--- title: "Estimator Basics" output: rmarkdown::html_vignette vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Estimators Basics} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8} type: docs repo: https://github.com/rstudio/tfestimators menu: main: name: "Estimator Basics" identifier: "tfestimators-basics" parent: "tfestimators-using-tfestimators" weight: 20 aliases: - /tfestimators ---
TensorFlow Estimators has not received updates by the TensorFlow team in a long time, and it’s no longer recommended. You may find bugs when using
tfestimators
with recent versions of TensorFlow (>= 1.10).
The basic components of the TensorFlow Estimators API include:
Canned estimators (pre-built implementations of various models).
Custom estimators (custom model implementations).
Estimator methods (core methods like train()
, predict()
, evaluate()
, etc. which work the same for all canned and custom estimators).
Feature columns (definitions of how features should be transformed during modeling).
Input functions (sources of data for training, evaluation, and prediction).
In addition, there are APIs that cover more advanced usages:
Experiments (wrappers around estimators that handle concerns like distributed training, hyperparameter tuning, etc.)
Run hooks (callbacks for recording context and interacting with each modelling processes)
SavedModel export utilities (exports the trained model to be deployed in places like CloudML)
Please read our white paper if you are interested in the detailed design of the above components.
Below we enumerate some of the core functions in each of these components to provide a high level overview of what’s available. See the linked articles for more details on using all of the components together.
The tfestimators package includes a wide variety of canned estimators for common machine learning tasks. Currently, the following canned estimators are available:
| Estimator | Description |
|---|---|
linear_regressor() |
Linear regressor model. |
linear_classifier() |
Linear classifier model. |
dnn_regressor() |
DNN Regression. |
dnn_classifier() |
DNN Classification. |
dnn_linear_combined_regressor() |
DNN Linear Combined Regression. |
dnn_linear_combined_classifier() |
DNN Linear Combined Classification. |
Before you can use an estimator, you need to provide an input function and define a set of feature columns. The following two sections cover how to do this.
Input functions are used to provide data to estimators during training, evaluation and prediction. The R interface provides several high-level input function implementations for various common R data sources, including:
For example, here’s how we might construct an input function that uses the mtcars
data frame as a data source, treating the drat
, mpg
, and am
variables as feature columns, and vs
as a response.
input <- input_fn(mtcars,
features = c("drat", "mpg", "am"),
response = "vs",
batch_size = 128,
epochs = 3)
The formula interface is a bit more succinct, in this case, and should feel familiar to R users who have experience fitting models using the R stats
package.
You can also write fully custom input functions that draw data from arbitrary data sources. See the input functions article for additional details.
In TensorFlow, feature columns are used to specify the ‘shapes’, or ‘types’, of inputs that can be expected by a particular model. For example, in the following code, we define two simple feature columns: a numeric column called "drat"
, and a indicator column called "am"
with one-hot representation.
There are a wide variety of feature column functions available:
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
column_indicator() |
Represents multi-hot representation of given categorical column. |
column_numeric() |
Represents real valued or numerical features. |
column_embedding() |
Creates an dense column that converts from sparse, categorical input. |
column_bucketized() |
Represents discretized dense input. |
column_categorical_weighted() |
Applies weight values to a categorical column. |
column_categorical_with_vocabulary_list() |
Creates a categorical column with in-memory vocabulary. |
column_categorical_with_vocabulary_file() |
Creates a categorical column with a vocabulary file. |
column_categorical_with_identity() |
Creates a categorical column that returns identity values. |
column_categorical_with_hash_bucket() |
Represents sparse feature where ids are set by hashing. |
See the article on feature columns for additional details.
Here’s an example of creating a DNN Linear Combined canned Estimator. In creating the estimator we pass the feature columns and other parameters that specifies the layers and architecture of the model. Note that this particular estimator takes two sets of feature columns – one used for constructing the linear layer, and the other used for the fully connected deep layer.
# construct feature columns
linear_feature_columns <- feature_columns(column_numeric("mpg"))
dnn_feature_columns <- feature_columns(column_numeric("drat"))
# generate classifier
classifier <-
dnn_linear_combined_classifier(
linear_feature_columns = linear_feature_columns,
dnn_feature_columns = dnn_feature_columns,
dnn_hidden_units = c(3, 3),
dnn_optimizer = "Adagrad"
)
Users can then call train()
to train the initialized Estimator for a number of steps:
Once a model is trained, users can use predict()
that makes predictions on a given input function that represents the inference data source.
predictions <- predict(classifier, input_fn = input)
Users can also pass a key to predict_keys
argument in predict()
that generates different types of predictions, such as probabilities using "probabilities"
:
predictions <- predict(
classifier,
input_fn = input,
predict_keys = "probabilities")
or logistic:
predictions <- predict(
classifier,
input_fn = input,
predict_keys = "logistic")
You can find all the available keys by printing prediction_keys()
. However, not all keys can be used by different types of estimators. For example, regressors cannot use "probabilities"
as one of the keys since probability output only makes sense for classification models.
