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MPEG Video Encoding
MPEG is the compression system of choice for
DVD-Video and Video CD. | MPEG (Moving
Picture Experts Group) is the ISO committee which is responsible for
defining the various MPEG video specifications.
- MPEG-1,
originally defined in 1992 was aimed at full screen video stored
on a CD-ROM. It has since been incorporated into the Video
CD specification and is used on CD-ROMs.
- MPEG-2
came later and was intended for digital television applications
and is used for DVD-Video.
It supports interlaced video and variable bit rate (VBR) encoding.
- MPEG-3 was intended for HDTV but this was later
incorporated into MPEG-2.
- MPEG-4
is intended for video conferencing, Internet distribution and
similar applications using low bandwidths, but is also a contender
for HDTV on the next
generation blue laser optical disc.
Video for compression comprises sequences of still
pictures or frames which, without compression, would require a data
rate far too high even for DVD (see CCIR
601). Various methods are used to compress the video information
contained in these frames.
Each frame
is divided into an array of macroblocks, each 16 x 16 pixels in size
and comprising 4 blocks of Y (luminance), 1 block each of U and V
(colour) information. The colour information therefore has half the
horizontal and vertical resolution of the luminance information (see
CCIR
601).
The Y, U and V information in each macroblock is
compressed using Discrete
Cosine Transform (DCT) encoding and Motion
Compensation.
Discrete Cosine Transform
Discrete Cosine Transform is used to reduce the
data required to represent a single frame. Each of the 6 blocks per
macroblock is encoded by carrying out a Fourier transform of the
pixels in diagonal lines (see diagram) which maps the 8 x 8 block to
1 x 64, prior to DCT encoding.
Huffman coding is used to code the DCT data. If
bandwidth is limited, the higher frequency components will be
missing resulting in a 'fuzzy' result. MPEG encoding can be allowed
to degrade in this way to allow for lower bandwidths.
Motion
Compensation
Motion compensation is used to predict the values of
pixels by relocating a block of pixels from the last picture. This
motion is described by a 2-dimensional vector or movement from its
last position.
This is particularly useful for pans and other similar
movement. Most prediction errors will be small since pixel values do
not have large changes within a small area. The error values will
therefore compress better than the values themselves. Quantization
of the prediction errors further reduces the information.
MPEG Frame Types
Sequences of MPEG video comprise GOPs. Each GOP (Group of
Pictures) comprises video frames of three different types. These
are:
- I-frames (Intra coded frames) use DCT
encoding only to compress a single frame without reference to
any other frame in the sequence. Typically I-frames are
encoded with 2 bits per pixel on average. Since the initial data
comprises 4 bytes of Y, 1 byte of U and 1 byte of V (total 6 bytes
= 48 bits) per pixel, this gives a compression ratio of 24:1. For
random playing of MPEG video, the decoder must start decoding from
an I-frame not a P-frame. I-frames are inserted every 12 to 15
frames and are used to start a sequence, allowing video to be
played from random positions and for fast forward/reverse.
Decoding of video can start only at an I-frame.
- P-frames (Predicted frames) are coded as differences
from the last I or P frame. The new P-frame is first predicted by
taking the last I or P frame and 'predicting' the values of each
new pixel. P-frames use Motion
Prediction and DCT
encoding. As a result P-frames will give a compression ratio
better than I-frames but depending on the amount of motion
present. The differences between the predicted and actual values
are encoded. Most prediction errors will be small since pixel
values do not have large changes within a small area. The error
values will therefore compress better than the values themselves.
Quantization of the prediction errors further reduces the
information.
- B-frames (Bidirectional frames) are coded as
differences from the last or next I or P frame. B-frames use
prediction as for P-frames but for each block either the previous
I or P frame is used or the next I or P frame. P-frames use Motion
Prediction and DCT
encoding. Because B-frames require both previous and
subsequent frames for correct decoding, the order of MPEG frames
as read is not the same as the displayed order. This gives
improved compression compared with P-frames, because it is
possible to choose for every macroblock whether the previous or
next frame is taken for comparison.
These frames are interleaved in a sequence such as IBBPBBP.. or
IBPBPBPBP. The former is more difficult to encode but provides a
higher compression ratio than the latter. |


Class: ActiveSupport::ExecutionWrapper
| Inherits: |
Object
|
| Includes: | |
| Direct Subclasses: | Executor, Reloader |
| Defined in: |
Constant Summarycollapse
- Null =
-
Object.new
Constants included from Callbacks
Callbacks::CALLBACK_FILTER_TYPES
Class Attribute Summary collapse
Class Method Summary collapse
- .active? ⇒ Boolean
- .inherited(other)
-
.register_hook(hook, outer: false)
Register an object to be invoked during both the
run
andcomplete
steps. -
.run!
Run this execution.
- .to_complete(*args, &block)
- .to_run(*args, &block)
-
.wrap
Perform the work in the supplied block as an execution.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#complete!
Complete this in-flight execution.
- #hook_state private
- #run!
Methods included from Callbacks
#__run_callbacks__, #halted_callback_hook, #run_callbacks
Methods included from Concern
#append_features, #class_methods, .extended, #included
Class Attribute Details
.active
[ GitHub ]83
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 83
attr_accessor :active
Class Method Details
.active? ⇒ Boolean
93 94 95
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 93
def self.active? # :nodoc: @active[Thread.current] end
.inherited(other)
[ GitHub ]86 87 88 89
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 86
def self.inherited(other) # :nodoc: super other.active = Concurrent::Hash.new end
.register_hook(hook, outer: false)
Register an object to be invoked during both the run
and
complete
steps.
hook.complete
will be passed the value returned from
hook.run
, and will only be invoked if run
has
previously been called. (Mostly, this means it won't be invoked if an
exception occurs in a preceding to_run
block; all ordinary
to_complete
blocks are invoked in that situation.)
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 30
def self.register_hook(hook, outer: false) if outer run_args = [prepend: true] complete_args = [:after] else run_args = complete_args = [] end to_run(*run_args) do hook_state[hook] = hook.run end to_complete(*complete_args) do if hook_state.key?(hook) hook.complete hook_state[hook] end end end
.run!
Run this execution.
Returns an instance, whose complete!
method
must be invoked after the work has been performed.
Where possible, prefer wrap
.
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 54
def self.run! if active? Null else new.tap do |instance| success = nil begin instance.run! success = true ensure instance.complete! unless success end end end end
.to_complete(*args, &block)
[ GitHub ]18 19 20
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 18
def self.to_complete(*args, &block) set_callback(:complete, *args, &block) end
.to_run(*args, &block)
[ GitHub ]14 15 16
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 14
def self.to_run(*args, &block) set_callback(:run, *args, &block) end
.wrap
Perform the work in the supplied block as an execution.
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 71
def self.wrap return yield if active? instance = run! begin yield ensure instance.complete! end end
Instance Method Details
#complete!
Complete this in-flight execution. This method must be
called exactly once on the result of any call to run!
.
Where possible, prefer wrap
.
106 107 108 109 110
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 106
def complete! run_callbacks(:complete) ensure self.class.active.delete Thread.current end
#hook_state (private)
[ GitHub ]113 114 115
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 113
def hook_state @_hook_state ||= {} end
#run!
[ GitHub ]97 98 99 100
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/execution_wrapper.rb', line 97
def run! # :nodoc: self.class.active[Thread.current] = true run_callbacks(:run) end


The purpose of the Xtreme (XA/XB) Category is to attract automobile enthusiasts interested in autocross events with street vehicles using minimal rules that allow for creative modifications with limited restrictions. This category is intended to appeal to regional/local competitors who would like to compete with a modified car on street tires but would otherwise be classed in high-prep race tire categories. This class, unlike many other classes, is relatively unrestricted. Any modification is typically allowed unless specifically stated otherwise in the rules. This is unlike other classes that disallow any modification unless otherwise specified in the rules.
Your subclass should be highlighted
Any wheels are allowed. Non-metallic wheels must be certified/approved from an appropriate, recognized standards organization (e.g., FIA, SFI, SAE, TUV, etc.)
Your subclass should be highlighted


Did he just throw my cat out of the window? I was part of something special. Did he just throw my cat out of the window?
Did he just throw my cat out of the window? I was part of something special. Did he just throw my cat out of the window?
Checkmate... Yes, Yes, without the oops!
You really think you can fly that thing? Yeah, but John, if The Pirates of the Caribbean breaks down, the pirates don’t eat the tourists.
Must go faster. Just my luck, no ice. God creates dinosaurs. God destroys dinosaurs.
God creates Man. Man destroys God. Man creates Dinosaurs.
Yeah, but your scientists were so preoccupied with whether or not they could, they didn't stop to think if they should.
Forget the fat lady!  Drive us out of here!


Office of Superintendent of Police, #5, Millers Road, Bangalore – 560052 Ph:<PHONE_NUMBER>0 Email: dcblore@ksp.gov.in


"Many ideas grow better when transplanted into another mind than the one where they sprang up." Oliver Wendell Holmes
Java-Android Studio-Web developer-Content Writer. A normal guy trying to make a change in this world by writing codes in the computer. According to him, the two most powerful things in the world are Codes and Words.
Deep Learning and Computer Vision enthusiast who is well versed with working in Python. She is passionate about making the power of artificial intelligence accessible to the masses as a means to solve various issues.
Java-Python-Data-science enthusiast-A Fullstack Web Developer-Adobe PhotoShop. A complete programmer with a bit of photo editing skills, he always search for ways to make himself better than yesterday. He loves complex things and the process of solving it.
Info.sec researcher-Data-science enthusiast-A Fullstack Web Developer, Engineer by day, a researcher by night. He constantly works on different projects that takes his attention, he likes the way people connect to his projects and that is what keeps him going.


