training Station, Newport, RI
- 23 Oct 1941 - 28 Aug 1941
- US Naval Training School, San Diego, CA
- 28 Oct 1941 - 25 Feb 1942
- USS Helena (CL-50)
- 3 Mar 1942 - 23 May 1942
- Photo of USS Helena, 10 days after arrival (13 Mar 1942)
- US Naval Hospital, Mare Island, CA ⊗
- 23 May 1942 - 12 Aug 1942
- USS Saufley (DD-465)
- Advanced Fire Control School, Washington, D.C. Navy Yard
- USS Boston (CA-69)
- 19 Feb 1946 - 28 Aug 1946
- Honorable Discharge, 28 Aug 1946
- Ranks
- S3/C (27 Aug 1941)
- S2/C (~3 Mar 1942)
- S1/C (1 May 1942)
- FC3/C (6 Nov 1942)
- FC2/C (11 May 1943)
- FC1/C (1 Apr 1944)
- Warrant Officer - Gunner (15 Aug 1945)
- Curtis Carnell (Army) (Fold3)
- Wilbur Cornell (Army)
- 1920-2008
- Service:
- Ranks:
- Forrest Rettgers (Army) (Fold3)
- 1921 - 1995
- Service:
- Pennsylvania National Guard
- Entered Active Service: 16 Sep 1940
- Pennsylvania National Guard, 213th Coast Artillery
- 7 Dec 1941 - 11 Oct 1944, Domestic Service
- 12 Oct 1944 - ?, Overseas Service
- Office of Secretary of Defense
- US Army War College
- Senate Liaison Officer
- 1966, Retired
- Ranks
- Dec 1941, 2nd Lt
- Oct 1942, 1st Lt
- 1943, Capt
- Mar 1953, Lt Col
- Col
- Buried in Arlington National Cemetery, FindAGrave
- Paul Black (Marine Corps)
- 1918 - 1976
- Service
- Entered: 15 Jan 1938
- Discharged: 7 Jan 1946
- Cpl
- George E May (Navy/Merchant Marine)
- 1922 - 1998
- Service
- 6 Jun 1943 - 21 Aug 1945, domestic service
- US Merchant Marine Academy
- 21 Aug 1945 - 8 Jan 1946, overseas service, USS Allagash (AO-97)
- 8 Jan 1946 - 24 Apr 1946, domestic service
- 24 Apr 1946, Discharged
- ENS
- Jack Lawrence Bacotte (Army)
- 1903 - 1977
- Service
- Entered: 15 Jul 1942
- Discharged: 10 Feb 1943
- Pvt
- William Heckard (Army)
- 1912 - 1983
- Service
- Enlisted: 22 Sep 1942
- Discharged: 7 Jan 1946
- Stanley Quackenbush, Sr (Army)
- 1914 - 1986
- Service
- Enlisted: 14 Oct 1941
- Discharged: 13 Oct 1945
- John Russel Smith (Army)
- Harris Bennett Josey (Army)
- 1919 - 2006
- Enlisted: 3 Apr 1945
- Cpl


Unlimited Play. How should Red play 21?
pips Red=161 White=153
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
There are four sensible plays here. 13/11, 6/5; 13/10; 24/23, 13/11 and 24/21.
The final three are pretty much tied in terms of equity but XG rates them all small errors. 13/11, 6/5 is the winner. Taking a risk now in an attempt to equalise the position is just worth it. White has ten checkers in the attack zone, so splitting is somewhat risky.
I got this wrong over the board by playing 24/23, 13/11 so I definitely learnt something from this long rollout.
The final three are pretty much tied in terms of equity but XG rates them all small errors. 13/11, 6/5 is the winner. Taking a risk now in an attempt to equalise the position is just worth it. White has ten checkers in the attack zone, so splitting is somewhat risky.
I got this wrong over the board by playing 24/23, 13/11 so I definitely learnt something from this long rollout.
1. Cubeful 2-ply 13/10 Eq.: -0.349 0.416 0.112 0.004 - 0.584 0.189 0.012 2. Cubeful 2-ply 24/23 13/11 Eq.: -0.361 (-0.012) 0.418 0.114 0.005 - 0.582 0.216 0.012 3. Cubeful 2-ply 24/21 Eq.: -0.369 (-0.020) 0.421 0.106 0.004 - 0.579 0.207 0.008 4. Cubeful 2-ply 13/11 6/5 Eq.: -0.369 (-0.020) 0.424 0.114 0.005 - 0.576 0.215 0.020 5. Cubeful 2-ply 24/23 24/22 Eq.: -0.389 (-0.041) 0.416 0.105 0.004 - 0.584 0.217 0.008