Models created via tfestimators
are persisted on disk. To obtain the location of where the model artifacts are stored, we can call model_dir()
:
And subsequently load the saved model (in a new session) by passing the directory to the model_dir
argument of the model constructor and use it for prediction or continue training:
library(tfestimators)
linear_feature_columns <- feature_columns(column_numeric("mpg"))
dnn_feature_columns <- feature_columns(column_numeric("drat"))
loaded_model <-
dnn_linear_combined_classifier(
linear_feature_columns = linear_feature_columns,
dnn_feature_columns = dnn_feature_columns,
dnn_hidden_units = c(3, 3),
dnn_optimizer = "Adagrad",
model_dir = saved_model_dir
)
loaded_model
There are a number of estimator methods which can be used generically with any canned or custom estimator:
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
train() |
Trains a model given training data input_fn. |
predict() |
Returns predictions for given features. |
evaluate() |
Evaluates the model given evaluation data input_fn. |
train_and_evaluate() |
Trains and evaluates a model for both local and distributed configurations. |
export_savedmodel() |
Exports inference graph as a SavedModel into a given directory. |


| MATLAB File Help: Stack/roiFindKNN | View code for Stack/roiFindKNN | Default Topics |
find ROIs based on nearest-neighbour networks
[rois, CCN] = roiFindKNN(thres, minSize, [mask])
ARGS
thres - minimal similarity between pixel traces to be considered neighbours between >0 and <1
minSize - minimal size (in pixel) of an ROI
mask - OPTIONAL, binary mask useful to ignore noise pixels and speed up algorithm
RETURNS
rois - stack of binary ROI masks (width x height x number of ROIs)
CCN - image color coding ROIs
nnMap - proximity network of pixels
| Access | public |
| Sealed | false |
| Static | false |


The Java programming language is statically-typed, which means that all variables must first be declared before they can be used. This involves stating the variable's type and name, as you've already seen:
int gear = 1;
Doing so tells your program that a field named "gear" exists, holds
numerical data, and has an initial value of "1". A variable's data type determines the
values it may contain, plus the operations that may be performed on it.
In addition to int
, the Java programming language supports seven other primitive
data types. A primitive type is predefined by the language and is named by a reserved keyword. Primitive values do not share state with other primitive values.
The eight primitive data types supported by the Java programming language are:
byte: The byte
data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum
value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive). The byte
data type can be useful for saving memory
in large
arrays, where the memory savings actually matters. They can also be used in place of
int
where their limits help to clarify your code; the fact that a variable's range is limited can
serve as a form of documentation.
short: The short
data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a
minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive). As with byte
, the same guidelines apply:
you can use a short
to save memory in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.
int: The int
data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of
-2,147,483,648 and a maximum value of 2,147,483,647 (inclusive). For integral values, this data type is generally
the default choice unless there is a reason (like the above) to choose something else. This data type will most likely
be large enough for the numbers your program will use, but if you need a wider range of values, use long
instead.
long: The long
data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 and a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive). Use this data type when you need a
range of values wider than those provided by int
.
float: The float
data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in section
4.2.3
of the Java Language Specification. As with the recommendations for byte
and short
, use a float
(instead of double
) if you need to save memory in large arrays
of floating point numbers. This data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency. For that, you will need to
use the
java.math.BigDecimal
class instead.
Numbers and Strings
covers BigDecimal
and
other useful classes provided by the Java platform.
double: The double
data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
Its range of values is beyond the scope of this discussion, but is specified in section
4.2.3
of the Java Language Specification. For decimal values, this data type is
generally the default choice. As mentioned above, this data type should never be used for precise values, such as currency.
boolean: The boolean
data type has only two possible values: true
and
false
. Use this data type for simple flags that track true/false conditions. This data type represents one bit of information, but its "size" isn't something that's precisely defined.
char: The char
data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of
'\u0000'
(or 0) and a maximum value of '\uffff'
(or 65,535 inclusive).
In addition to the eight primitive data types listed above, the Java programming language also provides
special support for character strings via the
java.lang.String
class. Enclosing your character string
within double quotes will automatically create a new String
object; for example, String s = "this is a string";
.
String
objects are immutable, which means that once created, their
values cannot be changed. The String
class is not technically a primitive data type, but considering the special
support given to it by the language, you'll probably tend to think of it as such. You'll learn more about the String
class in
Simple Data Objects
It's not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared. Fields that are declared but not initialized will be
set to a reasonable default by the compiler. Generally speaking, this default will be zero or null
, depending on the
data type. Relying on such default values, however, is generally considered bad programming style.
The following chart summarizes the default values for the above data types.
| Data Type | Default Value (for fields) |
|---|---|
| byte | 0 |
| short | 0 |
| int | 0 |
| long | 0L |
| float | 0.0f |
| double | 0.0d |
| char | '\u0000' |
| String (or any object) | null |
| boolean | false |
Local variables are slightly different; the compiler never assigns a default value to an uninitialized local variable. If you cannot initialize your local variable where it is declared, make sure to assign it a value before you attempt to use it. Accessing an uninitialized local variable will result in a compile-time error.
You may have noticed that the new
keyword isn't used when initializing a variable of a primitive type. Primitive
types are special data types built into the language; they are not objects created
from a class. A literal is
the source code representation of a fixed value;
literals are represented
directly in your code without requiring computation.
As shown below,
it's possible to assign a literal to a variable of a primitive type:
boolean result = true; char capitalC = 'C'; byte b = 100; short s = 10000; int i = 100000;
An integer literal is of type long
if it ends with the letter L
or l
; otherwise it is of type int
. It is recommended that you use the upper case letter L
because the lower case letter l
is hard to distinguish from the digit 1
.
Values of the integral types byte
, short
, int
, and long
can be created from int
literals. Values of type long
that exceed the range of int
can be created from long
literals. Integer literals can be expressed these number systems:
For general-purpose programming, the decimal system is likely to be the only number system you'll ever use. However, if you need to use another number system, the following example shows the correct syntax. The prefix 0x
indicates hexadecimal and 0b
indicates binary:
int decVal = 26; // The number 26, in decimal int hexVal = 0x1a; // The number 26, in hexadecimal int binVal = 0b11010; // The number 26, in binary
A floating-point literal is of type float
if it ends with the letter F
or f
; otherwise its type is double
and it can optionally end with the letter D
or d
.
