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Polymorphism
In last post I described Inhabitance, one of four major principles of object oriented programming. Today we will take a look at Polymorphism, second equally important principle. …
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Inheritance
Today we will take a look at inheritance, one of the four major principles of object oriented programming. Inheritance is used to crate new class based on existing one, which means reuse of properties and method from parent class. It’s important to mention that C# does not support multiple inheritance of classes, but it does support inheritance of multiple interfaces. In c# you can crate chains of connections by inheriting from parent class that inherits from another parent class, this way you can keep properties from multiple classes. …
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Collections
In last post I wrote about implementation of generics, and the difference between list and an array. Today we will take closer look at Collections. This is more general subject, mentioned earlier generics are part of System.Collection class. …
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Sum of all natural numbers
Yes, It’s not the most exciting title for a blog post. Lets change it to “is this possible that sum of natural numbers can be equal to fraction, negative fraction, like -1/12?”. …
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Multithreading
Imagine you need to write a program with a method that takes ages to execute, if you create this in procedural way, the console will freeze and user will be unable to do anything. This problem can be solved by using multiple cores of processor unit. Assign long task to a single core other than the main one. …
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LitJSON in Unity3D
Creating databases for our game seems to be a difficult task, but LitJSON makes it really easy. Today we will take a look at simple method of reading JSON files. …
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Level Manager
Today we will take a look how to implement simple Level manager into our game …
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Events
In last post we discussed implementation of Delegates using one simple example. If you haven’t read it already i strongly encourage you to do so before moving to today’s topic. Today we will take closer look at events. In last example we created one main class with all methods inside it. Today we will learn how to communicate between different classes, by subscribing to the event. …
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Delegates
Have you ever thought about using method as a parameter? Having ability to invoke multiple methods with one command? Delegates can make those ideas reality . …
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Introduction to Generics
Have you ever used List class in your program? Did you noticed strange <> brackets in the syntax, brackets where you can pass any type of data? Well, that’s example of practical use of generics. …


