Last time, we saw how LQR had guaranteed gain margins under some technical assumptions (see also Safonov and Athans). In this post, we look at what happens in the linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) case when we do not have perfect state observation and we have process and output noise. Specifically, we will work through the counter example given in Doyle's 1978 paper Guaranteed Margins for LQG Regulators, for which the abstract reads quite succicently, "There are none." $ \newcommand{\abs}[1]{| #1 |} \newcommand{\ind}{\mathbf{1}} \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\lVert #1 \rVert} \newcommand{\ip}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\C}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}} \newcommand{\T}{\mathsf{T}} \newcommand{\Proj}{\mathcal{P}} \newcommand{\Tr}{\mathrm{Tr}} \newcommand{\A}{\mathcal{A}} $
LQG Review
Consider the continuous-time linear system $$ \begin{align*} \dot{x} &= A x + B u + v \\ y &= Cx + w \:, \end{align*} $$ where $v, w$ are independent Gaussian white noise, with covariance $V$ and $W$ (assume $W \succ 0$). Suppose we want to solve the optimal control problem, finding a control policy to minimize $$ J(u) = \mathbb{E}\left[ \lim_{T \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{T} \int_0^T (x^\T Q x + u^\T R u) \: dt \right] \:. $$ Above, we assume $Q \succeq 0$ and $R \succ 0$. The solution to this problem works as follows. First, design a Kalman filter $K$ to create a state-estimator, and then design a LQR feedback $L$ assuming perfect state observation. The separation principle states that combining these two (separate) designs yields an optimal controller.
More specifically, let $P = P^\T$ be a solution to $$ \begin{align} 0 = A P + P A^\T - P C^\T W^{-1} C P + V \:, \label{eq:kalman_care} \end{align} $$ and set $K = PC^\T W^{-1}$. Similarly, let $S = S^\T$ be a solution to $$ \begin{align} 0 = A^\T S + S A - S B R^{-1} B^\T S + Q \:, \label{eq:lqr_care} \end{align} $$ and set $L = R^{-1} B^\T S$. The optimal controller is $$ \begin{align} \left[ \begin{array}{c|c} A - BL - KC & K \\ \hline -L & 0 \end{array} \right] \:.\label{eq:lqg_controller} \end{align} $$
The Counter Example
Consider the following system \begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} \dot{x}_1 \\ \dot{x}_2 \end{bmatrix} &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} u + \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} w \:, \nonumber \\ y &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{bmatrix} + v \:, \label{eq:system} \end{align} where $w \sim N(0, \sigma^2)$ and $v \sim N(0, 1)$. A quick calculation shows that this system is both controllable and observable (ignoring the stochastic parts).
To compute the Kalman gain $K$, we first solve $\eqref{eq:kalman_care}$, with $A$, $C$ from $\eqref{eq:system}$ and $V = \sigma^2 \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$ and $W = I$. Plugging into $\eqref{eq:kalman_care}$, we obtain $$ \begin{align*} 0 = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} \sigma ^2-P_{11}^2+2 P_{11}+2 P_{12} & \sigma ^2-P_{11} P_{12}+2 P_{12}+P_{22} \\ \sigma ^2-P_{11} P_{12}+2 P_{12}+P_{22} & \sigma ^2-P_{12}^2+2 P_{22} \\ \end{array} \right] \:. \end{align*} $$ It can be verified (by plugging in) that a solution $P$ (not unique) is \begin{align*} P = \begin{bmatrix} 2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2} & 2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2} \\ 2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2} & 2(2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2}) \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*} The Kalman gain $K$ is given by $K = P C^\T W^{-1}$, and hence substituting the values in we get that \begin{align*} K = (2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2}) \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} := d \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*}
To compute the LQR gain $L$, we do the same computation. Let $Q = q \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$ with $q > 0$, and $R = 1$. Substituting the values into $\eqref{eq:lqr_care}$, we get $$ \begin{align*} 0 = \left[ \begin{array}{cc} q-S_{12}^2+2 S_{11} & q+S_{11}+2 S_{12}-S_{12} S_{22} \\ q+S_{11}+2 S_{12}-S_{12} S_{22} & q-S_{22}^2+2 S_{22}+2 S_{12} \\ \end{array} \right] \:. \end{align*} $$ A solution is $$ \begin{align*} S = \begin{bmatrix} 2(2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2}) & 2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2} \\ 2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2} & 2+\sqrt{4+\sigma^2} \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*} $$ The LQR gain $L$ is given by $L = R^{-1} B^\T S$, and hence $$ \begin{align*} L = (2+\sqrt{4+q}) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} := f \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*} $$
Suppose that an arbitrary plant $G = (A, B, C, 0)$ and controller $K = (A_K, B_K, C_K, 0)$ are in feedback. The closed-loop matrix is $$ \begin{align*} \begin{bmatrix} A & B C_K \\ B_K C & A_K \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*} $$ Now suppose we make a plant $\widehat{G}$ by inserting a static gain $m$ in front of the input to $G$. The realization of $\widehat{G} = (A, m B, C, 0)$, and the closed-loop matrix of $\widehat{G}$ in feedback with $K$ is $$ \begin{align*} \begin{bmatrix} A & mB C_K \\ B_K C & A_K \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*} $$ Substituting $\eqref{eq:system}$ for $G$ and $\eqref{eq:lqg_controller}$ for $K$, we get the closed-loop matrix $$ \begin{align*} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & -mf & -mf \\ d & 0 & 1-d & 1 \\ d & 0 & -d-f & 1-f \end{bmatrix} \:. \end{align*} $$ The characteristic polynomial $p(s)$ of this matrix is $$ \begin{align*} p(s) = s^4 + (-4+d+f)s^3 + (6 - 2 d - 2 f + d f)s^2 + (d+f-4+2(m-1)df)s + 1+(1-m)df \:. \end{align*} $$ By the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, a necessary condition for $p(s)$ to be stable is that both $d+f-4+2(m-1)df > 0$ and $1+(1-m)df > 0$. Hence it is clear that as $d,f \longrightarrow \infty$, tiny perturbations to $m$ will transition $p(s)$ from stable to unstable. For example, for $d=f=10000$, $m=1+10^{-6}$ is unstable but $m=1-10^{-6}$ is stable. Hence, we conclude that there is no gain margin at all for this example.
What Happens in the LQR Case?
Let us calculate what happens in the LQR case (no noise, perfect state observation). The closed loop with a static gain $m$ is $$ \dot{x} = (A - m B L) x \:. $$ A quick calculation shows that $$ A - m B L = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ -fm & 1-fm \end{bmatrix} \:. $$ The eigenvalues of $A - m B L$ are $$ \frac{1}{2}(2 - fm \pm \sqrt{fm}\sqrt{-4+fm}) \:. $$ Let us suppose that $m \geq 4/f$. Then for stability, we require that $$ 2 - fm + \sqrt{fm} \sqrt{-4 + fm} < 0 \:. $$ Since $g(x) = \sqrt{x}$ is a strictly concave function on $\R_+$, we have that $g(y) < g(x) + g'(x) (y-x)$ for all $x, y \in \R_+$. Setting $y = -4+fm$ and $x = fm$, $$ \sqrt{-4+fm} < \sqrt{fm} - \frac{2}{\sqrt{fm}} \:. $$ Hence, $$ 2 - fm + \sqrt{fm}\sqrt{-4+fm} < 2 - fm + \sqrt{fm}\left( \sqrt{fm} - \frac{2}{\sqrt{fm}} \right) = 2 - fm + fm - 2 = 0 \:. $$ Therefore, for any $m \geq 4/f$, the closed loop is stable.


The places of memory in Rome are separated into two main time periods: Classical Rome and Rome during the Renaissance and Baroque eras. These places of memory associated with each icon were erected either during that time period or was a main center of culture for the people of Rome during that era. Although these places continue to be areas of worldwide interest, mostly as tourist attractions, we have placed them within their periods of construction and original, intended use. This is by no means an exhaustive list but acts as a starting point for those who wish to begin exploring the history of Rome, one of the most culturally and historically complex cities in the world.


