The data on this site is based off the offical api so it is offical, but the the site its self was made by someone not apart of Game Theory. The data is only updated every 12-24 hours, but it is still pretty accurate for example, over about 12h (overnight) the total number only changed by about 500, and all the other numbers even less then that. If you want reasons for it only being updated every 12-24h, dm me on discord. If you want current data, the raw data is at the bottom of the page, or you can mention me on the offical Game Theory discord (Hero#1337) to get me to update it. I will not be adding the Beta Gates to this, so don't ask.
Data was last updated:
Total participants:
Participants with 14 keys (completed gate 3):
Participants with 13 keys or more:
Participants with 12 keys or more:
Participants with 11 keys or more:
Participants with 10 keys or more:
Participants with 9 keys or more(completed gate 2):
Participants with 8 keys or more:
Participants with 7 keys or more:
Participants with 6 keys or more:
Participants with 5 keys or more (completed gate 1):
Participants with 4 keys or more:
Participants with 3 keys or more:
Participants with 2 keys or more:
Participants with 1 key or more:
Ranking Needed to be in the top 50%:
Ranking Needed to be in the top 25%:
Ranking Needed to be in the top 10%:
Ranking Needed to be in the top 5%:
Ranking Needed to be in the top 1%:
The raw data for this site comes from this site, add page number to the end of this link. If you want the data on this site in a format that is easier to use for a bot or simmilar, the data is in JSON format on: API Data or the Chart Data:


Next: Indices and tables, Previous: API documentation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]
Rest Server external symbols documentation
Implement an resource operation case
Example: (with-api test-api
- (define-resource-operation get-user :get (:url-prefix “users/{id}”)
‘((:id :integer))))
Execute the client resource operation calling backend
Define an resource operation implementation
Start a web documentation application on the given api.
Find api by name
Make an resource operation.
Configure or reconfigure an already existent resource operation implementation
Configure or reconfigure an already existent api
Start an api at address and port.
In production mode, we bind the api directly. In debug mode, we only bind the API name in order to be able to make modifications to the api (definition) in development time
Helper macro to define an resource operation
Define an api resource.
Example: (with-api-resource users
- (define-resource-operation get-user :get (:url-prefix “users/{id}”)
‘((:id :integer))))
Macro to build HTTP content to pass in client functions.
Example:
(:= :name “name”) (when some-condition
(:= :attr 22)))))
(app.api-client:my-client-function :content content)))
Define an api.
Bind ARGS
to POSTED-CONTENT
. POSTED-CONTENT
is supposed to be an alist.
Also, argx-P is T5 iff argx is present in POSTED-CONTENT
Next: Indices and tables, Previous: API documentation, Up: Top [Contents][Index]


Digital proof plays a very important role in crime. It is of extreme importance to guarantee integrity, authenticity and audit of digital evidence from first responder to higher authorities responsible for handling cybercrime investigation. So here is an attempt of securing evidence using Blockchain technology.


- SAFETY_ORANGE - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SAFFLOWER - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SAFFRON - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SALMON - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SANDY_BROWN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SANGRIA - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SAPPANWOOD - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SAPPANWOOD_INCENSE - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SAPPHIRE - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SAWTOOTH_OAK - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SCARLET - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SCHOOL_BUS_YELLOW - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SCollections - Class in squidpony.squidutility
-
This utility class contains functions for working with Collections.
- SCollections() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidutility.SCollections
-
- SColor - Class in squidpony.squidcolor
-
Allows for the use of custom colors with custom names.
- SColor() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
A constructor with no passed values.
- SColor(Color) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Creates a new color that's the same value as the passed in color.
- SColor(Color, String) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Creates a new color that's the same value as the passed in color and
given the provided name.
- SColor(int) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Creates a new color that has the given combined RGB value.
- SColor(int, String) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Creates a new color that has the given combined RGB value and the
provided name.
- SColor(int, int, int) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Creates a new color that has the given RGB values.
- SColor(int, int, int, String) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Creates a new color that has the given RGB values and the provided name.
- SColorChooserPanel - Class in squidpony.squidcolor
-
This class provides a way to interact with the pre-defined SColor constants
in a Swing GUI.
- SColorChooserPanel() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidcolor.SColorChooserPanel
-
- SColorFactory - Class in squidpony.squidcolor
-
Provides utilities for working with colors as well as caching operations for
color creation.
- SCORTCHED_BROWN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SEA_GREEN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SEASHELL - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SELECTIVE_YELLOW - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SEN_NO_RIKYUS_TEA - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SEPIA - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- setAntialias(boolean) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.TextCellFactory
-
Sets whether or not characters should be drawn with antialiasing.
- setCellBackground(int, int, Color) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx.SGPanelGDX
-
- setCellBackground(int, int, Color) - Method in interface squidpony.squidgrid.gui.SGPane
-
Sets the background to the provided color.
- setCellBackground(int, int, Color) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
- setComponent(JComponent) - Method in interface squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.Animation
-
Sets the Component in which this animation will take place.
- setComponent(JComponent) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.BumpAnimation
-
- setComponent(JComponent) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.SlideAnimation
-
- setComponent(JComponent) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.WiggleAnimation
-
- setDefaultBackground(Color) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx.SGPanelGDX
-
- setDefaultBackground(Color) - Method in interface squidpony.squidgrid.gui.SGPane
-
Sets the background color which will be used on all text and transparent
tiles when not other color is specified.
- setDefaultBackground(Color) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
- setDefaultForeground(Color) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx.SGPanelGDX
-
- setDefaultForeground(Color) - Method in interface squidpony.squidgrid.gui.SGPane
-
Sets the background color which will be used on all text and transparent
tiles when not other color is specified.
- setDefaultForeground(Color) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
- setDimensions(Dimension) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.ImageCellMap
-
Sets the size of a single cell.
- setFirst(F) - Method in class squidpony.squidutility.Pair
-
- setFitCharacters(char[]) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.TextCellFactory
-
Sets the array of characters that will be checked to ensure they all fit
in the text block.
- setFloor(int) - Static method in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColorFactory
-
Sets the value at which each of the red, green, and blue values will be
set to the nearest lower multiple of.
- setImageCellMap(ImageCellMap) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
- setNullImage(BufferedImage) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.ImageCellMap
-
Sets the image intended to be used if no other image is available.
- setPadding(int) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.TextCellFactory
-
Sets the minimum amount of space between the characters and all four
edges.
- setPadding(int, int, int, int) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.TextCellFactory
-
Sets the minimum amount of space between the characters and the edges.
- setSecond(S) - Method in class squidpony.squidutility.Pair
-
- setSeed(long) - Method in class squidpony.squidmath.RNG
-
- setSideview(float) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.fov.EliasLOS
-
- setText(char[][]) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx.SGPanelGDX
-
- setText(char[][]) - Method in interface squidpony.squidgrid.gui.SGPane
-
Sets the contents of the component to reflect the two dimensional
character array.
- setText(char[][]) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
- setTextCellFactory(TextCellFactory) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
- SGKeyListener - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event
-
This is a KeyListener which consumes all key events and then allows them to
be retrieved one at a time.
- SGKeyListener(boolean, SGKeyListener.CaptureType) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event.SGKeyListener
-
Creates a new listener which can optionally block when no input is
currently available and will capture on key up or key down depending on
the parameters.
- SGKeyListener.CaptureType - Enum in squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event
-
Indicates when the capture should occur.
- SGMouseListener - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event
-
This mouse listener allows for easy interface with a grid based system.
- SGMouseListener(int, int, MouseInputListener) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event.SGMouseListener
-
Sets the size of the cell so that all mouse input can be evaluated as
relative to the grid.
- SGPane - Interface in squidpony.squidgrid.gui
-
A basic interface for working with grids.
- SGPanelGDX - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx
-
A libGDX implementation of SPanel that allows both text and graphics.
- SGPanelGDX() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx.SGPanelGDX
-
- ShadowFOV - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.fov
-
Recursive shadowcasting FOV.
- ShadowFOV() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.fov.ShadowFOV
-
- SHAMROCK_GREEN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SHOCKING_PINK - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- showSColorChooser(Component) - Static method in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColorFactory
-
Returns an SColor chosen from a pop-up JColorChooser dialog.
- SHRIMP_BROWN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SILK_CREPE_BROWN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SILVER - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SILVER_GREY - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SILVERED_RED - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SIMMERED_SEAWEED - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SISKIN_SPROUT_YELLOW - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- size() - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.ImageCellMap
-
- SKY - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SKY_BLUE - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SLATE_GRAY - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- slide(Point, Point) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
Starts a movement animation for the object at the given grid location at
the default speed.
- slide(Point, Direction) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
Starts a movement animation for the object at the given grid location at
the default speed for one grid square in the direction provided.
- slide(Point, Point, int) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
Starts a sliding movement animation for the object at the given location
at the provided speed.