GODZILLA
USA. 1998. Director - Roland Emmerich, Screenplay - Emmerich & Dean Devlin, Story - Devlin, Emmerich, Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio, Based on the Character Created and Owned by Toho Inc, Producer - Devlin, Photography - Ueli Steiger, Music - David Arnold, Visual Effects Supervisor - Volker Engel, Godzilla Design & Supervisor - Patrick Tatopolous, Associate Visual Effects Supervisor - Karen Goulekas, Creature Supervisors - Kurt Carly & Bruce Marr, Creature & Digital Effects - Centropolis Effects, Digital Effects - Digiscope (Supervisor - Dion Hatch), Sony Pictures Imageworks (Supervisor - Jerome Chen) & Visionart (Supervisor - Joshua D. Rose), Miniature Effects - Cinnabar (Supervisor - Andrea Whittier), Sight Line Productions (Supervisor - Don Baker) & Striber Visual Network Inc (Supervisor - John Striber), Mechanical Effects Supervisor - Clay Pinney, Production Design - Oliver Scholl, Supervising Art Director - Wm. Ladd Skinner. Production Company - Centropolis Entertainment/Fried Films/Independant Pictures. Matthew Broderick (Dr Niko Tatopolous), Maria Pitillo (Audrey Timmonds), Jean Reno (Philippe Roache), Hank Azaria (Victor `Animal' Palotti), Kevin Dunn (Colonel Hicks), Michael Lerner (Mayor Ebert), Arabella Field (Lucy Palotti), Harry Shearer (Charles Caiman), Vicki Lewis (Dr Elsie Chapman), Doug Savant (Sergeant O'Neal)
Plot: Dr Niko Tatopolous, a biologist with the US Atomic Energy Commission specializing in radiation-mutated lifeforms, is flown to the South Pacific to investigate reports of a giant lizard, mutated as a result of French nuclear testing, which is attacking shipping. But the creature, nicknamed `Gojira' by a Japanese survivor and mispronounced as `Godzilla' by the American media, heads to Manhattan Island where it rampages through the city streets, causing mass destruction. As the military rally all efforts to stop it, Niko tries to alert them to the fact that it has laid a nest of eggs somewhere in the city.
Sometimes one just ends up scratching their head and wondering what it is that drives public tastes and/or the opinion of critics. Two years before when `Independence Day' became less of a film than it did an event, this critic ended up scratching his head and wondering what made everybody go so crazy about something so one-dimensionally cliched and simplistically flag-waving. Now I find myself in almost the opposite position. Despite a mega-hype build-up that announced it was from the same people as and would be even bigger than `Independence Day', `Godzilla' has opened in the US and confounded all expectation to become a middling flop with the public and with critics everywhere rushing to junk it. In fact it is not a bad film at all. If the truth be told it is really quite the most enjoyable, unpretentious out-and-out monster movie that has come this in some time. Why all the negative hoopla is frankly beyond one - perhaps it is the absensce of flag-waving that disappointed people.
One didn't really expect much from the film at all. Director Roland Emmerich and his co-writer Dean Devlin do not make particularly good sf. Devlin writes by cliche and Emmerich directs in simplistic emotional cues and their combined body of work - `Universal Soldier' (1992), `Stargate' (1994), `Independence Day' (1996) and the tv series `The Visitor' (1997) - lacks anything appreciable in the way of original ideas or challenging treatments of any of the themes. `Independence Day' is the best example of all their faults - mindless mega-scale special effects for their own sake and the substitution for election campaign-type populist sentiments in the place of drama. `Stargate' is their best film up to this point, which at least counterbalances their cliched writing with what is Emmerich's forte - the ability to conjure an effectively dramatic sense of wonder across an epic widescreen scale.
`Godzilla' is of course an updating of the long-running Japanese monster series - begun with `Gojira' in 1954, and passing through some twenty-one sequels until the character was officially killed off in 1995. Emmerich and Devlin do some occasionally clever updatings - in an amusingly contemporary move the creature has been mutated to giant-size by French nuclear testing in the Pacific. But mostly their writing is really terrible. Their characters are conceived as no more than caricatures - the French are snobbish about American junk food; the pompous mayor (who in an amusing move is named after one of the top US film critics) is a caricature that has been stolen straight from `Jaws'. And the romance between Matthew Broderick and vacuous bubble-gum blonde Maria Pitillo is appallingly written. The good thing about the film is that it rarely ever slows down enough to allow these one-dimensional figures time on screen.
The film is at its best when it is, without any pretensions, doing exactly what it has been designed to do - being a BIG scale, big-budget, no frills, thrill-a-minute rollercoaster ride of a monster movie. Something at which it succeeds more than admirably. Whenever Godzilla turns up on screen Emmerich unleashes some top drawer special effects - enthralling scenes of mass destruction with it smashing its way through downtown Manhattan and ripping swathes through entire skyscrapers with its tail alone; an oddly `Star Wars' Death Star trench-styled battle between it and army helicopters amid canyons of high-rise towers; an immensely exciting climax with it rampaging across and being trapped in a suspension bridge. Emmerich only unveils the creature gradually and keeps the camera down at ground level so as to heighten the sense of scale even more so.  The sequence is undeniably modelled after the raptor sequences in `Jurassic Park' but Emmerich whips it up into something intensely exciting. And as films go - compare it to the hollow soap opera of the same year's `Deep Impact' or the letdown that `The Lost World: Jurassic Park' was - you would be hard pressed to find any better adrenalin-charged, all-out effects excitement on the screen in the next while than `Godzilla'.
Reviewed by Richard Scheib
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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Cubs Bullpen Ruins Opening Day author: display_name: Corey Fineran login: Corey email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Corey author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 7022 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=7022 date: '2012-04-05 19:44:56 +0000' date_gmt: '2012-04-06 00:44:56 +0000' categories: - Relief Pitching - Starting Pitching tags: - Alfonso Soriano - Carlos Marmol - Kerry Wood - Mark Derosa - Nationals - Opening Day - Ryan Dempster - Marlon Byrd - Chad Tracy - Stephen Strasburg - Dale Sveum - Ian Stewart - Opening Day 2012 - Danny Espinosa - Adam LaRoche - Jayson Werth comments: - id: 5447 author: ryanativyenvydotcom author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://firstorderhistorians.wordpress.com date: '2012-04-08 22:48:27 +0000' date_gmt: '2012-04-09 03:48:27 +0000' content: |- In order to steal third base...you either have to have A) a really good jump, B) be 24 years old, in your prime, and really quick, or C) all four of those things. The bullpen was atrocious. Is Kevin Gregg available? Just Kidding. Sort of. ---
Thursday afternoon, Ryan Dempster took the hill for his second straight Opening Day start. Dempster, hoping to keep the Nationals offense in check to give his team an opportunity to muscle out a run or two against the formidable opponent, Stephen Strasburg.
After giving up a first-pitch base hit to Ian Desmond and a walk to Danny Espinosa, Dempster appeared to be set to repeat his rough Opening Day 2011 performance. This year would be different as he left the runners stranded on 2nd and 3rd, retiring the heart of the Nationals order, getting out of the 1st inning. Dempster repeated this accomplishment when the Nationals had runners on 2nd and 3rd with 1 out in the 3rd and again retired Adam LaRoche and Jayson Werth.
From that point on, Dempster was on a mission. When he was pulled with two outs in the 8th inning, he had shutout the Nationals, giving up just 2 hits and 3 walks while striking out 10. Enter, the 2012 Chicago Cubs Bullpen.
New Cubs manager, Dale Sveum called on Kerry Wood with a runner on first and 2 outs in the 8th inning. On an episode of the podcast in the last month (not sure which one), I said that the Cubs would need the bullpen to perform above expectations because this offense wasn't going to generate a lot of runs and the team would probably be in a lot of low scoring games, with little margin for error.
Wood promptly walked the first three batters he faced, walking in Desmond, which was a run charged to Dempster. Mark DeRosa came to the plate with the opportunity to be a (former Cub) Cub-killer, but clearly has some Cub left in him and grounded out to end the inning and avoid a full-blown catastrophe.
Chad Tracy seized the (former Cub) Cub killer opportunity and smacked a double and his pinch-runner, Brett Carroll scored the go ahead, and eventual winning run on a Desmond single. The newly signed Ian Stewart crushed a triple in the 9th, which would have easily cleared the wall without the wind blowing in. Joe Mather was brought in to pinch run, and promptly thrown out at home on a fielder's choice.
Pitching is the story with this game. Dempster pitched a great game and has nothing to show for it. This is a concept he is very familiar with, as a Cubs starter. Marmol lost his first game of the season and while you might think his leash is short, considering how poorly he pitched in Spring Training, the pitcher you would expect to fill in the closer role is the guy that walked three batters and the tying run the inning before when the Cubs only needed one out.
As the game ended with the Cubs losing 2-1, I couldn't help but think back to the bottom of the 4th inning. The Cubs had Alfonso Soriano on 2nd and Ian Stewart on 1st with one out. At the beginning of Spring Training, Soriano was quoted that he hoped the new leadership of the Cubs would give him the green light to run more. Either they gave him the green light or he decided he wanted to have the first Cubs steal of the 2012 season, but he was thrown out at 3rd. Jeff Baker walked, and then Marlon Byrd hit an RBI single, scoring Stewart. If Soriano hadn't been thrown out, the Cubs would have scored two runs in the 4th.
But I can't go back to the middle of the game and place blame on someone getting caught stealing. The blame of this game, and probably many more games in 2012, will fall on the Cubs bullpen.