The floating point types (float
and double
) can also be expressed using E or e (for scientific notation), F or f (32-bit float literal) and D or d (64-bit double literal; this is the default and by convention is omitted).
double d1 = 123.4; double d2 = 1.234e2; // same value as d1, but in scientific notation float f1 = 123.4f;
Literals of types char
and String
may contain any Unicode
(UTF-16) characters. If your editor and file system allow it, you can
use such characters directly in your code. If not, you can use
a "Unicode escape" such as '\u0108'
(capital C with circumflex), or
"S\u00ED se\u00F1or"
(Sí Señor in Spanish). Always use 'single quotes' for char
literals
and "double quotes" for String
literals.
Unicode escape sequences may be used
elsewhere in a program (such as in field names, for example), not just in char
or String
literals.
The Java programming language also supports a few special escape sequences for char
and String
literals: \b
(backspace),
\t
(tab), \n
(line feed), \f
(form feed), \r
(carriage return), \"
(double quote), \'
(single quote), and \\
(backslash).
There's also a special null
literal that can be
used as a value for any reference type. null
may be assigned to any variable, except
variables of primitive types. There's little you can do with a null
value beyond testing for its presence. Therefore, null
is often
used in programs as a marker to indicate that some object is unavailable.
Finally, there's also a special kind of literal called a class literal, formed
by taking a type name and appending ".class"
; for example, String.class
.
This refers to the object (of type Class
) that represents the type itself.
In Java SE 7 and later, any number of underscore characters (_
) can appear anywhere between digits in a numerical literal. This feature enables you, for example. to separate groups of digits in numeric literals, which can improve the readability of your code.
For instance, if your code contains numbers with many digits, you can use an underscore character to separate digits in groups of three, similar to how you would use a punctuation mark like a comma, or a space, as a separator.
The following example shows other ways you can use the underscore in numeric literals:
long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L; long socialSecurityNumber = 999_99_9999L; float pi = 3.14_15F; long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5E; long hexWords = 0xCAFE_BABE; long maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffL; byte nybbles = 0b0010_0101; long bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010;
You can place underscores only between digits; you cannot place underscores in the following places:
F
or L
suffixThe following examples demonstrate valid and invalid underscore placements (which are highlighted) in numeric literals:
float pi1 = 3_.1415F; // Invalid; cannot put underscores adjacent to a decimal point float pi2 = 3._1415F; // Invalid; cannot put underscores adjacent to a decimal point long socialSecurityNumber1 = 999_99_9999_L; // Invalid; cannot put underscores prior to an L suffix int x1 = _52; // This is an identifier, not a numeric literal int x2 = 5_2; // OK (decimal literal) int x3 = 52_; // Invalid; cannot put underscores at the end of a literal int x4 = 5_______2; // OK (decimal literal) int x5 = 0_x52; // Invalid; cannot put underscores in the 0x radix prefix int x6 = 0x_52; // Invalid; cannot put underscores at the beginning of a number int x7 = 0x5_2; // OK (hexadecimal literal) int x8 = 0x52_; // Invalid; cannot put underscores at the end of a number


The theme of the 2013 Mykonos Biennale is a parody of the Crisis Industry’s choice of Greece as a main protagonist in their current financial disaster scenario. The Crisis punishes in an exemplary way paganistic Greece, who is idly dancing and drinking as the “southern latino lover”, the grasshopper of Aesop’s story. Greece as the juvenile Pinocchio is persuaded by the cat and the fox, the northern rich buddies, to sell his books to join their party while the old Geppetto must sell his coat to pay the bills. With the broken Geppettos, the uprooted forests of Chalkidiki, the blackened valleys of solar panels, Greece is depressed and bullied by the global media.  It’s summer, Adonis with Persephone are back on earth feasting together with the guitar playing grasshopper. Is belly dancing considered a legitimate job? And if yes, when do the people qualify for their pension? Is retirement obligatory? Can the hungry bear cubs dance? Can old men dance? Was the empress Theodora the daughter of a bear tamer? Was emperor Justinian the nephew of an Albanian immigrant? What connects Europe with the Holy Alliance? Has the age of the empire returned? If money is the Crisis and Nature is paganism, is this relationship an oxymoron? As both Annas in Brecht’s Seven Deadly Sins, the role of morality change at the beat of global hypocrisy. As the birds sing, the waves unravel and Pinocchio’s fairy is disguised as Art and wrestles with Aladdin’s genie and the three consumer wishes. To be continued in alternative Mykonos where the renowned nudist emperor will visit with his new clothes.
The venues of the Mykonos Biennale are located in many strategic points to initiate the visitor into the cultural inheritance of the island. The contemporary and international art works will blend with traditional culture in a haunted dialog hosted by the ghost of the past creating together Historical Time.
Then the art installation Rendez-vous was presented, followed by the Flower Project Part 2 by the «Flower Girls» Anna Pangalou sing the aria John Cage from the main balcony of Town Hall.
The Sylvia Macci dance group presented "Yaloudes" a work inspired by Mykonian sea ghosts.
Nobuhiro Ishihara - Installation: Dragon is reborn as a Cetus κητος from the Japanese to the Greek mythology. Lucas Samaras - Video installation in the windmill.
Takis & Lydia Venieri
Yiannis Gazetopoulos, Alexis Fidetzis, Olga Goulandris, Patrick Swirc, Robert Flynt, Lydia Andrioti, Lydia Venieri, Christos Markogiannakis, Antonis Volanakis,Theodoulos Gregoriou, Fotis Sagona, Thomas Stavropoulos.
Alternative Baptism, a performance by Lydia Venieri and Adonis Volanakis accompanied by the music of Dimitris Vassilakis and the Sylvia Macci Dance Group. Lydia Venieri performed Words about Women by Betty Tompkins.
Pato Hebert, Aleta Lee, John Henry, Dean Monogenis, Camila Santin.