- SlideAnimation - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation
-
This class animates an image sliding directly from one point to another.
- SlideAnimation(BufferedImage, Point, Point, int) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.SlideAnimation
-
Creates a sliding animation from the start point to the end point.
- SMALT - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SOOTY_BAMBOO - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SOOTY_WILLOW_BAMBOO - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SPARROW_BROWN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SpreadFOV - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.fov
-
Performs FOV by pushing values outwards from the source location.
- SpreadFOV() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.fov.SpreadFOV
-
- SPRING_BUD - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SPRING_GREEN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- squareDistance(Point3D) - Method in class squidpony.squidmath.Point3D
-
Returns the square of the linear distance between this coordinate
point and the provided one.
- squidpony.annotation - package squidpony.annotation
-
- squidpony.squidcolor - package squidpony.squidcolor
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.fov - package squidpony.squidgrid.fov
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.gui - package squidpony.squidgrid.gui
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt - package squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event - package squidpony.squidgrid.gui.awt.event
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx - package squidpony.squidgrid.gui.libgdx
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing - package squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation - package squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation
-
- squidpony.squidgrid.util - package squidpony.squidgrid.util
-
- squidpony.squidmath - package squidpony.squidmath
-
- squidpony.squidutility - package squidpony.squidutility
-
- STAINED_RED - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- startNewAnimationManager(JComponent) - Static method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.AnimationManager
-
Creates a new AnimationManager that will draw to the provided image and
then starts it in a daemon worker thread to manage the animations.
- STEAMED_CHESTNUT - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- STEEL_BLUE - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- stopAnimation(Animation) - Method in class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.animation.AnimationManager
-
Stops the given animation if it is in the current list of running
animations.
- STOREROOM_BROWN - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- STYLISH_PERSIMMON - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SUMAC - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SUMAC_DYED - Static variable in class squidpony.squidcolor.SColor
-
Color constant
- SwingPane - Class in squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing
-
Displays text and images in a grid pattern.
- SwingPane(int, int, int, int, Font) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
Builds a new panel with the desired traits.
- SwingPane(int, int, Font) - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
Builds a panel with the given Font determining the size of the cell
dimensions.
- SwingPane() - Constructor for class squidpony.squidgrid.gui.swing.SwingPane
-
Empty constructor.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
If you put your halved baby potatoes on to steam before you get started on the lamb chops, you can fairly effortlessly rely on a proper meat-and-potato supper in around 20 minutes (plus a little marinading time). Steaming the potatoes is, for me, an important stipulation: a steamed spud is a sweet spud; more than that, cooked this way, rather than by boiling, the potatoes are dry when done, which makes them easy to fry to crisp bronzedness.
Put the halved baby potatoes on to steam.
Get out a large dish – in which the lamb cutlets will fit in a single layer – and first pour into it the olive oil and sprinkle in the chilli flakes, dried mint and celery salt.
Using one lamb cutlet as if it were a wooden spoon, smoosh the oil with its sprinklings around a bit, so that it is rather better mixed, then place the lamb cutlets in a single layer, turn them instantly, and leave to marinate for 10 minutes.
Heat a large, heavy-based, non-stick frying-pan – big enough for all the cutlets to fit in – then duly place them all in it (the oil that clings to them from the marinade is plenty enough for them to fry in) and fry over a medium heat for five minutes. While the cutlets cook, check that the potatoes are tender, which they should be by now; in which case, turn the heat off under your steamer.
Using tongs (for ease), turn the cutlets over and cook for a further three minutes. If you are going to make this an entire one-plate meal, strew the bottom of a large serving platter with rocket, or any other leafage you desire, and when the lamb cutlets are cooked, but still juicily pink, remove them to the salad-lined (or, indeed, naked) plate. Obviously, cook for longer if you like your lamb well done.
Tip the steamed potatoes into the pan and fry for three minutes, then turn them over and fry for another three minutes, shaking the pan every now and again to make them tumble and turn in the hot, spiced fat.
Using a slotted spatula or similar, transfer the potatoes to the plate of cutlets and sprinkle with one teaspoon of sea salt flakes (I like these plenty salty, but if you have more austere tastes or are feeding small children, then decrease the salt or ignore the command altogether) and the chopped parsley and mint.


Check Out The World's Best Semi-Automatic Shotguns
What would you choose?
by Gun News DailyKey point: Semi-auto shotguns don’t kick as hard.
Semi-auto shotguns are the upgraded version of the pump-action shotguns we all know and love. They are prized for their quick firepower and reduction in recoil.
They feel great to shoot. Emptying out a few cartridges in quick succession is a great way to unwind after a long day.
Semi-autos aren’t necessarily as reliable as pump-action shotguns, however, their main advantage is reduced recoil and a very fast rate of fire. If you’re not a big person, a semi-auto shotgun is also a lot easier to shoot.
A lot of us have probably used a shotgun before, being it’s one of the first firearms that new shooters get familiar with. They are extremely simple to use, they’re relatively cheap, and shotgun shells are also fairly cheap.
We discussed personal defense shotguns before and recommended a few powerful shotgun scopes, but in today’s piece we’re going to dive into some of our favorite semi auto shotguns.
If you’re in a big rush to see our top picks, here they are:
- Benelli M4 (Most Expensive but nicest, ~$1800)
- Browning A5 (~$1500)
- Beretta 1301 Tactical (~$1,000)
- FNH SLP Mark 1 (~$1,300)
- Benelli M4 Tactical (~$1,200)
- Mossberg 930 SPX (~$750)
- Remington Versa Max (~$1,100)
- Stoeger 3500 (Best Discount Option ~$650)
Did I miss one?
If so don’t be afraid to leave us a message at the end of this post and I’ll gladly add it.
Remember that these are my own personal recommendations do don’t get angry if you disagree.
HISTORY OF THE SEMI-AUTO SHOTGUN
Before I share my top picks with you, we need to discuss the Browning Auto 5. We need to start with this epic boomstick to know how the modern semi-auto shotgun industry started.
The Browning Auto 5 was originally created in the 1800s with a patent finally put on it in the 1900s after about 100 years of use. From 1903 onward it was mass produced in the US. Despite its popularity, the original Browning Auto 5 was notoriously unreliable.
It would jam, break and explode. After about ten years of production the Auto 5 was revamped by the legendary Browning company. The newer “fixed” model solved all the issues that plagued the older Browning Auto 5 version.
A new shotgun was born.
It was so reliable and powerful that military forces all over the world started purchasing it in bulk.
The Browning Auto 5’s history is almost as old as the 1911 pistol.
It was a favored weapon of tactical units throughout the world and paratroopers dropped into close proximity fighting. The Auto 5 packed some serious firepower utilizing a 12 gauge buckshot to obliterate anyone unluckily enough to get hit.
During both of the World Wars, especially in World War II, the Browning Auto 5 became a standard issue weapon. The unit itself is a recoil operated gun.
The idea is that the energy produced from the recoil is used to seamlessly shoot out the shell and pull a new one into the chamber.
THE RISE OF TACTICAL SEMI-AUTOMATIC SHOTGUNS
Semi-auto shotguns have enjoyed a huge upswing in popularity over the last few years. We suspect that this is largely due to Hollywood where they’ve been featured in more and more action movies.
The increased demand has allowed smaller companies and larger companies like Browning and Mossberg to rethink their designs. Competition breeds innovation and that’s exactly what we’ve seen in the last few years.
A lot of new models coming out with tons of features and some really impressive designs.
THE MECHANICS OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC SHOTGUNS
A pump-action shotgun requires the user to pull its fore-end to eject the spent cartridge, the push the fore-end to load a new shell from the magazine to the chamber. The push-and-pull movement to cycle shells makes it look like the user is “pumping” the shotgun, hence the label “pump-action”.
With a semi-auto, whenever you shoot the shotgun, the internal spring loaded mechanism shoots out the old cartridge and brings in a new one.
A semi-auto shotgun does the work for you.  Using either the recoil or the high-pressure gases from the shells fired, the used cartridge is ejected and a new one is loaded in.
Auto-loading shotguns do it in two ways:
- Recoil-based reloading
- Gas System, like the AR-15
The end result of both the systems is the same. This quick reloading and ejecting allows for the rapid-fire ability of semi automatic shotguns.
Gas powered units use gas under high pressure while the traditional pump action uses good ol’ human muscle.
The first Auto 5’s were recoil-based and it wasn’t under later tactical shotguns emerged on the market that manufacturers started to favor the more robust gas-powered design.
WHICH IS BETTER TO SHOOT?
If you want the fast powerful feeling of shooting multiple slugs quickly, then the semi-auto shotgun is for you.
If you want to be a bit more methodical and take your time feeling the mechanism of the gun in your hands, then a traditional pump-action shotgun is what you want.