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- main(String[]) - Static method in class cs3500.music.MusicEditor
-
Main entry point for the Music Editor program.
- main(String...) - Static method in class cs3500.music.tests.AudioViewTranscriptTest
-
This main method runs the test that builds the transcript for Mary Had A Little Lamb.
- MEASURE_BORDER_HEIGHT - Static variable in class cs3500.music.util.ViewConstants
-
- MEASURE_BORDER_WIDTH - Static variable in class cs3500.music.util.ViewConstants
-
- MEASURE_WIDTH - Static variable in class cs3500.music.util.ViewConstants
-
- mergeRepeatsOverlap() - Method in class cs3500.music.tests.MusicSheetTest
-
- mergeSheet(MusicOperations) - Method in interface cs3500.music.model.MusicOperations
-
Merges the sheet of notes represented in m
.
- mergeSheet(MusicOperations) - Method in class cs3500.music.model.MusicSheet
-
- MICRO_TO_NANO - Variable in class cs3500.music.control.SimpleController
-
- MockKeyboardHandler - Class in cs3500.music.control
-
Returns sets of mock Runnable objects that don't actually act on the views/controller,
but instead print a message onto an Appendable so that testers can check that the correct
action has been run.
- MockKeyboardHandler() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.control.MockKeyboardHandler
-
- MockMouseEvent - Class in cs3500.music.control
-
Mock mouse event to be used in testing.
- MockMouseEvent() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.control.MockMouseEvent
-
- MockMouseHandler - Class in cs3500.music.control
-
Returns a set of
MouseEventProcessor
objects that do not actually act on the
view/controller but instead print a message onto an
Appendable
so that
testers can check that the correct action has been run.
- MockMouseHandler() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.control.MockMouseHandler
-
- MockReceiver - Class in cs3500.music.view
-
Mocks a midi receiver.
- MockReceiver(Appendable) - Constructor for class cs3500.music.view.MockReceiver
-
Public constructor for the mock receiver to modified the string builder it has been passed.
- MockSimpleController - Class in cs3500.music.control
-
Mock controller to test mouse event handler.
- MockSimpleController(Appendable, MusicOperations, IView...) - Constructor for class cs3500.music.control.MockSimpleController
-
Constructs a MockSimpleController.
- MockSynthAndReceiver - Class in cs3500.music.tests
-
Tests of the MockSynthesizer and MockReceiver obejcts.
- MockSynthAndReceiver() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.tests.MockSynthAndReceiver
-
- MockSynthesizer - Class in cs3500.music.view
-
Mocks a MIDI synthesizer for testing purposes.
- MockSynthesizer(Appendable) - Constructor for class cs3500.music.view.MockSynthesizer
-
Public constructor for the mock synthesizer takes in a string builder object.
- model - Variable in class cs3500.music.control.SimpleController
-
- mouseClicked(MouseEvent) - Method in class cs3500.music.control.MouseHandler
-
- mouseEntered(MouseEvent) - Method in class cs3500.music.control.MouseHandler
-
- MouseEventProcessor - Interface in cs3500.music.control
-
An interface to specify operations to be performed by classes that must
process a mouse event.
- mouseExited(MouseEvent) - Method in class cs3500.music.control.MouseHandler
-
- MouseHandler - Class in cs3500.music.control
-
Represents a strategy for handling mouse input.
- MouseHandler() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.control.MouseHandler
-
Default empty constructor to construct an instance of MouseHandler.
- MouseHandlerTest - Class in cs3500.music.tests
-
- MouseHandlerTest() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.tests.MouseHandlerTest
-
- mousePressed(MouseEvent) - Method in class cs3500.music.control.MouseHandler
-
- mousePressStartBeat - Variable in class cs3500.music.control.SimpleController
-
- mousePressTime - Variable in class cs3500.music.control.SimpleController
-
- mouseReleased(MouseEvent) - Method in class cs3500.music.control.MouseHandler
-
- MouseStrategy<T> - Interface in cs3500.music.control
-
Interface to specify operations that must be performed
by a mouse listener in the Music Editor program to handle
user mouse input.
- mouseStrategy - Variable in class cs3500.music.control.SimpleController
-
- MusicEditor - Class in cs3500.music
-
- MusicEditor() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.MusicEditor
-
- MusicOperations - Interface in cs3500.music.model
-
Interface to represent specifications for required methods for a music playler model.
- MusicReader - Class in cs3500.music.util
-
A helper to read music data and construct a music composition from it.
- MusicReader() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.util.MusicReader
-
- MusicSheet - Class in cs3500.music.model
-
Representation of a MusicSheet music player.
- MusicSheet() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.model.MusicSheet
-
- MusicSheetTest - Class in cs3500.music.tests
-
Tests for the MusicSheet class.
- MusicSheetTest() - Constructor for class cs3500.music.tests.MusicSheetTest
-