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Let your server feel its rhythm with Ditto2.
Şanışer
Şanışer
Stabil
Norm Ender
Prince & The Revolution
| Name | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| !play | It allows you to open music on Youtube. | !play "sound-name or link" |
| !stop | Stops the music. | !stop |
| !lyrics | Get lyrics for the currently playing song. | !lyrics |
| !loop | Toggle music loop. | !loop |
| !resume | Resume currently playing music. | !resume |
| !queue | Show music queue. | !queue |
| !nowplaying | Show now playing song. | !nowplaying or !np |
| !remove | Remove song from the queue. | !remove |
| !search | Search and select videos to play. | !search "video name" |
| !skip | Skip the currently playing song. | !skip |
| !skipto | Skip to the selected queue number. | !skipto "queue number" |
| !pause | Pause playing sound. | !pause |
| !volume | Change volume of currently playing music. | !volume "0 - 150" |
| !playlist | Play a playlist from youtube. | !playlist "name or link" |
| !shuffle | Shuffle the queue. | !shuffle |


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
page: {{ page }}
Edit the page query argument's value in url and enter it.
Refresh the page to view the change.
Check the Time column in debug toolbar →


Prediction
Energy Consumption Prediction on Daily basis
Please enter the following information:
Days is the number of days you want to use as the prediction dataset to predict the future. For example, you can use 30 days of data to predict the 31st day (ahead =1)


The event loop
"The event loop is what allows Node.js to perform non-blocking I/O operations by
offloading operations to the system kernel whenever possible."
-
The Event Loop is one of the most important aspects to understand about Node.js.
- [..] it explains how Node.js can be asynchronous and have non-blocking I/O
-
The Node.js JavaScript code runs on a single thread. There is just one thing happening
at a time
-
This is a limitation that's actually very helpful, as it simplifies a lot how you
program without worrying about concurrency issues.
Official documentation
The event loop
By Bert Belder, IBM. Author ob libuv.


--- layout: post title: Enabling client caching of dynamic content date: '2009-09-19T19:31:00.001+02:00' author: Dave Van den Eynde tags: modified_time: '2009-09-19T19:31:18.811+02:00' blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10546079.post-2332080078256537402 blogger_orig_url: http://www.groovbird.com/2009/09/enabling-client-caching-of-dynamic.html ---
In my last post, I was explaining how I wanted to return pictures from my ASP.NET MVC based application. In short, this is what I did:
[ReplaceMissingPicture(Picture = "~/Content/Images/nopicture.png", MimeType = "image/png")] public ActionResult Picture(int id) { var item = Service.GetItem(id); if (item.Picture != null) { var picture = item.Picture.ToArray(); var mime = item.PictureMime; return File(picture, mime); } else { return null; } }
Please see my last post for more information about what you see here.
This is all nice, but there’s a problem. Every time the client requests our “Picture” action method, the picture is returned with a HTTP status code 200. This is what you normally want, but my concern is that this happens every time. If this were a static file hosted by the web server, the web server would be smart enough to return an HTTP status code 304, meaning that the requested resource didn’t change since the last time it was requested.
How does this work? That’s relatively simple. When the resource is first requested, and the picture is returned, the web application should add a header to the HTTP response named “Etag”. This header contains a string that represents the “version” of the resource. This can really be anything.
When the client requests the same resource again, and the client has a cached copy of the resource, it sends a request containing an extra header named “If-None-Match”, meaning that if the resource still matches this version, it should return HTTP 304 and no content.
So how do we implement this?
For the version information, I chose to place a timestamp column in the table containing the picture, and an associated property in the LINQ to SQL business object. The timestamp column type is not related to dates and times. It’s just a value that you can check for if you want to know if the record has changed in any way since you last read it. Which is perfect for this example.
So the first thing we need to do is send the version to the client. In order to keep this testable, I decided to implement it in a way that closely resembles this answer to my question on Stack Overflow. First of all, we need an interface that we can call from our Action method that deals with adding the tag and checking for it. This should do fine:
public interface ITagService { string GetRequestTag(); void SetResponseTag(string value); }
When we add a property of this interface to our controller and initialize it in the constructor, we can decide what kind of implementation we use at runtime (whether that is the application hosted in IIS, or during testing). So we can use a mock for testing, and we can use the following class in IIS:
public class HttpTagService : ITagService { public string GetRequestTag() { return HttpContext.Current.Request.Headers["If-None-Match"]; } public void SetResponseTag(string value) { HttpContext.Current.Response.AppendHeader("ETag", value); } }
So now our Picture action method looks like this:
[ReplaceMissingPicture(Picture = "~/Content/Images/nopicture.png", MimeType = "image/png")] public ActionResult Picture(int id) { var item = Service.GetItem(id); var responseTag = item.Version != null ? Convert.ToBase64String(item.Version.ToArray()) : string.Empty; if (item.Picture != null) { var picture = item.Picture.ToArray(); var mime = item.PictureMime; TagService.SetResponseTag(responseTag); return File(picture, mime); } else { return null; } }
A simple ToBase64String() from our version column (which is mapped to a Binary object) should do just fine.
Before we go into how we’ll check for the tag (which is pretty trivial) we also need to know how to return the actual HTTP 304 status. The following needs to happen:
This last one is important, as it will allow the client to keep the connection open for the next request while not expecting any more output from the current request.
In order to keep this testable, I chose to create a custom ActionResult called NotModifiedResult. Here’s the implementation:
public class NotModifiedResult : ActionResult { public override void ExecuteResult(ControllerContext context) { var response = context.HttpContext.Response; response.SuppressContent = true; response.StatusCode = 304; response.StatusDescription = "Not Modified"; response.AddHeader("Content-Length", "0"); } }
This is exactly what we need, and ASP.NET MVC makes it easy again to keep this all neat and tidy. Our tests can simply check for the type of result returned, and ExecuteResult() never needs to be executed in a test environment.
So finally, our Picture action method looks like this:
[ReplaceMissingPicture(Picture = "~/Content/Images/nopicture.png", MimeType = "image/png")] public ActionResult Picture(int id) { var item = Service.GetItem(id); var requestTag = TagService.GetRequestTag() ?? string.Empty; var responseTag = item.Version != null ? Convert.ToBase64String(item.Version.ToArray()) : string.Empty; if (responseTag == requestTag) { return new NotModifiedResult(); } if (item.Picture != null) { var picture = item.Picture.ToArray(); var mime = item.PictureMime; TagService.SetResponseTag(responseTag); return File(picture, mime); } else { return null; } }
I’m sure this doesn’t need any explanation.
Two more things I’d like to mention. First of all, I decided to turn the Picture column into a delay loaded column by setting its Delay Loaded property to true in the LINQ to SQL designer. This way, when the table is queried, the column is not selected by default. Only when you access the picture column a new query is started specifically for the picture. This way, when you don’t need the picture (like in a table overview of the business objects) it’s not queried for and retrieved from the database. Also, this means that our action method requires two queries: one for the Item and one for the Picture column. Except that in the case of a client cached picture, the second query doesn’t need to be executed.
Second, I want you to know that this technique here doesn’t just apply to pictures, it applies to any sort of content that can be accessed as a resource. If the client can cache it, you can enable the web application to support that caching method.
Now all I need to do, is apply the same to my ReplaceMissingPicture filter that I talked about last time.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
Our location data is limited to the United States and specifically for weather station information from wunderground.com. In the future we plan on expanding our service to cover more countries.
Our produce database is ever expanding. If you can't find information for a particular produce you can either contact us directly and we will add your request to our database, or you can submit a request to add to our database directly.
A grow zone is a standard created by the USDA by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants
are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter temperature,
divided into 10-degree F zones.
More information can be found here.
An aiport zone is the airport code for the closest airport. Most airports provide some sort of weather tracking, and these zones are used by NOAA for weather service reporting.


CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS A film review by Randy Parker Copyright 1996 Randy Parker
RATING: ***1/2 (out of ****)
(Review written in 1989)
A new Woody Allen movie is usually a cause for celebration. But in recent years, the director's forays into straight drama and his absence from the screen have been a cause for trepidation more than anything else. Happily, Allen fans everywhere can break out the champagne: CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS (his 19th film) is a gem!
The movie is one of the few I've seen where the two main characters don't even meet until the final scene. CRIMES is composed of two almost entirely unrelated story lines, and each has its own unique flavor. The weaker of the two involves Martin Landau as a philandering husband who decides to call it quits with his mistress of two years (Angelica Houston). The problem is she won't accept his decision and threatens to expose their affair. Landau is faced with a moral crisis when his mafioso brother suggests they solve his dilemma by liquidating the troublesome mistress. Landau doesn't think he is capable of such evil, but at the same time he feels like he's backed into a corner.
Straight drama has never been Allen's strength; just watch INTERIORS or ANOTHER WOMAN and you'll know what I mean. But surprisingly, the dramatic story line in CRIMES is anything but impotent. Landau, coming off his Oscar-nominated performance in TUCKER, strikes gold again in CRIMES. Allen gives the actor a profound role, and Landau does it justice. He brings out the character's desperation, making him sympathetic in an odd sort of way.
Houston is a revelation as the neurotic lover. I'll never understand why her performance in PRIZZI9S HONOR received so much hoopla. However, there's no denying that Houston is simply phenomenal in CRIMES as a woman grasping at straws, composed at one minute and a basket case at the next. Houston's performance is worthy of an Oscar.
Allen juxtaposes the somber and humorless story of marital infidelity with a comic tale of romantic angst. And, thankfully, this half of CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS is vintage Woody Allen. To borrow a line from a beer commercial: it just doesn't get any better than this! The icing on the cake is Allen's participation in front of the camera as well as behind it.
Allen plays a struggling documentary filmmaker who falls in love with a TV-producer played by who else but Mia Farrow. Somehow, after 10 films, the on-screen chemistry between the real-life couple is as fresh and magical as ever. But Allen is not Farrow's only suitor in the film. His brother-in-law, a rich and powerful TV-executive played by Alan Alda, is also courting her. And once you mix in Allen's wife, sister, and niece, you have a flood of characters--and I've only mentioned half of them.
Fortunately, Allen has always been a master at juggling large ensemble casts--for example, HANNAH AND HER SISTERS. With CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS, he once again demonstrates his knack for letting each cast-member shine no matter how small the part. Alda, always a welcome presence, is playing against type in his role as the egomaniacal TV-sitcom creator. He pulls out all the stops in a tour de force performance. Something about his arrogance is irresistibly charming.
As the strong-willed, sharp-tongued, and upwardly mobile TV-producer, Mia Farrow is, as usual, both alluring and beguiling. If you think Farrow has been missing out in any way by appearing only in Allen's films, consider the diversity of the characters she has been able to play. Farrow is convincing whether she is a shy, timid mental case (SEPTEMBER), a loudmouth mob-girl (BROADWAY DANNY ROSE), or a no-nonsense, career woman (CRIMES).
And let's not forget Allen himself, who never fails to astonish me as actor, let alone as a director. His humor is still razor sharp and his vulnerability touchingly poignant. Even his smallest facial expressions can send you into tears or into hysterical laughter depending on the scene. Allen is a joy to behold, whether he is schmoozing with his niece or bickering with his wife and brother-in-law.
Amidst all the talk about the performances, I've neglected to mention how thematically rich the film is.   In any case, it's probably better if I leave these deeper issues to the English majors and the Philosophers.
I don't want to give the impression that CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS is cold and analytical. Yes, the film is deadly serious, but not at the expense of fun. Whenever the dramatic tension builds to a crescendo, Allen cuts away for some comic relief. The movie is overflowing with hilarious one-liners and comic performances.
CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS is truly a return to form for Allen. The effective fusion of comedy and drama makes the film one of his best to date, and certainly one of 1989's finest.
-- Randy Parker http://www.shoestring.org --> "1,000 Voices In The Dark" --> Weekly Movie Reviews & Interviews
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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| Name | Total Lines | Lines of Code | Total Coverage | Code Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /home/cgb/.rvm/gems/ruby-1.8.7-head/gems/flexmock-0.9.0/lib/flexmock/mock_container.rb | 341 | 166 | 84.75%
|
71.69%
|
Code reported as executed by Ruby looks like this...and this: this line is also marked as covered.Lines considered as run by rcov, but not reported by Ruby, look like this,and this: these lines were inferred by rcov (using simple heuristics).Finally, here's a line marked as not executed.
1 #!/usr/bin/env ruby |
2 |
3 #--- |
4 # Copyright 2003-2011 by Jim Weirich (jim@weirichhouse.org). |
5 # All rights reserved. |
6 |
7 # Permission is granted for use, copying, modification, distribution, |
8 # and distribution of modified versions of this work as long as the |
9 # above copyright notice is included. |
10 #+++ |
11 |
12 require 'flexmock/noop' |
13 require 'flexmock/argument_types' |
14 require 'flexmock/ordering' |
15 |
16 class FlexMock |
17 |
18 # ###################################################################### |
19 # Mock container methods |
20 # |
21 # Include this module in to get integration with FlexMock. When this module |
22 # is included, mocks may be created with a simple call to the +flexmock+ |
23 # method. Mocks created with via the method call will automatically be |
24 # verified in the teardown of the test case. |
25 # |
26 module MockContainer |
27 include Ordering |
28 |
29 # Do the flexmock specific teardown stuff. If you need finer control, |
30 # you can use either +flexmock_verify+ or +flexmock_close+. |
31 def flexmock_teardown |
32 flexmock_verify unless flexmock_test_has_failed? |
33 ensure |
34 flexmock_close |
35 end |
36 |
37 # Perform verification on all mocks in the container. |
38 def flexmock_verify |
39 flexmock_created_mocks.each do |m| |
40 m.flexmock_verify |
41 end |
42 end |
43 |
44 # List of mocks created in this container |
45 def flexmock_created_mocks |
46 @flexmock_created_mocks ||= [] |
47 end |
48 |
49 # Close all the mock objects in the container. Closing a mock object |
50 # restores any original behavior that was displaced by the mock. |
51 def flexmock_close |
52 flexmock_created_mocks.each do |m| |
53 m.flexmock_teardown |
54 end |
55 @flexmock_created_mocks = [] |
56 end |
57 |
58 # Create a mocking object in the FlexMock framework. The +flexmock+ |
59 # method has a number of options available, depending on just what kind of |
60 # mocking object your require. Mocks created via +flexmock+ will be |
61 # automatically verify during the teardown phase of your test framework. |
62 # |
63 # :call-seq: |
64 # flexmock() { |mock| ... } |
65 # flexmock(name) { |mock| ... } |
66 # flexmock(expect_hash) { |mock| ... } |
67 # flexmock(name, expect_hash) { |mock| ... } |
68 # flexmock(real_object) { |mock| ... } |
69 # flexmock(real_object, name) { |mock| ... } |
70 # flexmock(real_object, name, expect_hash) { |mock| ... } |
71 # flexmock(:base, string, name, expect_hash) { |mock| ... } |
72 # |
73 # Note: A plain flexmock() call without a block will return the |
74 # mock object (the object that interprets <tt>should_receive</tt> and its |
75 # brethern). A flexmock() call that _includes_ a block will return the |
76 # domain objects (the object that will interpret domain messages) since |
77 # the mock will be passed to the block for configuration. With regular |
78 # mocks, this distinction is unimportant because the mock object and the |
79 # domain object are the same object. However, with partial mocks, the |
80 # mock object is separation from the domain object. Keep that distinciton |
81 # in mind. |
82 # |
83 # name :: |
84 # Name of the mock object. If no name is given, "unknown" is used for |
85 # full mocks and "flexmock(real_object)" is used for partial |
86 # mocks. |
87 # |
88 # expect_hash :: |
89 # Hash table of method names and values. Each method/value pair is |
90 # used to setup a simple expectation so that if the mock object |
91 # receives a message matching an entry in the table, it returns |
92 # the associated value. No argument our call count constraints are |
93 # added. Using an expect_hash is identical to calling: |
94 # |
95 # mock.should_receive(method_name).and_return(value) |
96 # |
97 # for each of the method/value pairs in the hash. |
98 # |
99 # real_object :: |
100 # If a real object is given, then a partial mock is constructed |
101 # using the real_object as a base. Partial mocks (formally referred |
102 # to as stubs) behave as a mock object when an expectation is matched, |
103 # and otherwise will behave like the original object. This is useful |
104 # when you want to use a real object for testing, but need to mock out |
105 # just one or two methods. |
106 # |
107 # :base :: |
108 # Forces the following argument to be used as the base of a |
109 # partial mock object. This explicit tag is only needed if you |
110 # want to use a string or a symbol as the mock base (string and |
111 # symbols would normally be interpretted as the mock name). |
112 # |
113 # &block :: |
114 # If a block is given, then the mock object is passed to the block and |
115 # expectations may be configured within the block. When a block is given |
116 # for a partial mock, flexmock will return the domain object rather than |
117 # the mock object. |
118 # |
119 def flexmock(*args) |
120 name = nil |
121 quick_defs = {} |
122 domain_obj = nil |
123 safe_mode = false |
124 model_class = nil |
125 while ! args.empty? |
126 case args.first |
127 when :base, :safe |
128 safe_mode = (args.shift == :safe) |
129 domain_obj = args.shift |
130 when :model |
131 args.shift |
132 model_class = args.shift |
133 when String, Symbol |
134 name = args.shift.to_s |
135 when Hash |
136 quick_defs = args.shift |
137 else |
138 domain_obj = args.shift |
139 end |
140 end |
141 raise UsageError, "a block is required in safe mode" if safe_mode && ! block_given? |
142 |
143 if domain_obj |
144 mock = ContainerHelper.make_partial_proxy(self, domain_obj, name, safe_mode) |
145 result = domain_obj |
146 elsif model_class |
147 id = ContainerHelper.next_id |
148 result = mock = FlexMock.new("#{model_class}_#{id}", self) |
149 else |
150 result = mock = FlexMock.new(name || "unknown", self) |
151 end |
152 mock.should_receive(quick_defs) |
153 yield(mock) if block_given? |
154 flexmock_remember(mock) |
155 ContainerHelper.add_model_methods(mock, model_class, id) if model_class |
156 result |
157 end |
158 alias flexstub flexmock |
159 |
160 # Remember the mock object / stub in the mock container. |
161 def flexmock_remember(mocking_object) |
162 @flexmock_created_mocks ||= [] |
163 @flexmock_created_mocks << mocking_object |
164 mocking_object.flexmock_container = self |
165 mocking_object |
166 end |
167 |
168 private |
169 |
170 # In frameworks (e.g. MiniTest) passed? will return nil to |
171 # indicate the test isn't over yet. From our point of view we are |
172 # only interested if the test has actually failed, so we wrap the |
173 # raw call to passed? and handle accordingly. |
174 def flexmock_test_has_failed? |
175 passed? == false |
176 end |
177 end |
178 |
179 # ################################################################# |
180 # Helper methods for mock containers. MockContainer is a module |
181 # that is designed to be mixed into other classes, particularly |
182 # testing framework test cases. Since we don't want to pollute the |
183 # method namespace of the class that mixes in MockContainer, a |
184 # number of MockContainer methods were moved into ContainerHelper to |
185 # to isoloate the names. |
186 # |
187 class MockContainerHelper |
188 include FlexMock::ArgumentTypes |
189 |
190 # Return the next id for mocked models. |
191 def next_id |
192 @id_counter ||= 10000 |
193 @id_counter += 1 |
194 end |
195 |
196 # :call-seq: |
197 # parse_should_args(args) { |symbol| ... } |
198 # |
199 # This method provides common handling for the various should_receive |
200 # argument lists. It sorts out the differences between symbols, arrays and |
201 # hashes, and identifies the method names specified by each. As each |
202 # method name is identified, create a mock expectation for it using the |
203 # supplied block. |
204 def parse_should_args(mock, args, &block) # :nodoc: |
205 result = CompositeExpectation.new |
206 args.each do |arg| |
207 case arg |
208 when Hash |
209 arg.each do |k,v| |
210 exp = build_demeter_chain(mock, k, &block).and_return(v) |
211 result.add(exp) |
212 end |
213 when Symbol, String |
214 result.add(build_demeter_chain(mock, arg, &block)) |
215 end |
216 end |
217 result |
218 end |
219 |
220 # Automatically add mocks for some common methods in ActiveRecord |
221 # models. |
222 def add_model_methods(mock, model_class, id) |
223 container = mock.flexmock_container |
224 |
225 mock_errors = container.flexmock("errors") |
226 mock_errors.should_receive(:count).and_return(0).by_default |
227 mock_errors.should_receive(:full_messages).and_return([]).by_default |
228 |
229 mock.should_receive(:id).and_return(id).by_default |
230 mock.should_receive(:to_params).and_return(id.to_s).by_default |
231 mock.should_receive(:new_record?).and_return(false).by_default |
232 mock.should_receive(:class).and_return(model_class).by_default |
233 mock.should_receive(:errors).and_return(mock_errors).by_default |
234 |
235 # HACK: Ruby 1.9 needs the following lambda so that model_class |
236 # is correctly bound below. |
237 lambda { } |
238 mock.should_receive(:is_a?).with(any).and_return { |other| |
239 other == model_class |
240 }.by_default |
241 mock.should_receive(:instance_of?).with(any).and_return { |other| |
242 other == model_class |
243 }.by_default |
244 mock.should_receive(:kind_of?).with(any).and_return { |other| |
245 model_class.ancestors.include?(other) |
246 }.by_default |
247 end |
248 |
249 # Create a PartialMockProxy for the given object. Use +name+ as |
250 # the name of the mock object. |
251 def make_partial_proxy(container, obj, name, safe_mode) |
252 name ||= "flexmock(#{obj.class.to_s})" |
253 if !obj.instance_variable_defined?("@flexmock_proxy") || obj.instance_variable_get("@flexmock_proxy").nil? |
254 mock = FlexMock.new(name, container) |
255 proxy = PartialMockProxy.new(obj, mock, safe_mode) |
256 obj.instance_variable_set("@flexmock_proxy", proxy) |
257 end |
258 obj.instance_variable_get("@flexmock_proxy") |
259 end |
260 |
261 private |
262 |
263 # Build the chain of mocks for demeter style mocking. |
264 # |
265 # Warning: Nasty code ahead. |
266 # |
267 # This method builds a chain of mocks to support demeter style |
268 # mocking. Given a mock chain of "first.second.third.last", we |
269 # must build a chain of mock methods that return the next mock in |
270 # the chain. The expectation for the last method of the chain is |
271 # returned as the result of the method. |
272 # |
273 # Things to consider: |
274 # |
275 # (1) The expectation for the "first" method must be created by |
276 # the proper mechanism, which is supplied by the block parameter |
277 # "block". In other words, first expectation is created by |
278 # calling the block. (This allows us to create expectations on |
279 # both pure mocks and partial mocks, with the block handling the |
280 # details). |
281 # |
282 # (2) Although the first mock is arbitrary, the remaining mocks in |
283 # the chain will always be pure mocks created specifically for |
284 # this purpose. |
285 # |
286 # (3) The expectations for all methods but the last in the chain |
287 # will be setup to expect no parameters and to return the next |
288 # mock in the chain. |
289 # |
290 # (4) It could very well be the case that several demeter chains |
291 # will be defined on a single mock object, and those chains could |
292 # share some of the same methods (e.g. "mock.one.two.read" and |
293 # "mock.one.two.write" both share the methods "one" and "two"). |
294 # It is important that the shared methods return the same mocks in |
295 # both chains. |
296 # |
297 def build_demeter_chain(mock, arg, &block) |
298 container = mock.flexmock_container |
299 names = arg.to_s.split('.') |
300 check_method_names(names) |
301 exp = nil |
302 next_exp = lambda { |n| block.call(n) } |
303 loop do |
304 method_name = names.shift.to_sym |
305 exp = mock.flexmock_find_expectation(method_name) |
306 need_new_exp = exp.nil? || names.empty? |
307 exp = next_exp.call(method_name) if need_new_exp |
308 break if names.empty? |
309 if need_new_exp |
310 mock = container.flexmock("demeter_#{method_name}") |
311 exp.with_no_args.and_return(mock) |
312 else |
313 mock = exp._return_value([]) |
314 end |
315 check_proper_mock(mock, method_name) |
316 next_exp = lambda { |n| mock.should_receive(n) } |
317 end |
318 exp |
319 end |
320 |
321 # Check that the given mock is a real FlexMock mock. |
322 def check_proper_mock(mock, method_name) |
323 unless mock.kind_of?(FlexMock) |
324 fail FlexMock::UsageError, |
325 "Conflicting mock declaration for '#{method_name}' in demeter style mock" |
326 end |
327 end |
328 |
329 METHOD_NAME_RE = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*[=!?]?|\[\]=?||\*\*|<<|>>|<=>|[<>=]=|=~|===|[-+]@|[-+\*\/%&^|<>~`])$/ |
330 |
331 # Check that all the names in the list are valid method names. |
332 def check_method_names(names) |
333 names.each do |name| |
334 fail FlexMock::UsageError, "Ill-formed method name '#{name}'" if |
335 name !~ METHOD_NAME_RE |
336 end |
337 end |
338 end |
339 |
340 ContainerHelper = MockContainerHelper.new |
341 end |
Generated on Wed May 16 23:29:48 -0700 2012 with rcov 1.0.0