Good Samaritan
Home
(current)
Register
Sign in
Dashboard
Dashboard
Profile
Services
Stats
Dashboard
Profile
Services
Stats
Johnny822's Stats
Services Completed
8
Services Given
2
Money made
$312
Date joined
6/17/20
Preferences
Electronics, Housing
Change Photo


In design by decomposition, a project (or sub-project if you like) can start anywhere in the parent project. It is autonomous - and most commonly new functionality being added to an existing project.
Every new project starts with a vision. It does not need to be detailed. A set of bullet points is often a good starting place. Depending on the detail of the vision, these points can be further vision pages or high level goals.
In design by decomposition, visions can occur at any level of the project. When adding new functionality to a previously completed project, the list of benefits constitutes a vision.
Goals stem from the vision, but may extend past the vision to other stake-holders. Goals should:
Examples could be:
Goals require capabilities or objectives to be met. For the goal 'To make required data entry easy', one capability may be 'Users might need the capability to copy existing records'.
To deliver capabilities, we design features.
As a customer, I want to be able to copy an old order so that I can enter a new order more easily.
To explore and flesh out a feature we provide as many examples as we can in the form of scenarios. These scenarios can be phrased in natural language, but are at the same time computer readable. Scenarios provide the feedback loop across the SDLC. A scenario exercises the production code as it becomes available and will tease out disconnects between vision and produciton. In traditional parlance a scenario can be an acceptance test, integration test or unit test.
Scenarios will need backing actions.
Display reference files. These are often data files used by instrumentation or example code for the application. They are not executed during instrumentation.
The best place to document the user perspective for a feature is within the feature design space.uSDLC provides tools to take these sections and create an interactive document in user guide structure from the pieces created within the design.
Use this for pages that do not fall into any of the above classifications.
Create a section for unclassified information.
Add questions without answers to the issue register.


Click a name for more info.
Vonzell Williams is the Chairperson of the NSBE E-Board. He is an Electrical Engineering student from Erwinville, LA. Vonzell joined the NSBE E-Board to share his knowledge he gained from his millitary career and college experiences to help others become better. He is a former NSBE Programs Chair (2013-2014). During his free time, Vonzell enjoys challenging himself with anything that can take him to the next level in his life. Be it working out, making the best grade on a test, or even thumb wars, Vonzell does anything he can to push himself to the next level.
Alex Canton is an Electrical Engineering student from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and the NSBE Vice Chairperson. Alex joined the NSBE E-Board because he believed that he could help revamp the mission of NSBE. He maintains that the current chapter executive board members all share a vision that he wants to heavily contribute to. He considers the success of the students within the minority peer groups is very important , particularly in the rigorous fields of engineering. He also hopes to share his experience as well as gain experience with and from the general body to enhance the reputation of the LSU NSBE chapter. In his free time, Alex likes to make iPhone apps, go to the gym, play video games, and watch and play sports.
McKenzie Brown is the Secretary of the NSBE E-Board. She is a student majoring in Electrical Engineering and minoring in Communication Studies. She is from Opelousas, Louisiana. McKenzie joined the E-Board after seeing where leadership lacked with the intent of making NSBE a better organization. She maintains that as a dedicated and hard-working engineering major, she doesn't have time for hobbies, but she still finds time for NSBE.
Darria Carter of Zachary, Louisiana, is a Mechanical Engineering student, and the Treasurer of NSBE. She originally joined the NSBE E-Board as the Conference Planning Chair with a desire to get involved with a student organization and felt that NSBE was the most welcoming. She felt that she could use her strengths, organizing and planning, to help NSBE. She loves taking care of business and having fun while doing so while surrounding herself with people who have a common goal as herself. On her off time, she enjoys playing tennis, watching movies, making jewelery, cooking, and reading car magazines.
Kailyn Nicole Gouch is the Community Service Chair of NSBE. She is an Environmental Enginnering student minoring in Business Administration from Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. One of Kailyn's goals was to become more involved on her campus with community service. Upon finding out that NSBE had such a position, she jumped at the opportunity. She also felt that fulfilling a leadership position would help her come out of her shell and become more social. She looks forward to being a part of the NSBE E-Board and forming strong bonds with other, well-rounded future engineers. In her free time, she ejoys reading about historical African American figures, yoga, and relaxing in the park.
Darria Carter of Zachary, Louisiana, is a Mechanical Engineering student, and the Conference Planning Chair of NSBE. She joined the NSBE E-Board with a desire to get involved with a student organization and felt that NSBE was the most welcoming. She felt that she could use her strengths, organizing and planning, to help NSBE. She loves taking care of business and having fun while doing so while surrounding herself with people who have a common goal as herself. On her off time, she enjoys playing tennis, watching movies, making jewelery, cooking, and reading car magazines.
Arcell Bodden is a Chemical Engineering student from new Orleans, LA and the Publications Chair of NSBE. He joined the NSBE E-Board in an effort to broaden his horizons as a student in the field of engineering. He states that his position has afforded him the opportunity to work with diverse groups of people and help further the advancement of black people. In his free time, he enjoys spending time with family and friends.
Stephen Canton holds the Graduate Advisor chair of NSBE and a Bioengineering student minoring in Engineering. A Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania native, Stephen's NSBE E-Board Membership experience includes Membership Chair, Pre-College Initative Chair, and Freshman Representative. Stephen says that NSBE has provided him essential support and opportunities to progress as an aspriing engineer from the very beginning. He joined the NSBE E-Board to give back. He hopes to utilize his experiences- both ups and downs - to fuel the growth of others. Ultimatly, Stephen hopes to contribute to NSBE's perpetual learning-to-teaching cycle that has allowed students to flourish in harsh STEM fields. In his free time, watching movies he enjoys hanging out with friends, playing basketball and soccer, and generally doing anything competitive.
Gary Matthews, a Petroleum Enginnering student from New Orleans, LA, is NSBE's Financial Chair. He joined the NSBE E-Board with the intention of helping to make a difference for minoriry engineering students. His hobbies include fishing, snowboarding, and traveling.
Marvyn Muse is a Petroleum Engineering student from New Orleans, LA and holds the NSBE Senate seat on the NSBE E-Board. Marvyn joined the NSBE E-Board to help contribute to the advancement of blacks in the sciences. He felt compelled to take on a leadership role, a role he doesn't normally take, to have more influence on the organization, as well as to build his own leadership skills. Marvyn's past NSBE leadership roles include NSBE Senator. In his off time, he enjoys playing pool with friends, as well as taking part in the diversity ambassadors program. He also tried to stay active by working out, and playing sports, like basketball and intramural flag football.
Jordan Favret is a Mechanical Engineering student from Kemah, Texas, and the Pre-College Initiative of the NSBE E-Board. Jordan joined the E-Board after being inspird by fellow NSBE members at the National Conference. She also admired how NSBE trained its memebrs for success, and how helpful, welcoming, and inclusive NSBE was. In her free time, she enjoys reading, running, power lifting, studying igbo culture, playing and watching soccer, golfing, and driving.
Dexter Hartman is a Computer Science student minoring in Business Administration, and serves as the NSBE telecommunications chair. Dexter says he started off as an introverted body member with a rough start in school and few positive influences to help him get through college. He believes that NSBE allowed him to reach out of his comfort zone, and in joining the NSBE E-Board, he was introduced to amazing individuals that were all on similar paths as himself who showed him that its acceptable to go through tribulations to become a stronger individual. He considers Brianna Saul, a Region V E-Board member, one of the most influential entities that inspired him to reach out of his comfort zone and gave him a firm push to be part of the best board of leaders in the organization. In Dexter's free time, he enjoys playing and testing video games, creating music with Fruity Loops software, and working out.
Joseph Bates is a New Orleans, LA native, a Computer Science student with a minor in Mathmatics, and serves as the NSBE Historian. He joined NSBE's E-Board with the intention of helping contribute to the widening of NSBE's internet prescence and outreach potential, in part by building NSBE's own custom website form scratch. In his free time, he enjoys working his own personal coding projects, trying and learning to cook new and interesting foods, and going for jogs.
Kojo Orgle is a Petroleum Engineering student from Accra, Ghana. He serves as the Parliamentarian of NSBE. Kojo believes that NSBE puts its members a step above their peers by providing them with job opportunities, scholarships, and other other awards, as well as the care of a loving family and learning opportunities. Since joining NSBE at lSU, Kojo has been at the recieving end of all these rewards, allowing him to better himself an an engineer, as well as an individual. He feels that it is coherent for him to continue the hard work of officers before him and do his best to contribute to the development of NSBE. He believes that as Parliamentarian, he can accomplish these goals. Kojo spends his free time getting involved with his organizations. He has recently contributed a lot of his time to Engineers without Borders, where he had the opportunity to design a sustainable borehole for a group of people in a villafe in Gambia to access clean water.
Lekan Kassim
Social Chair
Insert BIO Here


Frontend Web Developer from Munger, Bihar!
I'm a student of 12th grade. I'm curious about web dev, Python, Machine Learning.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block head %} Sign Up {% endblock %} {% block body %}
Already have an account? Log In


To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video
Scroll →


We have now entered the “Me” economy. People are no longer content with just being a voice; they want to be a brand. Lee decided to help people show off their unique brands by letting them take over the most iconic feature on any pair of jeans… The leather patch.
Introducing “My Laser-made Patch”
Through our Internet-connected laser-engraving system, we made making a leather patch as simple as taking a photo. We've developed a technology solution that utilises hardware-software integration, control automation, an image processing system and WeChat integration. This has dramatically reduced the complexity of the leather patch-making process from a highly-manual, heavy-lifting process to a single click.
The making of “My Leather Patch”
1. User uploads photos remotely.
2. Our Internet-connected laser-engraving machine activated in store.
3. The uniquely branded jeans are ready for pick-up.