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| NO. | Course Code | Description | Section | Time | Day | Room | Preferred Professors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{$index + 1}} | {{subj.subject.courseCode}} | {{subj.subject.description}} | {{subj.sched.section}} | {{subj.sched.time}} | {{subj.sched.day}} | {{subj.sched.room}} |
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gggwas-reasoning.Rmd
Why bother with ggplot2 extension for GWAS summary statistic data visualisations?
This vignette lays out the motivation why having a ggplot2 extension is needed. But it also discusses existing alternatives and ways to create a ggplot2-like Q-Q plot and Manhattanplot.
There are two main data visualisations1 that are done after the GWAS is run2:
Q-Q plot: checks the deviation of the P-value distribution from the uniform distribution.
Manhattan plot: shows the P-value or summary statistic distribution along the chomosomal position.
By M. Kamran Ikram et al - Ikram MK et al (2010) Four Novel Loci (19q13, 6q24, 12q24, and 5q14) Influence the Microcirculation In Vivo. PLoS Genet. 2010 Oct 28;6(10):e1001184. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001184.g001, CC BY 2.5, Link
Both plotting types can be applied in R with various functions. Just to name a few, here are some links which have also served as inspiration:
qqman
: R package for GWAS results: http://www.gettinggeneticsdone.com/2014/05/qqman-r-package-for-qq-and-manhattan-plots-for-gwas-results.html
ggman
: R package with ggplot2 wrapper with some neat hacks https://github.com/mkanai/ggman
qqman
, ggplot2
and plotly
: https://www.r-graph-gallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Manhattan_plot_in_R.html
lattice
(for historical reasons) https://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/Code_Sample:_Generating_QQ_Plots_in_R
ramwas
package: https://rdrr.io/bioc/ramwas/man/qqplotFast.html
ggplot2
Manhattan plots: https://github.com/pcgoddard/Burchardlab_Tutorials/wiki/GGplot2-Manhattan-Plot-Function
ggbio
package, a toolkit for genomic data (plotGrandLinear
is an implementation for a Manhattan plot, uses GRanges
objects, ggplot2 wrapper): https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/ggbio.html
ggman
, wrapper (but no ggplot2 extension) for Manhattan plots: https://github.com/drveera/ggman
An often used package is qqman, that has a function for Q-Q plots qqman::qq
and Manhattan plots qqman::manhattan
.
And there are various ggplot2 wrappers (ggbio
, ggman
), but not actual extensions.
The problem is two fold:
ggplot2
can (e.g. facetting, colouring).The idea is therefore to create a ggplot2 extension that would facilitate all this: 1) fast plotting (through hexagons and filtering) and 2) building ggplot2
geoms and stats.
By writing a ggplot2 extension, we can inherit lots of the default ggplot2 functionalities and shorten the input.
Let’s say we have GWAS summary statistics for a number of SNPs. We call this data gwas.summarystats
: for a number of SNPs listed by row, we know the SNP identifier (SNP
) and the P-value (P
).
SNP P
rs3342 1e-2
rs83 1e-2
... ...
For illustration purposes, we will use the summary statistics dataset GWAS.utils::giant
.
library(GWAS.utils)
#skimr::skim(giant)
summary(giant)
#> CHR POS SNP Tested_Allele
#> Min. : 1.00 Min. : 220149 Length:10000 Length:10000
#> 1st Qu.: 4.00 1st Qu.: 33810156 Class :character Class :character
#> Median : 8.00 Median : 71004162 Mode :character Mode :character
#> Mean : 8.55 Mean : 79743155
#> 3rd Qu.:12.00 3rd Qu.:114753146
#> Max. :22.00 Max. :248476804
#> Other_Allele Freq_Tested_Allele_in_HRS BETA
#> Length:10000 Min. :0.01023 Min. :-4.980e-02
#> Class :character 1st Qu.:0.19750 1st Qu.:-2.800e-03
#> Mode :character Median :0.45710 Median :-1.000e-04
#> Mean :0.48108 Mean :-4.439e-05
#> 3rd Qu.:0.75913 3rd Qu.: 2.600e-03
#> Max. :0.98977 Max. : 4.480e-02
#> SE P N
#> Min. :0.001600 Min. :0.0000 Min. :498178
#> 1st Qu.:0.001800 1st Qu.:0.0460 1st Qu.:680198
#> Median :0.002100 Median :0.2600 Median :688732
#> Mean :0.002596 Mean :0.3406 Mean :683795
#> 3rd Qu.:0.002800 3rd Qu.:0.6000 3rd Qu.:691571
#> Max. :0.010600 Max. :1.0000 Max. :795594
qqman::qq
is straightforward to use: just pass on the P-value column.
There is a geom_qq
in ggplot2 that implements quantile-quantile plots. However, this is only useful, if we can transform the axes with -log10()
. How to create custom made ggplot2 scales is explained here.
library(ggplot2)
theme_set(theme_bw())
## source:
(gg <- ggplot(data = giant) +
geom_qq(aes(sample = P), distribution = stats::qunif)) +
theme(aspect.ratio = 1)
# + scale_y_log10() + scale_x_log10()
# + coord_trans(x = "log10", y = "log10")
f_trans_mlog10 <- function(x) -log10(x)
f_trans_mlog10_inverse <- function(x) 10^(-x)
mlog10_trans <- scales::trans_new("-log10",
transform = f_trans_mlog10,
inverse = f_trans_mlog10_inverse)
gg +
scale_y_continuous(trans = mlog10_trans) +
scale_x_continuous(trans = mlog10_trans) +
geom_abline(intercept = 0, slope = 1) +
theme(aspect.ratio = 1)
N <- nrow(giant)
expected <- (1:N) / N - 1 / (2 * N)
giant <- giant %>% dplyr::arrange(P) %>% dplyr::mutate(P_expected = expected)
ggplot(data = giant) +
geom_point(aes(-log10(P_expected), -log10(P))) +
geom_abline(intercept = 0, slope = 1) +
theme(aspect.ratio = 1) +
xlab(expression(Expected ~ ~-log[10](italic(p)))) + ## from qqman::qq
ylab(expression(Observed ~ ~-log[10](italic(p)))) ## from qqman::qq
ggplot(data = giant) + geom_gwas_qq(aes(y = P))
Here is a whishlist of what a geom_gwas_qq
function should be able to do:
raster
version (for faster plotting), hexbins (also for faster plotting) and Pvalue thresholding (removing the high Pvalue SNPs from the plot)theme(aspect.ratio = 1)
)
## computing new x axis
giant <- giant %>% dplyr::arrange(CHR, POS) %>% dplyr::mutate(tmp = 1, cumsum.tmp = cumsum(tmp))
## calculating x axis location for chromosome label
med.dat <- giant %>% dplyr::group_by(CHR) %>% dplyr::summarise(median.x = median(cumsum.tmp))
ggplot(data = giant) +
geom_point(aes(x = cumsum.tmp, y = -log10(P), color = CHR %%2 == 0)) + ## create alternate coloring
geom_hline(yintercept = -log10(5e-8)) + ## add horizontal line
scale_x_continuous(breaks = med.dat$median.x, labels = med.dat$CHR) + ## add new x labels
guides(colour=FALSE) + ## remove legend
xlab("Chromosome") +
ylab(expression(-log[10](italic(p)))) + ## y label from qqman::qq
scale_color_manual(values = c(gray(0.5), gray(0))) ## instead of colors, go for gray
ggplot(data = giant) + geom_gwas_manhattan(aes(pos = POS, chr = CHR, y = -log10(P)))
Here is a whishlist of what a geom_gwas_manhattan
function should be able to do:
raster
version (for faster plotting) and Pvalue thresholding (removing the high Pvalue SNPs from the plot)How to test plots?
One option is, to compare ggplot2 object data. In the example below, we are comparing two ggplot2 outputs, one created with qplot
and one with ggplot
.
gg1 <- qplot(Sepal.Length, Petal.Length, data = iris)
gg2 <- ggplot(data = iris) + geom_point(aes(Sepal.Length, Petal.Length))
identical(gg1$data, gg2$data)
We can apply this to our package by creating the qqplot and manhattanplots manually by hand, and then comparing the to the function outputs.
Another option is to use https://github.com/lionel-/vdiffr