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[gecode-users] embedded gecode
Guido Tack
tack at gecode.org
Fri Apr 8 14:13:39 CEST 2011
Christian Schulte wrote:
> There might be an additional way to make the binaries smaller. After running configure, you can edit the file
> gecode/support/config.hpp
> and change the line
>
> /* How to tell the compiler to really, really inline */
> #define forceinline inline __attribute__ ((__always_inline__))
>
> to
>
> /* How to tell the compiler to really, really inline */
> #define forceinline inline
>
> This reduces the amount of inlining (hopefully). I do not know which difference it makes for gcc though. For MSVC on Windows it saves 35% for the integer module and 50% for the set module.
While I'm at it... This does shrink the queens executable again, to 3,2M unstripped, 1,3M stripped (for -Oz, -dead_strip, without set variables). As you suggest, the savings should be even bigger when the set module is included.
Cheers,
Guido
--
Guido Tack, http://people.cs.kuleuven.be/~guido.tack/
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mailing list


 An OFF file is good for storing a description a 2D or 3D object constructed from polygons. There is even a simple extension which can handle objects in 4D.
While there are many variations and extensions of the OFF format, the simplest files have the following structure:
Colors can be assigned to the vertices by following the XYZ coordinates of a vertex with the RGBA color coordinates (the "A" coordinate controls the transparency). In particular, this means that the form of the vertex lines would be:
Colors can be assigned to the faces by following the vertex indices by the RGBA color coordinates of the face. In particular, this means that the form of the face lines would be:
Normally, color is not specified for BOTH the vertices and faces. If the node colors are specified, then the faces are colored with a smooth interpolation of the colors of their vertices.
OFF # # cube.off # A cube. # There is extra RGBA color information specified for the faces. # 8 6 12 1.632993 0.000000 1.154701 0.000000 1.632993 1.154701 -1.632993 0.000000 1.154701 0.000000 -1.632993 1.154701 1.632993 0.000000 -1.154701 0.000000 1.632993 -1.154701 -1.632993 0.000000 -1.154701 0.000000 -1.632993 -1.154701 4 0 1 2 3 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.75 4 7 4 0 3 0.300 0.400 0.000 0.75 4 4 5 1 0 0.200 0.500 0.100 0.75 4 5 6 2 1 0.100 0.600 0.200 0.75 4 3 2 6 7 0.000 0.700 0.300 0.75 4 6 5 4 7 0.000 1.000 0.000 0.75
You can go up one level to the DATA page.


Welcome to the GenePattern Notebook Workspace. GenePattern provides hundreds of analytical tools for the analysis of gene expression (RNA-seq and microarray), sequence variation and copy number, proteomic, flow cytometry, and network analysis - all with a user-friendly interface!
This resource is here to help you run your own genomic analyses through the creation of interactive "notebooks." These notebooks are designed to help you explore, track and reproduce your research, all the way from its conception through its dissemination.
To get started, we recommend beginning with the GenePattern Notebook Tutorial.
The GenePattern Notebook Workspace provides a variety of public notebook projects, which can serve as templates or examples when creating your own. These notebooks can be accessed from the landing page when you first log in. (You may need to go back to your previous tab.)
To open a public notebook project, first browse or search through the list and find one that interests you, then click on the project's name to open a dialog with the full description. This dialog will have a "Run Project" button. If you click this button a copy of the project will be added to your workspace and opened in a new tab.
To create your own notebook from scratch, click the "New" dropdown and select "Notebook". Programming knowledge is not required to use GenePattern Notebook, but its use remains available to you if you are a coder.
This will open a new blank notebook. To begin a GenePattern analysis, select any cell and change the cell type to "GenePattern." For more information, see the GenePattern Notebook Documentation.


