Why Military Assistance for Ukraine Matters
transcript
Why Military Assistance for Ukraine Matters
Hosted by Michael Barbaro; produced by Michael Simon Johnson, Clare Toeniskoetter and Annie Brown, with help from Jazmín Aguilera; and edited by Theo Balcomb
American aid has the power to tip the scales in a broader battle between authoritarianism and democracy.
michael barbaro
From The New York Times, I’m Michael Barbaro. This is “The Daily.”
Today — at the heart of the impeachment inquiry was a threat to withhold U.S. military assistance from Ukraine. Why that assistance had been so important to Ukraine, and to the United States, in the first place. It’s Monday, November 11.
andrew kramer
The word “Ukraine” means frontier or border land. This was a frontier between two competing empires. It’s been a country torn between East and West, between Western Europe and Russia.
archived recording
[SPEAKING UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
For most of the 20th century, Russia had won out, and Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union.
archived recording
The Declaration of Independence is on, as of today? That’s what it says. From the moment — It is effective as of today.
andrew kramer
Until August 24, 1991, when Ukraine took a step toward the West.
archived recording
Good. An already emotional week ended today, as the people of the Ukraine embarked on a new beginning, becoming the fifth republic to break away from the Kremlin.
andrew kramer
It was the culmination of a long struggle for independence. And after years of hardship under Soviet rule, Ukraine was now an independent state.
archived recording
This is one of the turning points in history. The vote for independence of the Ukraine is, in fact, one of those momentous events that is going to change the rest of history. It’s the end of the Russian Empire.
michael barbaro
So once Ukraine becomes an independent country, and it can have its own international relations with the rest of the world, what do those relationships start to look like?
andrew kramer
The key issue for Ukraine that defined both its foreign and its domestic policy in the post-Soviet period was the geopolitical struggle for Ukraine’s allegiance.
michael barbaro
I reached Andrew Kramer, a foreign correspondent for The Times in Kiev.
andrew kramer
On the one hand you had Ukraine, very closely tied to Russia by industrial supply chains, by energy pipelines, and indeed by culture and by history. But the European Union was pulling Ukraine in a Western direction, the European Union in the United States, trying to conceive of Ukraine as integrated into the Western European world. And as Europe pulled in one direction, Russia started to pull back.
michael barbaro
And what was it about Ukraine that interested the U.S. and the European Union?
andrew kramer
The idea was to encourage the development of a Democratic system, and to prevent the re-emergence of a Russian empire. There was the axiom that Russia without Ukraine is just a country, and Russia with Ukraine becomes an empire. So maintaining the independence of Ukraine was a policy objective to prevent the re-emergence of an expansionist imperial power in Moscow.
michael barbaro
It feels like at this point, the Cold War is officially over. But it’s not quite over.
andrew kramer
That’s right. There was a feeling that the Russians, although they had acquiesced to the independence of these countries, they had a phantom limb syndrome. They always felt that Ukraine, in fact, should belong to Russia.
michael barbaro
Phantom limb as if they could never really believe that Ukraine or Czechoslovakia or any of these countries were not really theirs anymore.
andrew kramer
Yes, that’s right. And there’s something more. There’s a cultural issue at play here. Both Russia and Ukraine trace their origin to Kiev. Kiev was the capital of the original Russian state. They feel this was the roots of their country, and they don’t want to see it in another state. So they feel that the Ukrainians are something like wayward cousins in this sense, that it should be obvious to Ukrainians that this is all one culture and one civilization.
michael barbaro
So Russians believe that Russia, as a concept, as a place, as a country, as an identity began in Kiev.
andrew kramer
That’s right.
michael barbaro
But of course the fact that Ukraine is independent means that no matter how Russia feels about it, Ukraine has the right to develop whatever relationship it wants with the U.S. and with the European Union.
andrew kramer
Theoretically, certainly, but they also have to be very cautious about not poking the Russian bear.
What’s developing here is the tug of war that becomes the story of post-independence Ukraine, with the West reaching out to form alliances, and Russia seeking to maintain its sphere of influence in Ukraine.
archived recording
Ukraine is trying to decide whether it wants to align itself with Russia’s regional trade bloc or to push for E.U integration.
andrew kramer
This really came to a head with two competing trade agreements, which were offered to Ukraine.
archived recording
The Ukrainian president arrived in Strasbourg, poised to work on concluding the association agreement —
andrew kramer
One from the European Union and one from Russia.
archived recording
— with a view to later establishing a free trade area between Ukraine and the E.U.
andrew kramer
The European Union offered a more serious and formal trade arrangement with Ukraine that would be, possibly a path to membership in the E.U., although that was seen as a distant prospect.
archived recording
After 15 years of eager anticipation, the Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan is up and running.
andrew kramer
And Russia responded by offering a trade agreement of its own, which was called the Customs Union.
archived recording
The union, created to ease mutual trade, could be joined by another candidate, Ukraine.
andrew kramer
Which was very similar on paper to the European Union, but it was also, in a sense, a reforming of the Soviet Union as well.
archived recording
The country is at a crossroads, deciding whether to turn East or West.
michael barbaro
This feels like a very consequential moment. Because to join the E.U would feel like Ukraine saying, officially we see ourselves as part of Europe. To choose a trade deal instead with Russia would be to say to the West, we ultimately see ourselves as part of the world of Russia.
andrew kramer
That’s right. So while on paper this was about trade, grain quotas, and so forth, this was really about the destiny of the country.
archived recording (viktor yanukovych)
[SPEAKING UKRANIAN]
michael barbaro
And where does the Ukrainian leader at the time fall on this decision, the West or Russia?
archived recording (viktor yanukovych)
[SPEAKING UKRANIAN]
andrew kramer
The Ukrainian leader, Viktor Yanukovych, had generally been seen as a pro-Russian politician. But he had promised that Ukraine would integrate economically with the European Union, while maintaining good relations with Russia.
archived recording (viktor yanukovych)
[SPEAKING UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
But in the end, in a very dramatic moment —
archived recording (viktor yanukovych)
[SPEAKING UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
— the Yanukovych government announces that they will turn to Russia instead of the European Union for a trade agreement.
michael barbaro
He goes with Russia.
andrew kramer
He went with Russia.
michael barbaro
That was genuinely surprising to me. I mean, here is this country just a couple of decades out of independence, and it is taking the most formal step possible to reintegrate itself with the country it had sought independence from.
andrew kramer
That’s right. And this is what a lot of people in Ukraine and in Kiev felt about this decision.
archived recording
[CHANTS IN UKRAINIAN] There were immediate protests in Kiev that never let up from the day they began in November of 2013. [SPEAKING TO A CROWD IN UKRAINIAN]
michael barbaro
And tell me about these protests.
andrew kramer
Well, when I came down to cover these protests in the late fall of 2013, there was already a tent encampment in the center of Kiev, in Independence Square, with thousands and thousands of people on the square, around the clock.
archived recording
[SINGING IN UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
People were genuinely outraged by this decision to lean back towards Russia.
archived recording
[SPEAKING TO A CROWD IN UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
And it was also something of a party, really.
Even though they were always riot policemen — some where hovering on the edges of these protests, sometimes making incursions, making arrests, there were also groups called “titushky,” which were hired thugs who would come in with a lead pipe or knives, straight razors, and would be attacking the protesters.
It started to turn more violent as the winter came on. By February, I was living in a hotel, right on the square, and it became very tense.
When I drove into the city in the early morning, I could see black smoke rising from the center of Kiev from burning cars. And there were a number of very violent confrontations over about two days in late February, in which the police eventually encroached on the square, overran much of the territory that the protesters had controlled, and pushed it back to a few hundred square yards. And at the last moment, the protesters, out of desperation, they started to burn tires and actually anything that was flammable to make a ring around this small, charred bit of pavement that was the only remaining area that they controlled, that they sort of felt this was what was left of their dream of the independent Ukraine.
And then in the final day —
archived recording
[GUNSHOT] [SPEAKING UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
— there was really a cacophony of gunfire.
archived recording
[GUNSHOT]
And there were snipers firing into the crowd.
Over this hour and a half, 70 people were killed, and several hundred people were wounded.
It was such a brutal moment that the Ukrainian elite and the international community realized that something had happened that could not be left unaddressed. And there was a revolt in the Yanukovych government against the president. And the police defected —
michael barbaro
Wow.
andrew kramer
— and betrayed their president, and actually left the city center. And within hours, the president fled the capital.
michael barbaro
So what happens next?
andrew kramer
Well, what happened next was a move by Russia. Because Russia and President Vladimir Putin had just lost its ally in Viktor Yanukovych. And the very next day Putin met with his security chiefs overnight. And by dawn, President Putin orders what he calls an operation to take back Crimea, which is in the south of Ukraine. And what this was really was an order of a military intervention into Ukraine.
michael barbaro
We’ll be right back.
archived recording
Russia is tightening its grip on Crimea, as we get reports of an increasing number of troops and takeovers of key military facilities. This despite intense diplomatic efforts —
michael barbaro
What is it about Crimea that makes it the most logical place for Putin to try to invade?
andrew kramer
Well, Crimea is host to a major Russian naval base in Sevastopol. So the military infrastructure is partly already in place. Also, the population in Crimea is predominantly Russian-speaking. So you would have a receptive population in this area.
archived recording
Look at Ukraine and Crimea, down in the south there, jutting out into the waters of the Black Sea, home to a critical port the Russian navy has used for centuries. This morning, more unidentified pro-Russian armed militias, patrolling the streets of Crimea’s capital.
andrew kramer
So this was an unacknowledged intervention. These were men who had no insignia on their uniforms. They were called, disparagingly by the Ukrainians, “the little green men,” as if they’d come from space. Mystery men in green uniforms by the hundreds were showing up in their country.
archived recording
Vladimir Putin, proudly watching Russian military exercises today.
andrew kramer
They surrounded Ukrainian military bases.
archived recording
His Air Force controls the sky.