This is a web application to determine your year,month and day of month.
Akan name is a Ghanaian form of naming.You are named according to the week and day you were born
In here you will be able to figure out your name with the day you were born.
Please select your Birth Year
Please select your Birth Month
Please select your Birth Date
Please select your gender:


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Allows to set a Handler
which is notified once the write queue is
drained again.
Exception handler.
Pumps data from a org.vertx.scala.core.streams.ReadStream to a org.vertx.scala.core.streams.WriteStream and performs flow control where necessary to prevent the write stream buffer from getting overfull.
Represents a stream of data that can be read from.
Allows to set a handler which is notified once data was read.
Represents a stream of data that can be written to


Grace Millane's family to miss out on compensation
The family of Grace Millane won't receive any compensation from the UK Government following the death of their daughter.
Normally, UK families who have loved ones murdered in the UK or EU countries can apply for compensation.
But because their daughter died outside those countries they are not entitled to a payout, reports ITV.
Millane's body was found in a shallow grave in Auckland's Waitakere Ranges in December last year.
On Friday, a jury found Millane's killer - who has name suppression - guilty of murder.
Related News
'You can't consent to being murdered': How Grace Millane's murder trial unfolded
Grace Millane's accused found guilty of murder
The case made headlines around the world and in Britain has sparked debate about who is entitled to compensation following such tragedies.
According to the Sunday Express, Labour MP Jim Cunningham pressed the UK Government "to ensure families whose loved ones are murdered abroad have access to criminal injuries compensation".
Following that, Justice Minister Wendy Morton said a review of the system was taking place.
"A review of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme is under way, looking at its scope, and eligibility rules and requirements," Morton told the Sunday Express, reports ITV.
"The recommendations of the Victims' Commissioner in her report on the entitlements and experiences of bereaved families following homicide abroad will be considered carefully as part of this review."
Sentencing for the man found guilty of murdering Millane will be in February.


Duda-Mara Totem Spirit:
Oh-ho! To meet the offspring of Pa'agrio in such a remote land! What do I call you?
Wait, are you a Shaman that can speak the language of spirits? You must have come to steal the secret of spirits away from me? Go away! If you do not want to be tied up tight in my web and hung for all eternity, begone!
Show the Blood Cauldron


Spoilers: Hollyoaks confirms Ste's emotional exit scenes
These are the emotionally charged Hollyoaks scenes tonight which see Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) make the decision to take a step away from the village. His life was very nearly destroyed recently after he was groomed by a far right gang.
After realising the depravity of their racism, he found himself trapped in their world and it was only when he narrowly avoided death at the hands of Stuart Sumner and Jonny Baxter that he was able to find some closure. However, he has a great deal of healing still to do.
He has been growing close to Azim over the last couple of weeks as it was Azim who helped Ste see the light and start to step away from the twisted values of Stuart’s group. However, Sami is concerned that Ste is not ready to commence a relationship so soon after all of the damage that has been done to him and byhim to others.
He has a frank chat with him tonight and Ste comes to a decision and says his goodbyes – but fear not, this is not the last we will see of the character as Kieron has confirmed that he will be back in time for the show’s 25th anniversary celebrations.
Advertisement Advertisement
He said: ‘After nearly 14 years, it is time for Ste to hang up his tracksuits, just for a little bit. It makes sense for the story because Ste has got to go and find himself, sort himself out and find forgiveness in himself for the stuff that he’s done.’
‘It just timed quite right that I was going to take a break from being so busy for the past 14 years. However now I am just as busy because I am taking part in a play which is called Band of Gold by Kay Mellor and it’s going on tour from November until March next year which is very super exciting.
‘We are going in to 2020 at the end of the tour, and we are also going in to the 25th anniversary of Hollyoaks which is something I am adamant I am going to be a part of. I love the Hollyoaks fans, I love the entire cast, everybody at Hollyoaks, and I can’t wait to get back.’
Hollyoaks airs Ste’s exit scenes on Tuesday 19 November at 7pm on E4.


Nothing
was placed in the R
type parameter. Having Nothing
in the
contravariant position is most likely a mistake, where the use of Any
was intended.
val x: ZIO[Nothing, Nothing, Unit] = ???
Nothing
parameter, as it is impossible to satisfy the R
requirement with it.


Firest
Visualizing the Current State and Impact of Wildfires Across Canada
An Information Visualization and Analysis Project By:
| Preeti Vyas |
Roopal Singh Chabra |
Rubia Reis Guerra |
Hannah Elbaggari |
Current Wildfires: Live Data
Historical Analysis of Wildfires
Know More about our Data
What is the Project About?
Content Here


{% extends 'patterns/base_layout.html' %} {% load static %} {% block inject_css %} {% include 'patterns/components/hero/hero.css' %} {% endblock %} {% block content %} We are the AtlantaPython Programmers Group. A group of technologists that meets every month in Atlanta for presentations and discussion about Python. Upcoming Events Become a member {% endblock %}
A group of technologists that meets every month in Atlanta for presentations and discussion about Python.


