How does micom
model communities¶
There are many frameworks for microbial modeling and all make their own
specific assumptions in order to fit microbial communities into a
mathematical representation. This is an overview about the assumptions
micom
makes and how it translates the community into mathematical
terms. As it happens all formulations here agree with the formulation
used in the OptCom
and SteadyCom papers.
Exchanges and community growth rate¶
One of the things that can easily overlooked when using FBA for communities is that growth rates and fluxes are usually given in unit mass/(abundance * time), for instance mmmol/(gDW * h). Thus, all fluxes are realtive to the abundance of the single bacteria they describe. However, in a community all bacteria might have different abundances so we have to take care to balance fluxes. For instance let us take a system contianing only one bacteria \(i\) which imports metabolite X from the external medium. In the medium metabolite X enters the system with an unscaled flux \(v^m_x\) which has units mmmol/h. Within the bacteria the metabolite is consumed with the sclaed flux \(v^i_x\) which has units mmol/(gDW * h). \(v^i_x\) described the flux that can be realized by 1 gDW of the respective bacteria. However, the abundance for bacteria \(i\), \(b_i\) (in gDW), might be different than that. In order to have balanced fluxes we have to enforce that \(v^m_x = b_i \cdot v^i_x\) (overall influx equals overall consumption). If many bacteria import the respective metabolite we thus need to enforce
The actual abundances \(b_i\) are usually not known, but we can divide the equation by the total bacterial abundance \(B = \sum_i b_i\) and obtain
\(\tilde{v}^m_x\) is now a scaled flux in the medium relative to the
overall bacterial biomass in the community. The relative abundances
\(\tilde{b}_i = b_i/B\) can be taken from metagenomic studies such
as 16S rRNA quantities. This is how micom
uses abundance data.
In a similar manner the unscaled community growth rate (total biomass production) is given by
and dividing by the total biomass \(B\) yields
where \(\tilde{v}_{biomass}\) now again is a scaled biomass flux relative to the total community biomass.
Steady states in the community¶
micom
has be designed with the gut microbiota in mind. One of the
major problems when trying to apply flux balance analysis (FBA) to
microbial community data especially metagenomic data are paradoxical
assumptions about community growth. Flux balance analysis usually
assumes a maximization of the growth rate, or at least the realization
of one particular growth rate \(\mu\), however metagenomic
experiments usually only quantify the microbial compositions at one
particular time point, assuming that the microbial abundance does not
change. Those two assumptions are not compatible per sé. If members of
the community grow with a constant rate they will accumulate
exponentially over time, however we know that this is not the case in
systems as the intestine (otherwise we would probably explode due to an
overpopulation of bacteria and fungi). This disagreement can be
aleviated by accounting for dilution of the microbiota. For instance in
the gut bacteria are constantly removed in small amounts by death (when
arriving at their specific life span) and in larger amounts by
defecation. The sum of all processes removing bacteria from the system
is what we call dilution here. In micom
we assume the follwing about
the dilution process:
- It is relative to the bacterial abundance (the more you have in your system the more is removed by dilution)
- It may be specific to the bacterial strain
- It may specific to the sample
- is known to be true for the gut microbiome since we know that a higher concentration of a bacteria in the gut is usually associated with a higher concentration in stool samples (which is the major dilution contributor). This is the same assumption made in the recent SteadyCom publication. (2) is based on the observation that bacteria may have distinct spatial arrangements which make it easier or hader to be diluted. (3) is based on the assumption that the respective systems may be different (no gut is the same :D), however it is one of the assumptions we are currently trying to validate. As a consequence we assume that the abundance for bacteria \(i\), \(b_i\) occurs with a growth rate \(\mu_i\) and balances with a linear dilution process \(d_i\) as
As we can see absolute bacterial abundance can only be in steady state if \(\mu_i = d_i\) for all \(i\). Additionally one could also formulate the problem in terms of relative concentrations to the total community abundance \(B = \sum_i b_i\) using the quotient rule, which yields:
As one can see, this equation has a steady state if all differences are the same \(\mu_i - d_i = C\) for any constant C:
However, in this the total abundance \(B\) would increase indefinitely in time. In particular it holds that \(\frac{dB}{dt} = C\).
Okay, what can we conclude from that? Most importantly that any abundance \(b_i\) or relative abundance \(\tilde{b}_i\) can be a valid steady state abundance as long as the respective growth and dilution rates are balanced. This means on can not directly derive the growth rate of a bacteria just from its abundance (e.g. large abundance does not mean large growth rate or vicer versa).
Optimization¶
micom
follows the idea from the original
OptCom publication in
that there are two major sources of pressure to dictate the community
growth:
- the community growth rate \(\tilde{v}_{biomass}\)
- individual (egoistic) growth rates \(v^i_{biomass}\)
The major challenge is to find the tradeoff between the two. One could optimize only the community growth, however that might yield many bacterial species that do not grow (competition) which might stand in contrast to metagenomic studies where the bacteria was actually found in the sample. Also, bacteria are seldom evolved to sacrifice their own growth in favour of community growth.
The original OptCom algorithm solves the multi-objective problem:
micom
can solve this problem using a dualization approach where the
dual
formulation
is appended to the linear problem and strong
duality is enforced to
transform objectives into additional constraints. However, that is slow
and there may be weak pareto
optimality.
As quick alternative one could define lower bounds for the the individual biomass objectives and enforce those, yielding a single objective
In order to simplify the problem a bit, micom
defines an additional
partial objective called “cooperativity cost” which quantifies how much
of their own growth the entire population has to sacrifice in order to
optimize the growth of the community. Given the individual maximal
growth \(v^i_{max}\) for each member of the community
cooperativity cost
is defined as:
The quadratic term favours small deviations over larger ones. Alternatively, the cooperativity cost can also be formulated as a linear term
micom
can again solve the multi-objective case where community
growth is maximized at the same time where the cooperativity cost is
minimized. However, this again uses dualization and is slow. A faster
approach can be obtained by using scalarization
approach.
Here, we combine both objectives into a single one:
Here, \(0 \geq \alpha \leq 1\) defines the tradeoff between individual and community growth. Again one could also use the linear term for the cooperativity cost. This does not require dualization and is fast. In fact, even trying out several possible values for \(\alpha\) will usually be faster than the dualized version allowing to plot the tradeoff against the community growth and the cooperativity cost (thus evaluating the entire Pareto front).


This is a simple test of the base 64 (url) class and lets you enter hex text (0-9,A-F), and encoded text and convert between the 2. Automated unit tests are also provided to automate testing but having demo is always nice.