Shashpour Pouyan & Pedro Tyler.
Andonis Volanakis, Pepa Prieto, Anita King, Manos Pontikakis, Rafaele Shirley.
Works by Liana Anastasiadis, Lydia Andrioti, Panagiota Apostolopoulos, Leonidas Chalepas, Mark Hadjipateras, Marie Jacotey, Anita King, Esther Lemi, Christos Markogiannakis, Maria Nymfiadi, Costas Picadas, Fotis Sagonas, Cam Santin, Katerina Skassi, Alice Skoulikidis, Lydia Venieri, Iria Vrettos, Tassos Vrettos, Cindy Tower. The festivals inauguration ceremony was opened by the children's choir of the Music School "George Axiotis," conducted by Tina Psalida.
Anna Pangalos, Antonis Volanakis and Din Heagney perfom the poetry of Kurt Schwitters, Henry Miller and John Ashbery respectively.
The Mystic Party with music by MICHALIS KOUNENIS and LEFTERIS SIKINIOTIS, and dance performances: The Last Supper by Lydia Venieri performed by the THE DANCE GROUP OF SYLVIA MACCI and Manage á Trois performed by Andonis V olonakis and the Flower Girls.
Delos Revisited -A mosaic workshop for children was held by Irini Sirianou.
Among the ancient vines of his organic vineyard, Paraportiani, Mr Nikos Asimomytis hosted a Dionysian feast for biennale. Dimitris Vassilakis his music for the ancient vines.
The Mykonos Biennale Art Video Film Festival.


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---
# Copyright (C) 2019 The Trustees of Indiana University
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
title: "How can I get help with CCore?"
iconName: "question"
iconAltText: ""
definition: ""
common: true
moreInfoText: "moreInfoText"
moreInfoLink: "moreInfoLink"
imageSrc: "/assets/images/hero-knowledge.svg"
altText: ""
sortOrder: 3
---
For help with CCore applications and APIs, you can contact the CCore team directly at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or create a feature request or bug report through our Contact page.
You can also get help from other CCore users throughout IU. Links to communities of practice and other resources are available through the IU Developers portal.


Air India pilots' union opposes privatisation; may resort to strike
The government is working on the final contours of disinvestment of loss-making Air India, which has a debt worth over Rs 58,000 crore.
by PTIOpposing privatisation of Air India, an airline pilots' union has threatened to go on strike unless their long pending demands related to salaries are addressed, according to a communication.
The nearly 800-member strong Indian Commercial Pilots' Association (ICPA), whose members fly narrow-body planes, has decided to work towards bringing all the unions at the airline under a common platform to oppose privatisation of the airline.
The government is working on the final contours of disinvestment of loss-making Air India, which has a debt worth over Rs 58,000 crore.
"It has been unanimously decided to strongly oppose privatisation of the national carrier Air India by all means, including Industrial Action, if required," as per minutes of an emergency meeting of the ICPA held on November 1.
A member of the union said there are plans to go on strike in case the issues related to salaries are not resolved.
The union has decided to make all efforts to ensure that their withheld dues of salaries are returned with interest.
"ICPA to ensure Air India properties are not sold till all dues are settled," according to the minutes.Special Thursday Expiry on 10th 7th Nov
Early Closure to The Great Diwali Discount. Last Chance to get Moneycontrol PRO for a year @ Rs. 289/- only
Coupon code: DIWALI


Bardessono Hotel and Spa / WATG
- Curated by Clara Ott
- about 18 hours
Spa · Yountville, United States
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"? Architects: WATG
- AreaArea of this architecture projectArea: 6038.6 ft2
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?YearCompletion year of this architecture project Year: 2009
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?PhotographsPhotographs: Sam Dyess
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?ManufacturersBrands with products used in this architecture project Manufacturers: Acor, AutoDesk, Cello Maudru, David Easton, Evan Shivley, F&M Steel Services, Trimble, Van Bebber Bros
- Design Team Ron Mitchell, Cynthia Jacobs, Susan Frieson, Noe Pegarido, Rebecca Ellis, Jennifer Hawkins
- MEP Engineer Ecotope
- Structural engineer I.L. Gross
- Civil Engineer Bartelt Engineering
- Landscape George W. Girvin Associates Inc.
- Consultants O’Brien & Company (Green Building consultant), Powell Padham Martin-Vegue (interior designer)
- Collaborators Cello Maudru (contractor)
More Specs Less Specs
Text description provided by the architects. Bardessono Hotel and Spa is a 62-room boutique luxury inn and spa nestled on a 4.9-acre site in Yountville, California in the heart of Napa Valley. Designed to be sustainable yet luxurious, Bardessono Hotel and Spa was one of only four properties in the U.S. to receive a LEED Platinum certification at the time of its opening. The hotel features 940 solar panels that provide approximately one half of the total electrical energy requirement of the property.
Reusable materials can be found throughout the hotel, including salvaged wood on the siding of the exterior walls and other areas inside the property. While maintenance of the wood was a project concern, using wood to capture the concepts inspired by wine barrels and the site’s surrounding wine country were too important to value engineer out, hence why salvaged wood became the material of choice. Recycled steel was also used on the building’s façade in the form of rusted steel panels, which were designed to represent the colors found in wine, the surrounding vineyards and the equipment used to care for them.
Out of all the reusable materials used, the stone in the arrival walkway carried a personal touch. Sourced from the former Bardessono family’s wine cellar, the local stone was salvaged and then cut into panels for a modern, welcoming touch to the arrival experience. To encourage guests to enjoy the region’s temperate climate, the ground-level guestrooms have private courtyards that feature outdoor showers and tubs. All guestrooms include large dual-pane glass windows which are designed to take advantage of natural light while controlling glare and yielding warmth during the colder seasons.