This example shows how to use the ngeo-mobile-query
directive. It also shows how the ngeo.ToolActivate
can be
used to make the directive inactive when an other tool becomes active.
The "Dummy" button here does nothing, but when toggled the query
directive becomes inactive.


Page 1 of 1
OMG
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 4:40 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
There are people on the boards at the same time as me!
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 4:44 pm
by shadowni
lol I know right.. I made a map and it's in the cartography section, you should check it out.
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 4:48 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
I just came back from there... looking pretty good... I wish I knew how to use that program... I love designing stuff..... but I don't know a scrap of programming so it would definately be difficult for me to pick something like that up...
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 4:49 pm
by shadowni
a_link_to_the_past wrote:I just came back from there... looking pretty good... I wish I knew how to use that program... I love designing stuff..... but I don't know a scrap of programming so it would definately be difficult for me to pick something like that up...
LOL. It's so simple.. all you have to do it download the things, then point and click.. you only need about 10 keys on the keyboard to do it.. I suck at programming also, but this is easy.
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 4:50 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
Really? hmmm well then I will have to take a stab at it... couldn't hurt I guess... lol
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 4:59 pm
by shadowni
Thats exactly what I thought. And it turned out to be very easy.
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 5:00 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
Well hopefully I will be able to make good use of it...
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 5:13 pm
by Karl G.
I hope so too
Let me know if you need help
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 5:54 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
Wow.... well... I went to the "how do the @%#$ do I do this" thread... and well.. I am pretty much lost...
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 6:13 pm
by Karl G.
haha well...I probably shouldn't have named it that. Read the README file instead. The "how the $#@!..." thread is for programming your own object types.
Posted:
Fri Jun 08, 2007 6:15 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
.... wow... I feel like such a knob... lol... well I will get to it once I get done taking this slice of cake to my sister at work (don't ask)
Posted:
Tue Jun 12, 2007 4:44 pm
by shadowni
a_link_to_the_past wrote:.... wow... I feel like such a knob... lol... well I will get to it once I get done taking this slice of cake to my sister at work (don't ask)
-Doesn't ask.-
Okay. I like your maps Link.
I'm not too good at making them myself, but I try.
Posted:
Tue Jun 12, 2007 5:57 pm
by a_link_to_the_past
Thanks


Select Command:
[cabin_repress]
[increase_O2]
[recycle_atmo] <<
[vent_engine_room] - CAUTION
[select_terminal]
>>Atmosphere recycled