Here is a story of when I got stuck by something rather simple.
During week two of DevAcademy foundations I was tasked with creating a basic homepage for a website that would later host my blogs.
I had already been in isolation for several weeks prior to this doing an online web development course. In that course I learned about bootstrap, a CSS framework. The framework is nice because it does a lot of the heavy lifting.
I had the idea to create my homepage using the bootstrap framework as it was still (mostly) fresh in the think tank. One of the features I was really looking forward to adding to the homepage was the carousel, so my blogs could slide along the screen.
I knew what I wanted and that was to have the buttons you click on to go to the next blog, and previous blog, stretch all the way to the corners of the window.
This is where I got blocked.
I couldn’t figure it out immediately, so I played around in DevTools for far too long, thinking that I could just trial and error my way through it. After much frustration at not being able to solve the issue I tried to re-watch old tutorials about the carousel. But I sped through them, angry at myself for not remembering, which only made it worse as I didn’t get anything out of that.
After too much frustration I asked for help. Within literally 60 seconds my flatmate had come over to my laptop and analysed what I was trying to achieve. He goes:
“Have you tried increasing the padding?”
Problem solved. In less than 60 seconds. The Relief.
What did I learn from this? Don’t be afraid to ask for help. Which brings me to my since acquired favourite proverb:
"The person who asks is a fool for five minutes, but the person who does not ask remains a fool forever.” - Source unknown.
That was a comical start to problem solving as a developer. Since then I’ve learned that there’s this thing called google, and we now get along very well.
In this next story, my problem solving skills were considerably more thought out.
During week four of DevAcademy foundations I was practicing unit testing. In this particular test I had to write code that would:
I had a fairly good idea of what I thought the solution would be, and I was pretty amped. But this time before I got stuck into typing out the solution I thought I had best validate my assumptions with a quick google.
I opened a new tab for each array and string method I though I would need, to make sure I understood what they did.
Then I quickly jotted down what I thought the solution would be as pseudocode on some paper, paused, had one last look over it to make sure it made sense, AND then I wrote it into the code editor.
A spectacular failure, it returned a string with only ‘buzz’ words. So I immediately went to the tab that had the ‘.filter()’ open to have another read. I quickly realised my mistake, changed one symbol around in my code and BOOM, it worked.
This time around the problem solving process was much less stressful. I actually rather enjoyed it.
I learned a few things from this experience.
Those were just a few stories I wanted to share of my own experience with problem solving. The takeaway being, if one method isn’t work then try another!
Here are a bunch more problem solving methods you could adopt.
This is essentially where you write out the code in plain English prior to translating it into actual code.
I really like using this to get my ideas onto paper first so that I can make sense of them, rather than trying to go straight to the solution.
The method speaks for itself, give something a go.
Hands down my favourite method. I feel I learn best when I just give things a go and see what happens. But it comes with a caveat, you have to reflect on what your input was and how that relates to the output. Otherwise you don’t get nearly as much out of it.
So if you give something a go, I recommend taking a little time to understand what you did and how it gave you that result.
This is pretty nifty. The idea is simple, get a rubber ducky and explain things to it.
There’s another level of learning that takes place when you’re forced to explain your understanding to another being (even if it is a squishy yellow bath toy).
Honestly I’ve never tried doing this with an actual rubber ducky but I can see the benefit. I’ve played around substituting a rubber ducky with my flatmates and find it useful in exposing gaps in my understanding.
Pretty straight forward. Have a look at the error message and see what it’s trying to tell you.
I’m a big fan of this. More often than not it’s telling me my syntax is wrong and will even go so far as to point out what line I’ve made a mistake.
Other times it’s a little more difficult, but can at least point me in the direction of a more accurate google.
As you go through your code, console.log small bits of code, functions, variables, and so on. I pretty much do this out of habit now.
Console.logging helps you see what the the code is doing behind the scenes. I find it very useful in finding where things have gone wrong.
The internet has all the answers if you know what the question is.
I find the game with Google is to maximise the keywords you use. So say for example you wanted to find out how to filter a certain word out of a string, you could try; “filter string javascript”.
This may not get you to the answer off the bat but you’ll learn a little more that’ll help you get there in the end.
I like how googling things often has the side effect of providing you with information that you will find useful down the line, with other problems.
I find this approach useful for when you run into a problem that you can’t find the solution to on google.
In the past I likely wouldn't have asked for help, but now I see the benefit in it. Chances are someone else has been or will be stuck there too and then you both get to learn from helping one another. It’s a WIN WIN.
I’ve absolutely no problem with this one. This is what coaches are for, to facilitate development.
If all else fails, ask those who are the most experienced.
As I said in my ‘Trying something’ rant, I think this technique is fundamental in any area of development.
It can be done in a broad sense, where you reflect at the end of each day and ask yourself what you’ve learned, and what you could change next time. Or it could be done for individual tasks, with the same questions asked.
I liken it to journaling/ use journaling as a way to continuously reflect on what has been done. I’m fairly biased but If you haven’t tried journalling before I highly recommend it.
Thanks for reading!


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All applications using this client secret will need to be updated to be able to request for tokens and access protected resources.
Client will be deleted, applications related to this client will no longer be able to request for tokens and access protected resources.
Configure your client's settings to interact with the authorization server to request for access tokens and gain access to protected resources.
The authorization server relies on OAuth 2.0/OpenID Connect protocols. Check out those configurations for more advanced features.


Form Message Input Group
The Form Input Message Group has a built-in popover component which uses most of the
popover
properties.
At a minimum, it should contain a control element and a FormMessage
. The Form Message can be paired
with one of the components listed below:
- Input
- Textarea
- Input Group
- Multi Input
Form Message State in Input Type
The Form Message offers four value states listed below:
- Information: The message is informative guiding the user on how to fill out the input.
-
Warning: The message is giving the user warnings on the data input format although it doesn't stop
the user with moving forward.
-
Error: The message tells the user that the data entered is invalid and the user cannot move forward.
- Success: The message shows that the user has entered the data correctly.
The value state message can be either a plain text or a formatted text.


--- layout: post authors: ["Ross Mounce"] title: "The Open Research Glossary" date: 2015-07-16 time: "08:00:00" tags: ["Community", "Research", "Education", "Open Science"] ---
It's been knocking around for a while now, but this week saw a big new release of the Open Research Glossary, a crowdsourced glossary of terms, acronyms, tools and concepts in and around open science. There's a lot of jargon in this area and it's often a barrier to understanding for the uninitiated. For example: 'green', 'gold', 'diamond' and 'hybrid' open access are shorthand terms which aren't always fully understood.
The alphabet soup of acronyms are even worse! Take SHERPA/RoMEO for instance: it's a brilliant resource for checking author self-archiving rights relative to publisher-imposed restrictions and embargoes, but the name 'SHERPA/RoMEO' doesn't exactly make that clear. This glossary aims to elucidate all the need-to-know terms in open scholarship.
The glossary compilation was initiated earlier in the year by myself and Jon Tennant after some really useful feedback on one of our open science talks. It emerged we had been guilty of loading our talk with too much technical jargon and too much assumed knowledge for some of the audience, and we had failed to communicate some of the core ideas as a result. So we decided to do something positive about this and create an entry-level community-written guide to all the most commonly referred-to stuff in open research.
There's no way we could have assembled all this content ourselves - it was a community effort.  The glossary is intentionally supplied under a Creative Commons Zero waiver so it is completely frictionless to copy, repost, re-edit, remix, translate, and redistribute. Please do spread this around, it's there to be used.
A wordle of the glossary content. 'Open' is unsurprisingly the top word!


We created a precise line following algorithm for the e-puck2 robot thanks to the addition of 3D printed hardware and a mirror, bypassing the robot’s sensor limitations.
- Date: May 2019
- Author: Thomas Kimble, Adrien Ohana
- Field of Study: Robotics, C++, CAD
- Context: EPFL Ba-6 Embedded Systems and Robotics Project
Goal
We were asked to create our own project using the e-puck2 robot, with the only instructions being to demonstrate its capabilities using all of its main sensors and actuators. Inspired by autonomous vehicles, we decided to create a line following algorithm with a track that included junctions or intersections. This would allow us to send sound commands to the robot to tell it which way to go at an intersection.
Method
The robot detects the line and intersections using the on-board camera and some image processing, and corrects each motor speed by executing a P controller to make it turn. An intersection is detected when the track starts to get thicker and reaches a threshold. Once an intersection is detected, the robot stops and awaits instructions. We use audio signal processing to detect the frequency of the sound remote and once an instruction is heard, the LEDs act as turn signals and the motors follow a predetermined path to follow the track in the wanted direction. Finally if the robot’s TOF sensor detects an object, we used a PI controller to keep the robot at a safe set distance to any of the obstacles or moving objects ahead of it.
This was our first introduction to threads so we wanted to make the most of this newly discovered feature by allowing our robot to execute multiple tasks at once. We used a state machine with three states each executing multiple threads at once:
- State 1: Follow Line, TOF sense, and search for intersection
- State 2: Stop and wait for sound instruction
- State 3: LED direction indication, motor function to change direction and clear intersection
Sensor limitations
We wrote some code to detect a line on a piece of paper using the robot’s on board camera which worked well. We implemented a P controller for motor speed regulation, but realised that the forward facing camera was not great at following lines below it. Despite using the pixels of the lower part of the sensor, the robot would not follow lines precisely as demonstrated in the video below.
We decided that we would create additional hardware to mount a mirror in front of the robot’s camera, allowing it to face straight down in front of it. We tested with some metal wire and the results were promising, and after multiple 3D printed iterations we ended up with a robust version seen in orange below.
I created the piece in Catia V5, my go-to CAD software. Some fiddling in Blender allowed me export the models in the .glb format, letting us showcase a more detailed view here.
Line Following Track
The robot can follow lines of thickness between 0.4 and 1cm with a minimum turn radius of 7.5cm. The robot detects an intersection when it notices a line thickness between 1.6 and 2.2cm and needs to be heading in a straight direction. We therefore define a Stop Triangle as shown here:
We can combine up to four Stop Triangle to create intersections where the robot stops and awaits one of four instructions from the sound remote. This allows us to create tracks where the robot can follow lines, arrive at intersections and await instructions.
An example of such a track can be found below. You can get quite creative! We even tried drawing tracks with a thick pen, which worked, but intersections are more tricky.
Sound Remote
We created a simple app with four buttons for each instruction, which generates a frequency detected by the robot.
| Instruction | Button | Sine Wave Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Skip Stop | ↑ | 2000 Hz |
| Left Turn | ← | 3000 Hz |
| Right Turn | → | 4000 Hz |
| U Turn | ↓ | 5000 Hz |
Results
We created additional hardware allowing us to mount a mirror on to the e-puck2 robot. Along with robust code, the robot could manage precise line following. We were happy with the project and were nominated for the GCtronic award given by the manufacturers of the robot, meaning we were in the top 6 projects of the class.
Although we don’t have a video of the final results on a track such as shown above, we have an earlier version for you to check out here:
Additional Material
For any more information on the project, please don’t hesitate to contact me here, or check out the report (in French) and code below.