andrew kramer
They seized a bunch of the Ukrainian navy.
archived recording
His army controls the roads, borders, and military bases.
andrew kramer
They overran the local legislature and other centers of power, and really, within days, had seized control.
archived recording
Putin rules in Crimea now.
andrew kramer
So by this point the political process starts. The de facto authorities declare a referendum. There are no observers, so it’s hard to say exactly what happened. But the people are asked, do you want to join Russia or would you like to remain in Ukraine? And by this point, of course, they are, in fact, already part of Russia. And the results come in, and a majority want to be annexed by Russia.
michael barbaro
So Russia, having invaded Crimea, then asks the people of Crimea, do you, basically mind that we just invaded Crimea? And it turns out that the answer is no.
andrew kramer
Exactly.
michael barbaro
Is it fair to say that Russia was using this kind of vote as a rationale to say, it’s OK that we just annexed Crimea, because in a sense, Crimea was always ours?
andrew kramer
Yes, absolutely. The message was, these are our people, and they’re coming home.
archived recording
[SPEAKING UKRAINIAN]
andrew kramer
So we left off back in Kiev with Ukraine losing its leader. So what is the response in Ukraine to this military incursion by Russia? What happened next was, Russia tried a similar approach in other provinces.
archived recording
Just yesterday, at this hour, thousands of Russian troops have been deployed to Ukraine’s border.
andrew kramer
They’ve fomented uprisings in Russian-speaking areas. And this led to the war that we have going on in Ukraine today between pro-Russian forces and pro-Ukrainian forces.
archived recording
[GUNFIRE]
michael barbaro
And what does this war look like?
archived recording
[SPEAKING UKRAINIAN]
[EXPLOSION]
andrew kramer
It’s been a forgotten war. While there was interest in the first months, it’s settled into a stalemate.
archived recording (barack obama)
Good afternoon, everybody.
andrew kramer
There was debate in the Obama administration about how to respond.
archived recording (barack obama)
I wanted to provide a brief update on our efforts to address the ongoing crisis in Ukraine.
andrew kramer
And they settled on what they were calling non-lethal assistance.
archived recording (barack obama)
— to provide American assistance for the Ukrainian government, so that they can weather this storm and stabilize their economy.
andrew kramer
And this was training for the Ukrainian army, ambulances, armored vehicles, body armor, radios, and other types of assistance, which were not deemed to be lethal, or most importantly, would not provoke a retaliatory escalation from Russia.
archived recording
It’s time to ask the hard question. Are we willing to stand up to Vladimir Putin’s aggression before he kills more people, does more economic damage, further destabilizes Europe?
andrew kramer
So this began in 2014.
archived recording
Our options grow fewer and less effective.
andrew kramer
Support for Ukraine in Congress had been bipartisan. Both parties had agreed that backing Ukrainian independence was really in the United State’s interests. This was about holding Russia at bay. There hadn’t been much controversy over that.
archived recording
That’s why I’m announcing today my plan to introduce new legislation. It will offer Ukraine greater assistance on a variety of fronts.
andrew kramer
And this assistance was rolled over in Congress year after year.
michael barbaro
Right. And so this is the military assistance that we have now heard so much about over the past few weeks.
andrew kramer
Exactly.
archived recording (john mccain)
Give them the weapons they need. Give them the wherewithal they need. Give them the ability to fight. They will fight.
archived recording
The world is watching, and the world’s superpower can not be seen as incapable of rising to Russia’s challenge.
michael barbaro
OK. So this is the situation after 2014. So what happens to this relationship once President Trump takes office?
andrew kramer
From the Ukrainian side, there was an effort to strike up a transactional relationship with President Trump, as sort of, you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours. President Poroshenko and president of Ukraine at the time negotiated, for example, to buy coal from Pennsylvania. This was politically beneficial for Trump, because Pennsylvania coal miners were really Trump’s base, and Trump had promised to deliver jobs to coal miners in his campaign.
archived recording
That’s a great honor and a great pleasure to be together with you, with the president, one of the most reliable, supportive, and partner — strategic partner for Ukraine. We really try to bring freedom and democracy.
michael barbaro
So the Ukrainian government is desperate to do whatever it needs to do to get into Trump’s good graces, because in their minds, if they can do that, they can restore a better relationship with the U.S., and one in which the U.S. sees Ukraine as a strategic partner, and leans away from Russia.
andrew kramer
Exactly.
archived recording (donald trump)
Thank you very much. It’s wonderful to have President Poroshenko with us. We spent some time recently in the White House. And I know you’ve made good progress since then — a lot of progress, actually. And I wouldn’t say it’s the easiest place right now to live, but you’re making it better and better on a daily basis . And I do hear very, very good things.
michael barbaro
How is President Trump weighing in on this war, waging within the Ukraine between these pro-Russian forces and Ukrainian military?
archived recording (donald trump)
And I really hope that Russia — because I really believe that President Putin would like to do something — I really hope that you and President Putin get together and can solve your problem. That would be a tremendous achievement. And I know you’re trying to do that.
andrew kramer
He’s been very quiet on Russia’s actions in Ukraine.
archived recording
Silence in the White House, which is pretty distressing, given that we clearly have a powder keg. So will President Trump really put pressure on Vladimir Putin over this latest clash between Russia and Ukraine? Well we pressed the Trump administration repeatedly on that question. Neither the White House nor the State Department would comment.
andrew kramer
And amid all this uncertainty about whether the Trump administration is really supporting Ukraine in its conflict with Russia, the Ukrainians learned, by early August of this year, that about $400 million in military aid has been held up by the White House.
archived recording
Hundreds of millions of dollars in U.S. military aid has poured into Ukraine since 2014. But that could be at risk. Critics say the potential aid cut is an example of Trump capitulating to Russia. Some members of Congress are already sounding the alarm.
andrew kramer
And this was the time when they needed U.S. backing. And the aid was a symbol of U.S. backing. It was also quite valuable for their military. But it wasn’t quite clear initially what the issue was, or how serious it would become. There was a creeping awareness in Ukrainian government that the aid might, in fact, be lost by September.
michael barbaro
Finally, Andrew, the reason we’re talking to you about this military aid at all is, of course, the phone call that President Trump makes to Ukraine’s president, and everything that we have learned since about the withholding of that aid to Ukraine, unless the Ukrainians agreed to do these investigations that President Trump wanted into his rivals. And based on what you’ve told us, how critically important this aide is, I guess I’m curious what the people fighting the war in Ukraine on the ground, who rely on this military aid, what they make of this series of events.
andrew kramer
Ultimately, when I talked to dozens of soldiers, the feeling was one of disappointment. They felt they had maybe lost an ally in this war.
I was at the front in October and met with some soldiers, and they naturally said that they were disappointed. The Ukrainian army is a poor army. They’re fighting with basic weapons — Kalashnikov rifles, binoculars. They’re living in dug out bunkers. Some of the soldiers, for example, are wearing tennis shoes and not boots. It’s a very grim existence. So for them to learn they were losing the military assistance was quite a blow. Soldiers said they were disappointed. So this was really a shock to soldiers to realize that they might be in this on their own.
michael barbaro
Andrew, thank you very much.
andrew kramer
Thank you.
michael barbaro
This week, the first witness to be called in the public phase of the impeachment inquiry will be Bill Taylor, the top U.S. diplomat in Ukraine, who is expected to testify that he had a, quote, “Clear understanding that American military aid to Ukraine would not be released until the Ukrainians pursued investigations that would benefit President Trump.” In his closed door testimony, Taylor has described a quote snake pit of people around the president, who were willing to use the military aid as leverage over Ukraine, despite the danger it posed to Ukraine.
We’ll be right back.
Here is what else you need to know today.
archived recording
So is this a sign that Republicans are prepared to go back on the offense here? I think it is, and first of all —
michael barbaro
Over the weekend, House Republicans released their list of witnesses for the next phase of the impeachment inquiry, including Joe Biden’s son, Hunter, Hunter Biden’s business partner, and the anonymous whistleblower whose complaint launched the inquiry.
archived recording
I’m excited to see some of these witnesses that we’ve placed on the list. It’s finally — finally we have an opportunity to kind of get to the bottom of what’s going on, and to round out some of the evidence. Heretofore, as you know, it’s been a very one-sided sham of a process.
michael barbaro
The witness list appeared to be an attempt by Republicans to shift the focus of the investigation away from President Trump.
archived recording
Let’s hope that Chairman Schiff will allow these witnesses to testify.
michael barbaro
After reading the list, the chairman of the committee overseeing the inquiry, Democrat Adam Schiff, suggested that he would reject the Republican list and prevent them from testifying.
That’s is for “The Daily.” I’m Michael Barbaro. See you tomorrow.
Listen and subscribe to our podcast from your mobile device:
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The question of whether President Trump leveraged military assistance to Ukraine for personal gain is at the heart of the impeachment inquiry. Today, we speak with our Ukraine correspondent on why that assistance was so important to Ukraine — and the United States — in the first place.
On today’s episode:
- Andrew E. Kramer, who covers Ukraine for The New York Times and is based in Moscow.
Background reading:
- Petro O. Poroshenko, who was Ukraine’s president until May, knew his country’s independence hinged on American support. So he waged a campaign to win over President Trump.
- As vice president, Joe Biden tried to press Ukraine’s leaders to clean up corruption and reform the energy industry. The story of that effort has been overtaken by his son’s work for a Ukrainian gas company.
Tune in, and tell us what you think. Email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Follow Michael Barbaro on Twitter: @mikiebarb . And if you’re interested in advertising with “The Daily,” write to us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
Andrew E. Kramer contributed reporting.
“The Daily” is made by Theo Balcomb, Andy Mills, Lisa Tobin, Rachel Quester, Lynsea Garrison, Annie Brown, Clare Toeniskoetter, Paige Cowett, Michael Simon Johnson, Brad Fisher, Larissa Anderson, Wendy Dorr, Chris Wood, Jessica Cheung, Alexandra Leigh Young, Jonathan Wolfe, Lisa Chow, Eric Krupke, Marc Georges, Luke Vander Ploeg, Adizah Eghan, Kelly Prime, Julia Longoria, Sindhu Gnanasambandan, Jazmín Aguilera, M.J. Davis Lin, Dan Powell, Austin Mitchell, Sayre Quevedo and Monika Evstatieva. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly. Special thanks to Sam Dolnick, Mikayla Bouchard, Stella Tan, Julia Simon and Lauren Jackson.