Covid-19
Updates in SriLanka
Total Cases
Confirmed Cases
Total Deaths
New Deaths
Total Recovered
Based on https://hpb.health.gov.lk


FAQ: Contributing to Sage#
How can I start contributing to Sage?#
The first step is to use Sage and encourage your friends to use Sage. If you find bugs or confusing documentation along the way, please report your problems!
Two popular ways to contribute to Sage are to write code and to create documentation or tutorials. Some steps in each direction are described below.
I want to contribute code to Sage. How do I get started?#
Take a look at the official development guide for Sage. At a minimum, the first chapter in that guide is required reading for any Sage developer. Also pay special attention to the GitHub guidelines. You can also join the sage-devel mailing list or hang around on the SageMath Zulip chat channel. While you are getting to know the community, grab a copy of the Sage source and familiarize yourself with the git version control system.
The best way to become familiar with the Sage development process is
to choose an issue from
the Sage repository on GitHub
and review the proposed changes contained in that issue. If you want
to implement something, it is a good practice to discuss your ideas on
the sage-devel
mailing list first, so that other developers have a
chance to comment on your ideas/proposals. They are pretty open to new
ideas, too, as all mathematicians should be.
Sage’s main programming language is Python. Some parts of Sage may be written in other languages, especially the components that do the heavy number crunching, but most native functionality is done using Python, including “glue code”. One of the good aspects of Python that Sage inherits is that working code is considered more valuable than merely fast code. Fast code is valuable, but clean, readable code is important. In the mathematics community, inaccurate results are unacceptable. Correctness comes before optimization. In the following paper
D. Knuth. Structured Programming with go to Statements. ACM Journal Computing Surveys, 6(4), 1974.
Don Knuth observes that: “We should forget about small efficiencies, say about 97% of the time: premature optimization is the root of all evil.”
If you do not know Python, you should start learning that language. A good place to start is the Python Official Tutorial and other documents in the Python standard documentation. Another good place to take a look at is Dive Into Python by Mark Pilgrim, which may be pretty helpful on some specific topics such as test-driven development. The book Building Skills in Python by Steven F. Lott is suitable for anyone who is already comfortable with programming.
If you want, you can try to learn Python by using Sage. However, it is helpful to know what is pure Python and when Sage is doing its “magic”. There are many things that work in Python but not in Sage, and vice versa. Furthermore, even when the syntax is identical, many programming concepts are explained more thoroughly in Python-centered resources than in Sage-centered resources; in the latter, mathematics is usually the priority.
I am not a programmer. Is there another way I can help out?#
Yes. As with any free open source software project, there are numerous ways in which you could help out within the Sage community, and programming is only one of many ways to contribute.
Many people like writing technical tutorials. One of the joys of doing so is that you also learn something new in the process. At the same time, you communicate your knowledge to beginners, a skill which is useful in fields other than technical writing itself. A main point about technical writing is that you communicate a technical subject to beginners, so keep technical jargon to a minimum. Darrell Anderson has written some tips on technical writing, which we highly recommend.
For the graphic designers or the artistically creative, you can help out with improving the design of the Sage website.
If you can speak, read, and write in another (natural) language, there are many ways in which your contribution would be very valuable to the whole Sage community. Say you know Italian. Then you can write a Sage tutorial in Italian, or help out with translating the official Sage tutorial to Italian.
The above is a very short list. There are many, many more ways in which you can help out. Feel free to send an email to the sage-devel mailing list to ask about possible ways in which you could help out, or to suggest a project idea.
Where can I find resources on Python or Cython?#
Here is an incomplete list of resources on Python and Cython. Further resources can be found by a web search.
General resources
Python home page and the Python standard documentation
Tutorials and books
Cython Tutorial by Stefan Behnel, Robert W. Bradshaw, and Dag Sverre Seljebotn
Dive Into Python 3 by Mark Pilgrim
Fast Numerical Computations with Cython by Dag Sverre Seljebotn
Articles and HOWTOs
Functional Programming HOWTO by A. M. Kuchling
Python Functional Programming for Mathematicians by Minh Van Nguyen
Regular Expression HOWTO by A. M. Kuchling
Are there any coding conventions I need to follow?#
You should follow the standard Python conventions as documented at PEP 8 and PEP 257. Also consult the Sage Developer’s Guide, especially the chapter Conventions for Coding in Sage.
I submitted a bug fix to the GitHub Sage repo several weeks ago. Why are you ignoring my branch?#
We are not trying to ignore your branch. Most people who work on Sage do so in their free time. With hundreds of open PRs of varying degrees of impacts on the whole Sage community, people who work on PRs need to prioritize their time and work on those PRs that interest them. Sometimes you may be the only person who understands your branch. In that case, you are encouraged to take extra care to make it as easy as possible for anyone to review. Here are some tips on making your branch easy to review:
Have you clearly described the problem your branch is trying to solve?
Have you provided any background information relevant to the problem your patch is trying to solve? Such information include links to online resources and any relevant papers, books and reference materials.
Have you clearly described how your branch solves the problem under consideration?
Have you clearly described how to test the changes in your branch?
Have you listed any issues/PRs that your branch depends on?
Is your branch based on a recent (preferably, the latest) Sage beta version?
Does your branch follow relevant conventions as documented in the Developer’s Guide?
If your branch stands no chance of being merged in the Sage source tree, we will not ignore your branch but simply close the relevant PR with an explanation why we cannot include your changes.
When and how might I remind the Sage community of a branch I care about?#
You are encouraged to take extra care in how you remind the Sage community of a branch/patch you want to get merged into the Sage source tree. There might be an upcoming bug squash sprint or an upcoming Sage Days workshop that relates to your patch. Monitor the relevant Sage mailing lists and respond politely to any relevant email threads, with clear explanation on why your patch is relevant.
I wrote some Sage code and I want it to be integrated into Sage. However, after renaming my file a.sage
to a.py
, I got syntax errors. Do I have to rewrite all my code in Python instead of Sage?#
The basic answer is yes, but rewriting is a big word for what is really needed. There is little work to do since Sage mostly follows Python syntax. The two main differences are handling of integer (see also the afterword for more on the sage preparser), and the necessity to import what you need.
Handling of integers: You need to take care of the following changes:
Notation for exponentiation: In Python
**
means exponentiation and^
means “xor”.If you need to return an integer to the user, write
return Integer(1)
instead ofreturn 1
. In Python, 1 is a pythonint
, andInteger(1)
is a Sage/Gmp integer. In addition,Integer
are much more powerful thanint
; for example, they know about being prime and factorization.You should also notice that
2 / 3
no longer meansInteger(2) / Integer(3)
and returns2/3
, but ratherint(2) / int(3)
, and therefore returns0
due to integer division where it deregards any remainder. If you are dealing withInteger
but you really need an integer division you can useInteger(2) // Integer(3)
.
Importing stuff: The second big change is the necessity to import everything what you need. More precisely, each time you use some Sage function, you need to import it at the beginning of the file. For example, if you want
PolynomialRing
, you need to write:from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
You can use
import_statements
to get the exact necessary line:sage: import_statements(PolynomialRing) from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
If this fails, you can ask Sage where to find
PolynomialRing
using:sage: PolynomialRing.__module__ 'sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor'
This also corresponds to the path starting after
site-packages
given when you ask Sage forPolynomialRing
help. For example, if you callPolynomialRing?
, you get:Type: function [...] File: /path_to_sage_root/sage/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/sage/rings/polynomial/polynomial_ring_constructor.py [...]


Final and non-final errors, failed client validation and server bugs, HTTP status codes, and other things to consider in a client-server communication¶
Here are some general thoughts on two topics. First one covers a scenario when you’re a client dealing with some third party API. The second one is when you’re someone’s third party API, and you need to use a consistent strategy for error codes that your service can return.
As a client¶
There is a huge amount of errors that a third-party service you’re intergrated with can return. Typically, they fall under a very limited amount of types. Each type corresponds to some strategy to implemement. Besides, putting yourself in the shoes of a client makes a perfect sense to come up with a consistent strategy regarding error response codes.
- As a client, I need to consider the following scenarios:
- Can I even parse a response? That is, do I understand it?
- Is response successful, or not?
- Is it final?
What do I need to do in each of those cases?
Typically, it depends on whether a request you’re performing is with side-effects or not. For example, if you’re sending a request for a bank card authorization, it apparently implies a side-effect: a certain sum of money should be withdrawn from someone’s account. Otherwise, if you want to get a list of a customer’s previous orders, there is no side-effect involved.
Request with side effects¶
If you don’t understand a response or can’t obtain it whatsoever, you need to perform a manual handling. The problem here is that you simply don’t have an idea of what happened with a request. Was it successful? Or it wasn’t? You don’t know. At the very least, you should log this response with a high severity. Better option is to programmatically pass this problem to tech support, so that they can connect with a corresponding third party service’s IT support.
If you can parse a response, and you see that it’s not successful, it would be great to know whether you can try again. That is, whether a problem is final or not. If it’s not, you could save this request and try send it some time later. This option improves overall user experience, so is highly preferred. If it’s final, you can inform a customer right away, so she can try something else.
If everything was fine and response was successful, it can be final and non-final, again. Typically this happens when you send some withdrawal request, but due to the asynchronous nature of a fintech world, you can’t know whether money were withdrawn right away. Often times, you get a response like “Thanks, we got your request. We’ll either send you a notification with a result, or you can request us for payment status from time to time”.
Request without side effects¶
This one is way easier. If you can’t parse a response, you can either try again, or you can tell your customer to try again. For example, the easiest option is to reload a page.
If a response was not successful, or was not final, again, you don’t need any complex manipulations. Just try again, or let your customer to do it.
As a server¶
Since you already have an idea what a client has to deal with when integrating with a third-party service, you as a server can make her life easier. In total, you have four states that you should handle explicitly:
- Invalid response (that is, the one that a client doesn’t understand).
- Successful response.
- Final non-successful response.
- Non-final non-successful response.
Easy parts¶
OK, you can’t handle a case when your response is not a part of your schema. Because if you could, there would be no such responses whatsoever.
If a client request was successful, then it’s easy: you just return http code 200.
What is non-successful response?¶
The final two are about non-successful responses. First, you should have a firm grasp of what it is to be non-successful response. Is it that a payment request was not processed right away? I doubt this one is an erroneous case. Non-successful responses are for cases when there is no chance to be otherwise in principle. That is, when something’s wrong with a customer’s request data, or with your service.
Final non-successful responses are for client errors¶
So, third, final non-successful responses. If you give all those responses a long hard look, there is one thing in common to almost all of them: they are such because of a customer’s request data. It’s the case in a vast majority of cases. Should there was a different card number, or a different delivery address, or a different email, a request would a have a chance to be successful. So, all the final non-successful responses should have an http status code 40X, a variation of a client error.
Non-final non-successful responses are for server errors¶
And, what does a non-final non-successful response look like? It’s when your server behaves in an exceptional way. Typically, when there is a bug in your code, or some other services you request return an error. Customer’s request is perfectly fine, and she can try again. Probably it was a network error somewhere in between you and, say, your database instance. Or it’s a bug in your code that you might fix in a matter of minutes. Anyways, an http error status 500 is an indicator that an error is transient.
Employ safety nets for code with significant side-effect¶
The problem here is that you should deliniate parts of code where a bug happened before any significant side-effects could have happened, and where a bug happened after significant side-effects happened. For example, if an exception was thrown during validation, it’s not so problematic.
But when an unexpected error occured after you have sent a payment request in a bank, you should treat this case extremely carefully.
This danger zone should be wrapped in a try ... catch
blocks, and if something went wrong, you should persist this state in a database.
Why? Because if a customer sends this request for the second time (you can’t prohibit this), you don’t want her to be charged twice.
Send an operation id¶
Flash news: http is a stateless protocol. It can’t know whether two requests are in any way similar. It is you who should take care of it. How? Probably the easiest way is to make a customer to send some kind of an operation id, be it an order id generated by a frontend, or a transaction id, or something similar. If she tries again, or reloads the page, the request will be sent with the same operation id, and we as a backend service, will process it accordingly.
I won’t consider a request without side effects here, since it’s way easier. Basically, it boils down to the fact that, most of the time, no special treatment is needed.
A good way to implement complex validation in a declarative, hence maintainable, way is to use the validol library. It encourages contextual validation and is infinitely extendable. Check it out.