Dynamic filters allow you to filter loaded content by class (each item must have dynafilter-item
class). Triggers may be anything you want (buttons, dropdown, spans, whatever). Targeted dynamic filter is selected via data-target
attribute of .dynafilter
element. Class to be filtered by is selected via data-class
attribute of .dynafilter-trigger
element.
| attribute | what for |
|---|---|
| .dynafilter[data-target] | selector (for querySeletor method) of targeted dynamic filter (any element with dynafilter-item children) |
| .dynafilter-trigger[data-class] | class to filter |

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Basic ocean-eye-bubble demo
Halo!
Toggle element
Spread bubbles
Reposition bubbles
Choose number and color of bubbles
Component sizes of bubble
Bubble content
87%
Anything you like


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load promgen %} {% block content %} {% regroup url_list by project as project_list %} {% regroup project_list by grouper.service as service_list %}


Type Function Library gameNetwork.* Revision Current Public Release (2013.2076) Keywords gameNetwork, show, leaderboards, achievements Sample code See also gameNetwork.init()
gameNetwork.request()
Displays the requested game network information to the user.
gameNetwork.show( name [, data ] )
String. Supports the following strings:
Google Play game services:
"leaderboards"
"achievements"
"selectPlayers"
"waitingRoom"
"invitations"
The following parameters are supported for the corresponding game networks:
leaderboards: View the leaderboard screen. From this screen you can navigate to all the different types of leaderboards. This function does not take a callback
Example "leaderboards" request:
-- Display the leaderboard.
gameNetwork.show( "leaderboards" )
achievements: View the achievements screen. It shows the achievements that the player has and has not obtained yet. This function does not take a callback
Example "achievements" request:
-- Display the player's achievements.
gameNetwork.show( "achievements" )
selectPlayers: Shows a screen where the player can select which players to invite to a game or choose to auto match players.
event.data in callback listener is an array of items that have the following properties: * maxAutoMatchPlayers (number) * minAutoMatchPlayers (number) * phase (string) * array
local function selectPlayersListener(event)
print(event.data[1], event.data[2], event.data[3]) -- prints the selected player ids
print(event.data.maxAutoMatchPlayers) -- prints the maximum number of auto match players
print(event.data.minAutoMatchPlayers) -- prints the minimum number of auto match players
print(event.data.phase) -- prints the phase, either "selected" or "cancelled"
end
-- Display the screen to select players for multiplayer
gameNetwork.show("selectPlayers",
{
listener = selectPlayersListener,
minPlayers = 1, -- This does NOT include the current player
maxPlayers = 3 -- This does NOT include the current player
})
waitingRoom: Shows the waiting room screen
event.data in callback listener is an array of items that have the following properties: * isError (boolean) * phase (string) * roomID (string) * array
local function waitingRoomListener(event)
print(event.type) -- "waitingRoom"
print(event.data.isError)
print(event.data.phase) -- "start" when the game can start, "cancel" when the user exited the waiting room screen, this will leave the room automatically
print(event.data.roomID) -- The roomId of the room the waiting room is for
print(event.data[1], event.data[2], event.data[3]) -- The participantIds of the room
end
-- Display the waiting room screen for a specific room
-- If the user exits the waiting room then the user will exit the room automatically
gameNetwork.show("waitingRoom",
{
listener = waitingRoomListener,
roomID = "3487324234",
minPlayers = 2, -- The minimum number of players before the game can start
})
invitations: Shows the current invitations for the user
event.data in callback listener is an array of items that have the following properties: * roomID (string) * phase (string) * isError (boolean)
local function invitationListener(event)
print(event.data.roomID) -- The id of the room the player selected to accept the invitation to
print(event.data.phase) -- The phase, either "selected" or "cancelled"
print(event.data.isError)
end
-- Display the invitations management screen
gameNetwork.show("invitations",
{
listener = invitationListener
})


What is this?
As part of MIT
PRIMES, I worked on a Computer Science research project with the
help of my mentor Bill. We considered the problem of creating a fast
algorithm with good theoretical guarantees for the "Parallel Partition
Problem". This website contains a visualization of two parallel
partition algorithms: the Strided Algorithm, and the Smoothed Striding
Algorithm (the algorithm we created).
For more information, see the poster below, see our implementation of our algorithms on GitHub and see see our paper on ArXiv
In this visualization Rectangle heights correspond to the values in the array A that we are partitioning. Below the array A are multiple subarrays, which correspond to the U_i / P_i of the Smoothed Striding / Strided Algorithms. In the visualization a rectangle is colored red if it is currently being processed, black if it was processed and did not need to be swapped, yellow if it was processed and did need to be swapped, and white if it has not yet been processed. The fact that the different levels tend to end up at about the same index is evidence that algorithms.
The visualization allows you to watch the algorithms execute on different inputs. It is especially interesting to see how the randomization in the Smoothed Striding algorithm makes it so that the "adversarial" input, which is constructed to be adversarial for the Strided algorithm, is treated just like any other case, whereas the Strided Algorithm performs very poorly on the adversarial input.


Staggering moment Boris Johnson takes ITV reporter's phone to avoid picture of boy, 4, on hospital floor
ITV reporter Joe Pike has said Boris Johnson took his phone off him when he showed him a picture of Jack Williment-Barr, the four-year-old with suspected pneumonia forced to lie on a pile of coats on the floor of a Leeds hospital
by James Rodger, https://www.facebook.com/jamesrodgerjournalistThis is the staggering moment Boris Johnson took a reporter's phone to avoid a photo of a four-year-old boy being forced to sleep on a hospital floor.
ITV reporter Joe Pike has said Boris Johnson took his phone off him when he showed him a picture of Jack Williment-Barr, the four-year-old with suspected pneumonia forced to lie on a pile of coats on the floor of a Leeds hospital.
The incident came as he was interviewing the PM.
He tweeted: "The PM grabbed my phone and put it in his pocket."
Shadow Education Secretary Angela Rayner said the clip of Mr Johnson was an "utter disgrace", adding: "Do you really want this man running the country for next 5 years?"
Responding to Mr Johnson's reaction after being confronted with the picture Jeremy Corbyn tweeted: "He just doesn't care."
After his phone was taken, the reporter told him: "You've refused to look at the photo, you have taken my phone and put it in your pocket."
"His mother says the NHS is in crisis, what do you say to that?"
The clip shows the Prime Minister then apologised and returns the reporter's phone before admitting it was a "terrible photo".