Other sustainable elements include rammed earth sculptural walls, 100-year-old olive trees and other drought-resistant landscaping, eighty-two 300-foot-deep geothermal wells to heat and cool guestrooms and provide hot water, automatically-controlled Venetian blinds to let in the sun early in the day and out later in the day, motion-detected electricity in guestrooms, dual-flush toilets and reuse and treatment of gray and black water for irrigation through Yountville’s water system.
To ensure the Bardessono Hotel and Spa’s upscale vision would fit within the context of Yountville’s charming small-town feel, the design approach focused on reducing the project scale with no buildings exceeding two levels. Buildings were designed with flat roofs to minimize blocking views of the surrounding hills and thoughtfully connected by courtyards, each with their own unique design concept. As guests travel throughout the property, they can encounter various landscape features and sculptures encouraging them to connect with their natural environment and retreat into a space that does the same.


Introduction to NetBSD loadable kernel modules
Introduction
Loadable kernel modules (LKMs) are quite popular on most modern operating systems such as GNU/Linux, FreeBSD and of course Microsoft Windows, just to name a few. They offer you the possibility to extend the kernel's functionality at runtime without recompiling or even rebooting the system. For example nearly every Linux device driver is available - or can be made available - as a loadable kernel module, that can be loaded at runtime to get support for a particular device (or even a pseudo-device).
With NetBSD, LKMs are not that popular yet. At the time of this writing
only a few drivers are available as loadable modules (mostly filesystem and compat drivers, and
a few others such as the linuxrtc
emulation). This might change in near future.
The loadable kernel module interface was originally designed to be similar in functionality to the
loadable kernel modules facility provided by SunOS. The lkm(4)
facility is controlled by performing ioctl(2)
calls on the /dev/lkm
device, but since all operations are handled by the
modload(8),
modunload(8) and
modstat(8) programs, you should never
have to interact with /dev/lkm
directly. Note, that you need to run a kernel compiled
with the LKM option in order to make use of LKMs.
Writing the module
I'd like to show you how to write a simple character device driver that does nothing but the simple job of
calculating the Fibonacci numbers (I'll therefore name
the module fibo.o
and let all the function's names begin with fibo_
). The driver
will provide 8 minor devices /dev/fibo0
to /dev/fibo7
.
Each minor device offers the following functions:
You can open and close a device provided by this driver and you'll be able to read from it (we'll have
a closer look at the parameters later, when we discuss the actual functions). Now we need to tell the
kernel that we provide a character device with the 3 functions listed above. Therefore we need to fill
in a struct cdevsw
(cdevsw means character device switch and the struct cdevsw
is defined in sys/conf.h
).
enodev
is a generic function that simply returns the
errno(2) ENODEV
(Operation not supported by device) which says that we does not support any operations besides
open, close and read. So, for example, whenever you try to write to the device, the
write(2) will fail with ENODEV
.
Furtheron we need to tell the kernel how the module is named and where to find information about
operations provided by the module. This is a quite simple task with the lkm interface: We use the
preprocessor macro MOD_DEV
, which is defined in sys/lkm.h
to hand the
information over. The MOD_DEV
macro was changed in NetBSD-current, therefore we use
the following construct to get things working with both NetBSD 1.6 and earlier and NetBSD 1.6H and
later (thanks to Anil Gopinath for the hint).
else
MOD_DEV("fibo", LM_DT_CHAR, -1, &fibo_dev);
endif
This means that our module is named fibo
, we'll provide a character device (minor devices
are handled by the module itself, so they doesn't matter for now), we want to retrieve a dynamic major
device number from the kernel (if you want to use a specific major device number you'll need to specify
that instead of the -1
, but beware of getting in conflict with other device drivers) and we
provide the information about the supported operations in fibo_dev
.
In order to ensure proper unloading of the module we need to keep a global reference counter of opened minor devices.
And furtheron we need to keep a bunch of information about each minor device.
define MAXFIBODEVS 8
static struct fibo_softc fibo_scs[MAXFIBODEVS];
As mentioned above our driver will provide 8 minor devices. Each minor device stores information about how often it was opened (in our example each minor device can only be opened once to keep things simple), the current number and the previous number for calculating the Fibonacci numbers. If you don't know how to calculate the Fibonacci numbers, you should have a look on a book about algorithms, as explaining this is beyond the scope of this article.
Each kernel module needs to have an entry point which is passed to
ld(1) by modload when the module is linked. The
default module entry point is named xxxinit
. If xxxinit
cannot be found, an
attempt to use modulename_lkmentry
will be made, where modulename
is the filename of the module being loaded without the .o
. In general the entry function will
consist entirely of a single DISPATCH
line, with DISPATCH
being a preprocessor
macro defined in sys/lkm.h
to handle loading, unloading and stating for us. So our
fibo_lkmentry
function will look like this:
Now we need a handler function for our module to do module specific tasks when loading, unloading or stating
the module. The name of this handler function is passed to DISPATCH
(see above) to tell the
kernel which function it has to call when doing such things. A pointer to the module entry in the LKM table
and an integer representing the desired command (LKM_E_LOAD
, LKM_E_UNLOAD
or
LKM_E_STAT
) are passed to the handler function. The handler is called after the module is
linked and loaded into the kernel with the LKM_E_LOAD
command. Then we need to check whether
the module was already loaded into the kernel and initialize our data structures. When unloading the module,
the handler is called with the LKM_E_UNLOAD
command and we need to check if the module is not
required any more (e.g. check if all devices are closed for char/block driver modules) before confirming the
unload command.