|
| static void | connect () throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException |
| |
| static void | runnerQuery () throws SQLException |
| |
| static void | runnerUpdate () throws SQLException |
| |
| static void | resetmark () throws SQLException |
| |
| static void | marker (String keyword) throws SQLException |
| |
| static String | display (int num) throws SQLException |
| |
| static void | select (String fieldlist, String tablename) throws SQLException |
| |
| static void | select (String fieldlist, String tablename, String condition) throws SQLException |
| |
| static String | insertuser (String name) throws SQLException |
| |
| static void | insertrecordforsaving (String name, String id, String keyword) throws SQLException |
| |
This class is for useful methods that simplify coding in MainServlet.java
- Author
- sahin_batmaz
| static void pckg1.functions.connect |
( |
| ) |
throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException |
|
static |
This method makes the connection to database.
- Exceptions
-
| ClassNotFoundException | |
| SQLException | |
| static String pckg1.functions.display |
( |
int |
num | ) |
throws SQLException |
|
static |
Before this method is called, all rank values in database are set to what they should be. This method sort the records according to rank values and create html code with information of records in it.
- Parameters
-
| num | // It is for the maximum number of records that will be showed |
- Returns
- // This method returns the appropriate html code as a String.
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.insertrecordforsaving |
( |
String |
name, |
|
|
String |
id, |
|
|
String |
keyword |
|
) |
| throws SQLException |
|
static |
When a user wants to save some records that s/he searched, this method runs in the project. It saves the id of the records with the username and the keyword that the results come from.
- Parameters
-
| name | // name of the user |
| id | // id of the record that will be saved |
| keyword | // the keyword set which gave the output set. |
- Exceptions
-
| static String pckg1.functions.insertuser |
( |
String |
name | ) |
throws SQLException |
|
static |
In my project, I have a table for users who are using the project. As a first processes of my project, it asks for a username. And this method adds the name to the database.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- // If the already exists in the database it returns 'Welcome old friend' as a String, else it returns 'Welcome traveler' as a String.
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.marker |
( |
String |
keyword | ) |
throws SQLException |
|
static |
There is a rank value field in database for how much a record is related with the searching keyword set. This method finds the corresponding rank value for the keyword set.
- Parameters
-
| keyword | // It is one of words that user has entered. |
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.resetmark |
( |
| ) |
throws SQLException |
|
static |
There is a rank value field in database for how much a record is related with the searching keyword set. This method set this field zero for all records. Note that this method is always used just before a search operation starts.
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.runnerQuery |
( |
| ) |
throws SQLException |
|
static |
There are two kind of database operations, one is asking query and taking desired list and the other is updating the database. This method makes the executions for the former when query is already set.
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.runnerUpdate |
( |
| ) |
throws SQLException |
|
static |
There are two kind of database operations, one is asking query and taking desired list and the other is updating the database. This method makes the executions for the latter when query is already set.
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.select |
( |
String |
fieldlist, |
|
|
String |
tablename |
|
) |
| throws SQLException |
|
static |
This is a basic query for database. By this method, it is easy to use 'select - from table' query. Output values are automatically put into Result variable of MainServlet.java
- Parameters
-
| fieldlist | // desired fields of records that are being searched |
| tablename | // the table name of records that they belong to |
- Exceptions
-
| static void pckg1.functions.select |
( |
String |
fieldlist, |
|
|
String |
tablename, |
|
|
String |
condition |
|
) |
| throws SQLException |
|
static |
This is a basic query for database. By this method, it is easy to use 'select - from table where -' query. Output values are automatically put into Result variable of MainServlet.java
- Parameters
-
| fieldlist | // desired fields of records that are being searched |
| tablename | // the table name of records that they belong to |
| condition | // it is the part of the query that comes after where. |
- Exceptions
-
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


In the United States, robbery is generally treated as an aggravated form of common law larceny. Specific elements and definitions differ from state to state. The common elements of robbery are:
a trespassory
taking and
carrying away
of the personal property
of another
with the intent to steal
from the person or presence of the victim
by force or threat of force.
The first six elements are the same as common law larceny. It is the last two elements that aggravate the crime to common law robbery.
PUNISHMENTS
The punishment for robbery is affected by a variety of aggravating and mitigating factors. Particularly important is how much harm was caused to the victim and how much culpability the offender had (e.g. carrying a weapon or leading a group effort implies high culpability). Robbery is divided into three categories which are,
in increasing order of seriousness: street or less sophisticated commercial
dwelling
professionally planned commercial.
Robbery generally results in a custodial sentence. Only a low-harm, low-culpability robbery with other mitigating factors would result in an alternative punishment, in the form of a high level community order. The maximum legal punishment is imprisonment for life.
It is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003. Current sentencing guidelines advise that the sentence should be no longer than 20 years, for a high-harm, high-culpability robbery with other aggravating factors.


| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
10 mg |
oral |
2C-E |
(powder / crystals) |
| T+ 2:00 |
200 mg |
oral |
4-Fluoroamphetamine |
(powder / crystals) |
| T+ 2:00 |
200 mg |
oral |
Methylone |
(powder / crystals) |
| T+ 2:00 |
100 mg |
oral |
bk-MBDB |
(powder / crystals) |
A bit about myself, I'm 23 years old, healthy, athletic, and a professional, and I've only have had experience with research chemical type items. As far as psychedelics, Ayahuasca in South America. I experiment 5-6 times a year at most. Anyways, on to the report:
It was a lazy Sunday afternoon at my apartment and I was feeling particulary more bored than usual so I decided to dig through my old stash of RC's and mix something up. I noticed an envelope crumpled in my closet and found 10mg of 2-CE that I forgot I had even ordered. I said 'What the heck' and ingested it orally with water. I waited about 2 hours and felt absolutely nothing and figured I must have bought some fake stuff so I proceeded with ingesting about 200mg of 4-FA, 200mg of methylone, and 100mg of butylone orally.  Don't do it!].
After about 3 hours of buying stuff, fixing my car, and chatting people up, all the RC's I ingested pretty much wore off and I started heading back home. I still felt nothing from the 2-CE and figured I must have bought some fake stuff and didn't think much of it until I started driving on the freeway(Again DUMB), and started seeing fractals in the artwork lining the freeway and hues of green colors in the sky. I concentrated very hard on the road and getting home, which made all the preliminary visions subside until I got home.
I felt very tired/exhausted and a bit nauseous but not enough to throw up and decided to lay down and take a nap. Every time I closed my eyes, I would feel myself start drifting into a deep sleep but be abruptly awakened by visions that were getting more and more powerful. I started seeing fractals, spiraling eyeballs, Aztec architecture, strippers, monstrosities, and all kinds of random images that just kind of popped in and out of my vision. Every time I opened my eyes and drifted off to sleep, the visions would only get darker and darker, where I started seeing skulls, flames, blood, and weird demon looking pac-man things with rows and rows of saw-like shark-teeth grinding side to side all glaring at me with pure evil.
Annoyed at the fact that I couldn't fall asleep without falling into a nightmare hellish world, I went and took a shower. At this point, I'm having open eye visuals, with Mayan/Aztec hieroglyphics popping up in everything wooden in my house, white walls breathing, and water coming from my shower that felt as if it were piercing through me but in a strangely refreshing/awesome feeling way. I felt more cleansed than I have ever felt in a long time after that awesome shower, but the dark visuals persisted every time I closed my eyes, let alone blinked. I decided to watch a movie(Approx 2.5 hrs) to wait out the 2-CE and by the end of it, the visuals had all but stopped.
Perhaps I didn't ingest enough of 2-CE or maybe the other RC's might have interfered(doubtful) but I was left was a very poor impression of 2-CE. The psychedelic aspect of it felt very 'mechanical'. Yes there were powerful visuals, vivid colors/fractals, and a sense of exploration, but it was all devoid of emotion or any deep insights, basically like watching an old grainy movie that skips all the time with no sound/color/ or text to give you a clue as to wtf is going on. Definitely not my weapon of choice for personal growth and insight, I'm sticking to Ayahuasca, which is leagues ahead of this stuff.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


{literal}
{/literal}
{literal}
{/literal}
{if $isActive == false}
{text key="cocreation+room_info_toast"}
{foreach $invitations as $invitation}
{text key="cocreation+concreation_not_active"}


XY Sqrt color gradient
A gradient function defined by the square root of the multiplication of X and Y coordinate values. It is related to the XY color gradient, but mapped by using the square root, resulting in more evenly spaced colors. Its size can be controlled using the radius property, which is actually some sort of an incircle radius. The center can be set using the center property. Finally the gradient can be rotated using the angle property.
Figure 1: Output of a TXYSqrtGradientSampler with several colors, a certain radius and angle (wrap: clamp, mirror and repeat)


Id -> 23
Name -> Earth (C-500A)
Type -> Planet
Dimension -> Dimension C-500A
Residents -> ['https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/37', 'https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/91', 'https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/176', 'https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/183', 'https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/195']


--- layout: full-width title: Donate permalink: /donate/ ---
As a non-profit, the Society depends on contributions from people like you—thanks! We can receive monetary donations in a couple of ways:
Tim Macdonald (Kin)
55 W Monroe St #2200
Chicago, IL 60603
We also gratefully accept pro bono help from certain types of professionals. Please contact us if you can offer help with:
Thank you!