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Ant McPartlin reminds Emily Atack of sobriety after pub remark on Extra Camp
Ant McPartlin poked fun at his sobriety during last night’s I’m A Celebrity: Extra Camp after Emily Atack cracked a joke about going for a drink with newcomer Andy Whyment.
Andy was joined by fellow soap star and former EastEnders actor Cliff Parisi last night and won us all over as a die hard superfan of the show.
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The presenter was famously absent from last year’s I’m A Celebrity… Get Me Out of Here! and replaced by Holly Willoughby after he was charged with drink-driving in March 2018.
Ant subsequently pulled out of all TV duties for the remainder of the year.
However, the 44-year-old is now even making light of the disaster live on air during the ITV2 spin-off show.
When The Inbetweeners actress explained she’d love ‘to go for a pint’ with Andy, Ant reminded the 29-year-old that he can’t.
‘Or a coke,’ he chipped in, before Declan Donnelly burst out in laughter.
Fans have been delighted to have Ant and Dec back together in the jungle, although ideally they’d love to see two become three and have Holly back on the series too after she not only made the perfect stand-in, the This Morning host actually boosted I’m A Celebrity viewing figures to record heights.
But the real star of the series has to be Caitlyn Jenner, who has been leaning all the Girls Aloud dance moves, spilling the Kardashians tea and even having a pop at soap stars when she’s currently living with three of them.
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I’m A Celebrity… Get Me Out of Here! continues tonight at 9pm on ITV.
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Use the field below to specify the maximum number of parameters a constructor is allowed to have.
Use the combobox below to specify if the inspection should ignore private, package local & private or protected, package local and private constructors
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QEMU virtio-fs shared file system daemon¶
Synopsis¶
virtiofsd [OPTIONS]
Description¶
Share a host directory tree with a guest through a virtio-fs device. This program is a vhost-user backend that implements the virtio-fs device. Each virtio-fs device instance requires its own virtiofsd process.
This program is designed to work with QEMU’s --device vhost-user-fs-pci
but should work with any virtual machine monitor (VMM) that supports
vhost-user. See the Examples section below.
This program must be run as the root user. Upon startup the program will switch into a new file system namespace with the shared directory tree as its root. This prevents “file system escapes” due to symlinks and other file system objects that might lead to files outside the shared directory. The program also sandboxes itself using seccomp(2) to prevent ptrace(2) and other vectors that could allow an attacker to compromise the system after gaining control of the virtiofsd process.
Options¶
-
-h
,
--help
¶
Print help.
-
-V
,
--version
¶
Print version.
-
-d
¶
Enable debug output.
-
--syslog
¶
Print log messages to syslog instead of stderr.
-
-o
OPTION
¶ debug - Enable debug output.
flock|no_flock - Enable/disable flock. The default is
no_flock
.modcaps=CAPLIST Modify the list of capabilities allowed; CAPLIST is a colon separated list of capabilities, each preceded by either + or -, e.g. ‘’+sys_admin:-chown’’.
log_level=LEVEL - Print only log messages matching LEVEL or more severe. LEVEL is one of
err
,warn
,info
, ordebug
. The default isinfo
.norace - Disable racy fallback. The default is false.
posix_lock|no_posix_lock - Enable/disable remote POSIX locks. The default is
posix_lock
.readdirplus|no_readdirplus - Enable/disable readdirplus. The default is
readdirplus
.source=PATH - Share host directory tree located at PATH. This option is required.
timeout=TIMEOUT - I/O timeout in seconds. The default depends on cache= option.
writeback|no_writeback - Enable/disable writeback cache. The cache alows the FUSE client to buffer and merge write requests. The default is
no_writeback
.xattr|no_xattr - Enable/disable extended attributes (xattr) on files and directories. The default is
no_xattr
.
-
--socket-path
=PATH
¶ Listen on vhost-user UNIX domain socket at PATH.
-
--fd
=FDNUM
¶ Accept connections from vhost-user UNIX domain socket file descriptor FDNUM. The file descriptor must already be listening for connections.
-
--thread-pool-size
=NUM
¶ Restrict the number of worker threads per request queue to NUM. The default is 64.
-
--cache
=none|auto|always
¶ Select the desired trade-off between coherency and performance.
none
forbids the FUSE client from caching to achieve best coherency at the cost of performance.auto
acts similar to NFS with a 1 second metadata cache timeout.always
sets a long cache lifetime at the expense of coherency.
Examples¶
Export /var/lib/fs/vm001/
on vhost-user UNIX domain socket
/var/run/vm001-vhost-fs.sock
:
host# virtiofsd --socket-path=/var/run/vm001-vhost-fs.sock -o source=/var/lib/fs/vm001
host# qemu-system-x86_64 \
-chardev socket,id=char0,path=/var/run/vm001-vhost-fs.sock \
-device vhost-user-fs-pci,chardev=char0,tag=myfs \
-object memory-backend-memfd,id=mem,size=4G,share=on \
-numa node,memdev=mem \
...
guest# mount -t virtiofs myfs /mnt


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Spatial Version Control with GeoGig
There are a lot of concepts that are core to the programming and development communities that have yet to manifest themselves (to the masses) in the GIS world. One of them is version control.
Basics
If you have ever used git or svn, you know of it’s usefulness in maintaining a movable history of the ‘state’ of your code or other files. If you have never heard of version control, it is simply a system that keeps track of changes and allows you to ‘roll-back’ if needed. You can visualize these changes (additions and subtractions) and provide readable comments with every commit. It also provides methods to resolve conflicts if multiple changes contradict each other.
I one had a colleague who explained version control very elegantly.
‘copy and paste is the one true evil.’ - colleague/friend
To be honest, I use this all the time when I try to explain the usefulness of version control. When you copy and paste, you now have two completely separate datasets that know nothing about each other. When one is updated, the other falls behind and trying to keep them smartly in sync can become futile. With version control, we can checkout a copy, make changes, and commit them back to the remote repository. If updates need to be rolled back, we can easily revert them.
Why GIS Needs It
Technically, Esri has been using versioning in enterprise geodatabase solutions for some time now. It allows concurrent editing of a geodatabase, conflict management, and the ability to revert to a previous state. However, it requires complex setup and the need to be in the Esri environment.
I’ll be the first to admit my working project folders usually have about 10+ versions of the same dataset. GIS analysts are always worried about needing to revert their edits or make a backup in the event of bad edits. When I worked for the City of Charleston, most of my work was with the planning department. My ‘final changes’ were never actually final and I would gulp when I heard the phrase “let’s go back to the version we used for the last city council meeting…”. If your like me, you have a folder that looks like this:
bike_route_01152014.shp
bike_route_01202014.shp
bike_route_proposal1.shp
bike_route_final.shp
bike_route_final2.shp
bike_route_final_for_real.shp
This is a one simple example of why we need version control… badly.
Another reason is making sure your team is always working with the latest data. Even if everybody is working on a local clone of a spatial dataset, they could run a quick pull command at anytime and retrieve the most up to date data.
Why Not Just Use Git?
Current version control systems like git work great for text. The flawlessly track what text was added or removed, and this provides the information we need to understand changes. Spatial data is binary, and although current systems will track the changes, it doesn’t provide us with much insight into what changed. If we wanted to understand what changes were made in our latest commit, we would only see that a bunch of 1’s and 0’s changed… not much help. What we need to see is how many features were added, modified, or removed and on which dataset.
Geogig Background
GeoGig (previouly GeoGit) is a distributed version control system (DVCS) for geospatial data. The ‘distributed’ term is important and follows closer to the architecture of Git than SVN (google git vs svn for more info). The software is open source, and currently maintained by the Eclipse Foundation and formerly maintained by BoundlessGeo. A disclaimer on the GeoGig site states that is in ‘development’ and considered unstable. In my short experience with the software, it worked great, but I would not yet use this in a full production environment.
I would love to see GeoGig developed to be stable enough to use as a reliable tool for spatial data version control.
GeoGig Sample Workflow
I would recommend following the Getting Started guide for downloading and getting up and running with GeoGig. The following workflow will demonstrate the following scenario:
You are working in a team environment editing bike routes. The shapefile needs to be accessible on your local computer for when you are editing in the field and taking work home. You also need to push your changes to a shared network drive and pull down changes that other editors are doing. I will assume you are working in a windows environment.
-
On your (S:) shared drive, initialize a GeoGig repository. This is where your master repo will live, and will act like a library for users to check out and back in their edits.
S:master_routes> geogig init
-
This will create a .geogig directory that will track all of your changes, among other things. You will need to import your bike_routes shapefile which can be anywhere. For this example I will assume it’s in the same folder as your newly created GeoGig repository. Think of this step as putting it into a warehouse.
S:master_routes> geogig shp import ./bike_routes.shp
-
Now that it is in the warehouse, you need add it to a loading dock - like location before committing it entirely. Only changes will be added, and in our initial case will be all of our existing features in bike_routes.
S:master_routes> geogig add
-
This is the equivalent of ‘add all changes’ to our loading dock to be shipped from the warehouse.
S:master_routes> geogig commit -m "Add initial commit of bike routes"
-
The -m trigger allows us to add a message with our commit. This is helpful to make each commit human readable and easier to use. Now we want all of our users/editors of this repository to pull down a working repo to their local machines. For this, our (S:) shared drive will act as a remote repository. From our (C:) local drive, we can add our connection:
C:local_bike_routes> geogig clone S:/bike_routes/
-
The clone command clones our master repository and automatically creates a remote tracking branch. In essence, it is a clone that knows how to access it’s master. It can pull down any changes done to, or push changes up to the master. Our master remote branch is automatically named origin. If you look in your directory you might be confused. There bike_routes shapefile is nowhere to be found, only a .geogig directory?!?! With GeoGig, everything is stored in the database within the .geogig repository. If you want to export the shapefile to work on, you will have to do this implicitly:
C:local_bike_routes> geogig shp export HEAD:bike_routes ./bike_routes.shp
-
This exports out a shapefile for you to work on. You can also export the data out in various different formats (geojson, postgres, spatialite, etc), which can be a great tool in itself. Now that you have a local shapefile to edit, you can make the changes you need in whatever software you are using (qgis, arcgis, etc). Once you are ready to push the changes up to the master repository, you will have to use a couple command line steps. You will need to: import the shapefile into your local repo, stage your edits (loading dock), and commit them (put them on the truck). Once everything is committed in your local geogig repository, you will push the changes to your remote (origin) branch.
C:local_bike_routes> geogig shp import ./bike_routes.shp -d bike_routes C:local_bike_routes> geogig add C:local_bike_routes> geogig commit -m "Add new rutledge ave bike route" C:local_bike_routes> geogig push origin master
-
We have now updated not only our own bike_routes feature, but also the feature on our S: drive. All our other editors working on their own local repositories can pull in these changes, and view your comments in the log.
C:local_bike_routes> geogig pull origin master C:local_bike_routes> geogig log
Discussion
I tried this workflow on a dataset that I need to continually update and share (even through I warned you not to use it in production). It worked without error and organized my process ten-fold. Below are things I liked, and some I didn’t.
Positive:
- I liked that it inherits from git. Most of the commands are the same, although the workflow is slightly different. This makes the learning curve very minimal for those already familiar with git.
- The distributed architecture works well for geospatial data
- Being able to export to different formats is great.
- The documentation is clear and concise.
- Fast.
Negative:
- No support for file geodatabase. This means you will have to export to a shapefile to use this utility.
- I don’t like that I have to import my data before I add and commit it. Importing and then adding seems redundant and complicates the process. This part is different from git.
- This may be lazy, but typing git is easier than typing geogig. I typed it a lot in my workflow and it would be easier if it defaulted to gig or something simple. Again, I could just be lazy and this could probably be changed easily.
It would be also nice to see a GitHub-like solution for publishing and collaborating on spatial data. Overall I liked it and will be using this a lot more in my current work. I encourage both the use and further development of GeoGig to create a stable solution for geospatial data version control.
Extras
GeoGig has many extras that I didn’t cover in this article that I think others should check out. Here are a few:
- Importing OSM Data into GeoGig
- The GeoGig Console
- Using GeoGig with GeoServer
- Build in Web Server and API
I especially liked the GeoGig console. This allowed me to more easily write a batch script that exported the latest shapefiles our of my master repository and output a log of all recent commits.
#
Other Links: James Fee Article on GIS Version Control