/* initialize minor device structures */
bzero(fibo_scs, sizeof(fibo_scs));
printf("fibo: FIBONACCI driver loaded successfully\n");
break;
case LKM_E_UNLOAD: / check if a minor device is opened / if (fibo_refcnt > 0) return (EBUSY); break;
case LKM_E_STAT: break;
default: return (EIO); }
return (0); }
The open function is quite simple as most of the hard stuff is already handled by the NetBSD kernel
(e.g. the kernel will automatically allocate a vnode(9)
for you). The parameters for the open function are the major and minor device numbers (use the major
and minor
macros), the flag
and mode
arguments as described in
open(2) and a pointer to the struct proc
of the process that did the open system call.
So the first thing to do is to check if the minor device number we got when the device was opened is not out of range, and if the minor device is not already opened. You should always keep in mind that the minor device handling is completely up to you and that this is a never ending source of mistakes! Then we need to initialize the minor device data (the Fibonacci starting numbers 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, ...) and increase the minor device and the global module reference counter.
if (minor(dev) >= MAXFIBODEVS) return (ENODEV);
/ check if device already open / if (fibosc->sc_refcnt > 0) return (EBUSY);
fibosc->sc_current = 1; fibosc->sc_previous = 0;
/ increase device reference counter / fibosc->sc_refcnt++;
/ increase module reference counter / fibo_refcnt++;
return (0); }
The close function has the same parameters with the same meanings as the open function described above. It is used to free the internal data structures of a minor device opened before. You do not need to worry whether the device was opened before or to do things like releasing the vnode associated with the device, all you need to do is to cleanup the module specific stuff. In our example this means decreasing the minor device and the global module reference counters and so that our close function is quite simple.
/ decrease device reference counter / fibosc->sc_refcnt--;
/ decrease module reference counter / fibo_refcnt--;
return (0); }
Last but not least the read function. This function has 3 parameters: the device major and minor numbers like
in the open and close functions, a flag
field indicating for example whether the read should be
done in a non-blocking fashion or such things and a pointer to a struct uio
defined in
sys/uio.h
. A struct uio
typically describes data in motion, in case of a
read(2) system call data moved from kernel-space
to user-space. This may look a bit strange if you already did device driver progamming on GNU/Linux, but the
uio concept used by the NetBSD kernel simplifies a lot of things and provides a generic and consistent interface
for kernel-space to user-space and kernel-space to kernel-space data moving. See
uiomove(9) for more information.
Back on stage, we should first have a look at the read function and discuss the details afterwards.
if (uio->uio_resid < sizeof(u_int32_t)) return (EINVAL);
while (uio->uio_resid >= sizeof(u_int32_t)) { int error;
/* copy to user space */
if ((error = uiomove(&(fibosc->sc_current),
sizeof(fibosc->sc_current), uio))) {
return (error);
}
/* prevent overflow */
if (fibosc->sc_current > (MAXFIBONUM - 1)) {
fibosc->sc_current = 1;
fibosc->sc_previous = 0;
continue;
}
/* calculate */ {
u_int32_t tmp;
tmp = fibosc->sc_current;
fibosc->sc_current += fibosc->sc_previous;
fibosc->sc_previous = tmp;
}
}
return (0); }
So the first thing we do, is to check whether the process requests less than sizeof(u_int32_t)
bytes (actually 4 bytes). Our read function always reads a bunch of 4-byte blocks and to keep it simple
and easy to understand we disallow reading less than 4 bytes at a time (uio->uio_resid
holds
the number of remaining bytes to move to user-space, automatically decreased by uiomove
).
The function copies the current Fibonacci number into the user-space buffer, checks for a possible overflow
(only the first 42 Fibonacci numbers fit into u_int32_t
) and calculates the next Fibonacci
number. If there is enough space left in the user-space buffer, the function loops and restarts the process
of moving, checking and calculating until the buffer is filled up to the possible maximum or
uiomove(9) returns an error. Note, that a
read(2) system call on this device will never
return 0, and so it will never reach an end-of-file (EOF), so the device will generate Fibonacci numbers
forever.
If you're familar with GNU/Linux device driver programming you might have noticed that we do not return
-ERRNO
on failure, and in case of the read system call the number of bytes read, but
instead we return 0
on success and the positive errno value on failure. Everything else is
handled by the NetBSD kernel itself, so we do not need to care about.
Loading the module
Now that our device driver module is completed, we need a shell script that will be executed when the module
is successfully loaded to create the required device nodes in /dev
. This shell script (or program)
is always passed three arguments: the module id (in decimal), the module type (in hexadecimal) and the character
major device number (this differs for other types of LKMs such as system call modules). So our script is pretty
simple:
First check whether all three command line arguments are present and exit with error code if not.
And finally (re)create the required special device nodes. Now we are ready to give our module a first test run. Compile the module and load the module with the following command (this needs to be run as superuser):
If everything went well, the modstat(8) program should present you output similar to this:
Testing the module
In order to test your new kernel module, we need a small test program that does nothing more than reading a
32bit unsigned integer value from /dev/fibo0
and outputs the value to standard output. See the
sample program below:
int main(int argc, char **argv) { u_int32_t val; int fd, ret;
if ((fd = open(DEVICE, O_RDONLY)) < 0) err(1, "unable to open " DEVICE);
while ((ret = read(fd, &val, sizeof(val))) == sizeof(val)) printf("%u\n", val);
if (ret < 0) err(2, "read(" DEVICE ")");
close(fd); return 0; }
When you run this sample test program, it will output Fibonacci numbers below<PHONE_NUMBER> until you interrupt or kill the program. To unload the kernel module, you need to run the following command (as superuser):
The complete sources for the example above, including a Makefile
, are available online at:
A tar
archive with the sources can be found
here.
I hope you like this small introduction to the NetBSD lkm system. If you have any questions or if you
would like to give me some feedback, feel free to contact me.