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{# Copyright 2020 Google LLC Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. #} {%- extends BASE_HTML -%} {% set main_id = 'search' %} {% set page_id = 'page-search' %} {% set title = query_text + ' - Search Results' %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}


A regex that tokenizes JavaScript.
var jsTokens = require("js-tokens")
var jsString = "var foo=opts.foo;\n..."
jsString.match(jsTokens)
// ["var", " ", "foo", "=", "opts", ".", "foo", ";", "\n", ...]
npm install js-tokens
var jsTokens = require("js-tokens")
jsTokens
A regex with the g
flag that matches JavaScript tokens.
The regex always matches, even invalid JavaScript and the empty string.
The next match is always directly after the previous.
var token = jsTokens.matchToToken(match)
Takes a match
returned by jsTokens.exec(string)
, and returns a {type:
String, value: String}
object. The following types are available:
Multi-line comments and strings also have a closed
property indicating if the
token was closed or not (see below).
Comments and strings both come in several flavors. To distinguish them, check if
the token starts with //
, /*
, '
, "
or `
.
Names are ECMAScript IdentifierNames, that is, including both identifiers and keywords. You may use is-keyword-js to tell them apart.
Whitespace includes both line terminators and other whitespace.
For example usage, please see this gist.
The intention is to always support the latest stable ECMAScript version.
If adding support for a newer version requires changes, a new version with a major verion bump will be released.
Currently, ECMAScript 2015 is supported.
Unterminated strings are still matched as strings. JavaScript strings cannot contain (unescaped) newlines, so unterminated strings simply end at the end of the line. Unterminated template strings can contain unescaped newlines, though, so they go on to the end of input.
Unterminated multi-line comments are also still matched as comments. They simply go on to the end of the input.
Unterminated regex literals are likely matched as division and whatever is inside the regex.
Invalid ASCII characters have their own capturing group.
Invalid non-ASCII characters are treated as names, to simplify the matching of names (except unicode spaces which are treated as whitespace).
Regex literals may contain invalid regex syntax. They are still matched as regex literals. They may also contain repeated regex flags, to keep the regex simple.
Strings may contain invalid escape sequences.
Tokenizing JavaScript using regexes—in fact, one single regex—won’t be perfect. But that’s not the point either.
You may compare jsTokens with esprima by using esprima-compare.js
.
See npm run esprima-compare
!
Template strings are matched as single tokens, from the starting `
to the
ending `
, including interpolations (whose tokens are not matched
individually).
Matching template string interpolations requires recursive balancing of {
and
}
—something that JavaScript regexes cannot do. Only one level of nesting is
supported.
Consider this example:
var g = 9.82
var number = bar / 2/g
var regex = / 2/g
A human can easily understand that in the number
line we’re dealing with
division, and in the regex
line we’re dealing with a regex literal. How come?
Because humans can look at the whole code to put the /
characters in context.
A JavaScript regex cannot. It only sees forwards.
When the jsTokens
regex scans throught the above, it will see the following
at the end of both the number
and regex
rows:
/ 2/g
It is then impossible to know if that is a regex literal, or part of an expression dealing with division.
Here is a similar case:
foo /= 2/g
foo(/= 2/g)
The first line divides the foo
variable with 2/g
. The second line calls the
foo
function with the regex literal /= 2/g
. Again, since jsTokens
only
sees forwards, it cannot tell the two cases apart.
There are some cases where we can tell division and regex literals apart, though.
First off, we have the simple cases where there’s only one slash in the line:
var foo = 2/g
foo /= 2
Regex literals cannot contain newlines, so the above cases are correctly identified as division. Things are only problematic when there are more than one non-comment slash in a single line.
Secondly, not every character is a valid regex flag.
var number = bar / 2/e
The above example is also correctly identified as division, because e
is not a
valid regex flag. I initially wanted to future-proof by allowing [a-zA-Z]*
(any letter) as flags, but it is not worth it since it increases the amount of
ambigous cases. So only the standard g
, m
, i
, y
and u
flags are
allowed. This means that the above example will be identified as division as
long as you don’t rename the e
variable to some permutation of gmiyu
1 to 5
characters long.
Lastly, we can look forward for information.
+
, *
, &&
and ==
), but division
could likely be part of such an expression.Please consult the regex source and the test cases for precise information on when regex or division is matched (should you need to know). In short, you could sum it up as:
If the end of a statement looks like a regex literal (even if it isn’t), it will be treated as one. Otherwise it should work as expected (if you write sane code).


Module Utils.Vector
vec2 class.
Copyright (c) 2010 Matthias Richter
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Functions
| vec2:init (x, y) | Constructor |
| vec2:clone () | Returns a copy of self, with x,y also cloned from self |
| vec2:unpack () | Returns unpacked values |
| vec2:__tostring () | Prints components value |
| vec2.__unm (a) | the unary - operation. |
| vec2.__add (a, b) | Sum operator between vec2 |
| vec2.__sub (a, b) | Subtraction operator between vec2 |
| vec2.__mul (a, b) | Multiply a vec2 by a number or by another vec2 |
| vec2.__div (a, b) | Divides a vec2 by a number |
| vec2.__eq (a, b) | the == operation |
| vec2.__lt (a, b) | the < operation |
| vec2.__le (a, b) | the <= operation |
| vec2.permul (a, b) | Multiplies vectors component per component |
| vec2:lenSqr () | Calculates len^2 |
| vec2:len () | Calculates len |
| vec2.dist (a, b) | Calculates distance between 2 points |
| vec2:normalize_inplace () | Normalizes the vector |
| vec2:normalized () | Returns a normalized vector |
| vec2:normalize () | Returns a normalized vector |
| vec2:rotate_inplace (phi) | Rotates the vector of phi radians |
| vec2:rotated (phi) | Returns a rotated vector |
| vec2:rotate (phi) | Returns a rotated vector |
| vec2:projectOn (v) | Returns the projection of the vector on another vector |
| vec2:cross (other) | Cross product of two vectors |
| vec2:dot (other) | Dot product of two vectors |
| vec2:angleBetween (other) | Returns the angle between two vectors |
Functions
- vec2:init (x, y)
-
Constructor
Parameters:
- x default 0
- y default 0
- vec2:clone ()
- Returns a copy of self, with x,y also cloned from self
- vec2:unpack ()
-
Returns unpacked values
Returns:
- x
- y
- vec2:__tostring ()
- Prints components value
- vec2.__unm (a)
-
the unary - operation.
Parameters:
- a
- vec2.__add (a, b)
-
Sum operator between vec2
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.__sub (a, b)
-
Subtraction operator between vec2
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.__mul (a, b)
-
Multiply a vec2 by a number or by another vec2
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.__div (a, b)
-
Divides a vec2 by a number
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.__eq (a, b)
-
the == operation
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.__lt (a, b)
-
the < operation
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.__le (a, b)
-
the <= operation
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2.permul (a, b)
-
Multiplies vectors component per component
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2:lenSqr ()
- Calculates len^2
- vec2:len ()
- Calculates len
- vec2.dist (a, b)
-
Calculates distance between 2 points
Parameters:
- a
- b
- vec2:normalize_inplace ()
-
Normalizes the vector
Returns:
-
self
- vec2:normalized ()
-
Returns a normalized vector
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:normalize ()
-
Returns a normalized vector
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:rotate_inplace (phi)
-
Rotates the vector of phi radians
Parameters:
- phi radians
Returns:
-
self
- vec2:rotated (phi)
-
Returns a rotated vector
Parameters:
- phi radians
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:rotate (phi)
-
Returns a rotated vector
Parameters:
- phi radians
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:projectOn (v)
-
Returns the projection of the vector on another vector
Parameters:
- v vec2 on which to project the vector
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:cross (other)
-
Cross product of two vectors
Parameters:
- other
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:dot (other)
-
Dot product of two vectors
Parameters:
- other
Returns:
-
vec2
- vec2:angleBetween (other)
-
Returns the angle between two vectors
Parameters:
- other
Returns:
-
radians