source
code documentation
md5.h File Reference
Detailed Description
Header of MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.
- Author:
- Niklaus Schild<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This document is part of embedded IPsec
Copyright (c) 2003 Niklaus Schild and Christian Scheurer, HTI Biel/Bienne
All rights reserved.
This file contains code from the OpenSSL Project
portions Copyright (c) 1998-2003 OpenSSL (www.openssl.org)
Definition in file md5.h.
#include "ipsec/types.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
|
Data Structures |
| struct | MD5state_st |
Defines |
| #define | MD5_LONG __u32 |
| #define | MD5_CBLOCK 64 |
| #define | MD5_LBLOCK (MD5_CBLOCK/4) |
| #define | MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH 16 |
Typedefs |
| typedef MD5state_st | MD5_CTX |
Functions |
| void | MD5_Init (MD5_CTX *c) |
| void | MD5_Update (MD5_CTX *c, const void *data, unsigned long len) |
| void | MD5_Final (unsigned char *md, MD5_CTX *c) |
| unsigned char * | MD5 (const unsigned char *d, unsigned long n, unsigned char *md) |
| void | MD5_Transform (MD5_CTX *c, const unsigned char *b) |
| void | hmac_md5 (unsigned char *, int, unsigned char *, int, unsigned char *) |
Define Documentation
|
|
Definition at line 58 of file md5.h. |
| #define MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH 16
|
|
|
|
Definition at line 60 of file md5.h. |
| #define MD5_LBLOCK (MD5_CBLOCK/4)
|
|
|
|
Definition at line 59 of file md5.h. |
|
|
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! MD5_LONG has to be at least 32 bits wide. If it's wider, then ! ! MD5_LONG_LOG2 has to be defined along. ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Definition at line 55 of file md5.h. |
Typedef Documentation
Function Documentation
| void hmac_md5 |
( |
unsigned char * |
text, |
|
|
int |
text_len, |
|
|
unsigned char * |
key, |
|
|
int |
key_len, |
|
|
unsigned char * |
digest |
|
) |
|
|
|
|
RFC 2104 hmac_md5 function calculates a digest from a given data buffer and a given key.
- Parameters:
-
| text | pointer to data stream |
| text_len | length of data stream |
| key | pointer to authentication key |
| key_len | length of authentication key |
| digest | caller digest to be filled in 128-bit |
- Returns:
- void
Definition at line 559 of file md5.c. |
| unsigned char* MD5 |
( |
const unsigned char * |
d, |
|
|
unsigned long |
n, |
|
|
unsigned char * |
md |
|
) |
|
|
|
|
Definition at line 60 of file md5.c. |
| void MD5_Final |
( |
unsigned char * |
md, |
|
|
MD5_CTX * |
c |
|
) |
|
|
|
|
Definition at line 79 of file md5.c. |
| void MD5_Transform |
( |
MD5_CTX * |
c, |
|
|
const unsigned char * |
b |
|
) |
|
|
| void MD5_Update |
( |
MD5_CTX * |
c, |
|
|
const void * |
data, |
|
|
unsigned long |
len |
|
) |
|
|
|


FVID2 video buffer format specification. More...
#include <csl_fvid2_dataTypes.h>
Data Fields | |
| uint32_t | chNum |
| uint32_t | width |
| uint32_t | height |
| uint32_t | pitch [FVID2_MAX_PLANES] |
| uint32_t | fieldMerged [FVID2_MAX_PLANES_PER_FIELD] |
| uint32_t | dataFormat |
| uint32_t | scanFormat |
| uint32_t | ccsFormat |
FVID2 video buffer format specification.
Used during Fvid2_create() by some drivers. Used as parameter to Fvid2_setFormat(), Fvid2_getFormat() by some drivers.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::ccsFormat |
Color Component Storage format. For valid values see #Fvid2_ColorCompStorageFmt.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::chNum |
Channel Number to which this format belongs to.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::dataFormat |
Frame data Format. For valid values see #Fvid2_DataFormat.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::fieldMerged[FVID2_MAX_PLANES_PER_FIELD] |
This field tells whether both the fields have to be merged, i.e line interleaved or not. Used only for interlaced format. The effective pitch is calculated based on this information along with pitch parameter. If fields are merged, effective pitch = pitch * 2 else effective pitch = pitch.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::height |
Height of the video frame or field in lines.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::pitch[FVID2_MAX_PLANES] |
Pitch in bytes for each of the sub-buffers. This represents the difference between two consecutive line addresses in bytes. This is irrespective of whether the video is interlaced or progressive and whether the fields are merged or separated for interlaced video.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::scanFormat |
Scan Format. For valid values see #Fvid2_ScanFormat.
| uint32_t Fvid2_Format::width |
Width of the video frame or field in pixels.