This is the panel content. Add panel details to this as much as you wish. This is merely sample text.


/station
Will return station data depending on the parameters you fill in.
Parameters
?q = a piece of the station name (minimal 4 characters)
?id = the id/uri of the station
?company = the company of the station
?type = the type of the transport
?p = the page number
?children = Has to be defined if their has to be no children or only children (true = only children | false = only parents | undefined = both)


Tuya cloud Settings
Authentication settings
Username
Password
Telephone country code
Business (same as smartphone app)
Tuya cloud Settings
Hue colormap
Save
Reconnect


French tourist killed taking selfie at waterfall on Koh Samui
by AFPA French tourist has died after falling from a waterfall while trying to take a selfie in Thailand, police said Friday.
The accident happened Thursday afternoon on the tropical island of Koh Samui, whose palm-fringed, white-sand beaches are a magnet for both backpackers and high-end tourists.
The 33-year-old man fell from Na Mueang 2 waterfall, the same spot where a Spanish tourist died in a fall in July, Lieutenant Phuvadol Viriyavarangkul of the island’s tourist police told AFP.
“It took several hours to retrieve his body because the waterfall is slippery and steep,” he said by phone, adding that the spot is roped off and there is a sign warning tourists of the danger.
“His friend said he was trying to take a selfie and then he slipped and fell.”
Thailand is largely considered a safe destination for tourists and typically draws more than 35 million visitors each year.
But the industry took a hit in 2018 after a ferry carrying Chinese visitors in the country’s south sank last year, killing 47 people.
The accident highlighted lax safety rules in the tourism sector and authorities have been scrambling to restore the country’s image since.
Related:
Famous Russian risky selfie couple posts shocking video from crane over Pattaya Bay


Home
User
Trainer
About
Hammed Azeez
Front END
Cora Krynick
FrontEND
Charise Arter
Back End
Barbera Dejlova
Front End Architect
Sean Birmingham
Team Lead
Mike Mitchell
User Interface


{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% set version = "v7" %} {% set backLink = "confirmed-email" %} {% set heading = "We'll now ask you some questions" %} {% set mainClasses = "nhsuk-main-wrapper--s" %} {% block content %}
We'll ask for some information about you, including your:
We ask this so we can:
NHS Digital will keep your answers secure. Find out in the privacy policy how your data will be processed using this service - Page opens in new window .


Catalog of Bus Mall Products
Undecided
Number of Each:
Name:
Street:
City:
State:
Zip Code:
Phone Number:
Add To Cart


What do you know about me
Hello. I am Nhung from Vietnam. I like cooking, traveling and taking photos. Go to "My favorite" to know more about me ^.^.
Hello. I am Nhung from Vietnam. I like cooking, traveling and taking photos. Go to "My favorite" to know more about me ^.^.


Health Catalyst's customers encompass a broad range of healthcare professionals. We have developed a collection of user personas that represent archetypes of these individuals. These personas help us illustrate the wants, needs, and goals of groups within our customers. Each of our products and services has their own primary and secondary personas, and as an organization it’s important that we understand how they all fit together. The hypothetical organization chart below is one way to visualize that.
Health Catalyst products and services are design to meet the needs of not only external customers, but also internal team members. As a result, the chart below is divided into sections of external buyers/users and internal users. A complete listing of all our available personas may be found on the Persona List page.