Hi! I'm mina! I'm a wedding and engagement photographer based in zamalek – egypt.
I’ve always loved photography, But wedding photography wasn’t something i originally had on my radar as a career. My love of people and learning the stories of others led me to this amazing job. I stumbled upon a wedding photography studio looking for an assistant and thought it would be a great part-time job while i got used to a new city.
However, While working in the studio, I connected the dots and realized that photography could be my career.
I’m so happy that my love of photography has turned into what it is today, And that i still get to learn the stories of others, Capturing precious memories & emotions to relive love & joy of ur special day, I’ve been lucky enough to photography couples in love now for 9 years and couldn’t imagine doing anything else.


We have created a website for fresherJob Seekers Selfless
.Seekers where u can asked ANY quetions related to joob and we will support and help you
in all possible ways.Apne lie to sab sapne dekhte hai aur pura karte hai lekin jo maza dusre ke sapno ko fura karne me hai wo apne me nahi. Portfolio you see simple elegant responsive beautiful design projects.


Virtual paging allows the grid to lazy load rows from the server depending on what the scroll position is of the grid. If the grid knows how many pages in total at the start, the scroll will be sized to match the entire data set despite the data set not loaded from the server. If the grid does not know how many pages at the start, the scroll will extend automatically until the last row is reached. This feature is known in other grids as infinite scrolling.
The columns Age, Country and Year can be filtered. When this happens, the datasource is called again with the new filtering options. Note that the set filters are provided with the list of available values. This is because it is not possible for the grid to know the entire set of values as they reside on the server.
Related page in ag-grid docs (second sample)


--- title: "Is it more likely to rain on Tuesdays in Philadelphia?" author: "Joe Ciesielski" date: "2018-09-26" output: html_document tags: - R - Philadelphia ---
Trash day in our neighborhood is on Wednesday, which means we have to put our trash out on Tuesday night. My wife and I always joke that it seems to rain more on Tuesdays than any other day. This may not seem like a thing to even notice, except that in our South Philly row home, we have to lug soaking wet trash cans and recycling bins from our backyard through our kitchen and living to put them out on the sidewalk each week.
Does our observation hold up? I downloaded data on Philadelphia weather1 from 2009 (when we moved in to our current home) to present to see.
library(tidyverse)
library(lubridate)
library(here)
library(broom)
library(huxtable)
weather <- "https://jtcies.com/data/phl_weather_20090925-20180924.csv" %>%
read_csv()
## Warning: 1697 parsing failures.
## row col expected actual file
## 1285 TAVG 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 51 'https://jtcies.com/data/phl_weather_20090925-20180924.csv'
## 1286 TAVG 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 42 'https://jtcies.com/data/phl_weather_20090925-20180924.csv'
## 1287 TAVG 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 40 'https://jtcies.com/data/phl_weather_20090925-20180924.csv'
## 1288 TAVG 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 41 'https://jtcies.com/data/phl_weather_20090925-20180924.csv'
## 1289 TAVG 1/0/T/F/TRUE/FALSE 48 'https://jtcies.com/data/phl_weather_20090925-20180924.csv'
## .... .... .................. ...... ...........................................................

I requested a bunch of variables when getting the data initially because I thought some might might be useful in the future. The only two we care about here are DATE
and PRCP
which is daily rainfall total in inches. Let’s check to make sure we got the dates we requested.
range(weather$DATE)
## [1] "2009-09-25" "2018-09-21"
Looks good. Using the wday
function from the lubridate
package, we can easily get the day of the week for any date.
weather <- weather %>%
mutate(
day_of_week = wday(DATE, label = TRUE)
)
count(weather, day_of_week) %>%
as_hux() %>%
add_colnames() %>%
theme_article()
| day_of_week | n |
|---|---|
| day_of_week | n |
| Sun | 469 |
| Mon | 469 |
| Tue | 469 |
| Wed | 469 |
| Thu | 469 |
| Fri | 470 |
| Sat | 469 |
Perfect.
Let’s get a picture of the distribution of rain.
ggplot(weather, aes(x = PRCP)) +
geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1)
Rainfall totals are highly skewed becuse there is no rain most of the of time. We can log transfrom it to get a sense of how rainfall total differs on days of the week.
ggplot(weather, aes(x = day_of_week, y = log(PRCP + 0.0001))) +
geom_boxplot()
Ok, so it actually looks like Tuesdays get more rain than other days. I wasn’t really expecting this but we’ll roll with it.
However, this doesn’t really answer the question we’re interested in. We don’t care too much about the amount of rain that fell. Really we want to know if it is more likley to rain at all on Tuesdays. To do this we’ll create a binary variable that is 1
if it rained more than 0 inches, and 0
otherwise.
weather <- weather %>%
mutate(
rain = if_else(PRCP > 0, 1L, 0L)
)
weather %>%
group_by(day_of_week) %>%
summarise(avg_days_rain = mean(rain)) %>%
as_hux() %>%
add_colnames() %>%
theme_article()
| day_of_week | avg_days_rain |
|---|---|
| day_of_week | avg_days_rain |
| Sun | 0.286 |
| Mon | 0.32 |
| Tue | 0.386 |
| Wed | 0.326 |
| Thu | 0.341 |
| Fri | 0.306 |
| Sat | 0.318 |
Wait … what? It actually does rain more on Tuesdays. By quite a bit. Almost 40% of the time compared to less than 30% of Sundays.
We can create a logistic regression model to help us figure out whether this result is likley to be just due to variation in the data or whether there is some underlying pattern here.
fit <- weather %>%
mutate(day_of_week = as.character(day_of_week)) %>%
glm(
rain ~ day_of_week,
family = "binomial",
data = .
)
fit_tidy <- fit %>%
broom::tidy()
fit_tidy %>%
select(term, estimate, p.value) %>%
as_hux() %>%
add_colnames() %>%
theme_article()
| term | estimate | p.value |
|---|---|---|
| term | estimate | p.value |
| (Intercept) | -0.817 | 3.19e-16 |
| day_of_weekMon | 0.0625 | 0.657 |
| day_of_weekSat | 0.0527 | 0.708 |
| day_of_weekSun | -0.0992 | 0.488 |
| day_of_weekThu | 0.159 | 0.255 |
| day_of_weekTue | 0.353 | 0.0105 |
| day_of_weekWed | 0.0918 | 0.513 |
Let’s plot these coefficients.
fit_tidy %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(term, desc(estimate)),
y = estimate,
ymin = estimate - (1.96 * std.error),
ymax = estimate + (1.96 * std.error))) +
geom_pointrange(color = "#6b7a8f") +
coord_flip() +
labs(
title = "It is significantly more likley to rain on Tuesdays",
subtitle = "lines show 95% confidence intervals",
x = "Term (day of the week)",
y = "coefficients"
)
Of the coefficients for the days of the week, Tuesday is the only one whose range does not include zero. This means that, based on our model, it is significantly likely that it’s more likley to rain on Tuesdays than on other days.
When we add the coefficent for a day to the incercept (which is the same for each day), we get the log odds that it will rain on that day, based solely on the day of the week. Friday is the reference day (because it’s the first alphabetically), so the intercept represents the log odds of rain on Fridays. Once we have the log odds, we can convert it back to a standard probability.
To find probability of rain on Tuesday:
intercept <- as.numeric(fit_tidy$estimate[fit_tidy$term == "(Intercept)"])
tues_coef <- as.numeric(fit_tidy$estimate[fit_tidy$term == "day_of_weekTue"])
tues_logit <- intercept + tues_coef
tues_odds <- exp(tues_logit)
tues_prob <- tues_odds / (1 + tues_odds)
tues_prob
## [1] 0.3859275
We knew this from the table above, but would be useful if we added more variables to our model.
I wasn’t expecting find this. In fact, I assumed it was just my annoyance that it was once again trash night that made me more notice the rain. However, the observed data indicates that it is more likley to rain on Tuesday. The question is whether there is some underlying weather pattern designed to increase my annoyance on trash night?
Maybe. But most likley this is just a chance result. In reality, the true probability that it rains more on Tuesdays is really not higher than the chance that it rains on any other day. The fact that it has rained more on Tuesdays is just a coincidence. While statistics is meant help us parse observed data to discover underling truths, it can only speak to us in terms of probabilities and likelihoods.
Perhaps there is some lesson here about being careful about inferences made from statistics, especially when they seem suspect. Or maybe I should just move to a neighborhood where you put your trash out on Fridays.