My Gregorc Thinking Style is best described as Concrete Random. Although I'm a bit uncertain as to the validity of this measure (this strikes me as being eerily similar to my horoscope), the descriptors it uses are consistent with how I prefer to learn. Concrete Random is described as enjoying experimentation to find answers, one who takes risks, uses intuition, and enjoys solving problems independently.
While at Dev Bootcamp, I'll need to capitalize on all these qualities while trying to become more comfortable working in groups (or more importantly, pairs). Peer pairing is an integral part of the DBC experience, and I need to remain open to the practice (as much as I'd like to just sit by myself for 8 hours coding.)
My biggest struggle thus far has been persistance when faced with an issue I can't seem to understand. I consider myself intelligent and hardwork, and when I'm faced with something I can't understand after trying several times, it can be a bit disheartening. Some mental strategies I've been developing have been to always remember that everything is learnable, one just needs enough time and to see it presented in different ways. Having the patience to do so is what'll be so important for me in the future.
I can most succintly describe fixed and growth mindsets by saying the former is a mindset where anything can be learned with enough time and effort in spite of failure, and the latter shys away from learning anything that may seem insurmountable at first. I'm still a recovering growth mindset guy. But I'm slowly coming around after witnessing time and time again how persistence allows me to learn things that have otherwise baffled me for hours at a time. I just need to remain conscious of that one belief, and not feel sorry for myself when I'm struggling. There's nothing that interferes with personal growth quite like self-pity.


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of programs, or loss of information), or any other damages arising in any way
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services on this Website or any other Spoint service, even if Spoint or a
Spoint authorized representative has been advised of the possibility of such
damages; or (ii) any claim attributable to errors, omissions, or other
inaccuracies in, or destructive properties of the Website. In no event shall
Spoint have any liability to you herein, for any claim or action arising from
use of the Website (whether in contract, tort, or otherwise).
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TRADEMARKS
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logos are trademarks and/or service marks of Spoint. Nothing contained in the
Website should be construed as granting, by implication or otherwise, any
license or right to use these marks without express written permission of
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Other
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USER
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If
at any time Spoint believes that your account and password is being misused in
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You
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any loss that you may incur as a result of someone else using your password or
account or your failure to comply with this section.
You
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indemnify for any loss that you may incur by either using the services or
acting upon any information provided by the services either directly or
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Details
of User Accounts and passwords are stored according to the encryption and cyber
security guidelines laid down by the Government of India. However Spoint takes
no responsibility for the protection of the same, and would not be liable under
any condition to indemnify anyone for the breach of the same.
6.
LINKED
SITES
Linked sites are not under the control of Spoint and
Spoint is not responsible for the contents of any linked site or any link
contained in a linked site. Spoint provides links to you only as a convenience,
and the inclusion of any link does not imply endorsement by Spoint of the site.
Spoint has no control over such third party website or any offsite dealings
with such third parties and the same is at your own risk. Spoint cannot
guarantee the availability of such linked pages at all times.
7.
WEBSITE
ACCESS
The
Website grants you a limited permission to access and make personal use of this
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portion. This permission does not include any resale or commercial use of this
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information for the benefit of another merchant; or any use of data mining,
robots, or similar data gathering and extraction tools. This Website or any
portion of this Website may not be reproduced, duplicated, copied, sold,
resold, visited, reverse engineered or otherwise exploited for any commercial
purpose without our express written consent.
We will do our utmost to ensure that availability of
the Website and Mobile Application will be uninterrupted and that transmissions
will be error free and that the Website and its Services do not face any
technical failures. However, due to the nature of the internet and the
available technology, this cannot be guaranteed. Also, your access to the
Website may be occasionally suspended or restricted to allow for repairs,
maintenance, or introduction of new facilities or Services at any time without
prior notice.
However Spoint takes no guarantee and liability of
the services, content and products whether provided directly by Spoint or by a
third party available on the Website and you will be solely responsible for all
actions taken by you either directly or indirectly with regard to the services,
content and products, whether you acted on this Website or otherwise. Spoint
won’t indemnify you for any losses suffered by you in this regard.
8.
USE
OF ANALYTICS & GPS
The
Website may use Third Party Tools, including tools for web and mobile
analytics. Third Party Tools uses “cookies”,
which are text files placed on your device, to help analyze how users use the
Website/application. The
information generated by the cookie about your use of the Website (including
your IP address) will be transmitted to and stored by Third Parties on servers
in India or Cloud (any part of the world). Third Parties will use this
information for the purpose of evaluating your use of the Website and Mobile
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other Services relating to Website activity and Internet usage. Third Parties
may also transfer this information to other parties where required to do so by
law, or where such other parties process the information on Third Parties
behalf. By using this Website, you consent to the processing of data about you
by Third Parties in the manner and for the purposes set out above.
If you do post content or submit material, and unless
we indicate otherwise, you grant the Owner/Website and its affiliates a
non-exclusive, royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable, and fully sub licensable
right to use, reproduce, modify, adapt, publish, translate, create derivative
works from, distribute, and display such content throughout the world in any
media. You grant Owner/Website and its affiliates and sub licensees the right
to use the name that you submit in connection with such content, if they choose.
You agree that the rights you grant herein are irrevocable during the entire
period of protection of your intellectual property rights associated with such
content and material. You agree to perform all further acts necessary to
perfect any of the above rights granted by you to www.spoint.live, including
execution of any deeds and documents, at its request. You represent and warrant
that you own or otherwise control all of the rights to the content that you
post; that the content is accurate, that use of the content you supply does not
violate this policy and will not cause injury to any person or entity; and that
you will indemnify Owner/Website and its affiliates for all claims resulting
from content you supply. www.spoint.live has the right but not the obligation
to monitor and edit or remove any activity or content. We take no
responsibility and assume no liability for any content posted by you or any
third party.
10.
MAP,
LOCATION SERVICE AND FEATURES
Timeline and current location -
Current Location of a user is detected using their phone GPS. Timeline which is
the route a user travels is updated every 60 seconds, which joins the dots
creating a line showing the entire route A to B to C to …N.
It shows the current location and
timeline of the past 24 hours (from current time) of a friend or of a person
whose account is an open account (not private account).
Features:
Check in-
Allows you to check in to any place on the Google Maps platform. On clicking
the place checked into it redirects the user to a Google Search of the place.
You can Check In at places already on Google maps or places not registered on
Google maps as well, but with no further Google search result if not
registered. Used as a social networking platform to share the places a user has
visited.
Search Friends around you- With a radius slider from 0-50kms, you can now search
for users (friends) you are following, or ALL non-private account users.
Helping you connect with friends or new people in a given area.
Map (Current Location & Timeline)- Located on a user’s profile
page. Run on Google Maps API. It shows you the current location and timeline
(route) travelled by a user for the last 24 hours (T-24). Location services
off. When a user’s location services are off, there will be no timeline updates
as well as it will show the last current location before the location services
were switched off, hence again not updating the user’s current location.
Groups-
On creating a group of users, for e.g. group of all family members or group of
your colleagues. You will be able to view all their current locations at once.
Helping you know where everyone in the group is. Can be used to plan what time
to meet someone (ETA). Also on clicking the direct button option helps you get
to either of the users using google maps.
11.
ADVERTISING
MATERIAL
Some
part of the Website and
Mobile Application may contain advertising information
or promotion material or other material submitted to Spoint by third parties.
Responsibility for ensuring that the material submitted for inclusion on
Website complies with applicable law is exclusively on the party providing the
information/material. Your correspondence or business dealings, or
participation in promotions of advertisers, including payment and delivery of
related goods or Services, and any other terms, conditions, warranties or
representations associated with such dealings, are solely between you and such
advertiser. Spoint will not be responsible or liable for any claim, error,
omission, inaccuracy in advertising material or any loss or damage of any sort
incurred as the result of any such dealings or as the result of the presence of
such advertisers on the Website. Spoint reserves the right to omit, suspend or
change the position of any advertising material submitted for insertion.
12.
TIMELINESS
& ACCURACY
While
Spoint uses reasonable efforts to include accurate and up-to-date information
on the Website/application, Spoint,
makes no warranties or representations as to its accuracy. Spoint assumes no
liability or responsibility for any typographical or other errors or omissions
in the content or regarding any information of user. Using the Website
indicates that you accept these Terms. In the event of any false or misleading
information, Spoint shall have the right to blacklist the particular user.
13.
TYPOGRAPHICAL
OR OTHER ERRORS
While
Spoint takes reasonable care and skill to provide information which is accurate
and up to date when first included on the Website, typographical and other
errors may nevertheless occur. Spoint does not undertake to update or correct
such information and reserves the right to modify, delete and rearrange any or
all of the contents of this Website at any time without notice to you. While
Spoint makes reasonable efforts to prevent unauthorized tampering with the
Website, Spoint does not guarantee that its efforts will always be successful.
Therefore, as set below, Spoint does not warranty that the Website materials
will be error-free, and disclaims any liability for such errors.
14.
DATA PRIVACY
This Website’s Privacy
Policy www.spoint.live governs our collection,
use, and disclosure of your personal information and is incorporated into these
Terms. Please read it carefully. It describes what information we collect from
you and when, how and why we may create an account for you, who we share your
information with and when and how you can opt-out or delete your account. This
is important information. By providing your personal details and by using our
Website, you consent to our Privacy Policy.
15.
APPLICABLE
LAW
This
Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted and construed in accordance with
the laws of India. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we reserve the right to
pursue any action or claim against you in any court of competent jurisdiction
which we believe is the most appropriate to seek any relief. The courts at
Mumbai, India shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any claims or matters
arising out of these Terms and Conditions.
16.
INTERNATIONAL
USE
We make
no representation that materials on this Website are appropriate or available
for use in locations outside India. Those who choose to access this Website
from other locations do so on their own initiative and are responsible for
compliance with local laws.
17.
DISCLAIMER
OF WARRANTIES
SPOINT
MAKES NO REPRESENTATION AS TO THE ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, OR COMPLETENESS OF THE
WEBSITE MATERIALS. SPOINT PERIODICALLY AMENDS, CHANGES, ADDS, DELETES, UPDATES
OR ALTERS THE INFORMATION, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE TERMS OF USE
WITHOUT NOTICE. FURTHER, SPOINT ASSUMES NO LIABILITY OR RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY
ERRORS OR OMISSIONS IN THE CONTENT OF THE WEBSITE. SPOINT SPECIFICALLY
DISCLAIMS ANY DUTY TO UPDATE THE INFORMATION ON THE WEBSITE.