There are still some other differences though:
PUMP-ACTION SHOTGUNS
- Relatively lower-priced
- Great for beginners
- Okay if you’re a bigger person
- Super simple to clean, disassemble and maintain
- Takes any type of ammo
- Relatively more durable because of its more simple utilitarian design
Things to Consider:
- Won’t fire as quickly as a semi-auto shotgun (unless the user is highly trained)
- Has more “kick” to it (depending on the particular shotgun’s weight and the loads you use)
- If you have a shoulder or hand injury, shooting a pump-action shotgun will hurt
SEMI-AUTOMATIC SHOTGUNS
- Great for tactical situations or competitive shooting
- Great for beginners
- Relatively better for smaller people
- In general, has less felt recoil (i.e. compared to a pump-action with similar weight and using the same loads)
- Less recoil leads to significantly faster target acquisition and slightly better accuracy
- Feels great to shoot
Things to Consider:
- A lot more parts can lead to potentially more problems
- Harder to clean
- May have issues with certain ammo loads
SEMI-AUTO SHOTGUNS AND NEW SHOOTERS
The shotgun isn’t a complicated weapon to begin with. Using an auto shotgun is even easier than a traditional shotgun.
One of the advantage of using a semi-automatic version is that once all the cartridges are cleared the gun will lock to the rear. This gives newer shooters a very clear visible and auditory cue that the gun is indeed empty and safe.
Contrast this with the pump-action shotgun which doesn’t give any sort of cue that it’s empty. The only reliable method is count the amount of shots you made and make sure they are all done.
If you have the money and want something that is easier to operate I’d recommend semi-auto shotgun. The only issue that might come up is cleaning but if you aren’t sure about that you can always take it to your gunsmith to get it cleaned.
TOP 8 SEMI-AUTO SHOTGUNS FOR THE MONEY
As I mentioned in the beginning of this article, these are my top picks. That is also because these are the shotguns I’m familiar with and I even own a few of these.
I’ve tried to blend price with quality here to give you a best of both worlds.
If anyone has another shotgun they’d like to add to the list, drop it in a comment below. Thanks!
 Anything that is fast moving, big or requires lots of shots is easier to hunt with an automatic shotgun.
For elk hunting I still recommend a hunting rifle.
SEMI-AUTO HUNTING SHOTGUN – WEATHERBY SA-08 DELUXE (BEST VALUE )
The SA-08 Deluxe is originally manufactured by a Turkish company and is a gas-operated model. Available gauge sizes are 12, 20 and 28.
This is great weapon to shoot and provides some great power for bird hunting or pig hunting. I would say it’s a good combination of value and price. It’s a little bit pricier than some of the super discount options.
The SA-08 is super lightweight and looks great. The base model weighs 5 ½ to 6 ¼ pounds. Also a great choice for clay shooting or any kind of waterfowl.
If you have a gun lover in your family, this is a really good choice and probably the best price you’ll get at the mid-range level. Walnut stock, engraved logo and polished steel – it looks and feels great.
STOEGER M3500 – THE TOP BUDGET SEMI-AUTO SHOTGUN
Don’t get fooled by the price. The Stoeger is a great choice for a reliable shotgun with great power minus all the bells and whistles of some of the more fancy tactical choices.
The Stoeger runs via inertia meaning that cartridges are pulled into the shell and old ones ejected via recoil.
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LESS(1) LESS(1) NAME less - opposite of more SYNOPSIS less -? less --help less -V less --version less [-[+]aABcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~] [-b space] [-h lines] [-j line] [-k keyfile] [-{oO} logfile] [-p pattern] [-P prompt] [-t tag] [-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y lines] [-[z] lines] [-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]... (See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with long option names.) DESCRIPTION Less is a program similar to more (1), but it has many more features. Less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors like vi (1). Less uses termcap (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a vari‐ ety of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with a caret.) Commands are based on both more and vi. Commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions below. The number is used by some commands, as indicated. COMMANDS In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v". h or H Help: display a summary of these commands. If you forget all the other commands, remember this one. SPACE or ^V or f or ^F Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literaliza‐ tion character. z Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size. ESC-SPACE Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if it reaches end- of-file in the process. ENTER or RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are dis‐ played, even if N is more than the screen size. d or ^D Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands. b or ^B or ESC-v Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below). If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed. w Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size. y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N lines are dis‐ played, even if N is more than the screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character. u or ^U Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new default for subsequent d and u commands. ESC-) or RIGHTARROW Scroll horizontally right N characters, default half the screen width (see the -# option). If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands. While the text is scrolled, it acts as though the -S option (chop lines) were in effect. ESC-( or LEFTARROW Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half the screen width (see the -# option). If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands. r or ^R or ^L Repaint the screen. R Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input. Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed. F Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the end of file is reached. Normally this command would be used when already at the end of the file. It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is growing while it is being viewed. (The behavior is similar to the "tail -f" command.) g or < or ESC-< Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file). (Warn‐ ing: this may be slow if N is large.) G or > or ESC-> Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file. (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or if N is not specified and stan‐ dard input, rather than a file, is being read.) p or % Go to a position N percent into the file. N should be between 0 and 100, and may contain a decimal point.  { If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayed on the screen, the { command will go to the matching right curly bracket. The matching right curly bracket is positioned on the bottom line of the screen. If there is more than one left curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. } If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line displayed on the screen, the } command will go to the matching left curly bracket. The matching left curly bracket is positioned on the top line of the screen. If there is more than one right curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line. ( Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets. ) Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets. [ Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets. ] Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets. ESC-^F Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses the two charac‐ ters as open and close brackets, respectively. For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be used to go forward to the > which matches the < in the top displayed line. ESC-^B Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses the two charac‐ ters as open and close brackets, respectively. For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be used to go backward to the < which matches the > in the bottom displayed line. m Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current position with that letter. ' (Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position which was previously marked with that letter. Followed by another single quote, returns to the position at which the last "large" movement command was executed. Followed by a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of the file respectively. Marks are preserved when a new file is examined, so the ' command can be used to switch between input files. ^X^X Same as single quote. /pattern Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pat‐ tern. N defaults to 1. The pattern is a regular expression, as recognized by the regular expression library supplied by your sys‐ tem. The search starts at the first line displayed (but see the -a and -j options, which change this). Certain characters are special if entered at the beginning of the pattern; they modify the type of search rather than become part of the pattern: ^N or ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern. ^E or * Search multiple files. That is, if the search reaches the END of the current file without finding a match, the search continues in the next file in the command line list. ^F or @ Begin the search at the first line of the FIRST file in the command line list, regardless of what is currently dis‐ played on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j options. ^K Highlight any text which matches the pattern on the current screen, but don't move to the first match (KEEP current position). ^R Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters; that is, do a simple textual comparison. ?pattern Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pat‐ tern. The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed. Certain characters are special as in the / command: ^N or ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern. ^E or * Search multiple files. That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current file without finding a match, the search continues in the previous file in the command line list. ^F or @ Begin the search at the last line of the last file in the command line list, regardless of what is currently dis‐ played on the screen or the settings of the -a or -j options. ^K As in forward searches. ^R As in forward searches. ESC-/pattern Same as "/*". ESC-?pattern Same as "?*". n Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern. If the previous search was modified by ^N, the search is made for the N-th line NOT containing the pattern. If the previous search was modified by ^E, the search continues in the next (or previous) file if not satisfied in the current file. If the previous search was modified by ^R, the search is done without using regular expressions. There is no effect if the previous search was modi‐ fied by ^F or ^K. N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction. ESC-n Repeat previous search, but crossing file boundaries. The effect is as if the previous search were modified by *. ESC-N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction and crossing file boundaries. ESC-u Undo search highlighting. Turn off highlighting of strings match‐ ing the current search pattern. If highlighting is already off because of a previous ESC-u command, turn highlighting back on. Any search command will also turn highlighting back on. (High‐ lighting can also be disabled by toggling the -G option; in that case search commands do not turn highlighting back on.) &pattern Display only lines which match the pattern; lines which do not match the pattern are not displayed. If pattern is empty (if you type & immediately followed by ENTER), any filtering is turned off, and all lines are displayed. While filtering is in effect, an ampersand is displayed at the beginning of the prompt, as a reminder that some lines in the file may be hidden. Certain characters are special as in the / command: ^N or ! Display only lines which do NOT match the pattern. ^R Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters; that is, do a simple textual comparison. :e [filename] Examine a new file. If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands below) from the list of files in the command line is re-examined. A percent sign (%) in the file‐ name is replaced by the name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. How‐ ever, two consecutive percent signs are simply replaced with a single percent sign. This allows you to enter a filename that contains a percent sign in the name. Similarly, two consecutive pound signs are replaced with a single pound sign. The filename is inserted into the command line list of files so that it can be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. If the filename consists of several files, they are all inserted into the list of files and the first one is examined. If the filename contains one or more spaces, the entire filename should be enclosed in double quotes (also see the -" option). ^X^V or E Same as :e. Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literaliza‐ tion character. On such systems, you may not be able to use ^V. :n Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line). If a number N is specified, the N-th next file is exam‐ ined. :p Examine the previous file in the command line list. If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined. :x Examine the first file in the command line list. If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the list is examined. :d Remove the current file from the list of files. t Go to the next tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag. See the -t option for more details about tags. T Go to the previous tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag. = or ^G or :f Prints some information about the file being viewed, including its name and the line number and byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. If possible, it also prints the length of the file, the number of lines in the file and the percent of the file above the last displayed line. - Followed by one of the command line option letters (see OPTIONS below), this will change the setting of that option and print a message describing the new setting. If a ^P (CONTROL-P) is entered immediately after the dash, the setting of the option is changed but no message is printed. If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h), or a string value (such as -P or -t), a new value may be entered after the option letter. If no new value is entered, a message describing the current setting is printed and nothing is changed. -- Like the - command, but takes a long option name (see OPTIONS below) rather than a single option letter. You must press ENTER or RETURN after typing the option name. A ^P immediately after the second dash suppresses printing of a message describing the new setting, as in the - command. -+ Followed by one of the command line option letters this will reset the option to its default setting and print a message describing the new setting. (The "-+X" command does the same thing as "-+X" on the command line.) This does not work for string-valued options. --+ Like the -+ command, but takes a long option name rather than a single option letter. -! Followed by one of the command line option letters, this will reset the option to the "opposite" of its default setting and print a message describing the new setting. This does not work for numeric or string-valued options. --! Like the -! command, but takes a long option name rather than a single option letter. _ (Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line option letters, this will print a message describing the current setting of that option. The setting of the option is not changed. __ (Double underscore.) Like the _ (underscore) command, but takes a long option name rather than a single option letter. You must press ENTER or RETURN after typing the option name. +cmd Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined. For example, +G causes less to initially display each file starting at the end rather than the beginning. V Prints the version number of less being run. q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ Exits less. The following four commands may or may not be valid, depending on your particular installation. v Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed. The edi‐ tor is taken from the environment variable VISUAL if defined, or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined, or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined. See also the discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below. ! shell-command Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file. "!!" repeats the last shell command. "!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell. On Unix systems, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh". On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, the shell is the normal command pro‐ cessor. | <m> shell-command <m> represents any mark letter. Pipes a section of the input file to the given shell command. The section of the file to be piped is between the first line on the current screen and the position marked by the letter. <m> may also be ^ or $ to indicate begin‐ ning or end of file respectively. If <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped. s filename Save the input to a file. This only works if the input is a pipe, not an ordinary file. OPTIONS Command line options are described below. Most options may be changed while less is running, via the "-" command. Most options may be given in one of two forms: either a dash followed by a single letter, or two dashes followed by a long option name. A long option name may be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is unambigu‐ ous. For example, --quit-at-eof may be abbreviated --quit, but not --qui, since both --quit-at-eof and --quiet begin with --qui. Some long option names are in uppercase, such as --QUIT-AT-EOF, as distinct from --quit-at-eof. Such option names need only have their first letter capi‐ talized; the remainder of the name may be in either case. For example, --Quit-at-eof is equivalent to --QUIT-AT-EOF. Options are also taken from the environment variable "LESS". For exam‐ ple, to avoid typing "less -options ..." each time less is invoked, you might tell csh: setenv LESS "-options" or if you use sh: LESS="-options"; export LESS On MS-DOS, you don't need the quotes, but you should replace any percent signs in the options string by double percent signs. The environment variable is parsed before the command line, so command line options override the LESS environment variable. If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can be reset to its default value on the command line by beginning the command line option with "-+". For options like -P or -D which take a following string, a dollar sign ($) must be used to signal the end of the string. For example, to set two -D options on MS-DOS, you must have a dollar sign between them, like this: LESS="-Dn9.1$-Ds4.1" -? or --help This option displays a summary of the commands accepted by less (the same as the h command). (Depending on how your shell inter‐ prets the question mark, it may be necessary to quote the question mark, thus: "-\?".) -a or --search-skip-screen By default, forward searches start at the top of the displayed screen and backwards searches start at the bottom of the displayed screen (except for repeated searches invoked by the n or N com‐ mands, which start after or before the "target" line respectively; see the -j option for more about the target line). The -a option causes forward searches to instead start at the bottom of the screen and backward searches to start at the top of the screen, thus skipping all lines displayed on the screen. -A or --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN Causes all forward searches (not just non-repeated searches) to start just after the target line, and all backward searches to start just before the target line. Thus, forward searches will skip part of the displayed screen (from the first line up to and including the target line). Similarly backwards searches will skip the displayed screen from the last line up to and including the target line. This was the default behavior in less versions prior to 441. -bn or --buffers=n Specifies the amount of buffer space less will use for each file, in units of kilobytes (1024 bytes). By default 64K of buffer space is used for each file (unless the file is a pipe; see the -B option). The -b option specifies instead that n kilobytes of buf‐ fer space should be used for each file. If n is -1, buffer space is unlimited; that is, the entire file can be read into memory. -B or --auto-buffers By default, when data is read from a pipe, buffers are allocated automatically as needed. If a large amount of data is read from the pipe, this can cause a large amount of memory to be allocated. The -B option disables this automatic allocation of buffers for pipes, so that only 64K (or the amount of space specified by the -b option) is used for the pipe. Warning: use of -B can result in erroneous display, since only the most recently viewed part of the piped data is kept in memory; any earlier data is lost. -c or --clear-screen Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the top line down. By default, full screen repaints are done by scrolling from the bottom of the screen. -C or --CLEAR-SCREEN Same as -c, for compatibility with older versions of less. -d or --dumb The -d option suppresses the error message normally displayed if the terminal is dumb; that is, lacks some important capability, such as the ability to clear the screen or scroll backward.  -Dxcolor or --color=xcolor [MS-DOS only] Sets the color of the text displayed. x is a single character which selects the type of text whose color is being set: n=normal, s=standout, d=bold, u=underlined, k=blink. color is a pair of numbers separated by a period. The first number selects the foreground color and the second selects the background color of the text. A single number N is the same as N.M, where M is the normal background color. -e or --quit-at-eof Causes less to automatically exit the second time it reaches end- of-file. By default, the only way to exit less is via the "q" command. -E or --QUIT-AT-EOF Causes less to automatically exit the first time it reaches end- of-file. -f or --force Forces non-regular files to be opened. (A non-regular file is a directory or a device special file.) Also suppresses the warning message when a binary file is opened. By default, less will refuse to open non-regular files. Note that some operating sys‐ tems will not allow directories to be read, even if -f is set. -F or --quit-if-one-screen Causes less to automatically exit if the entire file can be dis‐ played on the first screen. -g or --hilite-search Normally, less will highlight ALL strings which match the last search command. The -g option changes this behavior to highlight only the particular string which was found by the last search com‐ mand. This can cause less to run somewhat faster than the default. -G or --HILITE-SEARCH The -G option suppresses all highlighting of strings found by search commands. -hn or --max-back-scroll=n Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll backward. If it is necessary to scroll backward more than n lines, the screen is repainted in a forward direction instead. (If the terminal does not have the ability to scroll backward, -h0 is implied.) -i or --ignore-case Causes searches to ignore case; that is, uppercase and lowercase are considered identical. This option is ignored if any uppercase letters appear in the search pattern; in other words, if a pattern contains uppercase letters, then that search does not ignore case. -I or --IGNORE-CASE Like -i, but searches ignore case even if the pattern contains uppercase letters. -jn or --jump-target=n Specifies a line on the screen where the "target" line is to be positioned. The target line is the line specified by any command to search for a pattern, jump to a line number, jump to a file percentage or jump to a tag. The screen line may be specified by a number: the top line on the screen is 1, the next is 2, and so on. The number may be negative to specify a line relative to the bottom of the screen: the bottom line on the screen is -1, the second to the bottom is -2, and so on. Alternately, the screen line may be specified as a fraction of the height of the screen, starting with a decimal point: .5 is in the middle of the screen, .3 is three tenths down from the first line, and so on. If the line is specified as a fraction, the actual line number is recal‐ culated if the terminal window is resized, so that the target line remains at the specified fraction of the screen height. If any form of the -j option is used, forward searches begin at the line immediately after the target line, and backward searches begin at the target line, unless changed by -a or -A. For example, if "-j4" is used, the target line is the fourth line on the screen, so forward searches begin at the fifth line on the screen. -J or --status-column Displays a status column at the left edge of the screen. The sta‐ tus column shows the lines that matched the current search. The status column is also used if the -w or -W option is in effect. -kfilename or --lesskey-file=filename Causes less to open and interpret the named file as a lesskey (1) file. Multiple -k options may be specified. If the LESSKEY or LESSKEY_SYSTEM environment variable is set, or if a lesskey file is found in a standard place (see KEY BINDINGS), it is also used as a lesskey file. -K or --quit-on-intr Causes less to exit immediately (with status 2) when an interrupt character (usually ^C) is typed. Normally, an interrupt character causes less to stop whatever it is doing and return to its command prompt. Note that use of this option makes it impossible to return to the command prompt from the "F" command. -L or --no-lessopen Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable (see the INPUT PREPROCES‐ SOR section