3 days 24 minutes and 46 seconds left.
This is the title of the rewrd and it's long, containing stuff!
Meowing non stop for food eat owner's food, or loves cheeseburgers. Find something else more interesting knock over christmas tree all of a sudden cat goes crazy meow for food, then when human fills food dish, take a few bites of food and continue meowing yet have secret plans step on your keyboard while you're gaming and then turn in a circle.


Check out what you can do with the GeoFarmer App!
GeoFarmer uses channels to provide a project-like structure!
In a Geo-Farmer channel, a user can have four distinct roles: a moderator, a facilitator, a geo-data manager, or a user!
Collect data and run surveys, ask questions and share knowledge!
GeoFarmer is modular in structure, with specific modules available to channels!
| GeoFarmer App: A tool to complement extension services and foster active farmers participation and knowledge exchange | Info note - CGSpace | Download |
| GeoFarmer: A monitoring and feedback system for agricultural development projects | Scientific paper - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture | Download |
| Monitor climate-smart agricultural interventions with a real-time participatory tool | Project Report - CGSpace | Download |
| A Multi-National Human–Computer Interaction Evaluation of the Public Participatory GIS GeoCitizen | Scientific paper - GI_Forum 2019 | Download |
| Status of CSA adoption and related impact on farming communities across 8 CSV implementing the CSV monitoring plan in 2018 | Status Report - CGSpace | Download |
| The GeoCitizen-approach: community-based spatial planning – an Ecuadorian case study | Scientific paper - Cartography and Geographic Information Science | Download |
| Using Science Knowledge and Expert Feedback to Accelerate Local Adoption: Climate Smart Technologies and Practices Meet ICT Tools | Project Report - Researchgate | Download |


...and welcome to the aussie tour diary, which will catalogue this 5 month trek around the land of fosters, tooheys, sheilas, and lazy-arse geezers with nothing better to do than sit on a beach all day waiting to get skin cancer. That'd be me then!
First diary entry /
Those in between /
Last diary entry /
Links /
Photo Gallery
I wouldn't give a XXXX for any other web site
last updated: Sunday 9th August 1998


Consumescape!
About
How To
Contact
step 4 - I am proud of you! Please continue saving resources and money. Feel free to save this image and share it with friends & family!


The purpose of this project was to analyze how weather changes as you get closer to the equator. To accomplish this analysis, we first pulled data from the OpenWeatherMap API to assemble a dataset on over 500 cities. After assembling the dataset, we used Matplotlib to plot various aspects of the weather vs latitude. Factors we looked at included: temperature, cloudiness, wind speed and humidity. This site provides the source data and visualization created as part of the analysis, as well as explanations and descriptions of any trends and correlations witnessed.


review_parser module¶
- review_parser.scrape_reviews(isbn)¶
Scrapes 4 pages of reviews from Goodreads using scrape_reviews_helper().
In order to increase performance the multitasking module dask is used, which helps speed up the process by 1000%. After scraping the global(globality is necessary due to the intricacies of dask) variable reviews is cleared.


Default headings:
Customizing headings:
Display headings:
Lead:
Vivamus sagittis lacus vel augue laoreet rutrum faucibus dolor auctor. Duis mollis, est non commodo luctus.
Inline elements:
You can use the mark tag to highlight text.
This line of text is meant to be treated as deleted text.
This line of text is meant to be treated as no longer accurate.
This line of text is meant to be treated as an addition to the document.
This line of text will render as underlined
This line of text is meant to be treated as fine print.
This line rendered as bold text.
This line rendered as italicized text.
Abbreviations:
attr
HTML
Blockquotes:
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
State colors:
Primary state text
Secondary state text
Success state text
Danger state text
Warning state text
Info state text
Light state text
Dark state text
Links:


 Special
recognition badges are awarded for completing 3 or more workshops.
Work your way up from Apprentice to Legend! Learn more in this post.
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Workshops-on-Demand
|
|
|
Check out our newest hands-on technology workshops:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Munch & Learn:
Make data consumable for real-world data science
|
|
July 28, 2021
|
|
|
Join distinguished HPE data science experts, Iveta Lohovska and Ellen
Friedman, as they discuss the challenges of data gathering and putting
it to practical use. Covering methods for cross-normalization of
diverse data sets, they'll also offer hints on how to avoid potential
pitfalls related to data science projects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hewlett Packard Enterprise leads with enterprise and open source solutions with the
expertise to help developers and customers innovate and solve problems.
We're all developing something.
Come join
us in making the future.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This email was made with 💜 using
Grommet.
You received this email because you subscribed via the HPE Developer website or had it
forwarded from someone who did.
If you have not yet subscribed but would like to, you can do so
here.
We'll be sorry to see you go but you can
unsubscribe instantly
😢. You can also review your subscription settings with us
on this page.
Learn more about the
HPE Privacy Policy.
|
|
|
HPE Developer and its accompanying resources
are part of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, LP.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|


Our Graduates are highly regarded for their deep technical knowledge, our graduates are sought after by major software and telecom companies such as Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Qualcomm, Ericsson, VMware and RIM. Our PhD graduates are well-prepared to take on research and teaching positions. We are located in the middle of the Dallas area’s high-tech hub, surrounded by hundreds of software, hardware and telecom companies. Not only do these companies hire our students in large numbers as interns (more than 400 last year) and full-time employees (nearly 100% of our graduates had found positions by graduation last year), but they work with our faculty and students on joint research projects too. We have also taken steps to encourage entrepreneurship among our students by introducing entrepreneurship education into our programs. Many of our graduates have founded successful companies.


This table contains entries for haemoglobin chains for a variety of species in the UniProt database, as well as for some proteins that are evolutionarily related to haemoglobins. Links are provided to view the original UniProt protein entries, and their display in InterPro.
|
|
|
SPTR
|
Protein name |
Organism |
InterPro Domain Architecture |
InterPro Graphical Match |
Function |
|
Haemoglobin |
a globin |
Haemoglobin alpha chain |
Homo sapiens |
Oxygen transport |
|||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin alpha‑A chain |
Gallus gallus
Chicken |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin alpha‑1 chain |
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin alpha‑2 chain |
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
b globin |
Haemoglobin beta chain |
Homo sapiens |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin beta chain |
Gallus gallus
Chicken |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin beta‑1 chain |
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin beta chain |
Xenopus laevis
African clawed frog |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
d globin |
Haemoglobin delta chain |
Homo sapiens
|
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin delta chain |
Pan troglodytes
|
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
e globin |
Haemoglobin epsilon chain |
Homo sapiens |
Oxygen transport |
|||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin epsilon chain |
Gallus gallus
Chicken |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin epsilon‑2 chain |
Bos taurus
Bovine |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin epsilon‑4 chain |
Bos taurus
Bovine |
Oxygen transport |
|||
|
|
q globin |
Haemoglobin theta‑1 chain |
Homo sapiens |
Oxygen transport |
|||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin theta‑1 chain |
Equus caballus
Horse |
|
Oxygen transport |
||
|
|
z globin |
Haemoglobin zeta chain |
Homo sapiens |
Oxygen transport |
|||
|
|
|
Haemoglobin zeta chain |
Equus caballus
Horse |
Oxygen transport |
|||
|
Other globins |
Myoglobin |
Myoglobin |
Homo sapiens |
Reserve supply of oxygen; facilitates movement of oxygen within muscles |
|||
|
|
|
Myoglobin |
Gallus gallus
Chicken |
|
Reserve supply of oxygen; facilitates movement of oxygen within muscles |
||
|
|
Neuroglobin |
Neuroglobin |
Homo sapiens |
Involved in oxygen transport in the brain |
|||
|
|
|
Neuroglobin |
Mus musculus
Mouse |
Involved in oxygen transport in the brain |
|||
|
|
Cytoglobin |
Cytoglobin |
Homo sapiens |
Involved in intracellular oxygen storage or transfer |
|||
|
|
|
Cytoglobin |
Mus musculusMouse |
Involved in intracellular oxygen storage or transfer |
|||
|
|
Leghaemoglobin |
Leghaemoglobin C1 |
Glycine max
Soybean |
|
Provides oxygen to bacteroids (essential for symbiotic nitrogen
fixation) |
||
|
|
|
Leghaemoglobin C2 |
Glycine max
Soybean |
|
Provides oxygen to bacteroids (essential for symbiotic nitrogen
fixation) |
||
|
|
Erythrocruorin |
Globin I, extracellular (Erythrocruorin) |
Tylorrhynchus heterochaetusMarine worm |
|
Giant haemoglobin of worms |
||
|
|
|
Globin I,
extracellular (Erythrocruorin) |
Pheretima hilgendorfi
Earthworm |
|
Giant haemoglobin of worms |
||
|
|
Plant haemoglobin |
Non‑symbiotic haemoglobin 1 |
Oryza sativa
Rice |
|
May act as an oxygen sensor |
||
|
|
|
Non‑symbiotic haemoglobin 1 |
Arabidopsis thalianaMouse‑ear cress |
|
May act as an oxygen sensor |
||
|
|
Flavohaemoglobin |
Flavohaemoprotein (Flavohaemoglobin
) |
Escherichia col
Bacteria
|
|
Involved in NO detoxification |
||
|
|
|
Flavohaemoprotein (Flavohaemoglobin
) |
Salmonella typhimurium
Bacteria |
|
Involved in NO detoxification |