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How To Grow Cauliflower Crop
Introduction
Cauliflower is one in every of famous vegetable and regarded as “Ghobi or Gobi” in India and this flower belongs to “Cruciferaceae” own circle of relatives regularly overshadowed with the aid of using its inexperienced cousin broccoli. This fit for human consumption part of the cauliflower is called ‘Curd’ surrounded with the aid of using leaves narrower than the ones of cabbage. There are important seasonal forms of cauliflower is cultivated in India they're 1) Early season kind crop 2) Late season crop. Late cauliflower sorts are grown for an extended length as compared to Early crop kind. .
Soil and climate conditions
Climatic conditions –
Proper climatic situations are nearly required relying at the form of the cauliflower. Cauliflower grows nicely in a wet and funky climate. Cauliflower can maintain to low temperatures and for warm climatic situations much like cabbage. Extreme dry situations or low humidity aren't appropriate for Cauliflower cultivation.10°C to 25°C is highest quality temperature for suitable seed germination. High temperatures purpose bad great of curds. Lower temperatures can also additionally bring about delays in adulthood and undersized curd.
Soil conditions –
Cauliflower may be grown in extensive forms of soils furnished they're wealthy in natural be counted and holds enough and eventually own a very good water drainage. Sandy loamy soils are advocated for early plants and for overdue plants, clay loams and loam soils are preferred. This vegetable flourishes quality in soils whose P.H. variety is 6.zero to 7.zero.It is higher to head for soil checking out g earlier than cultivation. If the soil own PH cost beneath 5.5, liming @ 5-10 quintal/ha ought to be carried out for a success crop. Soils better in PH cost (> 7.zero) lower the supply of boron.
Sowing -
The seed ought to be sown in nursery beds in May to June for early crop cultivation, July to August for important crop cultivation and for overdue crop cultivation Sept-Oct. Before seedlings are organized in nursery beds, furrow kind of layout & ridges ought to be organized for this crop and the flora ought to be transplanted in important filed after three to four weeks. Spacing among flora ought to be forty five cm X forty five cm for early crop and 60 cm X 60 cm for overdue crop.
Fertilizer
Manures and Fertilizers in Cauliflower Cultivation: For quality end result 15- 20 lots of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) or any compost ought to be delivered the soil approximately Four weeks earlier than transplanting in instruction of soil. a hundred kg of N, 50 kg of P2O5 /ha ought to be carried out in Cauliflower cultivation.
Irrigation
Watering ought to be furnished to crop each four – 7 days to the early planting and 10 to fifteen days for overdue crop cultivation. At head formation time, there ought to be sufficient moisture content material withinside the important field, so irrigation is needed at this factor in time. When cauliflower is cultivated overdue withinside the season, it ought to be irrigated frequently. Drip irrigation or Sprinkler irrigation also can be taken into consideration for using the water supply effectively.
Diseases occurred in crop:
| Name of Disease | Caused by | Symptoms | Management |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial soft rot | Bacterium | Water-soaked lesions on leaves and flower heads which expand to form a large rotted mass; surface of lesions usually crack and exude slimy liquid which turns tan, dark brown or black on exposure to air | Chemical treatments are not available for bacterial soft rot, control relies on cultural practices; rotate crops; plant in well-draining soils or raised beds; only harvest heads when they are dry; avoid damaging heads during harvest |
| Blackleg | Fungus | Damping-off of seedlings; round or irregularly shaped gray necrotic lesions on leaves with dark margins; lesions may be covered in pink masses in favorable weather conditions | Use disease free seed or treat with hot water to remove fungus prior to planting; remove and destroy crop debris after harvest or plow deeply into soil |
| Black rot | Fungus | Irregularly shaped dull yellow areas along leaf margins which expand to leaf midrib and create a characterstic "V-shaped" lesion; lesions may coalesce along the leaf margin to give plant a scorched appearance | Primary method of controlling black rot is through the use of good sanitation practices; rotate crops to non-cruciferous crops every 2 years; plant resistant varieties; control cruciferous weed species which may act as a reservoir for bacteria; plant pathogen-free seed |
| Downy mildew | Fungus | Small angular lesions on upper surface of leaves which enlarge into orange or yellow necrotic patches; white fluffy growth on undersides of leaves | Remove all crop debris after harvest; rotate with non-brassicas; it is possible to control downy mildew with the application of an appropriate fungicide |
| Sclerotinia stem rot | Fungus | Irregular, necrotic gray lesions on leaves; white-gray leions on stems; reduced pod set; shattering seed pods | Rotate crop to non-hosts (e.g. cereals) for at least 3 years; control weeds; avoid dense growth by planting in adequately spaced rows; apply appropriate foliar fungicides. |
Cauliflower Harvest and Yielding
Harvest
Cauliflower might be equipped for harvesting whilst the right head has advanced. Make certain the pinnacle is compact and the plant have to be reduce beneath the pinnacle in order that the stub has left the pinnacle from negative for the duration of transportation. The cauliflower flora have to be whilst curds are nicely advanced. As all curds will now no longer come to the adulthood on the identical time, so simplest the ones that are complete advanced are removed. Harvesting for the duration of morning or nighttime is favored in order that the produce can be saved cool for the market.
Yielding
For early cauliflower crop, yield of 200-250 quintal /ha may be expected. For past due season crop, yield should approximately 250-three hundred quintal / ha.