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A generic call adapter factory for Retrofit.
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A generic call adapter factory for Retrofit.
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Title of the article
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A list of article objects.
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Short description of the source
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Short description of the article
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Direct link to the source
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Direct link to the article
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The main category that the source does
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Direct link to the article
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Language the source uses
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The entity for the articles.
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Data about the article's source
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The entity providing source data.
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Object of each source.
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An object which can provide a RenderingConfig instance which is suitable for use with ASP.NET MVC (either MVC5 or MVC Core).
IMapsLocation
An object which can map a file path (which might be a 'virtual' one) into an actual file path.
ITestForFileExistence
An object which tests for the existence of a file.


{% extends "account/base_card.html" %} {% block title %}Change password{% endblock %} {% block card-header %}
Your password is now changed.


The manipulation of symbolic algebraic expressions is a complex
process that illustrates many of the hardest problems that occur in
the design of large-scale systems. An algebraic expression, in
general, can be viewed as a hierarchical structure, a tree of
operators applied to operands. We can construct algebraic expressions
by starting with a set of primitive objects, such as constants and
variables, and combining these by means of algebraic operators, such
as addition and multiplication. As in other languages, we form
abstractions that enable us to refer to compound objects in simple
terms. Typical abstractions in symbolic algebra are ideas such as
linear combination, polynomial, rational function, or trigonometric
function. We can regard these as compound types,
which are often
useful for directing the processing of expressions. For example, we
could describe the expression
\[ x^{2}\, \sin (y^2+1)+x\, \cos 2y+\cos (y^3 -2y^2) \]
as a polynomial in $x$ with coefficients that are trigonometric
functions of polynomials in $y$ whose coefficients are integers.
We will not attempt to develop a complete algebraic-manipulation system here. Such systems are exceedingly complex programs, embodying deep algebraic knowledge and elegant algorithms. What we will do is look at a simple but important part of algebraic manipulation: the arithmetic of polynomials. We will illustrate the kinds of decisions the designer of such a system faces, and how to apply the ideas of abstract data and generic operations to help organize this effort.
Our first task in designing a system for performing arithmetic on polynomials is to decide just what a polynomial is. Polynomials are normally defined relative to certain variables (the indeterminates of the polynomial). For simplicity, we will restrict ourselves to polynomials having just one indeterminate ( univariate polynomials).[1] We will define a polynomial to be a sum of terms, each of which is either a coefficient, a power of the indeterminate, or a product of a coefficient and a power of the indeterminate. A coefficient is defined as an algebraic expression that is not dependent upon the indeterminate of the polynomial. For example, \[ 5x^2 +3x +7 \] is a simple polynomial in $x$, and \[ (y^2 +1)x^3 +(2y)x+1 \] is a polynomial in $x$ whose coefficients are polynomials in $y$.
Already we are skirting some thorny issues. Is the first of these
polynomials the same as the polynomial $5y^2 +3y +7$, or not? A
reasonable answer might be yes, if we are considering a polynomial
purely as a mathematical function, but no, if we are considering a
polynomial to be a syntactic form.
The second polynomial is
algebraically equivalent to a polynomial in $y$ whose coefficients are
polynomials in $x$. Should our system recognize this, or not?
Furthermore, there are other ways to represent a polynomial—for
example, as a product of factors, or (for a univariate polynomial) as
the set of roots, or as a listing of the values of the polynomial at a
specified set of points.[2]
We can finesse these questions by deciding that in our
algebraic-manipulation system a polynomial
will be a
particular syntactic form, not its underlying mathematical meaning.
Now we must consider how to go about doing arithmetic on polynomials. In this simple system, we will consider only addition and multiplication. Moreover, we will insist that two polynomials to be combined must have the same indeterminate.
We will approach the design of our system by following the familiar discipline of data abstraction. We will represent polynomials using a data structure called a poly, which consists of a variable and a collection of terms. We assume that we have selectors variable and term_list that extract those parts from a poly and a constructor make_poly that assembles a poly from a given variable and a term list. A variable will be just a symbol, so we can use the is_same_variable function of section \ref{sec:symbolic-differentiation} to compare variables. The following functions define addition and multiplication of polys:
function add_poly(p1, p2) { return is_same_variable(variable(p1), variable(p2)) ? make_poly(variable(p1), add_terms(term_list(p1), term_list(p2))) : Error("Polys not in same var in add_poly", list(p1, p2)); } function mul_poly(p1, p2) { return is_same_variable(variable(p1), variable(p2)) ? make_poly(variable(p1), mul_terms(term_list(p1), term_list(p2))) : Error("Polys not in same var in mul_poly", list(p1, p2)); }
To incorporate polynomials into our generic arithmetic system, we need to supply them with type tags. We'll use the tag "polynomial", and install appropriate operations on tagged polynomials in the operation table. We'll embed all our code in an installation function for the polynomial package, similar to the ones in section \ref{sec:generic-arithmetic-operators}:
function install_polynomial_package() { // internal functions // representation of poly function make_poly(variable, term_list) { return pair(variable, term_list); } function variable(p) { return head(p); } function term_list(p) { return tail(p); } // functions is_same_variable and // is_variable from section 2.3.2 // representation of terms and term lists // functions adjoin_term ...coeff from text below function add_poly(p1, p2) { ... } // functions used by add_poly function mul_poly(p1, p2) { ... } // functions used by mul_poly // interface to rest of the system function tag(p) { return attach_tag("polynomial", p); } put("add", list("polynomial", "polynomial"), (p1, p2) => tag(add_poly(p1, p2))); put("mul", list("polynomial", "polynomial"), (p1, p2) => tag(mul_poly(p1, p2))); put("make", list("polynomial"), (variable, terms) => tag(make_poly(variable, terms))); return "done"; }
In order to manipulate term lists, we will assume that we have a constructor the_empty_termlist that returns an empty term list and a constructor adjoin_term that adjoins a new term to a term list. We will also assume that we have a predicate is_empty_termlist that tells if a given term list is empty, a selector first_term that extracts the highest-order term from a term list, and a selector rest_terms that returns all but the highest-order term. To manipulate terms, we will suppose that we have a constructor make_term that constructs a term with given order and coefficient, and selectors order and coeff that return, respectively, the order and the coefficient of the term. These operations allow us to consider both terms and term lists as data abstractions, whose concrete representations we can worry about separately.
Here is the function that constructs the term list for the sum of two polynomials:[3]
function add_terms(L1, L2) { if (is_empty_termlist(L1)) { return L2; } else if (is_empty_termlist(L2)) { return L1; } else { const t1 = first_term(L1); const t2 = first_term(L2); if (order(t1) > order(t2)) { return adjoin_term(t1, add_terms(rest_terms(L1), L2)); } else if (order(t1) < order(t2)) { return adjoin_term(t2, add_terms(L1, rest_terms(L2))); } else { return adjoin_term(make_term(order(t1), add(coeff(t1), coeff(t2))), add_terms(rest_terms(L1), rest_terms(L2))); } } }
In order to multiply two term lists, we multiply each term of the first list by all the terms of the other list, repeatedly using mul_term_by_all_terms , which multiplies a given term by all terms in a given term list. The resulting term lists (one for each term of the first list) are accumulated into a sum. Multiplying two terms forms a term whose order is the sum of the orders of the factors and whose coefficient is the product of the coefficients of the factors:
function mul_terms(L1, L2) { return is_empty_termlist(L1) ? the_empty_termlist : add_terms(mul_term_by_all_terms( first_term(L1), L2), mul_terms(rest_terms(L1), L2)); } function mul_term_by_all_terms(t1, L) { if (is_empty_termlist(L)) { return the_empty_termlist; } else { const t2 = first_term(L); return adjoin_term(make_term(order(t1) + order(t2), mul(coeff(t1), coeff(t2))), mul_term_by_all_terms(t1, rest_terms(L))); } }
This is really all there is to polynomial addition and multiplication. Notice that, since we operate on terms using the generic functions add and mul, our polynomial package is automatically able to handle any type of coefficient that is known about by the generic arithmetic package. If we include a coercion mechanism such as one of those discussed in section \ref{sec:combining-data-of-different-types}, then we also are automatically able to handle operations on polynomials of different coefficient types, such as \[ {\left[3x^2 +(2+3i)x+7\right] \cdot \left[x^4 +\frac{2}{3}x^2 +(5+3i)\right]} \] Because we installed the polynomial addition and multiplication functions add_poly and mul_poly in the generic arithmetic system as the add and mul operations for type polynomial, our system is also automatically able to handle polynomial operations such as \[ {\left[ (y+1)x^2 +(y^2 +1)x+(y-1)\right]\cdot \left[(y-2) x+(y^3 +7)\right]} \]
The reason is that when the system tries to combine coefficients, it