below). This option can be set from within less, but it will apply only to files opened subsequently, not to the file which is currently open. -m or --long-prompt Causes less to prompt verbosely (like more), with the percent into the file. By default, less prompts with a colon. -M or --LONG-PROMPT Causes less to prompt even more verbosely than more. -n or --line-numbers Suppresses line numbers. The default (to use line numbers) may cause less to run more slowly in some cases, especially with a very large input file. Suppressing line numbers with the -n option will avoid this problem. Using line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the verbose prompt and in the = command, and the v command will pass the current line number to the editor (see also the discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below). -N or --LINE-NUMBERS Causes a line number to be displayed at the beginning of each line in the display. -ofilename or --log-file=filename Causes less to copy its input to the named file as it is being viewed. This applies only when the input file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the file already exists, less will ask for con‐ firmation before overwriting it. -Ofilename or --LOG-FILE=filename The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an existing file without asking for confirmation. If no log file has been specified, the -o and -O options can be used from within less to specify a log file. Without a file name, they will simply report the name of the log file. The "s" command is equivalent to specifying -o from within less. -ppattern or --pattern=pattern The -p option on the command line is equivalent to specifying +/pattern; that is, it tells less to start at the first occurrence of pattern in the file. -Pprompt or --prompt=prompt Provides a way to tailor the three prompt styles to your own pref‐ erence. This option would normally be put in the LESS environment variable, rather than being typed in with each less command. Such an option must either be the last option in the LESS variable, or be terminated by a dollar sign. -Ps followed by a string changes the default (short) prompt to that string. -Pm changes the medium (-m) prompt. -PM changes the long (-M) prompt. -Ph changes the prompt for the help screen. -P= changes the message printed by the = command. -Pw changes the message printed while waiting for data (in the F command). All prompt strings consist of a sequence of letters and special escape sequences. See the section on PROMPTS for more details. -q or --quiet or --silent Causes moderately "quiet" operation: the terminal bell is not rung if an attempt is made to scroll past the end of the file or before the beginning of the file. If the terminal has a "visual bell", it is used instead. The bell will be rung on certain other errors, such as typing an invalid character. The default is to ring the terminal bell in all such cases. -Q or --QUIET or --SILENT Causes totally "quiet" operation: the terminal bell is never rung. -r or --raw-control-chars Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed. The default is to display control characters using the caret notation; for exam‐ ple, a control-A (octal 001) is displayed as "^A". Warning: when the -r option is used, less cannot keep track of the actual appearance of the screen (since this depends on how the screen responds to each type of control character). Thus, various dis‐ play problems may result, such as long lines being split in the wrong place. -R or --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS Like -r, but only ANSI "color" escape sequences are output in "raw" form. Unlike -r, the screen appearance is maintained cor‐ rectly in most cases. ANSI "color" escape sequences are sequences of the form: ESC [ ... m where the "..." is zero or more color specification characters For the purpose of keeping track of screen appearance, ANSI color escape sequences are assumed to not move the cursor. You can make less think that characters other than "m" can end ANSI color escape sequences by setting the environment variable LESSANSIEND‐ CHARS to the list of characters which can end a color escape sequence. And you can make less think that characters other than the standard ones may appear between the ESC and the m by setting the environment variable LESSANSIMIDCHARS to the list of charac‐ ters which can appear. -s or --squeeze-blank-lines Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single blank line. This is useful when viewing nroff output. -S or --chop-long-lines Causes lines longer than the screen width to be chopped rather than folded. That is, the portion of a long line that does not fit in the screen width is not shown. The default is to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder on the next line. -ttag or --tag=tag The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will edit the file containing that tag. For this to work, tag information must be available; for example, there may be a file in the current direc‐ tory called "tags", which was previously built by ctags (1) or an equivalent command. If the environment variable LESSGLOBALTAGS is set, it is taken to be the name of a command compatible with global (1), and that command is executed to find the tag. (See http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html). The -t option may also be specified from within less (using the - command) as a way of examining a new file. The command ":t" is equivalent to specifying -t from within less. -Ttagsfile or --tag-file=tagsfile Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags". -u or --underline-special Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as printable characters; that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input. -U or --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to be treated as con‐ trol characters; that is, they are handled as specified by the -r option. By default, if neither -u nor -U is given, backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore character are treated specially: the underlined text is displayed using the terminal's hardware under‐ lining capability. Also, backspaces which appear between two identical characters are treated specially: the overstruck text is printed using the terminal's hardware boldface capability. Other backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding character. Car‐ riage returns immediately followed by a newline are deleted. other carriage returns are handled as specified by the -r option. Text which is overstruck or underlined can be searched for if nei‐ ther -u nor -U is in effect. -V or --version Displays the version number of less. -w or --hilite-unread Temporarily highlights the first "new" line after a forward move‐ ment of a full page. The first "new" line is the line immediately following the line previously at the bottom of the screen. Also highlights the target line after a g or p command. The highlight is removed at the next command which causes movement. The entire line is highlighted, unless the -J option is in effect, in which case only the status column is highlighted. -W or --HILITE-UNREAD Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new line after any forward movement command larger than one line. -xn,... or --tabs=n,... Sets tab stops. If only one n is specified, tab stops are set at multiples of n. If multiple values separated by commas are speci‐ fied, tab stops are set at those positions, and then continue with the same spacing as the last two. For example, -x9,17 will set tabs at positions 9, 17, 25, 33, etc. The default for n is 8. -X or --no-init Disables sending the termcap initialization and deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string does something unnecessary, like clearing the screen. -yn or --max-forw-scroll=n Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll forward. If it is necessary to scroll forward more than n lines, the screen is repainted instead. The -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top of the screen if desired. By default, any forward movement causes scrolling. -[z]n or --window=n Changes the default scrolling window size to n lines. The default is one screenful. The z and w commands can also be used to change the window size. The "z" may be omitted for compatibility with some versions of more. If the number n is negative, it indicates n lines less than the current screen size. For example, if the screen is 24 lines, -z-4 sets the scrolling window to 20 lines. If the screen is resized to 40 lines, the scrolling window auto‐ matically changes to 36 lines. -"cc or --quotes=cc Changes the filename quoting character. This may be necessary if you are trying to name a file which contains both spaces and quote characters. Followed by a single character, this changes the quote character to that character. Filenames containing a space should then be surrounded by that character rather than by double quotes. Followed by two characters, changes the open quote to the first character, and the close quote to the second character. Filenames containing a space should then be preceded by the open quote character and followed by the close quote character. Note that even after the quote characters are changed, this option remains -" (a dash followed by a double quote). -~ or --tilde Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a single tilde (~). This option causes lines after end of file to be displayed as blank lines. -# or --shift Specifies the default number of positions to scroll horizontally in the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands. If the number specified is zero, it sets the default number of positions to one half of the screen width. Alternately, the number may be specified as a fraction of the width of the screen, starting with a decimal point: .5 is half of the screen width, .3 is three tenths of the screen width, and so on. If the number is specified as a frac‐ tion, the actual number of scroll positions is recalculated if the terminal window is resized, so that the actual scroll remains at the specified fraction of the screen width. --no-keypad Disables sending the keypad initialization and deinitialization strings to the terminal. This is sometimes useful if the keypad strings make the numeric keypad behave in an undesirable manner. --follow-name Normally, if the input file is renamed while an F command is exe‐ cuting, less will continue to display the contents of the original file despite its name change. If --follow-name is specified, dur‐ ing an F command less will periodically attempt to reopen the file by name. If the reopen succeeds and the file is a different file from the original (which means that a new file has been created with the same name as the original (now renamed) file), less will display the contents of that new file. -- A command line argument of "--" marks the end of option arguments. Any arguments following this are interpreted as filenames. This can be useful when viewing a file whose name begins with a "-" or "+". + If a command line option begins with +, the remainder of that option is taken to be an initial command to less. For example, +G tells less to start at the end of the file rather than the begin‐ ning, and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurrence of "xyz" in the file. As a special case, +<number> acts like +<number>g; that is, it starts the display at the specified line number (how‐ ever, see the caveat under the "g" command above). If the option starts with ++, the initial command applies to every file being viewed, not just the first one. The + command described previ‐ ously may also be used to set (or change) an initial command for every file. LINE EDITING When entering command line at the bottom of the screen (for example, a filename for the :e command, or the pattern for a search command), cer‐ tain keys can be used to manipulate the command line. Most commands have an alternate form in [ brackets ] which can be used if a key does not exist on a particular keyboard. (Note that the forms beginning with ESC do not work in some MS-DOS and Windows systems because ESC is the line erase character.) Any of these special keys may be entered literally by preceding it with the "literal" character, either ^V or ^A. A backslash itself may also be entered literally by entering two backslashes. LEFTARROW [ ESC-h ] Move the cursor one space to the left. RIGHTARROW [ ESC-l ] Move the cursor one space to the right. ^LEFTARROW [ ESC-b or ESC-LEFTARROW ] (That is, CONTROL and LEFTARROW simultaneously.) Move the cursor one word to the left. ^RIGHTARROW [ ESC-w or ESC-RIGHTARROW ] (That is, CONTROL and RIGHTARROW simultaneously.) Move the cursor one word to the right. HOME [ ESC-0 ] Move the cursor to the beginning of the line. END [ ESC-$ ] Move the cursor to the end of the line. BACKSPACE Delete the character to the left of the cursor, or cancel the com‐ mand if the command line is empty. DELETE or [ ESC-x ] Delete the character under the cursor. ^BACKSPACE [ ESC-BACKSPACE ] (That is, CONTROL and BACKSPACE simultaneously.) Delete the word to the left of the cursor. ^DELETE [ ESC-X or ESC-DELETE ] (That is, CONTROL and DELETE simultaneously.) Delete the word under the cursor. UPARROW [ ESC-k ] Retrieve the previous command line. DOWNARROW [ ESC-j ] Retrieve the next command line. TAB Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor. If it matches more than one filename, the first match is entered into the command line. Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other match‐ ing filenames. If the completed filename is a directory, a "/" is appended to the filename. (On MS-DOS systems, a "\" is appended.) The environment variable LESSSEPARATOR can be used to specify a different character to append to a directory name. BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ] Like, TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru the matching filenames. ^L Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor. If it matches more than one filename, all matches are entered into the command line (if they fit). ^U (Unix and OS/2) or ESC (MS-DOS) Delete the entire command line, or cancel the command if the com‐ mand line is empty. If you have changed your line-kill character in Unix to something other than ^U, that character is used instead of ^U. ^G Delete the entire command line and return to the main prompt. KEY BINDINGS You may define your own less commands by using the program lesskey (1) to create a lesskey file. This file specifies a set of command keys and an action associated with each key. You may also use lesskey to change the line-editing keys (see LINE EDITING), and to set environment variables. If the environment variable LESSKEY is set, less uses that as the name of the lesskey file. Otherwise, less looks in a standard place for the lesskey file: On Unix systems, less looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/.less". On MS-DOS and Windows systems, less looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/_less", and if it is not found there, then looks for a lesskey file called "_less" in any directory specified in the PATH envi‐ ronment variable. On OS/2 systems, less looks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/less.ini", and if it is not found, then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified in the INIT environment variable, and if it not found there, then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specified in the PATH environment variable. See the lesskey manual page for more details. A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide key bindings. If a key is defined in both a local lesskey file and in the system-wide file, key bindings in the local file take precedence over those in the system-wide file. If the environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set, less uses that as the name of the system-wide lesskey file. Otherwise, less looks in a standard place for the system-wide lesskey file: On Unix systems, the system-wide lesskey file is /usr/local/etc/sysless. (How‐ ever, if less was built with a different sysconf directory than /usr/local/etc, that directory is where the sysless file is found.) On MS-DOS and Windows systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\_sysless. On OS/2 systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\sysless.ini. INPUT PREPROCESSOR You may define an "input preprocessor" for less. Before less opens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor a chance to modify the way the contents of the file are displayed. An input preprocessor is simply an executable program (or shell script), which writes the contents of the file to a different file, called the replacement file. The contents of the replacement file are then displayed in place of the contents of the original file. However, it will appear to the user as if the original file is opened; that is, less will display the original filename as the name of the current file. An input preprocessor receives one command line argument, the original filename, as entered by the user. It should create the replacement file, and when finished, print the name of the replacement file to its standard output. If the input preprocessor does not output a replacement file‐ name, less uses the original file, as normal. The input preprocessor is not called when viewing standard input. To set up an input preprocessor, set the LESSOPEN environment variable to a command line which will invoke your input preprocessor. This command line should include one occurrence of the string "%s", which will be replaced by the filename when the input preprocessor command is invoked. When less closes a file opened in such a way, it will call another pro‐ gram, called the input postprocessor, which may perform any desired clean-up action (such as deleting the replacement file created by LESSOPEN). This program receives two command line arguments, the origi‐ nal filename as entered by the user, and the name of the replacement file. To set up an input postprocessor, set the LESSCLOSE environment variable to a command line which will invoke your input postprocessor. It may include two occurrences of the string "%s"; the first is replaced with the original name of the file and the second with the name of the replacement file, which was output by LESSOPEN. For example, on many Unix systems, these two scripts will allow you to keep files in compressed format, but still let less view them directly: lessopen.sh: #! /bin/sh case "$1" in *.Z) uncompress - if [ -s /tmp/less.$$ ]; then echo /tmp/less.$$ else rm -f /tmp/less.$$ fi ;; esac lessclose.sh: #! /bin/sh rm $2 To use these scripts, put them both where they can be executed and set LESSOPEN="lessopen.sh %s", and LESSCLOSE="lessclose.sh %s %s". More com‐ plex LESSOPEN and LESSCLOSE scripts may be written to accept other types of compressed files, and so on. It is also possible to set up an input preprocessor to pipe the file data directly to less, rather than putting the data into a replacement file. This avoids the need to decompress the entire file before starting to view it. An input preprocessor that works this way is called an input pipe. An input pipe, instead of writing the name of a replacement file on its standard output, writes the entire contents of the replacement file on its standard output. If the input pipe does not write any char‐ acters on its standard output, then there is no replacement file and less uses the original file, as normal. To use an input pipe, make the first character in the LESSOPEN environment variable a vertical bar (|) to sig‐ nify that the input preprocessor is an input pipe. For example, on many Unix systems, this script will work like the previ‐ ous example scripts: lesspipe.sh: #! /bin/sh case "$1" in *.Z) uncompress -c $1 2>/dev/null ;; esac To use this script, put it where it can be executed and set LESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s". When an input pipe is used, a LESSCLOSE postprocessor can be used, but it is usually not necessary since there is no replacement file to clean up. In this case, the replacement file name passed to the LESSCLOSE postprocessor is "-". For compatibility with previous versions of less, the input preprocessor or pipe is not used if less is viewing standard input. However, if the first character of LESSOPEN is a dash (-), the input preprocessor is used on standard input as well as other files. In this case, the dash is not considered to be part of the preprocessor command. If standard input is being viewed, the input preprocessor is passed a file name consisting of a single dash. Similarly, if the first two characters of LESSOPEN are vertical bar and dash (|-), the input pipe is used on standard input as well as other files. Again, in this case the dash is not considered to be part of the input pipe command. NATIONAL CHARACTER SETS There are three types of characters in the input file: normal characters can be displayed directly to the screen. control characters should not be displayed directly, but are expected to be found in ordinary text files (such as backspace and tab). binary characters should not be displayed directly and are not expected to be found in text files. A "character set" is simply a description of which characters are to be considered normal, control, and binary. The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select a character set. Possible values for LESSCHARSET are: ascii BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control characters, all chars with values between 32 and 126 are normal, and all others are binary. iso8859 Selects an ISO 8859 character set. This is the same as ASCII, except characters between 160 and 255 are treated as normal char‐ acters. latin1 Same as iso8859. latin9 Same as iso8859. dos Selects a character set appropriate for MS-DOS. ebcdic Selects an EBCDIC character set. IBM-1047 Selects an EBCDIC character set used by OS/390 Unix Services. This is the EBCDIC analogue of latin1. You get similar results by setting either LESSCHARSET=IBM-1047 or LC_CTYPE=en_US in your environment. koi8-r Selects a Russian character set. next Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT computers. utf-8 Selects the UTF-8 encoding of the ISO 10646 character set. UTF-8 is special in that it supports multi-byte characters in the input file. It is the only character set that supports multi-byte char‐ acters. windows Selects a character set appropriate for Microsoft Windows (cp 1251). In rare cases, it may be desired to tailor less to use a character set other than the ones definable by LESSCHARSET. In this case, the environ‐ ment variable LESSCHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should be set to a string where each character in the string represents one character in the character set. The character "." is used for a nor‐ mal character, "c" for control, and "b" for binary. A decimal number may be used for repetition. For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is binary, 1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary, and 8 is nor‐ mal. All characters after the last are taken to be the same as the last, so characters 9 through 255 would be normal. (This is an example, and does not necessarily represent any real character set.) This table shows the value of LESSCHARDEF which is equivalent to each of the possible values for LESSCHARSET: ascii 8bcccbcc18b95.b dos 8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b. ebcdic 5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b 9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b. IBM-1047 4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc 191.b iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. koi8-r 8bcccbcc18b95.b128. latin1 8bcccbcc18b95.33b. next 8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set, but any of the strings "UTF-8", "UTF8", "utf-8" or "utf8" is found in the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE or LANG environment variables, then the default character set is utf-8. If that string is not found, but your system supports the setlocale interface, less will use setlocale to determine the character set. set‐ locale is controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment vari‐ ables. Finally, if the setlocale interface is also not available, the default character set is latin1. Control and binary characters are displayed in standout (reverse video). Each such character is displayed in caret notation if possible (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is used only if inverting the 0100 bit results in a normal printable character. Otherwise, the character is displayed as a hex number in angle brackets. This format can be changed by setting the LESSBINFMT environment variable. LESSBINFMT may begin with a "*" and one character to select the display attribute: "*k" is blinking, "*d" is bold, "*u" is underlined, "*s" is standout, and "*n" is normal. If LESSBINFMT does not begin with a "*", normal attribute is assumed. The remainder of LESSBINFMT is a string which may include one printf-style escape sequence (a % followed by x, X, o, d, etc.). For example, if LESSBINFMT is "*u[%x]", binary characters are displayed in underlined hexadecimal surrounded by brackets. The default if no LESS‐ BINFMT is specified is "*s<%02X>". Warning: the result of expanding the character via LESSBINFMT must be less than 31 characters. When the character set is utf-8, the LESSUTFBINFMT environment variable acts similarly to LESSBINFMT but it applies to Unicode code points that were successfully decoded but are unsuitable for display (e.g., unas‐ signed code points). Its default value is "<U+%04lX>". Note that LESSUTFBINFMT and LESSBINFMT share their display attribute setting ("*x") so specifying one will affect both; LESSUTFBINFMT is read after LESS‐ BINFMT so its setting, if any, will have priority. Problematic octets in a UTF-8 file (octets of a truncated sequence, octets of a complete but non-shortest form sequence, illegal octets, and stray trailing octets) are displayed individually using LESSBINFMT so as to facilitate diagnos‐ tic of how the UTF-8 file is ill-formed. PROMPTS The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your preference. The string given to the -P option replaces the specified prompt string. Cer‐ tain characters in the string are interpreted specially. The