Zend\Search\Lucene and Java Lucene support a powerful query language. It allows searching for individual terms, phrases, ranges of terms; using wildcards and fuzzy search; combining queries using boolean operators; and so on.
A detailed query language description can be found in the ZendSearchLucene component documentation.
What follows are examples of some common query types and strategies.
Querying for a single word
1 | hello
|
Searches for the word “hello” through all document fields.
Note
Default search field
Important note! Java Lucene searches only through the “contents” field by default, but Zend\Search\Lucene searches through all fields. This behavior can be modified using the Zend\Search\Lucene::setDefaultSearchField($fieldName) method.
Querying for multiple words
1 | hello dolly
|
Searches for two words. Both words are optional; at least one of them must be present in the result.
Requiring words in a query
1 | +hello dolly
|
Searches for two words; “hello” is required, “dolly” is optional.
Prohibiting words in queried documents
1 | +hello -dolly
|
Searches for two words; “hello” is required, ‘dolly’ is prohibited. In other words, if the document matches “hello”, but contains the word “dolly”, it will not be returned in the set of matches.
Querying for phrases
1 | "hello dolly"
|
Searches for the phrase “hello dolly”; a document only matches if that exact string is present.
Querying against specific fields
1 | title:"The Right Way" AND text:go
|
Searches for the phrase “The Right Way” within the title field and the word “go” within the text field.
Querying against specific fields as well as the entire document
1 | title:"The Right Way" AND go
|
Searches for the phrase “The Right Way” within the title field and the word “go” word appearing in any field of the document.
Querying against specific fields as well as the entire document (alternate)
1 | title:Do it right
|
Searches for the word “Do” within the title field and the words “it” and “right” words through all fields; any single one matching will result in a document match.
Querying with the wildcard ”?”
1 | te?t
|
Search for words matching the pattern “te?t”, where ”?” is any single character.
Querying with the wildcard “*”
1 | test*
|
Search for words matching the pattern “test*”, where “*” is any sequence of zero or more characters.
Querying for an inclusive range of terms
1 | mod_date:[20020101 TO 20030101]
|
Search for the range of terms (inclusive).
Querying for an exclusive range of terms
1 | title:{Aida to Carmen}
|
Search for the range of terms (exclusive).
Fuzzy searches
1 | roam~
|
Fuzzy search for the word “roam”.
Boolean searches
1 | (framework OR library) AND php
|
Boolean query.
All supported queries can be constructed through Zend\Search\Lucene‘s query construction API. Moreover, query parsing and query constructing may be combined:
Combining parsed and constructed queries
1 2 3 4 5 | $userQuery = Zend\Search\Lucene\Search\QueryParser::parse($queryStr);
$query = new Zend\Search\Lucene\Search\Query\Boolean();
$query->addSubquery($userQuery, true /* required */);
$query->addSubquery($constructedQuery, true /* required */);
|
The source code of this file is hosted on GitHub. Everyone can update and fix errors in this document with few clicks - no downloads needed.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/144837-PR-reviews/topic/.23463.20removing.20coercions.20from.20category_theory.2F.html ---
For your consideration, @Mario Carneiro, @Johannes Hölzl, @Johan Commelin, @Reid Barton, @Michael Jendrusch.
I propose removing all the coercions. It only took about 20 minutes to take them out, and I think overall it already simplifies the mathlib code, and will simplify lots of other things going forward.
The cost is having to write F.obj X
instead of F X
, and having to write t.app X
instead of t X
.
The benefit is not having to work out why F X
doesn't work some fraction of the time.
and not having to jump through hoops with extra variations of structure fields, to introduce coercions.
and ... various other things as discussed in recent threads.
https://github.com/leanprover/mathlib/pull/463/files
Notice that overall it reduces the codebase: +247 −317
I don't really see this as a cost. It's sort-of how I think of functors anyway :-)
@Mario Carneiro do you think this will also benefit modules?
@Scott Morrison I think this is totally fine. In the sheaf stuff I've already avoided coercions; it wasn't too painful.
you know, I'm not sure how to take the lines reduction when you are reformatting at the same time :P
https://github.com/leanprover/mathlib/pull/463/files#diff-d821da3f10c3bc4b40e7718069576210R81
there are also almost no actual proofs involved. Is it all just definitions?
This night be a silly question because I don't know the previous setup -- could you just have the coercion on objects and only explicitly have to write F.app for the morphisms?
Oh I see, this is exactly what was causing problems
I now realise t is not a functor but probably a natural transformation
there are also almost no actual proofs involved. Is it all just definitions?
Yeah, nothing in category_theory/
so far counts as a "theorem" except perhaps yoneda.
I am reminded of https://mathoverflow.net/a/10899/1384
Hmm... Does sounds like Lang. :-)
Hi @Mario, I'd be interested to hear your thoughts on this. I'm hesitant to continue working on later parts of the category theory development, because in several spots my current issues are connected to coercions. If I know whether or not it's likely this will be merged, I can decide whether or not to continue fighting those issues. :-)
I want to hear what @Johannes Hölzl has to say. You've been fighting these demons more than me, so I'll go with it if you think it helps, but I think it is a stylistic loss
I would be happy with merging this. I think @Reid Barton expressed a similar opinion.
I agree that it is a stylisitic loss, but its not too bad. Also we get rid of a lot of boilerplate code.
So I'm okay with removing the coercions
Whee... :-) After :four_leaf_clover:, I will see if we can do better.
Would it be better with a symbol in between, instead of just field notation?
Naahh, I would find it less readable with a symbol
I'm a bit worried that you can't do the same thing with notations
in particular that example with monoidal functor application
@Mario Carneiro, could you clarify that? I'm not sure what you mean yet.
if F
is a monoidal functor, then F.app X
is magically parsed to F.to_functor.app X
You don't get the same magic if you write F +> X
or whatever
is it ready to be merged?
go for launch
merged
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SFU Opportunities Fair
It’s never too early to think about your career.
General information
The annual Opportunities Fair held in February by the ESSS gives SFU Engineering students and Computing Science students direct connections to the industry they are studying. Employers seeking talented employees are invited to spend two days meeting the bright students of SFU.
Employers looking to speak with students are advised to e-mail VP External<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or visit the OpFair Registration Page.
Students should check OpFair.ca as the event gets closer.
Corporate sponsorship
Throughout the year we hold many events where corporate sponsorship would help enrich the experience for our students. Whenever a corporate sponsor is involved, our students do take notice as it directly improves their outlook and relationship with that brand. Surveys of previous students have shown a greater likelihood to apply for a job from, or do business with, a company they are familiar with and have a sense of connection to.
There are also a number of student run engineering clubs and teams at SFU who compete in local, national, and international competitions. Nearly all of them are always looking for sponsorship from local companies. These sponsorship usually include either a financial donation or an in-kind donation to help the teams achieve their goals. The result is a very visible advertising platform for your brand as well as a truly meaningful connection to a very talented and motivated group of future engineers.
If you’re considering the options and benefits of sponsoring an event or team, please contact our current VP External (external@esss.ca).


An implementation of hyperparameter optimization for Gradient Boosted Trees on binary classification and regression problems. The current version provides two optimization methods: Bayesian optimization and random search. Instead of giving the single best model, the final output is an ensemble of Gradient Boosted Trees constructed via the method of ensemble selection.
| Version: | 1.2.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.3.0) |
| Imports: | doParallel, doRNG, foreach, gbm, earth |
| Suggests: | testthat |
| Published: | 2017-02-27 |
| Author: | Waley W. J. Liang |
| Maintainer: | Waley W. J. Liang <wliang10 at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 | file LICENSE [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2) | file LICENSE] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | gbts results |
| Reference manual: | gbts.pdf |
| Package source: | gbts_1.2.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: gbts_1.2.0.zip, r-release: gbts_1.2.0.zip, r-oldrel: gbts_1.2.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: gbts_1.2.0.tgz, r-oldrel: gbts_1.2.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | gbts archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gbts to link to this page.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: 'Prospect Bio: Arismendy Alcantara' author: display_name: Luke Jett login: Luke email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Luke author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 9819 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=9819 date: '2014-04-25 08:04:12 +0000' date_gmt: '2014-04-25 13:04:12 +0000' categories: - Prospects tags: - Iowa Cubs - Arismendy Alcantara - Javier Baez - Jorge Soler - Albert Almora - Kris Bryant - Jason Parks comments: [] ---
When talking Cubs position prospects, the players that are usually discussed are Javier Baez, Kris Bryant, Jorge Soler, and Albert Almora. There is one guy that has flown under the radar to many of the casual fans, and that player is Arismendy Alcantara.
Alcantara is 22 years old and currently the starting second baseman for the Iowa Cubs in AAA. He is hitting .271 on the year in only 70 at bats spread out through 19 games. To go with that batting average, the switching hitting middle infielder has a .284 OBP and a .514 slugging. That is good for a .798 OPS as he is making a push for a mid season call up.
A not well known name coming into 2013, Alcantara made his mark on the season. With AA Tennessee, he hit .271 with a .804 OPS while stealing 31 bases and hitting 15 home runs. Also a bright spot for the #6 ranked prospect in the Cubs organization by Baseball Prospectus, started for the World Team in the Futures Game and went 1-3 while hitting a home run into the second deck of the Citi Field bleachers off of Red Sox prospect, Anthony Ranaudo. The second baseman only played five innings, but impressed the scouts that were in attendance.
One of these scouts, Jason Parks, made an interesting comparison to a Jose Reyes like player. A switching hitting middle infielder that is a 20/20 threat that can also hit .280 in the big leagues. I can get on board with a Reyes like talent at the top of the lineup getting on base for Baez and Bryant.
A shortstop coming through the ranks, Alcantara has played second base for just over a year. Starting last year in Tennessee, a young shortstop by the name of Javier Baez met him midway through last year, causing Alcantara to move to second. In 15 less chances at second last year, the 83rd ranked prospect in baseball according to Baseball Prospectus, made 17 less errors than at shortstop.
Alcantara is a prospect that is often overlooked because of the Big 4, but he can prove to be a big asset to the big league club before those four guys. If Alcantara can continue to hit .270 - .280, you will certainly see him see him in the big leagues as a September call up and possibly the starting second baseman for the 2015 Chicago Cubs. And hopefully the starting second baseman for many years to come.


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Louisiana’s Democratic governor wins re-election in Republican-leaning state, report media
WASHINGTON, Nov 17 — Louisiana’s Democratic Governor John Bel Edwards has been re-elected to a second term, narrowly defeating a Republican opponent who had closely aligned himself with US President Donald Trump, the Democratic National Committee (DNC) said.
The victory for Edwards, a conservative Democrat and the only Democratic governor in the Deep South, comes on the heels of recent Democratic gains in Kentucky and Virginia.
Trump, who had won 58 per cent of the popular vote in Louisiana in the 2016 presidential election, had travelled to the state three times to support Republican businessman Eddie Rispone, and repeatedly supported the candidate on Twitter.
Yesterday afternoon he urged voters on Twitter: “Louisiana, 3 hours left, get out and Vote for @EddieRispone for Governor. Lower taxes and much more!”
The Associated Press called the election for Edwards late yesterday evening.
Tom Perez, chairman of the DNC, said Edwards’ victory was another sign of the “surging strength” of Democrats.
“Louisiana, Kentucky, and Virginia have delivered a devastating warning to Donald Trump’s Republican Party,” he said in a statement. “Democrats are competing and winning in every corner of the country. Less than a year before the 2020 election, the wind is firmly at our backs.”
The DNC invested heavily in the Louisiana Democratic Party to support Democrats’ election efforts. — Reuters