will dispatch through add and mul. Since the coefficients
are themselves polynomials (in $y$), these will be combined using
add_poly
and
mul_poly
. The result is a kind of
data-directed recursion
in which, for example, a call to
mul_poly
will result
in recursive calls to
mul_poly
in order to multiply the
coefficients. If the coefficients of the coefficients were themselves
polynomials (as might be used to represent polynomials in three
variables), the data direction would ensure that the system would
follow through another level of recursive calls, and so on through as
many levels as the structure of the data dictates.[4]
Finally, we must confront the job of implementing a good representation for term lists. A term list is, in effect, a set of coefficients keyed by the order of the term. Hence, any of the methods for representing sets, as discussed in section \ref{sec:representing-sets}, can be applied to this task. On the other hand, our functions add_terms and mul_terms always access term lists sequentially from highest to lowest order. Thus, we will use some kind of ordered list representation.
How should we structure the list that represents a term list? One
consideration is the density
of the polynomials we intend to
manipulate. A polynomial is said to be
dense if it has nonzero
coefficients in terms of most orders. If it has many zero terms it
is said to be
sparse. For example,
\[ A:\quad x^5 +2x^4 +3x^2 -2x -5 \]
is a dense polynomial, whereas
\[ B:\quad x^{100} +2x^2 +1 \]
is sparse.
The term lists of dense polynomials are most efficiently represented as lists of the coefficients. For example, $A$ above would be nicely represented as list(1, 2, 0, 3, -2, -5). The order of a term in this representation is the length of the sublist beginning with that term's coefficient, decremented by 1.[5] This would be a terrible representation for a sparse polynomial such as $B$: There would be a giant list of zeros punctuated by a few lonely nonzero terms. A more reasonable representation of the term list of a sparse polynomial is as a list of the nonzero terms, where each term is a list containing the order of the term and the coefficient for that order. In such a scheme, polynomial $B$ is efficiently represented as list(list(100, 1), list(2, 2), list(0, 1)). As most polynomial manipulations are performed on sparse polynomials, we will use this method. We will assume that term lists are represented as lists of terms, arranged from highest-order to lowest-order term. Once we have made this decision, implementing the selectors and constructors for terms and term lists is straightforward:[6]
function adjoin_term(term, term_list) { return is_equal_to_zero(coeff(term)) ? term_list : pair(term, term_list); } const the_empty_termlist = null; function first_term(term_list) { return head(term_list); } function rest_terms(term_list) { return tail(term_list); } function is_empty_termlist(term_list) { return is_null(term_list); } function make_term(order, coeff) { return list(order, coeff); } function order(term) { return head(term); } function coeff(term) { return head(tail(term)); }
Users of the polynomial package will create (tagged) polynomials by means of the function:
function make_polynomial(variable, terms) { return get("make", "polynomial")(variable, terms); }
function div_terms(L1, L2) { if (is_empty_termlist(L1)) { return list(the_empty_termlist, the_empty_termlist); } else { const t1 = first_term(L1); const t2 = first_term(L2); if (order(t2) > order(t1)) { return list(the_empty_termlist, L1); } else { const new_c = div(coeff(t1), coeff(t2)); const new_o = order(t1) - order(t2); const rest_of_result = ... // compute rest_of_result recursively ... // form complete result } } }
Our polynomial system illustrates how objects of one type
(polynomials) may in fact be complex objects that have objects of many
different types as parts. This poses no real difficulty in defining
generic operations. We need only install appropriate generic operations
for performing the necessary manipulations of the parts of the
compound types. In fact, we saw that polynomials form a kind of
recursive data abstraction,
in that parts of a polynomial may
themselves be polynomials. Our generic operations and our
data-directed programming style can handle this complication without
much trouble.
On the other hand, polynomial algebra is a system for which the data
types cannot be naturally arranged in a tower. For instance, it is
possible to have polynomials in $x$ whose coefficients are polynomials
in $y$. It is also possible to have polynomials in $y$ whose
coefficients are polynomials in $x$. Neither of these types is
above
the other in any natural way, yet it is often necessary to
add together elements from each set. There are several ways to do
this. One possibility is to convert one polynomial to the type of the
other by expanding and rearranging terms so that both polynomials have
the same principal variable. One can impose a towerlike structure on
this by ordering the variables and thus always converting any
polynomial to a
canonical form
with the highest-priority variable
dominant and the lower-priority variables buried in the coefficients.
This strategy works fairly well, except that the conversion may expand
a polynomial unnecessarily, making it hard to read and perhaps less
efficient to work with. The tower strategy is certainly not natural
for this domain or for any domain where the user can invent new types
dynamically using old types in various combining forms, such as
trigonometric functions, power series, and integrals.
It should not be surprising that controlling coercion is a serious problem in the design of large-scale algebraic-manipulation systems. Much of the complexity of such systems is concerned with relationships among diverse types. Indeed, it is fair to say that we do not yet completely understand coercion. In fact, we do not yet completely understand the concept of a data type. Nevertheless, what we know provides us with powerful structuring and modularity principles to support the design of large systems.
We can extend our generic arithmetic system to include rational
functions. These are fractions
whose numerator and denominator
are polynomials, such as
\[ \frac{x+1}{x^3 -1} \]
The system should be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide
rational functions, and to perform such computations as
\[ \frac{x+1}{x^3 -1}+\frac{x}{x^2 -1}=\frac{x^3 +2x^2 +3x +1}{x^4 +
x^3 -x-1} \]
(Here the sum has been simplified by removing common factors.
Ordinary cross multiplication
would have produced a
fourth-degree polynomial over a fifth-degree polynomial.)
If we modify our rational-arithmetic package so that it uses generic operations, then it will do what we want, except for the problem of reducing fractions to lowest terms.
const p1 = make_polynomial("x", list(list(2, 1), list(0, 1))); const p2 = make_polynomial("x", list(list(3, 1), list(0, 1))); const rf = make_rational(p2, p1);
We can reduce polynomial fractions to lowest terms using the same idea
we used with integers: modifying
make_rat
to divide both the numerator and the denominator by their
greatest common divisor. The notion of
greatest common divisor
makes sense for polynomials. In
fact, we can compute the GCD of two polynomials using essentially the
same Euclid's Algorithm that works for integers.[7] The
integer version is
function gcd(a, b) { return b === 0 ? a : gcd(b, remainder(a, b)); }
function gcd_terms(a, b) { return is_empty_termlist(b) ? a : gcd_terms(b, remainder_terms(a, b)); }
const p1 = make_polynomial("x", list(make_term(4, 1), make_term(3, -1), make_term(2, -2), make_term(1, 2))); const p2 = make_polynomial("x", list(make_term(3, 1), make_term(1, -1))); greatest_common_divisor(p1, p2);
We can solve the problem exhibited in exercise \ref{ex:gcd-of-polys} if we use the following modification of the GCD algorithm (which really works only in the case of polynomials with integer coefficients). Before performing any polynomial division in the GCD computation, we multiply the dividend by an integer constant factor, chosen to guarantee that no fractions will arise during the division process. Our answer will thus differ from the actual GCD by an integer constant factor, but this does not matter in the case of reducing rational functions to lowest terms; the GCD will be used to divide both the numerator and denominator, so the integer constant factor will cancel out.
More precisely, if $P$ and $Q$ are polynomials, let $O_1$ be the order of $P$ (i.e., the order of the largest term of $P$) and let $O_2$ be the order of $Q$. Let $c$ be the leading coefficient of $Q$. Then it can be shown that, if we multiply $P$ by the integerizing factor $c^{1+O_{1} -O_{2}}$, the resulting polynomial can be divided by $Q$ by using the div_terms algorithm without introducing any fractions. The operation of multiplying the dividend by this constant and then dividing is sometimes called the pseudodivision of $P$ by $Q$. The remainder of the division is called the pseudoremainder.
Thus, here is how to reduce a rational function to lowest terms:
function reduce_integers(n, d) { const g = gcd(n, d); return list(n / g, d / g); }
const p1 = make_polynomial("x", list(make_term(1, 1), make_term(0, 1))); const p2 = make_polynomial("x", list(make_term(3, 1), make_term(0, -1))); const p3 = make_polynomial("x", list(make_term(1, 1))); const p4 = make_polynomial("x", list(make_term(2, 1), make_term(0, -1))); const rf1 = make_rational(p1, p2); const rf2 = make_rational(p3, p4); add(rf1, rf2);
The GCD computation is at the heart of any system that does operations on rational functions. The algorithm used above, although mathematically straightforward, is extremely slow. The slowness is due partly to the large number of division operations and partly to the enormous size of the intermediate coefficients generated by the pseudodivisions. One of the active areas in the development of algebraic-manipulation systems is the design of better algorithms for computing polynomial GCDs.[8]
numberto a polynomial by regarding it as a polynomial of degree zero whose coefficient is the number. This is necessary if we are going to perform operations such as \[ {\left[ x^2 +(y+1)x+5\right]+ \left[ x^2 +2x+1\right]} \] which requires adding the coefficient $y+1$ to the coefficient 2.
measure$m(x)$ with the properties that $m(xy)\geq m(x)$ for any nonzero $x$ and $y$ and that, given any $x$ and $y$, there exists a $q$ such that $y=qx+r$ and either $r=0$ or $m(r)< m(x)$. From an abstract point of view, this is what is needed to prove that Euclid's Algorithm works. For the domain of integers, the measure $m$ of an integer is the absolute value of the integer itself. For the domain of polynomials, the measure of a polynomial is its degree.