Cities in Michigan
The 65 largest cities in Michigan (the most populous cities in MI are Detroit, Grand Rapids, and Warren) have an average Walk Score of 39. The best cities in Michigan ranked by Walk Score are Hamtramck, Ferndale, and Wyandotte, while the least walkable cities are Forest Hills, Norton Shores, and Romulus.
Follow the links for city maps, photos, and all neighborhoods.
The list of Michigan cities below is sorted by Walk Score, but can also be sorted by population or alphabetically (click table's heading to sort).
City |
Zip Code |
Walk Score |
Transit Score |
Bike Score |
Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Detroit (the largest city in Michigan) | 48228 | 53 | 39 | 55 | 713,777 |
| Grand Rapids | 49504 | 57 | 40 | 53 | 188,040 |
| Warren | 48089 | 43 | -- | 46 | 134,056 |
| Sterling Heights | 48310 | 32 | -- | 40 | 129,699 |
| Lansing | 48915 | 43 | 34 | 59 | 114,297 |
| Ann Arbor | 48104 | 50 | 48 | 69 | 113,934 |
| Flint | 48503 | 43 | 31 | 49 | 102,434 |
| Dearborn | 48126 | 59 | -- | 50 | 98,153 |
| Livonia | 48154 | 34 | -- | 48 | 96,942 |
| Westland | 48185 | 36 | -- | 48 | 84,094 |
| Troy | 48085 | 27 | -- | 43 | 80,980 |
| Farmington Hills | 48336 | 23 | -- | 39 | 79,740 |
| Kalamazoo | 49001 | 48 | -- | 52 | 74,262 |
| Wyoming | 49509 | 37 | -- | 44 | 72,125 |
| Southfield | 48034 | 35 | -- | 42 | 71,739 |
| Rochester Hills | 48309 | 18 | -- | 35 | 70,995 |
| Taylor | 48180 | 32 | -- | 41 | 63,131 |
| St. Clair Shores | 48080 | 41 | -- | 45 | 59,715 |
| Pontiac | 48340 | 41 | -- | 46 | 59,515 |
| Dearborn Heights | 48127 | 45 | -- | 51 | 57,774 |
| Royal Oak | 48073 | 52 | -- | 54 | 57,236 |
| Novi | 48375 | 17 | -- | 46 | 55,224 |
| Battle Creek | 37 | -- | 42 | 52,347 | |
| Saginaw | 48602 | 39 | -- | 48 | 51,508 |
| Kentwood | 24 | -- | 43 | 48,707 | |
| East Lansing | 48825 | 53 | -- | 77 | 48,579 |
| Roseville | 48066 | 43 | -- | 47 | 47,299 |
| Portage | 49024 | 18 | -- | 47 | 46,292 |
| Midland | 30 | -- | 50 | 41,863 | |
| Muskegon | 49440 | 44 | -- | 52 | 38,401 |
| Lincoln Park | 48146 | 60 | -- | 52 | 38,144 |
| Bay City | 51 | -- | 59 | 34,932 | |
| Jackson | 46 | -- | 60 | 33,534 | |
| Holland | 43 | -- | 61 | 33,051 | |
| Eastpointe | 48021 | 56 | -- | 49 | 32,442 |
| Port Huron | 45 | -- | 49 | 30,184 | |
| Southgate | 48195 | 49 | -- | 47 | 30,047 |
| Burton | 48529 | 22 | -- | 37 | 29,999 |
| Madison Heights | 48071 | 55 | -- | 50 | 29,694 |
| Oak Park | 48237 | 43 | -- | 46 | 29,319 |
| Allen Park | 48101 | 49 | -- | 46 | 28,210 |
| Garden City | 48135 | 43 | -- | 47 | 27,692 |
| Mount Pleasant | 52 | -- | 58 | 26,016 | |
| Wyandotte | 60 | -- | 51 | 25,883 | |
| Forest Hills | 8 | -- | 26 | 25,867 | |
| Inkster | 48141 | 29 | -- | 41 | 25,369 |
| Norton Shores | 13 | -- | 35 | 23,994 | |
| Romulus | 15 | -- | 36 | 23,989 | |
| Holt | 17 | -- | 44 | 23,973 | |
| Waverly | 27 | -- | 46 | 23,925 | |
| Walker | 18 | -- | 36 | 23,537 | |
| Hamtramck | 82 | -- | 56 | 22,423 | |
| Auburn Hills | 48326 | 27 | -- | 46 | 21,412 |
| Okemos | 21 | -- | 41 | 21,369 | |
| Marquette | 46 | -- | 60 | 21,355 | |
| Adrian | 49 | -- | 54 | 21,133 | |
| Monroe | 46 | -- | 49 | 20,733 | |
| Birmingham | 48009 | 59 | -- | 49 | 20,103 |
| Ferndale | 48220 | 63 | 13 | 68 | 19,900 |
| Ypsilanti | 59 | 43 | 67 | 19,435 | |
| Haslett | 18 | -- | 43 | 19,220 | |
| Trenton | 38 | -- | 43 | 18,853 | |
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Susan Granger's review of "THE LAST CASTLE" (DreamWorks)
Oscar alert! This high-tension military prison drama is the first real contender of the Fall season. The story begins as idolized but court-martialed three-star Army General Irwin (Robert Redford) is delivered in handcuffs to a maximum-security military prison run by Colonel Winter (James Gandolfini) whose stunned reaction is: "They should be naming a base after the man, not sending him here." A proud West Point graduate who pled guilty to disobeying a direct order, Irwin is resigned to spending time incarcerated in the stockade, telling fellow inmates: "I'm not fighting anyone for anything any more." But he's soon appalled by the brutal, sadistic manipulative techniques used by the psychotic, power-mad Colonel. "We are soldiers - and no one can take that away from us," he finally declares, igniting guerrilla warfare against injustice within the penal system, culminating in redemption and the triumph of the human spirit. Screenwriters David Scarpa and Graham Yost set up a classic dramatic confrontation over leadership since the plight of the protagonist is only as tough as the antagonist makes it. Director Ron Lurie infuses the film with a resonating tension, pitting Robert Redford, as the intense, charismatic hero whose quiet, understated dignity transforms his desperate, dispirited cohorts into defiant yet disciplined soldiers, against James Gandolfini, who carries the warden to the brink of hardcore villainy with the will and ability to kill as many prisoners as necessary to retain control. Mark Ruffalo scores as an opportunistic bookie, Clifton Collins Jr. as an abused inmate, and Delroy Lindo as Irwin's former colleague. On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "The Last Castle" is a powerful 10. It's compelling, crowd-pleasing escapist entertainment with a patriotic, flag-waving finale.
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APC NEC Meets Over Oshiomhole, Others
There is a strong debate among party faithful over whether Oshiomhole should continue his job as chairman of the APC.
by SaharaReporters, New YorkThe fate of embattled National Chairman of the ruling All Progressives Congress, Adams Oshiomhole, appears to be hanging in the balance as the National Executive Committee of the party meets in Abuja on Friday (today).
There is a strong debate among party faithful over whether Oshiomhole should continue his job as chairman of the APC.
The Progressives Governors Forum had last week asked him to convene a NEC meeting to address the party’s challenges or resign his position.
A statement by its Director-General, Salihu Lukman, reads, "It is either Oshiomhole respects the provision of the party’s constitution and convene superior organ meeting to deliberate on all our challenges or he should just accept his inability to manage the party and simply resign."
There had been a growing internal crisis within the APC before and after the 2019 general elections.
In Oshiomhole’s suspension letter, Edo State APC Chairman, Anselm Ojezua, accused him of being behind the party’s internal crisis.
Some of the party’s aspirants that failed to secure tickets for different political offices also passed a vote of no confidence on him and accused him of corruption.
Also, protesters carrying placards on Friday stormed the party’s National Secretariat in Abuja calling for the immediate resignation of Oshiomhole.
Sources within the party confirmed that a lot of persons were no longer comfortable with Oshiomhole being chairman of the APC.