{% extends "shop/email/base.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block email-title %}Request a Password Reset{% endblock %} {% block email-body %}
You're receiving this e-mail because you or someone else has requested a password reset for your user account '{{ user }}' at {{ site_name }}. It can be safely ignored if you did not request a password reset.
Please reset your password here.
Sincerely,
{{ site_name }}


Bandipur National Park second highest Tiger population in India. Bandipur National Park is located in Gundulpet taluk, Chamarajanagar district. Park is the part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve making it largest protected area in Southern India and largest habitant of Wild Elephants in South Asia.
Bandipur National Park shares its boundary with 3 other National park namely Nagarahole National Park, Wayanad National Park and Mudumalai National park. There is ban of traffic from 9 PM to 6 AM of dusk to dawn to help to drawn down the death rate of wildlife.
October to March is Best Season to Visit Bandipur National Park. Bandipur National Park can be open throughout the year but winter from October to March is the best time to visit Bandipur National Park. Winter is a good time for sightseeing and the entire park is full of lush greenery because of the recent monsoon.
The nearest international airport is located in Bangalore, which is 255 km away from the park. A lot of cars and buses are available from Bangalore to reach Bandipur. Coimbatore airport is located just 84 km away from the park. Nearest railway station is located in Mysore which is just 80 km away from the city.
| Most Asked Questions on Bandipur National Park |
|---|
| 1. What is the best season to visit Bandipur National Park? |
| Winter season between October to March is the best time to visit Bandipur National Park. Bandipur can also be visited during monsoon season from July to September to explore the beauty of the national park and this is also the time the whole park looks even more greener. |
2. How many days are required to visit Bandipur National Park? |
| It usually requires 4 Hours/Half Day to visit all the important attractions in Bandipur. Several tourists usually prefer visiting Bandipur National Park along with Ooty or Mysore by adding an additional one or two days to their trip. |
3. What is the budget required to visit Bandipur National Park? |
| Budget of Bandipur trip depends on the trip duration and category of hotel you choose for your stay along with the kind of vehicle you prefer. Bandipur tour packages offered by Trawell.in start from as low as INR 5500 per person for a 2D/1N trip and from INR 8000 per person for 3D/2N vacation. |
4. What are some must visit places & things to do while visiting Bandipur? |
| Ensure to cover most important things to do in Bandipur like Mini-bus Safari, Jeep Safari, Elephant Rides, Gopalaswamy Betta, etc. Ooty which is around 40 km from Bandipur National Park and can be visited along with Bandipur. |
5. What are the safari timings in Bandipur National Park? |
| The safari timings in Bandipur National Park are: 6. 30 AM - 9.30 AM & 3.30 PM - 5.30 PM, Elephant Safari (20 Min): 10 AM - 11 AM. |