The integrityDragAndDrop is an attribute directive that makes any DOM element a receiver of dropped files.
A list of extensions accepted can be specified using the extensions attribute.
If the includeDataURL attribute is set to true, the file objects will also have a dataURL that contains their contents.
There are also emitter attributes for files dropped and files ignored.
Tip: if you include an input of type file inside the DOM element, clicking on the element will open a file dialog.
When hovering over the DOM element the directive will add the class dnd-hover to it.
<div integrityDragAndDrop [extensions]="['png', 'jpg', 'gif', 'svg']" [includeDataURL]="false" (filesDropped)="showDroppedFiles($event)" (filesIgnored)="showIgnoredFiles($event)"> Drop files here! <input type="file" /> </div>
| Attribute | Binding | Description |
|---|---|---|
| integrityClipboard | Selector | Indicates that DOM element can have files dropped on it. |
| extensions | Input | Array of file extensions to accept |
| includeDataURL | Input | Indicate if the files should have their contents loaded into a dataURL property |
| filesDropped | Output | Callback that receives dropped files with the right extension. |
| filesIgnored | Output | Callback that receives dropped files that are ignored (wrong extension). |
Drag and drop files on the area below (accepted files are: 'png', 'jpg', 'gif', 'svg').


Bring to the table win-win survival strategies to ensure proactive domination. At the end of the day, going forward, a new normal that has evolved from generation X is on the runway heading towards a streamlined cloud solution. User generated content in real-time will have multiple touchpoints for offshoring.
Read More..Capitalize on low hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value added activity to beta test. Override the digital divide with additional clickthroughs from DevOps. Nanotechnology immersion along the information highway will close the loop on focusing solely on the bottom line.
Read More..Bring to the table win-win survival strategies to ensure proactive domination. At the end of the day, going forward, a new normal that has evolved from generation X is on the runway heading towards a streamlined cloud solution. User generated content in real-time will have multiple touchpoints for offshoring.
Read More..Capitalize on low hanging fruit to identify a ballpark value added activity to beta test. Override the digital divide with additional clickthroughs from DevOps. Nanotechnology immersion along the information highway will close the loop on focusing solely on the bottom line.
Read More..


Everything you might want or need to know about the wild and wonderful world of yeast!
If you want to make beautiful, tall baked goods with open crumbs and airy feels, you're gonna havr to get into leaveners. There are two primary options for leavening your baked goods: commercial yeast and sourdough starter.
Commercial yeast can be found easily at the supermarket or online. It comes in a granulated form and can have a mild, beer-like smell to it. The two most called for types are instant, which don't need to be activated, and active-dry, which must be "woken up" with some water prior to incorporating into dough.
Sourdough starter tales advantage of the wild yeasts and microbes that live on the surface of everything. These microbes consume sugar (and other stuff) and burp out gas. This gas is what gives breads their signature holes!


§663-13 Judgment against one tortfeasor. The recovery of a judgment by the injured person against one joint tortfeasor does not discharge the other joint tortfeasors. [L 1941, c 24, §3; RL 1945, §10489; RL 1955, §246-12; HRS §663-13]


Donal McClean is a graduate from both Maynooth University and Athlone Institute of Technology.
He has recieved a Bachelors in English and Sociolgy, a Masters in Sociolgy and Human Geographys and a Higher Diploma in Information Technology from Maynooth Unviersity
In Athlone Insitute of Technology he has completed a Certificate in Software Engineering and a Masters in Applied Software Enginering.
To View More Game Jam Games As They Come Out Please Follow The links Below.
https://don6l.itch.io/
https://globalgamejam.org/users/don6l


Health Hub
Home
Schedule an Appointment
Doctors
Medical Services
Health Clubs
Hospitals
Product
Category#1
Category#2
Category#3
Select a service to find a provider near you:
Home Health
Hospice Care
Home Medical Equipment
Zipcode
Distance
5 miles
10 miles
25 miles
50 miles
Locations


This is another homepage I made as a challenge, giving myself a time restriction to see what I could do.
Welcome to my blog homepage! This page is where I'll be experimenting with new skills I pick up while studying to become a developer. Bare with me as it will be under constant construction.
| Blogs |
|---|
| Sprint 1 Cultural |
| Sprint 4 Cultural |
| More blogs |
|---|
| Sprint 2 Cultural |
| Sprint 5 Cultural |
| Even more blogs |
|---|
| Sprint 3 Cultural |
| Blog x |


'The Index Of The Volume Of Speculation' Is Rolling Over
by Jesse FelderSummary
- The "index of the volume of speculation," as Galbraith called it, last year hit a high not seen at any point since prior to the Great Crash of 1929.
- While the S&P 500 recently hit new highs, margin debt relative to GDP recently fell below its lows from late last year.
- This suggests that investor risk appetites, after soaring to a euphoric extreme in 2018, are simply not supportive of stock prices in a broad sense in 2019.
This blog post is based on an excerpt from a recent report featured on The Felder Report PREMIUM.
"Even the most circumspect friend of the market would concede that the volume of brokers' loans - of loans collateraled by the securities purchased on margin - is a good index of the volume of speculation." - John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash 1929
The "index of the volume of speculation," as Galbraith called it, last year hit a high not seen at any point since prior to the Great Crash of 1929. And, while the S&P 500 recently hit new highs, margin debt relative to GDP recently fell below its lows from late last year. This suggests that investor risk appetites, after soaring to a euphoric extreme in 2018, are simply not supportive of stock prices in a broad sense in 2019.
What's more, over the past 20 years, with the exception of the 2016 episode, when margin debt has begun to fall from such lofty levels it has coincided with a major market peak in stocks. Indeed, along with margin debt, the NYSE Composite, Russell 2000 and the Dow Transportation Average all remain below their 2018 highs. Investors chasing the new highs in the S&P 500 clearly believe, "this time is different."
Editor's Note: The summary bullets for this article were chosen by Seeking Alpha editors.


Class Form
- MvcCore\Ext\Form\Core\Base
- MvcCore\Ext\Form\Core\Configuration
- MvcCore\Ext\Form
- MvcCore\Ext\Auth\Virtual\Form
public
|
|
public
array
|
#
Submit( array $rawParams = array() )
For sign in form: - if there is any user with the same password imprint store user in session for next requests, if there is not - wait for three seconds and then go to error page. For sign out form: - sign out submit - if everything is ok, unser user unique name from session for next requests to hanve not authenticated user anymore. |
protected
|
#
addSuccessAndErrorUrlHiddens( string $successUrl = '', string $errorUrl = '' )
Add success and error url which are used to redirect user to success url or error url after form is submitted. |
VERSION
|
public
string
|
$Id
Unique form id. |
#
'authentication'
|
public
string
|
$Method
Form http method. |
#
\MvcCore\Ext\Form::METHOD_POST
|
$Action,
$Attributes,
$Controller,
$Css,
$CssClass,
$CssRenderer,
$Data,
$DefaultMessages,
$Enctype,
$ErrorUrl,
$Errors,
$ErrorsRenderMode,
$Fields,
$FieldsDefaultRenderMode,
$Js,
$JsBaseFile,
$JsRenderer,
$Lang,
$Locale,
$NextStepUrl,
$Required,
$Result,
$SuccessUrl,
$TemplatePath,
$TemplateTypePath,
$Translate,
$Translator,
$View
|
$csrfErrorHandlers,
$css,
$cssAssetsRootDir,
$initialized,
$js,
$jsAssetsRootDir
|


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}HT Phenotyping - Connect a New Data Source{% endblock %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block body %}
Choose the option that most closely matches your situation. If you believe that your situation does not fall into any of these categories, please {{ "contact us" | contact_us }}.
Your computer is running the Ubuntu 18.04 operating system and you have administrator privileges.
Your computer is running macOS and Docker Desktop is installed.


| Position | Pilot Number | Pilot Name | Complete Laps | Total Time | Average Speed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Race Result Available | |||||
| Position | Number | Name | Laps | Total Time | Average Speed |
| Pilot Number | Pilot Name | Best Lap | Best Lap Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| No Race Result Available | |||
| Number | Name | Lap Number | Lap Time |
| Pilot Number | Pilot Name | Delay To Winner |
|---|---|---|
| No Race Result Available | ||
| Number | Name | Delay |


apache_beam.utils.timestamp module¶
Timestamp utilities.
For internal use only; no backwards-compatibility guarantees.
-
class
apache_beam.utils.timestamp.
Timestamp
(seconds=0, micros=0)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Represents a Unix second timestamp with microsecond granularity.
Can be treated in common timestamp arithmetic operations as a numeric type.
Internally stores a time interval as an int of microseconds. This strategy is necessary since floating point values lose precision when storing values, especially after arithmetic operations (for example, 10000000 % 0.1 evaluates to 0.0999999994448885).
-
class
apache_beam.utils.timestamp.
Duration
(seconds=0, micros=0)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Represents a second duration with microsecond granularity.
Can be treated in common arithmetic operations as a numeric type.
Internally stores a time interval as an int of microseconds. This strategy is necessary since floating point values lose precision when storing values, especially after arithmetic operations (for example, 10000000 % 0.1 evaluates to 0.0999999994448885).