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What is δ, and what δifference does it make?
There are many variants or flavours of differential privacy (DP) some weaker than others: often, a given variant comes with own guarantees and “conversion theorems” to the others. As an example, “pure” DP has a single parameter \(\varepsilon\), and corresponds to a very stringent notion of DP:
An algorithm \(M\) is \(\varepsilon\)-DP if, for all neighbouring inputs \(D,D'\) and all measurable \(S\), \( \Pr[ M(D) \in S ] \leq e^\varepsilon\Pr[ M(D’) \in S ] \).
By relaxing this a little, one obtains the standard definition of approximate DP, a.k.a. \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP:
An algorithm \(M\) is \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP if, for all neighbouring inputs \(D,D'\) and all measurable \(S\), \( \Pr[ M(D) \in S ] \leq e^\varepsilon\Pr[ M(D’) \in S ]+\delta \).
This definition is very useful, as in many settings achieving the stronger \(\varepsilon\)-DP guarantee (i.e., \(\delta=0\)) is impossible, or comes at a very high utility cost. But how to interpret it? The above definition, on its face, doesn’t preclude what one may call “catastrophic failures of privacy 💥:” most of the time, things are great, but with some small probability \(\delta\) all hell breaks loose. For instance, the following algorithm is \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP:
- Get a sensitive database \(D\) of \(n\) records
- Select uniformly at random a fraction \(\delta\) of the database (\(\delta n\) records)
- Output that subset of records in the clear 💥
(actually, this is even \((0,\delta)\)-DP!). This sounds preposterous, and obviously something that one would want to avoid in practice (lest one wants to face very angry customers or constituents). This is one of the rules of thumb for picking \(\delta\) small enough (or even “cryptographically small”), typically \(\delta \ll 1/n\), so that the records are safe (hard to disclose \(\delta n \ll 1\) records).
So: good privacy most of the time, but with probably \(\delta\) then all bets are off.
However, those catastrophic failure of privacy, while technically allowed by the definition of \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP, are not something that can really happen with the DP algorithms and techniques used both in practice and in theoretical work. Before explaining why, let’s see what is the kind of desirable behaviour one would expect: a “smooth, manageable tradeoff of privacy parameters.” For that discussion, let’s introduce the privacy loss random variable: given an algorithm M and two neighbouring inputs D,D’, let \(f(y)\) be defined as \[ f(y) = \log\frac{\Pr[M(D)=y]}{\Pr[M(D’)=y]} \] for every possible output \(y\in\Omega\). Now, define the random variable \(Z := f(M(D))\) (implicitly, \(Z\) depends on \(D,D',M\)). This random variable quantifies how much observing the output of the algorithm \(M\) helps distinguishing between \(D\) and \(D'\).
Now, going a little bit fast, you can check that saying that \(M\) is \(\varepsilon\)-DP corresponds to the guarantee “\(\Pr[Z > \varepsilon] = 0\) for all neighbouring inputs \(D,D'\).” Similarly, \(M\) being \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP is the guarantee \(\Pr[Z > \varepsilon] \leq \delta\).\({}^{(\dagger)}\) For instance, the “catastrophic failure of privacy” corresponds to the scenario below, which depicts a possible distribution for \(Z\): \(Z\leq \varepsilon\) with probability \(1-\delta\), but then with probability \(\delta\) we have \(Z\gg 1\).
What we would like is a smoother thing, where even when \(Z>\varepsilon\) is still remains reasonable and doesn’t immediately become large. A nice behaviour of the tails, ideally something like this:
For instance, if we had a bound on \(\mathbb{E}[|Z|]\), we could use Markov’s inequality to get, well, something. For instance, imagine we had \(\mathbb{E}[|Z|]\leq \varepsilon\delta\): then \[ \Pr[ |Z| > \varepsilon ] \leq \frac{\mathbb{E}[|Z|]}{\varepsilon }\leq \delta \] (great! We have \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP); but also \(\Pr[ |Z| > 10\varepsilon ] \leq \frac{\delta}{10}\). Privacy violations do not blow up out of proporxtion immediately, we can trade \(\varepsilon\) for \(\delta\). That seems like the type of behaviour we would like our algorithms to exhibit.
But why stop at Markov’s inequality then, which gives some nice but still weak tail bounds? Why not ask for stronger: Chebyshev’s inequality? Subexponential tail bounds? Hell, subgaussian tail bounds? This is, basically, what some stronger notions of differential privacy than approximate DP give.
-
Rényi DP [Mironov17], for instance, is a guarantee on the moment-generating function (MGF) of the privacy random variable \(Z\): it has two parameters, \(\alpha>1\) and \(\tau\), and requires that \(\mathbb{E}[e^{(\alpha-1)Z}] \leq e^{(\alpha-1)\tau}\) for all neighbouring \(D,D'\). In turn, by applying for instance Markov’s inequality to the MGF of \(Z\), we can control the tail bounds, and get a nice, smooth tradeoff in terms of \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP.
-
Concentrated DP (CDP) [BS16] is an even stronger requirement, which roughly speaking requires the algorithm to be Rényi DP simultaneously for all \(1< \alpha \leq \infty\). More simply, this is “morally” a requirement on the MGF of \(Z\) which asks it to be subgaussian.
The above two examples are not just fun but weird variants of DP: they actually capture the behaviour of many well-known differentially private algorithms, and in particular that of the Gaussian mechanism. While the guarantees they provide are less easy to state and interpret than \(\varepsilon\)-DP or \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP, they are incredibly useful to analyze those algorithms, and enjoy very nice composition properties… and, of course, lead to that smooth tradeoff between \(\varepsilon\) and \(\delta\) for \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP.
To summarize:
- \(\varepsilon\)-DP gives great guarantees, but is a very stringent requirement. Corresponds to the privacy loss random variable supported on \([-\varepsilon,\varepsilon]\) (no tails!)
- \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP gives guarantees easy to parse, but on its face allows for very bad behaviours. Corresponds to the privacy loss random variable in \([-\varepsilon,\varepsilon]\) with probability \(1-\delta\) (but outside, all bets are off!)
- Rényi DP and Concentrated DP correspond to something in between, controlling the tails of the privacy loss random variable by a guarantee on its MGF. A bit harder to interpret, but capture the behaviour of many DP building blocks can be converted to \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP (with nice trade-offs between \(\varepsilon\) and \(\delta\).
\({}^{(\dagger)}\) The astute reader may notice that this is not quite true. Namely, the guarantee \(\Pr[Z > \varepsilon] \leq \delta\) on the privacy loss random variable (PLRV) does imply \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-differential privacy, but the converse does not hold. See, for instance, Lemma 9 of [CKS20] for an exact characterization of \((\varepsilon,\delta)\)-DP in terms of the PLRV.
[cite this]