Quant Developer/Analyst
I have completed many engineering projects utilising a wide variety of data, such as Computational Fluid Dynamics, Robotics and Non-Destructive Testing, while also using machine learning, deep learning, SQL and coding in many languages. I have ultimately tailored these skills to the finance domain by focusing on market data and information. I am able to use my data skills to assess options and product pricing, algorithmic trading models and risk management. Although I am primarily concerned with the finance area, I can apply my data analysis skills to any problem that may come my way.
With my extensive skillset in multiple coding languages, my financial experience in traded products and trading teams as well as my knowledge of multivariate and stochastic calculus, I had an excellent base on which I built my quantitative finance knowledge. I have been able to understand quickly most pricing models and options trading strategies, as well as advanced algorithmic trading and market-making strategies. I always look forward to the new challenges Quantitative Finance brings, and I look forward to a life-long career in the industry.
I have created many programmes using MATLAB, including a 3D printing software and a CFD turbulent flow simulator which aided in my supersonic rocket engine simulations and analysis. I have also created many scripts in MATLAB, Python, among others, as I am always looking for new challenges. Recently I created a C# windows application which used an SQL backend, a Winforms GUI created using .NET, a class library and text file storage for referencing.
An engineering Masters graduate with programming and banking experience
I have a 2:1 (with Honours) Masters degree from the University of Bristol, and this provided me with excellent problem-solving, analytical and data and programming skills. During my degree I completed many projects including Robotics, Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics and Finite Element Analysis. These projects allowed me to become very comfortable with MATLAB, Python, Java, as well as deriving information from a wide range of data sources and complexities. As I progressed, I focused more and more heavily on coding and data analysis, as this is what I enjoyed the most. I thrived on problems where it was necessary to find information within seemingly uncorrelated or disparate data.
Along with my course, I was also heavily involved in the Bristol Electric Racing Team, being the deputy head of the Electrical team and responsible for the majority of the powertrain team. This experience gave me excellent teamwork skills as well as organisational and planning skills as there were many external deadlines to reach while I managed a team of 60 engineers of varying skill level and availability. My experience at Lloyds Banking Group formalised my previous learning as this enabled me to understand how to work and function most efficiently in a large, multifaceted team while maintaining client relationships, the company's vision and service quality. My interaction with the trading floor and the team behind it showed me where it was I wanted to be. Since then I have spent my free time trading from home using a mix of fundamental and algorithmic trading strategies and learning as much as I can about the trading world, both the skills and techniques required, as well as the wider trading world by studying for the IMC qualification.
A selection of my range of work


DIRECTED BY: David N. Twohy WRITTEN BY: Jim and Ken Wheat CAST: Radha Mitchell, Vin Diesel, Cole Hauser, Keith David (I)
MPAA: Rated R for sci-fi violence and gore, and for language Runtime: USA:112 (unrated version)
"Afraid of the dark?"
 A slam, actually, as a damaged spaceship under the direction of a brisk pilot named Fry (Radha Mitchell - the Ripley of this story) makes a crash landing onto an unknown planet. On it is a killer (Vin Diesel), a bounty hunter, a stockbroker, a brat boy and a couple of Muslim pilgrims -- all on the same ship. And they were all going somewhere (where exactly the screenwriters do not know). The rest of the crew is killed; the passengers are all shook up and emerge ahead of schedule from their transport comas, blinking and bleeding in a seemingly lifeless planet with three suns, which seems completely abandoned. But once in 22 years darkness falls and strange creatures emerge from the ground. Now they all have to trust a killer who can see in the dark. What happens next you can guess.
The film is shaped in the image of Ridley Scott's "Alien", but has a couple of inventions of its own. These are of course not associated with story or character development, but instead concern the visual aspect. "The Arrivial"-director David Twohy creates a chillingly effective atmosphere with light, shade and color combinations, bringing to ''Pitch Black'' the disorienting thrill of a world turned upside down. The film works best at the very beginning, when every character and scene is a mystery, and we, along side with the characters, experience a creepy notion of paranoia -- a fear of the unknown and a sense of something (or someone) lurking beneath. But then Twohy decides to turn off the originality and everything becomes pitch black. It is sad that films like this are regarded as science fiction, where the special effects are the heart of the movie, around witch the rest is built. With a script being on the same intellectual level as "Lost in Space" , it's hard to make a decent movie. Even the story itself doesn't stand any criticism (and I am not talking about the lucky landing or the perfect timing either). The planet doesn't give any impression of being alien. Somehow resembling the planet Tatooine from George Lucas' "Star Wars", it has the perfect environment for human beings -- temperature, surface and air. Is this convenient or what? There are other disturbing problems. Since it's dark only once in 22 years wouldn't it be more likely that the creatures would fear darkness and not sunlight? And considering that the planet is completely dead on the surface, do these creatures eat at all? Or are they completely dependant on human visitors?
Considering these (and many more!) irrationalities, it's impossible to watch this film as a science fiction. However, this movie is an excellent choice for horror and action lovers. The acting is decent, the effects are cool, the action is well coordinated - what more do can you want from a popcorn-film? Vin Diesel ("Saving Private Ryan") is very spooky as the feared murderer, being some sort of Hannibal Lecter-meets-Rambo kind of guy, with his eyes glaring in the darkness like a hyena. Midchell is likewise very effective with a couple of strong scenes and emotional outbursts. The rampaging aliens, meanwhile, look something like flying hammerhead sharks and behave like a flock of vampire bats and they squawk ''reeee-reee-reee!'' as they pounce and devour. True, we haven't seen that before. But does it really matter? The concept is known and that's enough. And though I did enjoy some of what was presented in "Pitch Black", I have seen it all before.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Showing public sector digital teams in the Midlands. Created at the Public Sector Digital Midlands Event.


public abstract class AbstractDBViewValue<T>
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
static interface |
AbstractDBViewValue.IOnValueCommitted |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
AbstractDBViewValue(DBViewValueType type,
T value) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
commit(AbstractTableRowDBView row)
Stores the current value to database if updated.
|
protected abstract void |
commitEntities()
Called to store changes made by
updateEntities(Object) to database. |
DBViewValueType |
getType()
Declares the type of this value so that the calling GUI code knows how to render it.
|
T |
getValue()
Gets the currently set value.
|
boolean |
isEdited()
Has this value been edited and not committed?
|
abstract boolean |
isReadOnly()
Is this value read-only?
|
void |
onCommit(AbstractTableRowDBView row)
Method defining action to be taken when this value is committed to database.
|
protected void |
setLastCommitedValue()
Sets this value as committed.
|
void |
setOnCommitCallback(AbstractDBViewValue.IOnValueCommitted onCommitCallback)
Sets a custom action to be called when this value is committed to database.
|
void |
setValue(T newValue)
Sets the given value.
|
protected abstract void |
updateEntities(T newValue)
Called when a new value is received.
|
public AbstractDBViewValue(DBViewValueType type, T value)
public DBViewValueType getType()
public T getValue()
public void setValue(T newValue) throws java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
- if this value is read-onlypublic boolean isEdited()
public void setOnCommitCallback(AbstractDBViewValue.IOnValueCommitted onCommitCallback)
public void commit(AbstractTableRowDBView row)
public void onCommit(AbstractTableRowDBView row)
protected void setLastCommitedValue()
public abstract boolean isReadOnly()
protected abstract void updateEntities(T newValue)
commitEntities()
is used.protected abstract void commitEntities()
updateEntities(Object)
to database.


{% from "inc/forms.html" import renderform, ajaxform %} {{ renderform(form, formid, submit, message) }} {{ ajaxform(formid, request, True) }}