#include <nrf52dk_fwdemo_hw_platform.hpp>
|
| nRF52840 | processor |
| |
| nRFGPIOOutput< 0, 13 > | led1_pin {} |
| |
| nRFGPIOOutput< 0, 14 > | led2_pin {} |
| |
| nRFGPIOOutput< 0, 15 > | led3_pin {} |
| |
| nRFGPIOOutput< 0, 16 > | led4_pin {} |
| |
| embvm::led::gpioActiveLow | led1 {led1_pin, "led1"} |
| |
| embvm::led::gpioActiveLow | led2 {led2_pin, "led2"} |
| |
| embvm::led::gpioActiveLow | led3 {led3_pin, "led3"} |
| |
| embvm::led::gpioActiveLow | led4 {led4_pin, "led4"} |
| |
| nRF52840 | processor_ |
| |
| embutil::InterruptQueue< ThumbInterruptLock, 156 > | irq_bottom_half_ |
| |
| i2c0_t | i2c0_private_ |
| |
| embvm::i2c::activeMaster< 128 > | i2c0 {i2c0_private_} |
| |
| embdrv::vl53l1x | tof0 {i2c0, SPARKFUN_VL53L1X_ADDR} |
| |
| embdrv::ssd1306 | screen0 {i2c0, SPARKFUN_SSD1306_ADDR} |
| |
◆ i2c0_t
◆ PlatformBase [1/2]
◆ PlatformBase [2/2]
◆ NRF52DKHWPlatform() [1/2]
| NRF52DKHWPlatform::NRF52DKHWPlatform |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinenoexcept |
◆ ~NRF52DKHWPlatform() [1/2]
| NRF52DKHWPlatform::~NRF52DKHWPlatform |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ NRF52DKHWPlatform() [2/2]
| NRF52DKHWPlatform::NRF52DKHWPlatform |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinenoexcept |
◆ ~NRF52DKHWPlatform() [2/2]
| NRF52DKHWPlatform::~NRF52DKHWPlatform |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ earlyInitHook()
|
|
inlinestaticnoexceptinherited |
Perform any special initialization steps.
The earlyInitHook_() function must be implemented by the derived class as a static function.
These functions run before the C Run-time setup functions are called, and normal functionality (e.g. OS concepts) are not available.
Early initialization steps represent any super early code that needs to execute. For example, DRAM might need to be initialized before the boot process can relocate memory to its proper location in memory.
These functions are declared static to prevent you from easily using drivers within their confines
◆ earlyInitHook_() [1/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::earlyInitHook_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
staticnoexcept |
◆ earlyInitHook_() [2/2]
| static void NRF52DKHWPlatform::earlyInitHook_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
staticnoexcept |
◆ getLEDInstances()
◆ hard_reset()
Perform a hard reset of the system (power cycle)
The hard_reset_() function must be implemented by the derived class.
A hard reset is intended to perform a full power cycle of the system.
Platforms which do not support a hard reset should default to calling soft_reset().
◆ hard_reset_() [1/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::hard_reset_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ hard_reset_() [2/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::hard_reset_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ init()
Initialize the hardware platform.
The init_() function must be implemented by the derived class.
Perform any hardware platform initialization steps, such as preparing peripherals for use, setting up callbacks, etc.
◆ init_() [1/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::init_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ init_() [2/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::init_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ initProcessor()
Initialize the processor.
The initProcessor_() function must be implemented by the derived class.
Perform any steps necessary for initializing the processor & processor peripheral devices for use.
Note that this is only intended to be processor initialization. Platform initialization nis handled by the init() function.
This function will likely invoke the VirtualProcessor::init() function, but the order and actual initialization process is left to the derived class.
◆ initProcessor_() [1/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::initProcessor_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ initProcessor_() [2/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::initProcessor_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ leds_off() [1/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::leds_off |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ leds_off() [2/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::leds_off |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ name()
Returns the Virtual HW Platform's name.
◆ name_cstr()
Returns the platform name as a cstring for C API compatibility.
◆ screen0_inst()
◆ shutdown()
Shutdown the system.
The shutdown_() function must be implemented by the derived class.
If your platform supports shutdown capability, take the proper steps to initiate a shutdown.
If the platform does not support shutdown capability, implement your shutdown_() function as an assert to notify users trying to call this API. You could also leave the shutdown_() function undefined. Anyone who calls the shutdown() function on a platform with an undefined shutdown_() function will encounter a compiler error.
The shutdown function is not expected to return.
◆ soft_reset()
Perform a soft reset of the system (chip reset)
The soft_reset_() function must be implemnted by the derived class.
A soft reset is intended to reset the program to the beginning without performing a full power cycle.
A good strategy is to just call virtual processor's reset() function, if one is provided.
◆ soft_reset_() [1/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::soft_reset_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ soft_reset_() [2/2]
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::soft_reset_ |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ startBlink()
| void NRF52DKHWPlatform::startBlink |
( |
| ) |
|
|
noexcept |
◆ tof0_inst()
◆ i2c0
◆ i2c0_private_
| i2c0_t NRF52DKHWPlatform::i2c0_private_ |
|
private |
◆ irq_bottom_half_
◆ led1
◆ led1_pin
◆ led2
◆ led2_pin
◆ led3
◆ led3_pin
◆ led4
◆ led4_pin
◆ processor
◆ processor_
◆ screen0
◆ tof0
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


Advisories for {{ package }}
-
{% for (advisory, rendered_title, advisory_title_type) in advisories %}
-
{% if advisory.withdrawn() %}
{{ advisory.id() }}
(withdrawn advisory) {% else %}{{ advisory_title_type }}
{{ rendered_title|safe }} {% endif %}
{% endfor %}


antimicrobial activity terpenes essential antibiotic resistance reported oil terpenoids inhibition Microbiol. compounds effects bacteria biofilm combination {border-style aureus oils monoterpenes pathogens px;} #ffffff;} AMR agents action antibacterial bacterial resistant showed Growth coli used Antimicrobial group spp. acid cell clinical derivatives MIC activities potential study analysis conducted drugs microbial natural EOs Med. Staphylococcus antibiotics development include mechanisms method new plant potent tested therapy treatment vitro vivo Lim MRSA Molecules Res. Terpenes antifungal effect genes human membrane research review significantly strains ... Carvacrol Gram-negative S.K. Thymol Yang addition, agent drug efflux extracted growth instance, interaction mode novel pathogenic pneumoniae properties px; sp. species synergy {font-family ./molecules Appl. Biol. Candida K.S. Lai Nat. Rev. ability albicans carvacrol caused compound epidermidis exhibited existing font-size isolates mutans production selected terpene therapeutic tuberculosis typhimurium using virus ./j.phymed... Combination Figure Food M.A. Mentha Sci. Streptococcus Terpenoids able active activity. assay bactericidal carvacrol, cells cepacia checkerboard combined commonly compared complex double; exhibit greater groups increase isolated oxidative plants potentiation promising synergistic thymol, Altern. Biofilm Complement. Dis. Escherichia Essential Griffin Int. J.M. Klebsiella Lee Mycobacterium S.A. Salmonella Salvipisone Vibrio Yap Yusoff Zhang [], additive antimicrobials antioxidant associated bacteriostatic bark bioavailability border-color border-width delivery demonstrated discovered disruption efficacy fact, factors good however, important inhibit isoprene low lycopersici main mechanism meropenem metabolites modification molecular need oxygen oxysporum peppermint phytochemicals positive products pump responsible sesquiterpenes shown solid; synergism terpenoid various volatile weight {font-style {font-weight µg/mL (AMR) (v/v) Acinetobacter Antibiotic Antifungal Antimicrob. Bacillus Burkholderia Campylobacter Chem. Chen Curr. Davies Effect Evaluation FIC Geraniol Gupta However, M.K. M.S. Monoterpenes Phytomedicine Pseudomonas Research S.H. Silva Synergistic Table Technol. Trichophyton Van Zacchino activity, adherence adjuvants affect alcohol alongside alternative application approaches bold cariogenic cereus chemical cinnamon classes control courier; culture different diterpene diterpenes diterpenoids dose drugs. em; evaluation evidenced farnesol function fungal health high improved inhibited inhibiting microbes monocytogenes mosaic multidrug-resistant order pharmaceutical planktonic possess possible produced proven provide pt;} reduced reduction reports resulting secondary sensing solubility specific structure systems terpinen--ol, testing therapies time transfer trials usage value


|
|
|
This is a one-time access code requested for {{ appDisplayName }}. The code is valid for about {{ otpTimeout }} minutes. If you have not requested any access codes or have questions regarding this message, please contact us by replying to this email. |