prompt mechanism is rather complicated to provide flexibility, but the ordinary user need not understand the details of constructing personalized prompt strings. A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded according to what the following character is: %bX Replaced by the byte offset into the current input file. The b is followed by a single character (shown as X above) which specifies the line whose byte offset is to be used. If the character is a "t", the byte offset of the top line in the display is used, an "m" means use the middle line, a "b" means use the bottom line, a "B" means use the line just after the bottom line, and a "j" means use the "target" line, as specified by the -j option. %B Replaced by the size of the current input file. %c Replaced by the column number of the text appearing in the first column of the screen. %dX Replaced by the page number of a line in the input file. The line to be used is determined by the X, as with the %b option. %D Replaced by the number of pages in the input file, or equiva‐ lently, the page number of the last line in the input file. %E Replaced by the name of the editor (from the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable if VISUAL is not defined). See the discussion of the LESSEDIT feature below. %f Replaced by the name of the current input file. %F Replaced by the last component of the name of the current input file. %i Replaced by the index of the current file in the list of input files. %lX Replaced by the line number of a line in the input file. The line to be used is determined by the X, as with the %b option. %L Replaced by the line number of the last line in the input file. %m Replaced by the total number of input files. %pX Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets. The line used is determined by the X as with the %b option. %PX Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based on line numbers. The line used is determined by the X as with the %b option. %s Same as %B. %t Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. Usually used at the end of the string, but may appear anywhere. %x Replaced by the name of the next input file in the list. If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if input is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead. The format of the prompt string can be changed depending on certain con‐ ditions. A question mark followed by a single character acts like an "IF": depending on the following character, a condition is evaluated. If the condition is true, any characters following the question mark and condition character, up to a period, are included in the prompt. If the condition is false, such characters are not included. A colon appearing between the question mark and the period can be used to establish an "ELSE": any characters between the colon and the period are included in the string if and only if the IF condition is false. Condition charac‐ ters (which follow a question mark) may be: ?a True if any characters have been included in the prompt so far. ?bX True if the byte offset of the specified line is known. ?B True if the size of current input file is known. ?c True if the text is horizontally shifted (%c is not zero). ?dX True if the page number of the specified line is known. ?e True if at end-of-file. ?f True if there is an input filename (that is, if input is not a pipe). ?lX True if the line number of the specified line is known. ?L True if the line number of the last line in the file is known. ?m True if there is more than one input file. ?n True if this is the first prompt in a new input file. ?pX True if the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets, of the specified line is known. ?PX True if the percent into the current input file, based on line numbers, of the specified line is known. ?s Same as "?B". ?x True if there is a next input file (that is, if the current input file is not the last one). Any characters other than the special ones (question mark, colon, period, percent, and backslash) become literally part of the prompt. Any of the special characters may be included in the prompt literally by preceding it with a backslash. Some examples: ?f%f:Standard input. This prompt prints the filename, if known; otherwise the string "Standard input". ?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-... This prompt would print the filename, if known. The filename is followed by the line number, if known, otherwise the percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known. Otherwise, a dash is printed. Notice how each question mark has a matching period, and how the % after the %pt is included literally by escaping it with a backslash. ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x..%t This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a file, followed by the "file N of N" message if there is more than one input file. Then, if we are at end-of-file, the string "(END)" is printed followed by the name of the next file, if there is one. Finally, any trailing spaces are truncated. This is the default prompt. For reference, here are the defaults for the other two prompts (-m and -M respectively). Each is broken into two lines here for readability only. ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.: ?pB%pB\%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t ?f%f .?n?m(file %i of %m) ..?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. : byte %bB?s/%s. .?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:?pB%pB\%..%t And here is the default message produced by the = command: ?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. . byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t The prompt expansion features are also used for another purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, it is used as the command to be executed when the v command is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the same way as the prompt strings. The default value for LESSEDIT is: %E ?lm+%lm. %f Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a + and the line number, followed by the file name. If your editor does not accept the "+linenumber" syntax, or has other differences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT variable can be changed to modify this default. SECURITY When the environment variable LESSSECURE is set to 1, less runs in a "secure" mode. This means these features are disabled: ! the shell command | the pipe command :e the examine command. v the editing command s -o log files -k use of lesskey files -t use of tags files metacharacters in filenames, such as * filename completion (TAB, ^L) Less can also be compiled to be permanently in "secure" mode. COMPATIBILITY WITH MORE If the environment variable LESS_IS_MORE is set to 1, or if the program is invoked via a file link named "more", less behaves (mostly) in confor‐ mance with the POSIX "more" command specification. In this mode, less behaves differently in these ways: The -e option works differently. If the -e option is not set, less behaves as if the -E option were set. If the -e option is set, less behaves as if the -e and -F options were set. The -m option works differently. If the -m option is not set, the medium prompt is used, and it is prefixed with the string "--More--". If the -m option is set, the short prompt is used. The -n option acts like the -z option. The normal behavior of the -n option is unavailable in this mode. The parameter to the -p option is taken to be a less command rather than a search pattern. The LESS environment variable is ignored, and the MORE environment vari‐ able is used in its place. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES Environment variables may be specified either in the system environment as usual, or in a lesskey (1) file. If environment variables are defined in more than one place, variables defined in a local lesskey file take precedence over variables defined in the system environment, which take precedence over variables defined in the system-wide lesskey file. COLUMNS Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes precedence over the number of columns specified by the TERM variable. (But if you have a windowing system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the window system's idea of the screen size takes precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables.) EDITOR The name of the editor (used for the v command). HOME Name of the user's home directory (used to find a lesskey file on Unix and OS/2 systems). HOMEDRIVE, HOMEPATH Concatenation of the HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH environment variables is the name of the user's home directory if the HOME variable is not set (only in the Windows version). INIT Name of the user's init directory (used to find a lesskey file on OS/2 systems). LANG Language for determining the character set. LC_CTYPE Language for determining the character set. LESS Options which are passed to less automatically. LESSANSIENDCHARS Characters which may end an ANSI color escape sequence (default "m"). LESSANSIMIDCHARS Characters which may appear between the ESC character and the end character in an ANSI color escape sequence (default "0123456789;[?!"'#%()*+ ". LESSBINFMT Format for displaying non-printable, non-control characters. LESSCHARDEF Defines a character set. LESSCHARSET Selects a predefined character set. LESSCLOSE Command line to invoke the (optional) input-postprocessor. LESSECHO Name of the lessecho program (default "lessecho"). The lessecho program is needed to expand metacharacters, such as * and ?, in filenames on Unix systems. LESSEDIT Editor prototype string (used for the v command). See discussion under PROMPTS. LESSGLOBALTAGS Name of the command used by the -t option to find global tags. Normally should be set to "global" if your system has the global (1) command. If not set, global tags are not used. LESSHISTFILE Name of the history file used to remember search commands and shell commands between invocations of less. If set to "-" or "/dev/null", a history file is not used. The default is "$HOME/.lesshst" on Unix systems, "$HOME/_lesshst" on DOS and Win‐ dows systems, or "$HOME/lesshst.ini" or "$INIT/lesshst.ini" on OS/2 systems. LESSHISTSIZE The maximum number of commands to save in the history file. The default is 100. LESSKEY Name of the default lesskey(1) file. LESSKEY_SYSTEM Name of the default system-wide lesskey(1) file. LESSMETACHARS List of characters which are considered "metacharacters" by the shell. LESSMETAESCAPE Prefix which less will add before each metacharacter in a command sent to the shell. If LESSMETAESCAPE is an empty string, commands containing metacharacters will not be passed to the shell. LESSOPEN Command line to invoke the (optional) input-preprocessor. LESSSECURE Runs less in "secure" mode. See discussion under SECURITY. LESSSEPARATOR String to be appended to a directory name in filename completion. LESSUTFBINFMT Format for displaying non-printable Unicode code points. LESS_IS_MORE Emulate the more (1) command. LINES Sets the number of lines on the screen. Takes precedence over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable. (But if you have a windowing system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD, the win‐ dow system's idea of the screen size takes precedence over the LINES and COLUMNS environment variables.) PATH User's search path (used to find a lesskey file on MS-DOS and OS/2 systems). SHELL The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as to expand filenames. TERM The type of terminal on which less is being run. VISUAL The name of the editor (used for the v command). SEE ALSO lesskey(1) COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 1984-2011 Mark Nudelman less is part of the GNU project and is free software. You can redis‐ tribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either (1) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; or (2) the Less License. See the file README in the less distribution for more details regarding redistribution. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the source for less; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. You should also have received a copy of the Less License; see the file LICENSE. less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. AUTHOR Mark Nudelman<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Send bug reports or comments to the above address or to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>See http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/bugs.html for the latest list of known bugs in less. For more information, see the less homepage at http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less. Version 444: 09 Jun 2011 LESS(1)


The Crystal interface to the Crystal direct leaderboard access API. THIS IS AN API PREVIEW AND NOT FUNCTIONAL AT THIS TIME. The categoriesToGet proporty must be consistent throughout the lifetime of this class, i.e. the same data must be retrieved for each of the leaderboards. This allows the Crystal SDK to cache the data more consistently and eases the use of the APIs. The categoriesToGet property must also be set before calling downloadLeaderboardDataForID: More...