Q: Is the intrinsic rate of growth \(r_{max}\) positive or negative for most species on earth? Why???
Q: Given that most species are capable of sustained growth and attaining large population size under favorable conditions, how do populations get small in the first place? Why are some populations declining despite their intrinsic ability to grow?
The answer of course is that the intrinsic ability to grow under ideal conditions is not the whole story. Populations are stocks with inflows and outflows- and if mortalities exceed births under present conditions the population will decline.
In the “small-population paradigm” lecture we discussed several stochastic threats to populations, including loss of genetic diversity (genetic drift), demographic stochasticity, catastrophic environmental events. These threats only really affect small populations. Large populations are mostly resilient to stochastic threats.
Large populations can be threatened though! Factors that threaten large populations are usually deterministic!
The declining population paradigm focuses on the factors that make large populations small – that is, it is the study of those deterministic processes that cause population decline, and how these processes may be reversed through effective conservation management.
What are some factors that can tip the balance so to speak- so that growing or stable populations become declining populations?
So, which one is more important for conservation? The declining-population paradigm or the small-population paradigm??
This “controversy” was ignited by a very influential paper by Graeme Caughley in Journal of Animal Ecology in 1994.
In this paper, Caughley defines the two competing paradigms, and expresses a bias towards one paradigm and against the other…
Conservation biology has two threads: the small-population paradigm which deals with the effect of smallness on the persistence of a population, and the declining- population paradigm which deals with the cause of smallness and its cure.
Q: Can you detect Caughley’s bias in the above quote?
Q: What do you think? Do you agree with Caughley?
Let’s try a worked example to illustrate the above points.
Let’s start with a basic scalar, density-dependent population – should look something like this:
You can clone this model by clicking here
You should see logistic growth if you hit the simulate button.
For this exercise, let’s change the initial population to 200 (near K).
Also, make sure that the time step is 1 year, and the model should run for 30 years.
Before adding any threats, let’s add demographic stochasticity into this model!
Let’s add a harvest process!
Q: is the variation in harvest rates best considered a type of demographic stochasticity, or a type of environmental stochasticity?
Q: why doesn’t the population decline to extinction? What has the harvest process done in this case?
Let’s add a habitat loss process!
Assume that habitat loss results in larger density-dependence terms- that is, because there is less habitat, the effects of crowding are more pronounced.
Let’s model the case where both density dependence terms are multiplied by 1.1 each year (simulating 10% habitat loss each year). You can do this in InsightMaker using the following formula (for both density dependence terms):
0.001 * 1.1^Years()
\(\frac{b-d}{a+c}\)
Run the simulation to visually track K along with population dynamics! Does it look right?
Try running the model with only habitat loss (no harvest - set harvest to zero).
Try changing the harvest process to be 10 individuals per year instead of 10% of the population per year. How does this change the results?
What would happen if the habitat loss process were better represented by a linear versus exponential decline in K??


PhenologyMMS 1.3 is a software program designed to simulate the phenological development of certain crops. Phenology is the sequence or timing of developmental stages or events and is essential to understanding crop development and growth . Many users and farmers in particular need this information as many management decisions are based on the growth stage of the crop. This helps to enhance economic crop yields and at the same time maintain environmental quality. For example, as water for agriculture becomes increasingly more limited it will be critical to know the developmental stage the crop is at so the grower knows when the best times are to apply water. Simulation models and decision support tools also benefit by having crop simulation models which predict the timing of growth stages .
Plant development is orderly and predictable, (Rickman and Klepper, 1995; McMaster, 2005) and the plant’s genetics determines the sequence of the growth stage events (Distelfeld et al., 2009; Moragues and McMaster, 2012). Environmental conditions also influence the plant’s development rate and includes such things as temperature, water availability, nutrients, photoperiod , etc. (White et al., 2008). Temperature has been used most frequently to predict the timing of developmental events and often uses some measurement of thermal time . Another very important influence on crop development is water availability, however many models do not include this impact on development. “Confounding the problem of variable phenological responses to water deficits is that for most crops the complete developmental sequence of the shoot apex has not been completely summarized and quantified or correlated with readily observable developmental stages.”(McMaster et al., 2013).
PhenologyMMS 1.3 employs temperature as thermal time and water stress to predict the development of the crop and the timing of phenological growth stages.
Install PhenologyMMS 1.3 to begin using the model.
Links to: Install PhenologyMMS 1.3


Current Tasks
Click on a task to edit or delete
Nothing to show with the current filter
| Task | Name | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {% if task.completed %} | {{ task.name }} | Done! | {% else %}{{ task.name }} | To Do! | {% endif %}
{% load static %}
Click on a task to edit or delete
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| Task | Name | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {% if task.completed %} | {{ task.name }} | Done! | {% else %}{{ task.name }} | To Do! | {% endif %}