Build Week Feb 2020. We set out to build an app that Provides a user-friendly way to store and organize recipes.
Web UI Developer
Github: Wolfaholic
Fun Fact: Avid Gamer - Survial Games
Project Lead
Web React II
Github: bseverino
Fun Fact: Cat Enthusiast
Github: anatulea
Web React I
Github: askaborg
Backend Developer
Github: jimmique-parsons


Every client can request another user location info. There are three known request
types: 1 - general info, 2 - short user info, 3 - away message, 4 - client capabilities.
Server should reply via SNAC(02,06). Reply contain fixed
part "short info" (class, status, dc, ip, times) and request dependent part
(caps | profile | away message).
| 00 02 |
|
word |
|
SNAC family |
| 00 05 |
|
word |
|
SNAC subtype |
| 00 00 |
|
word |
|
SNAC flags |
| xx xx xx xx |
|
dword |
|
SNAC request-id |
|
| xx xx |
|
word |
|
Type of the requesting info |
| xx |
|
char |
|
User uin string length |
| xx .. |
|
string |
|
User uin string |
|
|
|


public abstract class FileSystem extends Object implements Closeable
The default file system, obtained by invoking the FileSystems.getDefault
method, provides access to the file system that is
accessible to the Java virtual machine. The FileSystems
class defines
methods to create file systems that provide access to other types of (custom)
file systems.
A file system is the factory for several types of objects:
The getPath
method converts a system dependent
path string, returning a Path
object that may be used
to locate and access a file.
The getPathMatcher
method is used
to create a PathMatcher
that performs match operations on
paths.
The getFileStores
method returns an iterator
over the underlying file-stores
.
The getUserPrincipalLookupService
method returns the UserPrincipalLookupService
to lookup users or
groups by name.
The newWatchService
method creates a
WatchService
that may be used to watch objects for changes and
events.
File systems vary greatly. In some cases the file system is a single
hierarchy of files with one top-level root directory. In other cases it may
have several distinct file hierarchies, each with its own top-level root
directory. The getRootDirectories
method may be
used to iterate over the root directories in the file system. A file system
is typically composed of one or more underlying file-stores
that provide the storage for the files. Theses file stores can also vary in
the features they support, and the file attributes or meta-data that
they associate with files.
A file system is open upon creation and can be closed by invoking its
close
method. Once closed, any further attempt to access
objects in the file system cause ClosedFileSystemException
to be
thrown. File systems created by the default provider
cannot be closed.
A FileSystem
can provide read-only or read-write access to the
file system. Whether or not a file system provides read-only access is
established when the FileSystem
is created and can be tested by invoking
its isReadOnly
method. Attempts to write to file stores
by means of an object associated with a read-only file system throws ReadOnlyFileSystemException
.
File systems are safe for use by multiple concurrent threads. The close
method may be invoked at any time to close a file system but
whether a file system is asynchronously closeable is provider specific
and therefore unspecified. In other words, if a thread is accessing an
object in a file system, and another thread invokes the close
method
then it may require to block until the first operation is complete. Closing
a file system causes all open channels, watch services, and other closeable
objects associated with the file system to be closed.
| Modifier | Constructor and Description |
|---|---|
protected |
FileSystem()
Initializes a new instance of this class.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract void |
close()
Closes this file system.
|
abstract Iterable<FileStore> |
getFileStores()
Returns an object to iterate over the underlying file stores.
|
abstract Path |
getPath(String first,
String... more)
Converts a path string, or a sequence of strings that when joined form
a path string, to a
Path . |
abstract PathMatcher |
getPathMatcher(String syntaxAndPattern)
Returns a
PathMatcher that performs match operations on the
String representation of Path objects by interpreting a
given pattern. |
abstract Iterable<Path> |
getRootDirectories()
Returns an object to iterate over the paths of the root directories.
|
abstract String |
getSeparator()
Returns the name separator, represented as a string.
|
abstract UserPrincipalLookupService |
getUserPrincipalLookupService()
Returns the
UserPrincipalLookupService for this file system
(optional operation). |
abstract boolean |
isOpen()
Tells whether or not this file system is open.
|
abstract boolean |
isReadOnly()
Tells whether or not this file system allows only read-only access to
its file stores.
|
abstract WatchService |
newWatchService()
Constructs a new
WatchService (optional operation). |
abstract FileSystemProvider |
provider()
Returns the provider that created this file system.
|
abstract Set<String> |
supportedFileAttributeViews()
Returns the set of the
names of the file
attribute views supported by this FileSystem . |
public abstract FileSystemProvider provider()
public abstract void close() throws IOException
After a file system is closed then all subsequent access to the file
system, either by methods defined by this class or on objects associated
with this file system, throw ClosedFileSystemException
. If the
file system is already closed then invoking this method has no effect.
Closing a file system will close all open channels
, directory-streams
,
watch-service
, and other closeable objects associated
with this file system. The default
file
system cannot be closed.
close
in interface Closeable
close
in interface AutoCloseable
IOException
- If an I/O error occursUnsupportedOperationException
- Thrown in the case of the default file systempublic abstract boolean isOpen()
File systems created by the default provider are always open.
true
if, and only if, this file system is openpublic abstract boolean isReadOnly()
true
if, and only if, this file system provides
read-only accesspublic abstract String getSeparator()
The name separator is used to separate names in a path string. An
implementation may support multiple name separators in which case this
method returns an implementation specific default name separator.
This separator is used when creating path strings by invoking the toString()
method.
In the case of the default provider, this method returns the same
separator as File.separator
.
public abstract Iterable<Path> getRootDirectories()
A file system provides access to a file store that may be composed of a number of distinct file hierarchies, each with its own top-level root directory. Unless denied by the security manager, each element in the returned iterator corresponds to the root directory of a distinct file hierarchy. The order of the elements is not defined. The file hierarchies may change during the lifetime of the Java virtual machine. For example, in some implementations, the insertion of removable media may result in the creation of a new file hierarchy with its own top-level directory.
When a security manager is installed, it is invoked to check access
to the each root directory. If denied, the root directory is not returned
by the iterator. In the case of the default provider, the SecurityManager.checkRead(String)
method is invoked to check read access
to each root directory. It is system dependent if the permission checks
are done when the iterator is obtained or during iteration.
public abstract Iterable<FileStore> getFileStores()
The elements of the returned iterator are the FileStores
for this file system. The order of the elements is
not defined and the file stores may change during the lifetime of the
Java virtual machine. When an I/O error occurs, perhaps because a file
store is not accessible, then it is not returned by the iterator.
In the case of the default provider, and a security manager is
installed, the security manager is invoked to check RuntimePermission
("getFileStoreAttributes"). If denied, then
no file stores are returned by the iterator. In addition, the security
manager's SecurityManager.checkRead(String)
method is invoked to
check read access to the file store's top-most directory. If
denied, the file store is not returned by the iterator. It is system
dependent if the permission checks are done when the iterator is obtained
or during iteration.
Usage Example: Suppose we want to print the space usage for all file stores:
for (FileStore store: FileSystems.getDefault().getFileStores()) { long total = store.getTotalSpace() / 1024; long used = (store.getTotalSpace() - store.getUnallocatedSpace()) / 1024; long avail = store.getUsableSpace() / 1024; System.out.format("%-20s %12d %12d %12d%n", store, total, used, avail); }
public abstract Set<String> supportedFileAttributeViews()
names
of the file
attribute views supported by this FileSystem
.
The BasicFileAttributeView
is required to be supported and
therefore the set contains at least one element, "basic".
The supportsFileAttributeView(String)
method may be used to test if an
underlying FileStore
supports the file attributes identified by a
file attribute view.
public abstract Path getPath(String first, String... more)
Path
. If more
does not specify any
elements then the value of the first
parameter is the path string
to convert. If more
specifies one or more elements then each
non-empty string, including first
, is considered to be a sequence
of name elements (see Path
) and is joined to form a path string.
The details as to how the Strings are joined is provider specific but
typically they will be joined using the name-separator
as the separator. For example, if the name separator is
"/
" and getPath("/foo","bar","gus")
is invoked, then the
path string "/foo/bar/gus"
is converted to a Path
.
A Path
representing an empty path is returned if first
is the empty string and more
does not contain any non-empty
strings.
The parsing and conversion to a path object is inherently
implementation dependent. In the simplest case, the path string is rejected,
and InvalidPathException
thrown, if the path string contains
characters that cannot be converted to characters that are legal
to the file store. For example, on UNIX systems, the NUL (\u0000)
character is not allowed to be present in a path. An implementation may
choose to reject path strings that contain names that are longer than those
allowed by any file store, and where an implementation supports a complex
path syntax, it may choose to reject path strings that are badly
formed.
In the case of the default provider, path strings are parsed based on the definition of paths at the platform or virtual file system level. For example, an operating system may not allow specific characters to be present in a file name, but a specific underlying file store may impose different or additional restrictions on the set of legal characters.
This method throws InvalidPathException
when the path string
cannot be converted to a path. Where possible, and where applicable,
the exception is created with an index
value indicating the first position in the path
parameter
that caused the path string to be rejected.
first
- the path string or initial part of the path stringmore
- additional strings to be joined to form the path stringPath
InvalidPathException
- If the path string cannot be convertedpublic abstract PathMatcher getPathMatcher(String syntaxAndPattern)
PathMatcher
that performs match operations on the
String
representation of Path
objects by interpreting a
given pattern.
The syntaxAndPattern
parameter identifies the syntax and the
pattern and takes the form:
wheresyntax:pattern
':'
stands for itself.
A FileSystem
implementation supports the "glob
" and
"regex
" syntaxes, and may support others. The value of the syntax
component is compared without regard to case.
When the syntax is "glob
" then the String
representation of the path is matched using a limited pattern language
that resembles regular expressions but with a simpler syntax. For example:
*.java
Matches a path that represents a file name ending in .java
*.*
Matches file names containing a dot *.{java,class}
Matches file names ending with .java
or.class
foo.?
Matches file names starting with foo.
and a single character extension/home/*/* Matches /home/gus/data on UNIX platforms /home/** Matches /home/gus and /home/gus/data on UNIX platforms C:\\* Matches C:\foo and C:\bar on the Windows platform (note that the backslash is escaped; as a string literal in the Java Language the pattern would be "C:\\\\*")
The following rules are used to interpret glob patterns:
The *
character matches zero or more characters
of a name
component without
crossing directory boundaries.
The **
characters matches zero or more characters
crossing directory boundaries.
The ?
character matches exactly one character of a
name component.
The backslash character (\
) is used to escape characters
that would otherwise be interpreted as special characters. The expression
\\
matches a single backslash and "\{" matches a left brace
for example.
The [ ]
characters are a bracket expression that
match a single character of a name component out of a set of characters.
For example, [abc]
matches "a"
, "b"
, or "c"
.
The hyphen (-
) may be used to specify a range so [a-z]
specifies a range that matches from "a"
to "z"
(inclusive).
These forms can be mixed so [abce-g] matches "a"
, "b"
,
"c"
, "e"
, "f"
or "g"
. If the character
after the [
is a !
then it is used for negation so [!a-c]
matches any character except "a"
, "b"
, or "c"
.
Within a bracket expression the *
, ?
and \
characters match themselves. The (-
) character matches itself if
it is the first character within the brackets, or the first character
after the !
if negating.
The { }
characters are a group of subpatterns, where
the group matches if any subpattern in the group matches. The ","
character is used to separate the subpatterns. Groups cannot be nested.
Leading period/dot characters in file name are
treated as regular characters in match operations. For example,
the "*"
glob pattern matches file name ".login"
.
The Files.isHidden(java.nio.file.Path)
method may be used to test whether a file
is considered hidden.
All other characters match themselves in an implementation
dependent manner. This includes characters representing any name-separators
.
The matching of root
components is highly
implementation-dependent and is not specified.
When the syntax is "regex
" then the pattern component is a
regular expression as defined by the Pattern
class.
For both the glob and regex syntaxes, the matching details, such as whether the matching is case sensitive, are implementation-dependent and therefore not specified.
syntaxAndPattern
- The syntax and patternIllegalArgumentException
- If the parameter does not take the form: syntax:pattern
PatternSyntaxException
- If the pattern is invalidUnsupportedOperationException
- If the pattern syntax is not known to the implementationFiles.newDirectoryStream(Path,String)
public abstract UserPrincipalLookupService getUserPrincipalLookupService()
UserPrincipalLookupService
for this file system
(optional operation). The resulting lookup service may be used to
lookup user or group names.
Usage Example: Suppose we want to make "joe" the owner of a file:
UserPrincipalLookupService lookupService = FileSystems.getDefault().getUserPrincipalLookupService(); Files.setOwner(path, lookupService.lookupPrincipalByName("joe"));
UserPrincipalLookupService
for this file systemUnsupportedOperationException
- If this FileSystem
does not does have a lookup servicepublic abstract WatchService newWatchService() throws IOException
WatchService
(optional operation).
This method constructs a new watch service that may be used to watch registered objects for changes and events.
UnsupportedOperationException
- If this FileSystem
does not support watching file system
objects for changes and events. This exception is not thrown
by FileSystems
created by the default provider.IOException
- If an I/O error occursDracula Javadoc Sample, Made with Allan Im.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load i18n %} {% block content %}
{% trans 'A block you requested has already been reserved' %}.
{% trans 'You will be redirected to the schedule page' %}.