18.
ENTIRE
AGREEMENT
The
Terms and Privacy Policy, as amended from time to time, constitute the entire
agreement between you and Spoint. If any provision of these Terms is considered
unlawful, void, or for any reason unenforceable, then that provision shall be
deemed severable from these Terms and shall not affect the validity and
enforceability of any remaining provisions.
19.
CHANGES
TO TERMS OF USE
Spoint
reserves the right to modify the Terms of Use at any time, and without actual
notice to you. All such changes to these Terms will appear on the Website.
By
using this Website following any modifications to the Terms, you agree to be
bound by any such modifications to the Terms. Our current privacy policy
www.spoint.live/privacy-policy, which addresses our use and release of
information collected from your use of the Website and receipt of the services
is available here. If any changes to these Terms are unacceptable to you, you
must discontinue use of the Website/application. We reserve the right to suspend
or deny, in our sole discretion, your access to all or any portion of the
Website/application, including for any violation of any provision of these
Terms. We also reserve the right to change the Website without notice to you,
at any time.
20.
LIMITATION
OF LIABILITY
Use
of the Spoint Website is at your sole risk. While Sprint makes reasonable
efforts to ensure the safety and functionality of our Website, these efforts
may fail and errors may occur.  SPOINT WILL NOT BE LIABLE OR RESPONSIBLE
FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED BY OR ARISING FROM YOUR RELIANCE ON THE CONTENT
OF THIS WEBSITE. THESE WAIVERS APPLY EVEN IF SPOINT HAS ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT SHALL SPOINT HAVE ANY
LIABILITY TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES, LOSSES, OR CAUSES OF ACTION (WHETHER IN
CONTRACT OR TORT, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE).
THE
FOREGOING LIMITATIONS WILL APPLY EVEN IF ANY REMEDY PROVIDED UNDER THESE TERMS
AND CONDITIONS FAILS ITS ESSENTIAL PURPOSE.
21.
INDEMNIFICATION
You
agree to defend, indemnify, and hold harmless Spoint and their respective
employees, agents, contractors, officers, directors, successors and assigns
from all liabilities, claims, damages and expenses, including without
limitation attorneys' fees and costs, that arise from your use or misuse of
this Website/application, without
limitation, any actual or threatened suit, demand, or claim made against Spoint
arising out of or relating to the User Content, your conduct, your violation of
these Terms, or your violation of
the rights of any third party.
22.
TERMINATION
Spoint
shall have the right to immediately terminate this agreement with you if your
use of the Website/application has breached any of these Terms or you have been
engaged in conduct which Spoint determines in its sole discretion to be
unacceptable. Upon termination or expiration of the Terms of Use, your
obligations and Spoint’s rights and disclaimers shall
survive, but your right to use the Website will cease immediately. Any express
waiver or failure to exercise any right under the Terms will not create a continuing
waiver or any expectation of non-enforcement.
23.
GENERAL
TERMS
a.
Force Majeure: In no
event shall Spoint be liable for any acts beyond its control or for any acts of
God.
b.
Modification of
Services: We reserve the right to modify or discontinue (completely or in part)
our Website, Services, or any content appearing therein. We will not be liable
to you or any third party if we exercise this right.
c.
No Waiver: Spoint's
failure to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms will not
be deemed to be a waiver of such right or provision.
d.
No Third-Party
Beneficiaries or Rights: These Terms do not create any private right of action
on the part of any third party or any reasonable expectation that the Website
or services will not contain any content that is prohibited by these Terms.
e.
Complaints: In the event
you have any complaint(s) pertaining to our Services provided through this
Website, please feel free to write us at our Contact Page by providing your
name, email address, physical address and contact numbers so that we may be in a position to verify details or check the
authenticity of the complaints.
f.
Assignment: You may not
assign or otherwise transfer your rights or obligations under these Terms. We
may assign our rights and duties under these Terms without any such assignment
being considered a change to the Terms of Use and without any notice to you.
g.
Notices: Any notices or
other communications that you wish to send to us may be addressed to the
registered office.
h.
We reserve the right to
make changes to our Website, policies, and these Terms at any time. If any of
these conditions are deemed invalid, void, or for any reason unenforceable,
that condition shall be deemed severable and shall not affect the validity and
enforceability of any remaining condition.
i.
Feedback: We welcome
feedback, comments and suggestions for improvements to the Services ("Feedback").
You can submit Feedback by writing to us on the Contact Page form.
j.
Contact Information: If
you have any questions or suggestions regarding our Terms, please write to us
on the Contact Page form.