A CLI Tool to manage and version AWS Secrets with SOPS
SecretsManager Version is a CLI Tool for Secrets in combination with SOPS. It helps you keep your secrets safe and versioned inside git projects. The SecretsManager is capable of storing up to 20 tagged secret versions which SecretsManger-Versioning will make use of. The secrets will be versioned by using the MD5 Hash of the encrypted file. With this, every change of the SOPS file will be tagged with a unique key to reference. On top of that, each tag is connected with a Git project and Commit Hash to trace its origin.
Create a new git repository and open a new terminal there:
git init .
git remote add origin git@github.com:username/new_repo
Create a new sops file and encrypt it with your kms key:
sops --kms arn:aws:kms:region:account:key/xxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx sops.json
Now run the following to test if the configuration works:
npx secretsmanager-versioning -f sops.json SecretName
You should be able to verify that a secret under this name in the currently logged-in account and region was created for you. You can also create a secret yourself and simply reference it. You can verify this by checking the secret in your console or by executing:
aws secretsmanager describe-secret --secret-id SecretName
You should be able to verify that the secret is tagged with a md5 hash and the current version should reference your recent commit.
The secret can be used by referring to with the md5 hash. There are multiple ways to do this. One example is highlighted here.
Decrypted Sops File (sops.json)
{
"example": "supersecretstring"
}
Add the md5-file dependency to your project and reference your sops file and Secret. After that you should be to reference a jsonField to get reference the secret value:
import { sync as md5 } from "md5-file";
const secretPath = "SecretName";
const versionId = md5("sops.json");
const secret = cdk.SecretValue.secretsManager(secretPath, {
jsonField: "example",
versionId: versionId,
}).toString();
console.log(secret); // {{resolve:secretsmanager:SecretName:SecretString:example::md5hashvalue}}
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This task provides an interface to Subversion
revision control system that is a compelling replacement for CVS in the open source community.
With the help of the underlying svnClientAdapter, <svn> task uses JavaHL (a
native JNI interface to the subversion api) if it
can find the corresponding library (e.g. svnjavahl.dll on windows).
Otherwise it uses svn command line interface.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
|---|---|---|
| username | username that will be used for all nested svn commands. | No |
| password | password that will be used for all nested svn commands. | No |
| javahl | Set to “false” to use command line client interface instead of JNI JavaHL binding. | No (Defaults to true) |
| add | createRepository | import | move | status |
| cat | delete | keywordsset | propdel | switch |
| checkout | diff | keywordsadd | propget | update |
| commit | export | keywordsremove | propset | |
| copy | ignore | mkdir | revert |
You can add files and directories to svn repository with nested
<add>
elements.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | file to add to the repository | No |
| dir | directory to add to the repository | No |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on a single directory only
(applies only when dir attribute is set). Default is
"true"
|
No |
Parameters specified as nested elements :
Get the content of a file on repository.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| destFile | Name of the destination file | No (default is the name of the file on the url) |
| url | Url of the file in repository | Yes |
| revision | revision to get. Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV Default is "HEAD" |
No |
Check out a working copy from a repository.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| url | url to checkout from | Yes |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on single directory only. Default is "true" | No |
| destPath | destination directory | Yes |
| revision | revision to checkout. Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV Default is "HEAD" |
No |
Parameters specified as nested elements :
Send changes from your working copy to the repository.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | file to commit | No |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on single directory only.
Default is "true" Apply only when dir attribute is set. |
No |
| dir | directory to commit | No |
| message | commit message | Yes |
Parameters specified as nested elements :
Duplicate something in working copy or repository, remembering
history.
source and destination can each be either a working copy (WC) path or URL:
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| srcPath | source path | One of the two |
| srcUrl | source url | |
| testPath | destination path | One of the two |
| destUrl | destination url | |
| message | commit message | when destUrl is set |
| revision | revision to copy from (when srcUrl is set) Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV Default is "HEAD" |
no |
Create a new, empty repository at path.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | Path where to create the new repository | Yes |
Example:
<svn
javahl="false">
<createRepository
path="repository"/>
</svn>
If run on a working copy target, the item is scheduled for
deletion upon the next commit. Files, and directories that have
not been committed, are immediately removed from the working copy.
The command will not remove targets that are, or contain,
unversioned or modified items; use the force attribute to override
this behaviour.
If run on an url, the item is deleted from the repository via an immediate commit.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | file to delete | No |
| url | url to delete | No |
| dir | directory to delete | No |
| message | commit message | when url attribute is set |
| force | default is "false" | No |
Parameters specified as nested elements :
Display the differences between two paths (oldPath and newPath) or two urls (oldUrl and newUrl).
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| oldPath | If oldUrl is not set, defaults to the path '.' | No |
| oldUrl | No | |
| oldTargetRevision | defaults to BASE or, if oldUrl is set, to HEAD | No |
| newPath | defaults to oldPath if oldUrl is not set | No |
| newUrl | No | |
| newTargetRevision | defaults to the current working version or, if newUrl is set, to HEAD | No |
| outFile | Default is 'patch' | No |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on single directory only. Default is "true" | No |
Example : diff between BASE and current working version
<svn
javahl="${javahl}"
>
<diff
oldPath="workingcopy/diffTest/file.txt"
outFile="workingcopy/diffTest/patch.txt"/>
</svn>
srcurl
,
at revision revision
if it is given, otherwise at HEAD, into destPath
.
srcPath
into destPath
. all local changes will be preserved,
but files not under revision control will not be copied.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| srcUrl | source url to export from | One of the two |
| srcPath | source path to export from | |
| destPath | destination path | Yes |
| revision | revision of the source url to export from. Defaults is
"HEAD" Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV |
No |
Add a given file or a pattern to the ignored files list (modifies svn:ignore property)
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | file to ignore | One of the two |
| dir | directory on which we will update svn:ignore property | |
| pattern | pattern to add to svn:ignore on the directory Only when dir is set |
Yes |
| recurse | Set to "true" to add the pattern recursively to
directories. Default is "false" Only when dir is set |
No |
Example :
<ignore
dir="workingcopy/ignoreTest/dir1"
pattern="*.ignore"
recurse="true"/>
Commit an unversioned file or tree into the repository.
Recursively commit a copy of path
to url
.
If newEntry
is not set, copy top-level contents of path
intourl
directly.
Otherwise, create newEntry
underneath url
and begin copy there.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | source path to export from | Yes |
| url | source url to import to | Yes |
| newEntry | No | |
| message | commit message | Yes |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on single directory only. Default is "true" | False |
Keywordsset controls which keywords will be substituted on the given files. Valid keywords are:
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | File for which keywords will be substituted | Either file, dir or filesets |
| dir | All files in this directory will have their keywords substituted (recursively) | Either file, dir or filesets |
| keywords | The keywords to substitute on the given files | No |
| HeadURL/URL Author, LastChangedBy Date, LastChangedDate Rev, LastChangedRevision Id |
Set to “true“ the keyword to substitute it on the given file. | No |
Parameters specified as nested elements :
Keywordsadd add some keywords to be substituted on the given
files. Present keywords are not modified.
The attributes are the same than for keywordsset command.
Keywordsadd remove some keywords to be substituted on the given
files. Other present keywords are not modified.
The attributes are the same than for keywordsset command.
Create a new directory under revision control.
If target is a working copy path the directory is scheduled for addition in the
working copy. If target is an url the directory is created in
the repository via an immediate commit.
In both cases all the intermediate directories must already exist.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | path to create | One of the two |
| url | url to create | |
| message | commit message | Yes |
Move/rename something in working copy or repository.
cource and destination can both be working copy (WC) paths or
URLs:
WC -> WC: move and
schedule for addition (with history)
URL ->
URL: complete server-side rename.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| srcPath | source path | One of the two |
| srcUrl | source url | |
| destPath | destination path | One of the two |
| destUrl | destination url | |
| message | commit message | Yes |
Remove a property from files or dirs.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | path of the file or directory on which to delete the property | Yes |
| name | name of the property to delete | Yes |
| recurse | if set, property will be removed recursively | No |
Get a property from a file or a directory.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | path of the file or directory on which to get the property | Yes |
| name | name of the property to get | Yes |
| property | the name of the property to set with the value of the svn property | One of the two |
| file | file that will contain the value of the property |
Example :
<propget
path="workingcopy/propTest/file.png"
name="svn:mime-type"
property="propTest.mimeType"/>
Set a property on files or dirs.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | path of the file or directory on which to set the property | Yes |
| name | name of the property to set | Yes |
| value | the value of the property | One of the two |
| file | the file that will be used as a value | |
| recurse | if set, property will be set recursively | No |
Note:svn recognizes the following special versioned properties but will store any arbitrary properties set:
Restore pristine working copy file (undo most local edits).
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | file to revert | No |
| dir | directory to revert | No |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on a single directory only
(applies only when dir attribute is set). Default is
"false" |
No |
| revision | revision. Defaults is "HEAD" Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV |
No |
Parameters specified as nested elements :
Get the status of working copy files and directories.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | path of the file or directory | Yes |
| textStatusProperty | Name of the property to set to the status of the item | No |
| propStatusProperty | Name of the property to set to the status of the item properties | No |
| revisionProperty | Name of the property to set to the revision of the item (or “” if unversioned) | No |
| lastChangedRevisionProperty | Name of the property to set to the last changed revision of the item (or “” if unversioned) | No |
| lastCommitAuthorProperty | Name of the property to set to the last commit author (or “” if unversioned) | No |
| urlProperty | Name of the property to set to the url of the item | No |
The value of TextStatusProperty can be :
Example :
<status
path="workingcopy/statusTest/added.txt"
textStatusProperty="testStatus.textStatus"
propStatusProperty=
"testStatus.propStatus"
lastChangedRevisionProperty="testStatus.lastCommitRevision"
revisionProperty="testStatus.revision"
lastCommitAuthorProperty="testStatus.lastCommitAuthor"
Update the working copy to mirror a new URL within the repository. This behaviour is similar to 'svn update', and is the way to move a working copy to a branch or tag within the same repository.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| path | The working copy to switch to the given url | Yes |
| url | The url to switch to | Yes |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on a single directory only. Default is "true" | No |
| revision | revision. Defaults is "HEAD" Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV |
No |
Example :
<svn>
<switch
path="workingcopy/switchTest"
url="${urlRepos}/switchTestBranch"/>
</svn>
Bring changes from the repository into the working copy.
If no
revision given, bring working copy up-to-date with HEAD rev.
Else synchronize working copy to revision.
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| file | file to update | No |
| dir | directory to update | No |
| recurse | Set to "false" to operate on a single directory only
(applies only when dir attribute is set). Default is
"true" |
No |
| revision | revision. Defaults is "HEAD" Possible values are : - a date with the following format : MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM AM_PM - a revision number - HEAD, BASE, COMMITED or PREV |
No |