All living organisms need to take substances from their environment to obtain energy, to grow and to stay healthy.
Many plant cells are green. Why? Plant cells also usually have a distinct shape. The rigid exterior around the cells is necessary to allow the plants to grow upright. Animal cells do not have these rigid exteriors. There are other distinct differences between plant and animal cells. These will be the focus of this concept.
A cell wall is a rigid layer that is found outside the cell membrane and surrounds the cell. The cell wall contains not only cellulose and protein, but other polysaccharides as well. The cell wall provides structural support and protection. Pores in the cell wall allow water and nutrients to move into and out of the cell. The cell wall also prevents the plant cell from bursting when water enters the cell. Microtubules guide the formation of the plant cell wall. Cellulose is laid down by enzymes to form the primary cell wall. Some plants also have a secondary cell wall. The secondary wall contains a lignin, a secondary cell component in plant cells that have completed cell growth/expansion.
Most mature plant cells have a central vacuole that occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume. The central vacuole can occupy as much as 90% of the volume of certain cells. The central vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast. The central vacuole has many functions. Aside from storage, the main role of the vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall. Proteins found in the tonoplast control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole. The central vacuole also stores the pigments that color flowers. The central vacuole contains large amounts of a liquid called cell sap, which differs in composition to the cell cytosol. Cell sap is a mixture of water, enzymes, ions, salts, and other substances. Cell sap may also contain toxic byproducts that have been removed from the cytosol. Toxins in the vacuole may help to protect some plants from being eaten.
Plant plastids are a group of closely related membrane-bound organelles that carry out many functions. They are responsible for photosynthesis, for storage of products such as starch, and for the synthesis of many types of molecules that are needed as cellular building blocks. Plastids have the ability to change their function between these and other forms. Plastids contain their own DNA and some ribosomes, and scientists think that plastids are descended from photosynthetic bacteria that allowed the first eukaryotes to make oxygen. The main types of plastids and their functions are:
Chroloplasts are the organelle of photosynthesis. They capture light energy from the sun and use it with water and carbon dioxide to make food (sugar) for the plant.
Etioplasts are chloroplasts that have not been exposed to light. They are usually found in flowering plants grown in the dark. If a plant is kept out of light for several days, its normal chloroplasts will actually convert into etioplasts.
Elaioplasts are a type of leucoplast that is specialized for the storage of lipids in plants. Elaioplasts house oil body deposits as rounded plastoglobuli, which are essentially fat droplets.
All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts commonly divide by binary fission, but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity.
Chromoplasts make and store pigments that give petals and fruit their orange and yellow colors.
Leucoplasts do not contain pigments and are located in roots and non-photosynthetic tissues of plants. They may become specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid, or protein. However, in many cells, leucoplasts do not have a major storage function. I nstead, they make molecules such as fatty acids and many amino acids.
Proteinoplasts are specialized organelles found only in plant cells. Proteinoplasts belong to a broad category of organelles known as plastids. Because they lack pigment, proteinoplasts are more specifically a kind of leucoplast.
Amyloplasts are non-pigmented organelles found in some plant cells. They are responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules, through the polymerization of glucose. Amyloplasts also convert this starch back into sugar when the plant needs energy.
The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change.