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2022 World Cup Challenge – Terms and Conditions
-
Upstream is running an internal competition, called “2022 World Cup Challenge”.
-
The Competition will run from Monday 14/11/2022 until the end of the official World Cup 2022.
Eligibility
-
Eligible to enter are only Upstream employees. The only requirement is to enter the competition with a corporate email address.
By entering the Quiz, participants agree to be bound by these rules.
How to enter
-
Participants should follow the instructions given on the relevant slack post and email.
-
Only one (1) entry per person is permitted. If someone submits more than one (1) entry, then only the first one will be taken into account.
-
Participants must send an email to the organisers (Dimitris Koukis) via their corporate email address asking to join the competition.
-
A unique account is created for each participant, sent to them by the organisers.
How to play
-
Picks will be provided by the players in a platform, and will be anonymous until the deadline (when all the picks will become public).
-
Results will be available on the same platform where you will be able to see what everyone played, their points, etc.
-
There will be specific deadlines for placing your predictions communicated via slack and/or email; in case you lose the date, you lose any opportunity to win points from that phase.
-
Participants do not enter any money in order to place their predictions.
-
Participants will make picks in five (5) phases (therefore predictions will be in chunks).
- Group Stage. First match is on Sunday, 20 November;
- Round of 16.
- Quarter Finals.
- Semi Finals.
- Finals
Prizes
-
There is an initial prize of 200 euro. For each participation Upstream adds 5 euro to the initial prize. The amount of the prize gathered at the end of the competition will be split to 11 winners as follows:
-
The prizes are as follows:
- 1st prize: 25% of the total prize
- 2nd prize: 20% of the total prize
- 3rd prize: 15% of the total prize
- 4th prize: 13% of the total prize
- 5th prize: 8% of the total prize
- 6th prize: 5% of the total prize
- 7th prize: 3% of the total prize
- 8th prize: 2% of the total prize
- 9th prize: 2% of the total prize
- 10th prize: 2% of the total prize
-
There is also an 11th prize. The participant who will come last will also get a prize of 5% of the total prize. The participant must have participated in all phases to be eligible for the prize.
-
The prizes will be given as vouchers
Selection of the first 10 winners
-
The 10 winners will be those who have achieved the higher points at the end of the competition.
-
The points system is as follows:
-
Users select 1/X/2 in all matches (not the exact score).
-
If you miss the pick, you get 0 points.
-
If you make the pick, you get the "base points" multiplied by the "odds factor".
-
What is "base points"? Base points = 100 for all Group Stage matches, 200 for all the rest of the matches except for the Final that gives 300.
-
What is the "odds factor"? It's the factor rewarding risky predictions vs safe ones. Example:
-
Let's say France vs Australia gives 1.25 for "1", 6.0 for "X" and 12.0 for "2".
-
If you've selected "1" and you guessed it right you'll get Base Points * 1.25
-
If you've selected "X" and you guessed it right you'll get Base Points * 6.0
-
If you've selected "2" and you guessed it right you'll get Base Points * 12.0 (high risk, high reward)
-
Again: if you've guessed it wrong you get 0.
-
Odd factors will be based on real ones from a betting house that will be communicated.
-
Users will also select Over/ Under (2.5 goals) in all matches except for the Group Stage.
-
This gives extra points ONLY if the 1/X/2 pick was correct.
-
Extra points given by guessing right is: 0.5 * Base Points * "O/U odds factor"
-
Note: All results are "90-min period" results (any overtime will be recorded as a tie = "X"); applies both on 1/X/2 and O/U
-
Most points win!
General
-
Participation in this competition and acceptance of a prize implies the winner’s permission for their name and/or photo to be announced internally, as well as permission to participate in any further internal or external promotional activities via use of their name, photograph, voice, and/or any statements made by the winner regarding the competition or Upstream.
-
By participating, all participants, including all eligible entrants and winners, agree to release and hold free Upstream, its employees, officers, directors and shareholders, from any and all claims and liability, for loss, harm, damage, injury, cost or expense whatsoever including without limitation, property damage and/or personal injury which may occur in any way in connection with participating in the Quiz and making use of the prize.
-
In case the competition is stopped for technical or other reasons at any stage, winners will still be selected according to the points they have won at that moment and awarded with the respective amount of the total prize gathered so far.
-
Upstream reserves the right to offer a substitute prize of equal value.
-
Upstream’s decision regarding any issue or dispute will be final and binding. Upstream reserves the right to amend these rules at any time during the competition.


Warren Gatland's shock revelation: I suspected Wales player of doping
by Online EditorsWarren Gatland has admitted he had suspicions that a Welsh player had been using performance enhancing drugs.
The issue of doping has been one of interest in recent weeks in the rugby world, and in an interview with Off the Ball, the former Welsh coach said in his time at the helm, there was one player he coached who he was suspicious of.
“You know I haven’t come across personally any players that I’ve coached from a Wales perspective that I would – well sorry, maybe one. Maybe one, now that I think about it.”
Continue reading below…
When asked if the person in question played for Wales, Gatland responded: “He may have done, yeah.”
Gatland clarified by pointing out that he had no hard proof that the player was doping, but that teammates had made jokes about it.
“It’s probably a little bit unfair of me to say I had suspicions about one of them because I’ve got no evidence or anything like that.
“Because it’s kind of like just saying, ‘Is there a possibility?’… It was more like a couple of people making jokes sort of thing. And you go, ‘Oh is that…’
“Truth in humour?,” presenter Joe Molloy asked. “Yeah, exactly,” Gatland responded.
The issue of performance enhancing drugs has become a talking point in rugby after former Ireland player Neil Francis wrote a scathing column for the Irish Times which said saying the sporting world can be “fairly certain” that there is a “steroid culture in a country that has just won the World Cup”.
Ahead of the tournament, South Africa saw young winger Aphiwe Dyantyi suspended after testing positive for a banned substance. Dyantyi was tested at a Springbok training camp in early July. It was initially reported that he had a hamstring problem, but in late August it was revealed he had returned a positive test.
Dyantyi, who could be banned for four years, protested his innocence saying he had never cheated and “taking any prohibited substance would not only be irresponsible and something that I would never intentionally do, it would also be senseless and stupid.”
But Francis argued that the test results painted a very different picture.
“Dyantyi’s statement was released immediately after his A sample results became public. It was a robust riposte,” Francis wrote.
“When the B sample results became known it was a bombshell – not one but three prohibited substances: Methandienone, Methyltestosterone and Ligandrol or LGD 4033.
“In my opinion that’s game, set and match. It is not the cocktail of drugs that will do him, it is how the cocktail works in conjunction with each other that is so damning.”
Gatland addressed Francis’ claims during his interview with Off the Ball, and said it was hard to know what Francis was trying to achieve with his piece.
“I thought Francis was pretty hard hitting in terms of the article he wrote about the South Africans… I kind of thought ‘was it being journalistic, or was it trying to take the gloss off South Africa or was it bitterness as well?’ I’m not sure about that.”
This article first appeared on nzherald.co.nz and was republished with permission.
In other news:


Ok, so after a hard week of school Friday came and I was looking to smoke with my friends. We bought some weed from this sketchy kid and rolled a blunt. We went to a usually spot to smoke and started puffing away. That's when I noticed something weird, the taste and smell were off, it smelled like nail polish remover, and the taste was horrendous.  I felt all rubbery, and out of nowhere I just started sprinting down the street to my friends house. I felt like just going crazy. I sat down on my friends porch and that's when the worse drug experience of my life happened.
I remember sitting in a wicker chair, and hearing a beating sound, I put my hand on my chest and started to panic. My heart was beating insanely fast. I felt constantly out of breath and really hot and scared. My breathing patterns were insane, I was taking huge gulps of air and yelling 'THIS IS THE ONLY WAY I KNOW HOW TO BREATH RIGHT NOW.' My friend's face started to turn extremely red and was sweating.
Phase 3, me and my friends decide to get into his car. I get in and I felt very small in his car. Now the weird thing is, his car is a very small Jetta. After this I really don't remember much. I could barely talk and my thoughts were racing so fast. I thought every thought anyone could ever think twice. I don't remember going to sleep or anything.
The next morning I woke up and felt out of it, I wondered what drug I had done last night.
 Whenever I smoked weed my heart races super fast and I can't enjoy because it feels terrible. It also left me with a terrible case of anxiety.

Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


The Data Flow Manager is a powerful drag and drop interface for easily configuring and provisioning end-to-end cloud infrastructure.
Here you can manage all the data flows in your workspace. Pay careful attention to the data flow types contained here as they all have different outcomes and costs depending on what assets and configurations are provisioned.


No. 4 Hydrating Conditioner
BACK STORY
WHAT DOES IT DO?
DIRECTIONS
l'eau de Mare
Hydrating Condition
(Après-shampooing hydratant) 250 ml 8.5 fl. oz.


Listen for edits with a hashtag in the edit summary. Try it yourself! To do this, enter a hashtag below, then go make an edit and the same tag in the edit summary of your article. If you have tags here, you will only hear edits with those tags.
Read more about this project.
Listen to the sound of Wikipedia's recent changes feed. Bells indicate additions and string plucks indicate subtractions. Pitch changes according to the size of the edit; the larger the edit, the deeper the note. Green circles show edits from unregistered contributors, and purple circles mark edits performed by automated bots. You may see announcements for new users as they join the site, punctuated by a string swell. You can welcome him or her by clicking the blue banner and adding a note on their talk page.
This project is built using D3 and HowlerJS. It is based on BitListen by Maximillian Laumeister. Our source is available on GitHub, and you can read more about this project.
Built by Hatnote, Stephen LaPorte and Mahmoud Hashemi. For more, read about the story behind Hatnote.
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