#import <CrystalLeaderboards.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| (void) | - downloadLeaderboardDataForID: |
| Initiate the download of leaderboard data for the supplied leaderboard ID If the leaderboard data for the specified leaderboardID is already downloaded for this game session the data will not be updated from the server to avoid excessive server load. When the leaderboard data has been downloaded the crystalLeaderboardUpdated: method will be called on CrystalLeaderboardDelegate. There is no indication of an error while downloading the leaderboard data and there is no need to manually retry the process. | |
| (NSArray *) | - top20EntriesForLeaderboardID: |
| Retrieve the top 20 entries for the specified leaderboard. | |
| (NSArray *) | - top20FriendsForLeaderboardID: |
| Retrieve the top 20 friends for the specified leaderboard, including the current user. | |
| (NSArray *) | - random20ForLeaderboardID: |
| Retrieve a random selection of 20 entries for the specified leaderboard. | |
| (NSDictionary *) | - currentUserEntryForLeaderboardID: |
| Retrieve the data for the current user for the specified leaderboard. | |
| (NSString *) | - usernameForLeaderboardEntry: |
| Get the username from a leaderboard entry. | |
| (int) | - positionForLeaderboardEntry: |
| Get the position of a leaderboard entry. This is a convenience method to extract data from the array items returned from top20EntriesForLeaderboardID: et al. | |
| (NSString *) | - percentileRankForLeaderboardEntry: |
| Get the percentile rank of a leaderboard entry. This is a convenience method to extract data from the array items returned from top20EntriesForLeaderboardID: et al. | |
| (double) | - scoreForLeaderboardEntry: |
| Returns the score for the supplied entry as a numeric value This is a convenience method to extract data from the array items returned from top20EntriesForLeaderboardID: et al Note that you should use timeForLeaderboardEntry: for time-based scores. | |
| (NSTimeInterval) | - timeForLeaderboardEntry: |
| Returns the score of the supplied entry as a time-based value This is a convenience method to extract data from the array items returned from top20EntriesForLeaderboardID: et al Note that you should use scoreForLeaderboardEntry: for numeric scores. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| (CrystalLeaderboards *) | + sharedInstance |
| Returns the shared singleton instance of CrystalLeaderboards. | |
Properties | |
| CrystalLeaderboardCategories | categoriesToGet |
| id< CrystalLeaderboardDelegate > | delegate |
The Crystal interface to the Crystal direct leaderboard access API. THIS IS AN API PREVIEW AND NOT FUNCTIONAL AT THIS TIME. The categoriesToGet proporty must be consistent throughout the lifetime of this class, i.e. the same data must be retrieved for each of the leaderboards. This allows the Crystal SDK to cache the data more consistently and eases the use of the APIs. The categoriesToGet property must also be set before calling downloadLeaderboardDataForID:
| + (CrystalLeaderboards*) sharedInstance |
Returns the shared singleton instance of CrystalLeaderboards.
- (CrystalLeaderboardCategories) categoriesToGet [read, write, assign] |
- (id< CrystalLeaderboardDelegate >) delegate [read, write, assign] |


[gecode-users] using MaximizeScript to find the optimal solution
naguissa light
naguissa1989 at gmail.com
Tue Dec 3 15:33:53 CET 2013
Thank you very much for your answer.
So to find all the feasable solution of a model i just use DFS
when i want to find the optimal solution of the objectiv function of the
model i use BAB
my question here : is it normal to find more then one optimal solution to
the objective function of my model?????
Thank you very much
Naguissa
2013/12/3 Guido Tack <tack at gecode.org>
> Hi,
>
> I don't think I understand your question. Whether you inherit from Space
> or from MaximizeScript shouldn't make any difference to the number of
> solutions when using DFS.
> In order to enumerate all optimal solutions, you first have to run a BAB
> to get the value of the objective, and then run another search for all
> solutions using DFS, where you post an additional constraint to set the
> objective to that optimal value.
>
> Cheers,
> Guido
>
> --
> Guido Tack
> http://www.csse.monash.edu/~guidot/
>
>
>
> On 3 Dec 2013, at 1:40 pm, naguissa light <naguissa1989 at gmail.com> wrote:
>
> I was wondring about that because when i try to get just one feasable
> solution for my model i used Space ( the numbre of feasable solutions are
> 48) so when i try to get the optimal solution for my model i used
> MaximizeScript and i get 1140 solutions !!!!!!!!!!!! is that normal ????,,
>
> Did i miss any thing here???
>
> Thank You for your help
>
> Naguissa
>
>
> 2013/12/3 naguissa light <naguissa1989 at gmail.com>
>
>>
>> hi all!
>>
>> i want in my model to find the optimal solution so when i read the MPG i
>> find that i have to use MaximizeScript ( to maximize the objective
>> function) so what i want to know is : is it possible to find more then one
>> optimal solution when using MaximizeScript ????????
>>
>>
>> Thank you for your help
>>
>>
>> Naguissa
>>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org
> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
>
>
>
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|
Bullet Collision Detection & Physics Library
|
#include "btSimplexSolverInterface.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Classes | |
| struct | btUsageBitfield |
| struct | btSubSimplexClosestResult |
| class | btVoronoiSimplexSolver |
| btVoronoiSimplexSolver is an implementation of the closest point distance algorithm from a 1-4 points simplex to the origin. More... | |
Macros | |
| #define | VORONOI_SIMPLEX_MAX_VERTS 5 |
| #define | BT_USE_EQUAL_VERTEX_THRESHOLD |
| disable next define, or use defaultCollisionConfiguration->getSimplexSolver()->setEqualVertexThreshold(0.f) to disable/configure More... | |
| #define | VORONOI_DEFAULT_EQUAL_VERTEX_THRESHOLD 0.0001f |
| #define BT_USE_EQUAL_VERTEX_THRESHOLD |
disable next define, or use defaultCollisionConfiguration->getSimplexSolver()->setEqualVertexThreshold(0.f) to disable/configure
Definition at line 24 of file btVoronoiSimplexSolver.h.
| #define VORONOI_DEFAULT_EQUAL_VERTEX_THRESHOLD 0.0001f |
Definition at line 29 of file btVoronoiSimplexSolver.h.
| #define VORONOI_SIMPLEX_MAX_VERTS 5 |
Definition at line 21 of file btVoronoiSimplexSolver.h.


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The JTAppleCell class defines the attributes and behavior of the cells that appear in JTAppleCalendarView objects.
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open class JTAppleCell: UICollectionViewCell
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