form_driver 3x
form_driver(3x) form_driver(3x)
NAME
form_driver - command-processing loop of the form system
SYNOPSIS
#include <form.h>
int form_driver(FORM *form, int c);
DESCRIPTION
Once a form has been posted (displayed), you should funnel
input events to it through form_driver. This routine has
two major input cases; either the input is a form naviga-
tion request or it's a printable ASCII character. The
form driver requests are as follows:
REQ_NEXT_PAGE
Move to the next page.
REQ_PREV_PAGE
Move to the previous page.
REQ_FIRST_PAGE
Move to the first page.
REQ_LAST_PAGE
Move to the last field.
REQ_NEXT_FIELD
Move to the next field.
REQ_PREV_FIELD
Move to the previous field.
REQ_FIRST_FIELD
Move to the first field.
REQ_LAST_FIELD
Move to the last field.
REQ_SNEXT_FIELD
Move to the sorted next field.
REQ_SPREV_FIELD
Move to the sorted previous field.
REQ_SFIRST_FIELD
Move to the sorted first field.
REQ_SLAST_FIELD
Move to the sorted last field.
REQ_LEFT_FIELD
Move left to a field.
REQ_RIGHT_FIELD
Move right to a field.
REQ_UP_FIELD
Move up to a field.
REQ_DOWN_FIELD
Move down to a field.
REQ_NEXT_CHAR
Move to the next char.
REQ_PREV_CHAR
Move to the previous char.
REQ_NEXT_LINE
Move to the next line.
REQ_PREV_LINE
Move to the previous line.
REQ_NEXT_WORD
Move to the next word.
REQ_PREV_WORD
Move to the previous word.
REQ_BEG_FIELD
Move to the beginning of the field.
REQ_END_FIELD
Move to the end of the field.
REQ_BEG_LINE
Move to the beginning of the line.
REQ_END_LINE
Move to the end of the line.
REQ_LEFT_CHAR
Move left in the field.
REQ_RIGHT_CHAR
Move right in the field.
REQ_UP_CHAR
Move up in the field.
REQ_DOWN_CHAR
Move down in the field.
REQ_NEW_LINE
Insert or overlay a new line.
REQ_INS_CHAR
Insert a blank at the cursor.
REQ_INS_LINE
Insert a blank line at the cursor.
REQ_DEL_CHAR
Delete character at the cursor.
REQ_DEL_PREV
Delete character before the cursor.
REQ_DEL_LINE
Delete line at the cursor.
REQ_DEL_WORD
Delete blank-delimited word at the cursor.
REQ_CLR_EOL
Clear to end of line from cursor.
REQ_CLR_EOF
Clear to end of field from cursor.
REQ_CLR_FIELD
Clear the entire field.
REQ_OVL_MODE
Enter overlay mode.
REQ_INS_MODE
Enter insert mode.
REQ_SCR_FLINE
Scroll the field forward a line.
REQ_SCR_BLINE
Scroll the field backward a line.
REQ_SCR_FPAGE
Scroll the field forward a page.
REQ_SCR_BPAGE
Scroll the field backward a page.
REQ_SCR_FHPAGE
Scroll the field forward half a page.
REQ_SCR_BHPAGE
Scroll the field backward half a page.
REQ_SCR_FCHAR
Scroll the field forward a character.
REQ_SCR_BCHAR
Scroll the field backward a character.
REQ_SCR_HFLINE
Horizontal scroll the field forward a line.
REQ_SCR_HBLINE
Horizontal scroll the field backward a line.
REQ_SCR_HFHALF
Horizontal scroll the field forward half a line.
REQ_SCR_HBHALF
Horizontal scroll the field backward half a line.
REQ_VALIDATION
Validate field.
REQ_NEXT_CHOICE
Display next field choice.
REQ_PREV_CHOICE
Display previous field choice.
If the second argument is a printable ASCII character, the
driver places it in the current position in the current
field. If it is one of the forms requests listed above,
that request is executed.
If the second argument is neither printable ASCII nor one
of the above pre-defined form requests, the driver assumes
it is an application-specific command and returns
E_UNKNOWN_COMMAND. Application-defined commands should be
defined relative to MAX_COMMAND, the maximum value of
these pre-defined requests.
RETURN VALUE
form_driver return one of the following error codes:
E_OK The routine succeeded.
E_SYSTEM_ERROR
System error occurred (see errno).
E_BAD_ARGUMENT
Routine detected an incorrect or out-of-range argu-
ment.
E_BAD_STATE
Routine was called from an initialization or termina-
tion function.
E_NOT_POSTED
The form has not been posted.
E_UNKNOWN_COMMAND
The form driver code saw an unknown request code.
E_INVALID_FIELD
Contents of field is invalid.
E_REQUEST_DENIED
The form driver could not process the request.
SEE ALSO
curses(3x), form(3x).
NOTES
The header file <form.h> automatically includes the header
files <curses.h>.
PORTABILITY
These routines emulate the System V forms library. They
were not supported on Version 7 or BSD versions.
AUTHORS
Juergen Pfeifer. Manual pages and adaptation for new
curses by Eric S. Raymond.
form_driver(3x)
Man(1) output converted with
man2html


| 1 | package nl.tudelft.jpacman.ui; | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | import java.awt.Color; | |
| 4 | import java.awt.Dimension; | |
| 5 | import java.awt.Graphics; | |
| 6 | ||
| 7 | import javax.swing.JPanel; | |
| 8 | ||
| 9 | import nl.tudelft.jpacman.board.Board; | |
| 10 | import nl.tudelft.jpacman.board.Square; | |
| 11 | import nl.tudelft.jpacman.board.Unit; | |
| 12 | import nl.tudelft.jpacman.game.Game; | |
| 13 | ||
| 14 | /** | |
| 15 | * Panel displaying a game. | |
| 16 | * | |
| 17 | * @author Jeroen Roosen | |
| 18 | * | |
| 19 | */ | |
| 20 | class BoardPanel extends JPanel { | |
| 21 | ||
| 22 | /** | |
| 23 | * Default serialisation ID. | |
| 24 | */ | |
| 25 | private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; | |
| 26 | ||
| 27 | /** | |
| 28 | * The background colour of the board. | |
| 29 | */ | |
| 30 | private static final Color BACKGROUND_COLOR = Color.BLACK; | |
| 31 | ||
| 32 | /** | |
| 33 | * The size (in pixels) of a square on the board. The initial size of this | |
| 34 | * panel will scale to fit a board with square of this size. | |
| 35 | */ | |
| 36 | private static final int SQUARE_SIZE = 16; | |
| 37 | ||
| 38 | /** | |
| 39 | * The game to display. | |
| 40 | */ | |
| 41 | private final Game game; | |
| 42 | ||
| 43 | /** | |
| 44 | * Creates a new board panel that will display the provided game. | |
| 45 | * | |
| 46 | * @param game | |
| 47 | * The game to display. | |
| 48 | */ | |
| 49 | BoardPanel(Game game) { | |
| 50 | super(); | |
| 51 | assert game != null; | |
| 52 | this.game = game; | |
| 53 | ||
| 54 | Board board = game.getLevel().getBoard(); | |
| 55 | ||
| 56 | int w = board.getWidth() * SQUARE_SIZE; | |
| 57 | int h = board.getHeight() * SQUARE_SIZE; | |
| 58 | ||
| 59 | Dimension size = new Dimension(w, h); | |
| 60 | setMinimumSize(size); | |
| 61 | setPreferredSize(size); | |
| 62 | } | |
| 63 | ||
| 64 | @Override | |
| 65 | public void paint(Graphics g) { | |
| 66 | assert g != null; | |
| 67 | render(game.getLevel().getBoard(), g, getSize()); | |
| 68 | } | |
| 69 | ||
| 70 | /** | |
| 71 | * Renders the board on the given graphics context to the given dimensions. | |
| 72 | * | |
| 73 | * @param board | |
| 74 | * The board to render. | |
| 75 | * @param g | |
| 76 | * The graphics context to draw on. | |
| 77 | * @param window | |
| 78 | * The dimensions to scale the rendered board to. | |
| 79 | */ | |
| 80 | private void render(Board board, Graphics g, Dimension window) { | |
| 81 | int cellW = window.width / board.getWidth(); | |
| 82 | int cellH = window.height / board.getHeight(); | |
| 83 | ||
| 84 | g.setColor(BACKGROUND_COLOR); | |
| 85 | g.fillRect(0, 0, window.width, window.height); | |
| 86 | ||
| 87 |
1
1. render : changed conditional boundary → SURVIVED |
for (int y = 0; y < board.getHeight(); y++) { |
| 88 |
1
1. render : changed conditional boundary → SURVIVED |
for (int x = 0; x < board.getWidth(); x++) { |
| 89 | int cellX = x * cellW; | |
| 90 | int cellY = y * cellH; | |
| 91 | Square square = board.squareAt(x, y); | |
| 92 | render(square, g, cellX, cellY, cellW, cellH); | |
| 93 | } | |
| 94 | } | |
| 95 | } | |
| 96 | ||
| 97 | /** | |
| 98 | * Renders a single square on the given graphics context on the specified | |
| 99 | * rectangle. | |
| 100 | * | |
| 101 | * @param square | |
| 102 | * The square to render. | |
| 103 | * @param g | |
| 104 | * The graphics context to draw on. | |
| 105 | * @param x | |
| 106 | * The x position to start drawing. | |
| 107 | * @param y | |
| 108 | * The y position to start drawing. | |
| 109 | * @param w | |
| 110 | * The width of this square (in pixels.) | |
| 111 | * @param h | |
| 112 | * The height of this square (in pixels.) | |
| 113 | */ | |
| 114 | private void render(Square square, Graphics g, int x, int y, int w, int h) { | |
| 115 | square.getSprite().draw(g, x, y, w, h); | |
| 116 | for (Unit unit : square.getOccupants()) { | |
| 117 | unit.getSprite().draw(g, x, y, w, h); | |
| 118 | } | |
| 119 | } | |
| 120 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 87 |
1.1 |
|
| 88 |
1.1 |


Device
Device Info
Configure
Process ID
Process Name
Attach
Process Path
Process Arguments
Start
Detach
Reload Script
Process Info
Open
Save
DevTools
About
Exit
idleFingers
Tomorrow Night Blue
Cobalt
Amy
MerbivoreSoft
Vibrant Ink
Katzenmilch
Monokai
Solarized-Dark
Solarized-Light
Birds-Of-Paradise
Clouds
Kuroir
Oceanic Next
NightOwl
Textmate
VSCode
VSCode-Dark
VSCode-HighContrast


| Date Submitted | Application Number | Name | Age | Location | Applicant Score | Action Taken | View Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10/21/2019 | 01832 | Jane Doe | 20 | Jackson | 9 | ||
| 10/22/2019 | 01832 | John Doe | 20 | Jackson | 9 | ||
| 10/25/2019 | 01832 | Tom Sawyer | 20 | Jackson | 9 | ||
| 10/25/2019 | 01832 | Justin Time | 20 | Jackson | 9 |
| Date Submitted | Application Number | Name | Age | Location | Applicant Score | Action Taken | View Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10/25/2019 | 01832 | Tom Sawyer | 20 | Jackson | 9 | ||
| 10/25/2019 | 01832 | Justin Time | 20 | Jackson | 9 |
| Date Submitted | Application Number | Name | Age | Location | Applicant Score | Action Taken | View Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10/22/2019 | 01832 | John Doe | 20 | Jackson | 9 |
| Date Submitted | Application Number | Name | Age | Location | Applicant Score | Action Taken | View Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10/21/2019 | 01832 | Jane Doe | 20 | Jackson | 9 |


Ferrari drivers 'damaged the team' by crashing
Mattia Binotto was furious after Ferrari's drivers collided in the closing stages of the Brazilian GP.
by GMM F1Even before the Interlagos crash, the relationship between Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc was already unsettled as they vie for top status.
"The two drivers must realise that they have damaged the team," said Binotto, the Maranello team's usually-calm team boss.
"I don't want to judge right now who made the mistake, but it is necessary to give a strong signal to them that certain things cannot happen," he told Italian media.
"We now pay as a team and our image. With all the work that we do, it's not good."
Binotto said he was contemplating calling off the post-race driver debrief to make clear that Ferrari will not tolerate such incidents.
"We are considering not doing the debrief," he confirmed. "At times it is necessary to give a strong signal."
Vettel, however, denied blame for the incident, although he admitted it was "a rather aggressive fight".

"But we are both mature enough to know that these things must not happen.
"It happened at the wrong time, as we are both fighting for third place in the championship, and I am very sorry. But I am sure that the relationship with Seb will not change."
Binotto continued: "They must understand that both have a part of the blame."
Before the race, both Leclerc and Vettel admitted they would be pushing hard in Brazil and Abu Dhabi to secure third place in the drivers' championship.
"We let them fight freely because we are already second in the constructors' championship, so they could fight for their position in the drivers' championship," said Binotto.
"We have been criticised in the past for interfering too much in a fight, but to fight freely does not mean to do stupid things, especially this.
"We spoke out after Monza, and in my view the drivers had a good relationship after that. But the race today has certainly not helped in this regard," the Italian added.
Finally, Binotto said the only positive from the crash is that it gives him "the opportunity to clarify the internal rules before the coming season".
"This is something that should not be repeated."
body check tags ::


|
Couchbase Lite C
Couchbase Lite C API
|
The core Fleece data type is FLValue: a reference to a value in Fleece-encoded data. More...
Macros | |
| #define | FLTimestampNone INT64_MIN |
| A value representing a missing timestamp; returned when a date cannot be parsed. More... | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef int64_t | FLTimestamp |
| A timestamp, expressed as milliseconds since the Unix epoch (1-1-1970 midnight UTC.) More... | |
Enumerations | |
| enum | FLValueType { kFLUndefined = -1, kFLNull = 0, kFLBoolean, kFLNumber, kFLString, kFLData, kFLArray, kFLDict } |
| Types of Fleece values. More... | |
Functions | |
| FLValueType | FLValue_GetType (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns the data type of an arbitrary Value. More... | |
| bool | FLValue_IsInteger (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns true if the value is non-NULL and represents an integer. More... | |
| bool | FLValue_IsUnsigned (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns true if the value is non-NULL and represents an integer >= 2^63. More... | |
| bool | FLValue_IsDouble (FLValue) |
| Returns true if the value is non-NULL and represents a 64-bit floating-point number. More... | |
| bool | FLValue_AsBool (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns a value coerced to boolean. More... | |
| int64_t | FLValue_AsInt (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns a value coerced to an integer. More... | |
| uint64_t | FLValue_AsUnsigned (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns a value coerced to an unsigned integer. More... | |
| float | FLValue_AsFloat (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns a value coerced to a 32-bit floating point number. More... | |
| double | FLValue_AsDouble (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns a value coerced to a 32-bit floating point number. More... | |
| FLString | FLValue_AsString (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns the exact contents of a string value, or null for all other types. More... | |
| FLTimestamp | FLValue_AsTimestamp (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Converts a value to a timestamp, in milliseconds since Unix epoch, or INT64_MIN on failure. More... | |
| FLSlice | FLValue_AsData (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns the exact contents of a data value, or null for all other types. More... | |
| FLArray | FLValue_AsArray (FLValue) FLPURE |
| If a FLValue represents an array, returns it cast to FLArray, else NULL. More... | |
| FLDict | FLValue_AsDict (FLValue) FLPURE |
| If a FLValue represents a dictionary, returns it as an FLDict, else NULL. More... | |
| FLStringResult | FLValue_ToString (FLValue) |
| Returns a string representation of any scalar value. More... | |
| bool | FLValue_IsEqual (FLValue v1, FLValue v2) FLPURE |
| Compares two values for equality. More... | |
| bool | FLValue_IsMutable (FLValue) FLPURE |
| Returns true if the value is mutable. More... | |
| FLValue | FLValue_NewString (FLString) |
| Allocates a string value on the heap. More... | |
| FLValue | FLValue_NewData (FLSlice) |
| Allocates a data/blob value on the heap. More... | |
Variables | |
| const FLValue | kFLNullValue |
| A constant null value (not a NULL pointer!) More... | |
Ref-counting (mutable values only) | |
| FLValue | FLValue_Retain (FLValue) |
| If this value is mutable (and thus heap-based) its ref-count is incremented. More... | |
| void | FLValue_Release (FLValue) |
| If this value is mutable (and thus heap-based) its ref-count is decremented, and if it reaches zero the value is freed. More... | |
| static FLArray | FLArray_Retain (FLArray v) |
| static void | FLArray_Release (FLArray v) |
| static FLDict | FLDict_Retain (FLDict v) |
| static void | FLDict_Release (FLDict v) |
The core Fleece data type is FLValue: a reference to a value in Fleece-encoded data.
An FLValue can represent any JSON type (plus binary data).
FLValue_As...
; these return the scalar value, or a default zero/false/null value if the value is not of that type.It's always safe to pass a NULL value to an accessor; that goes for FLDict and FLArray as well as FLValue. The result will be a default value of that type, e.g. false or 0 or NULL, unless otherwise specified.
| #define FLTimestampNone INT64_MIN |
A value representing a missing timestamp; returned when a date cannot be parsed.
| typedef int64_t FLTimestamp |
A timestamp, expressed as milliseconds since the Unix epoch (1-1-1970 midnight UTC.)
| enum FLValueType |
Types of Fleece values.
Basically JSON, with the addition of Data (raw blob).
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| kFLUndefined | Type of a NULL pointer, i.e. no such value, like JSON |
| kFLNull | Equivalent to a JSON 'null'. |
| kFLBoolean | A |
| kFLNumber | A numeric value, either integer or floating-point. |
| kFLString | A string. |
| kFLData | Binary data (no JSON equivalent) |
| kFLArray | An array of values. |
| kFLDict | A mapping of strings to values. |
|
inlinestatic |
|
inlinestatic |
If a FLValue represents an array, returns it cast to FLArray, else NULL.
| bool FLValue_AsBool | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns a value coerced to boolean.
This will be true unless the value is NULL (undefined), null, false, or zero.
Returns the exact contents of a data value, or null for all other types.
If a FLValue represents a dictionary, returns it as an FLDict, else NULL.
| double FLValue_AsDouble | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns a value coerced to a 32-bit floating point number.
True and false are returned as 1.0 and 0.0, and integers are converted to float. All other types are returned as 0.0.
| float FLValue_AsFloat | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns a value coerced to a 32-bit floating point number.
True and false are returned as 1.0 and 0.0, and integers are converted to float. All other types are returned as 0.0.
| int64_t FLValue_AsInt | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns a value coerced to an integer.
True and false are returned as 1 and 0, and floating-point numbers are rounded. All other types are returned as 0.
FLValueIsUnsigned
. Returns the exact contents of a string value, or null for all other types.
| FLTimestamp FLValue_AsTimestamp | ( | FLValue | ) |
Converts a value to a timestamp, in milliseconds since Unix epoch, or INT64_MIN on failure.
| uint64_t FLValue_AsUnsigned | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns a value coerced to an unsigned integer.
This is the same as FLValueAsInt
except that it can't handle negative numbers, but does correctly return large uint64_t
values of 2^63 and up.
| FLValueType FLValue_GetType | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns the data type of an arbitrary Value.
(If the parameter is a NULL pointer, returns kFLUndefined
.)
| bool FLValue_IsDouble | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns true if the value is non-NULL and represents a 64-bit floating-point number.
Compares two values for equality.
This is a deep recursive comparison.
| bool FLValue_IsInteger | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns true if the value is non-NULL and represents an integer.
| bool FLValue_IsMutable | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns true if the value is mutable.
| bool FLValue_IsUnsigned | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns true if the value is non-NULL and represents an integer >= 2^63.
Such a value can't be represented in C as an int64_t
, only a uint64_t
, so you should access it by calling FLValueAsUnsigned
, not FLValueAsInt, which would return an incorrect (negative) value.
Allocates a data/blob value on the heap.
This is rarely needed – usually you'd just add data to a mutable Array or Dict directly using FLSlot_SetData.
Allocates a string value on the heap.
This is rarely needed – usually you'd just add a string to a mutable Array or Dict directly using FLSlot_SetString.
| void FLValue_Release | ( | FLValue | ) |
If this value is mutable (and thus heap-based) its ref-count is decremented, and if it reaches zero the value is freed.
If the value is not mutable, this call does nothing.
If this value is mutable (and thus heap-based) its ref-count is incremented.
Otherwise, this call does nothing.
| FLStringResult FLValue_ToString | ( | FLValue | ) |
Returns a string representation of any scalar value.
Data values are returned in raw form. Arrays and dictionaries don't have a representation and will return NULL.
| const FLValue kFLNullValue |
A constant null value (not a NULL pointer!)


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