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1: /* 2: * Copyright 2001-2005 Stephen Colebourne 3: * 4: * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 5: * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 6: * You may obtain a copy of the License at 7: * 8: * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 9: * 10: * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 11: * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 12: * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 13: * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 14: * limitations under the License. 15: */ 16: package org.joda.time.field; 17: 18: import org.joda.time.DurationFieldType; 19: 20: /** 21: * Duration field class representing a field with a fixed unit length. 22: * <p> 23: * PreciseDurationField is thread-safe and immutable. 24: * 25: * @author Stephen Colebourne 26: * @author Brian S O'Neill 27: * @since 1.0 28: */ 29: public class PreciseDurationField extends BaseDurationField { 30: 31: private static final long serialVersionUID = -8346152187724495365L; 32: 33: /** The size of the unit */ 34: private final long iUnitMillis; 35: 36: /** 37: * Constructor. 38: * 39: * @param type the field type 40: * @param unitMillis the unit milliseconds 41: */ 42: public PreciseDurationField(DurationFieldType type, long unitMillis) { 43: super(type); 44: iUnitMillis = unitMillis; 45: } 46: 47: //------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48: /** 49: * This field is precise. 50: * 51: * @return true always 52: */ 53: public final boolean isPrecise() { 54: return true; 55: } 56: 57: /** 58: * Returns the amount of milliseconds per unit value of this field. 59: * 60: * @return the unit size of this field, in milliseconds 61: */ 62: public final long getUnitMillis() { 63: return iUnitMillis; 64: } 65: 66: //------------------------------------------------------------------------ 67: /** 68: * Get the value of this field from the milliseconds. 69: * 70: * @param duration the milliseconds to query, which may be negative 71: * @param instant ignored 72: * @return the value of the field, in the units of the field, which may be 73: * negative 74: */ 75: public long getValueAsLong(long duration, long instant) { 76: return duration / iUnitMillis; // safe 77: } 78: 79: /** 80: * Get the millisecond duration of this field from its value. 81: * 82: * @param value the value of the field, which may be negative 83: * @param instant ignored 84: * @return the milliseconds that the field represents, which may be 85: * negative 86: */ 87: public long getMillis(int value, long instant) { 88: return value * iUnitMillis; // safe 89: } 90: 91: /** 92: * Get the millisecond duration of this field from its value. 93: * 94: * @param value the value of the field, which may be negative 95: * @param instant ignored 96: * @return the milliseconds that the field represents, which may be 97: * negative 98: */ 99: public long getMillis(long value, long instant) { 100: return FieldUtils.safeMultiply(value, iUnitMillis); 101: } 102: 103: public long add(long instant, int value) { 104: long addition = value * iUnitMillis; // safe 105: return FieldUtils.safeAdd(instant, addition); 106: } 107: 108: public long add(long instant, long value) { 109: long addition = FieldUtils.safeMultiply(value, iUnitMillis); 110: return FieldUtils.safeAdd(instant, addition); 111: } 112: 113: public long getDifferenceAsLong(long minuendInstant, long subtrahendInstant) { 114: long difference = FieldUtils.safeSubtract(minuendInstant, subtrahendInstant); 115: return difference / iUnitMillis; 116: } 117: 118: //----------------------------------------------------------------------- 119: /** 120: * Compares this duration field to another. 121: * Two fields are equal if of the same type and duration. 122: * 123: * @param obj the object to compare to 124: * @return if equal 125: */ 126: public boolean equals(Object obj) { 127: if (this == obj) { 128: return true; 129: } else if (obj instanceof PreciseDurationField) { 130: PreciseDurationField other = (PreciseDurationField) obj; 131: return (getType() == other.getType()) && (iUnitMillis == other.iUnitMillis); 132: } 133: return false; 134: } 135: 136: /** 137: * Gets a hash code for this instance. 138: * 139: * @return a suitable hashcode 140: */ 141: public int hashCode() { 142: long millis = iUnitMillis; 143: int hash = (int) (millis ^ (millis >>> 32)); 144: hash += getType().hashCode(); 145: return hash; 146: } 147: 148: }
| ID | Line | Type | Detected |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5290 | 54 | Replace a constant (Replace 1 with 0(INT)) | |
| 5289 | 54 | Replace a constant (Replace 1 with 2(INT)) | |
| 5291 | 76 | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace LDIV with LMUL) | |
| 5292 | 88 | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace LMUL with LADD) | |
| 5293 | 100 | Remove method call | |
| 5294 | 104 | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace LMUL with LADD) | |
| 5295 | 105 | Remove method call | |
| 5296 | 109 | Remove method call | |
| 5297 | 110 | Remove method call | |
| 5298 | 114 | Remove method call | |
| 5299 | 115 | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace LDIV with LMUL) | |
| 5300 | 127 | Negate jump condition (Replace IF_ACMPNE with IF_ACMPEQ) | |
| 5301 | 128 | Replace a constant (Replace 1 with 2(INT)) | |
| 5302 | 128 | Replace a constant (Replace 1 with 0(INT)) | |
| 5303 | 129 | Negate jump condition (Replace IFEQ with IFNE) | |
| 5308 | 131 | Replace a constant (Replace 1 with 2(INT)) | |
| 5309 | 131 | Replace a constant (Replace 1 with 0(INT)) | |
| 5311 | 131(1) | Replace a constant (Replace 0 with -1(INT)) | |
| 5310 | 131(1) | Replace a constant (Replace 0 with 1(INT)) | |
| 5306 | 131 | Negate jump condition (Replace IF_ACMPNE with IF_ACMPEQ) | |
| 5307 | 131(1) | Negate jump condition (Replace IFNE with IFEQ) | |
| 5304 | 131 | Remove method call | |
| 5305 | 131(1) | Remove method call | |
| 5312 | 133 | Replace a constant (Replace 0 with 1(INT)) | |
| 5313 | 133 | Replace a constant (Replace 0 with -1(INT)) | |
| 5314 | 143 | Replace a constant (Replace 32 with 0(INT)) | |
| 5315 | 143 | Replace a constant (Replace 32 with 31(INT)) | |
| 5316 | 143 | Replace a constant (Replace 32 with 33(INT)) | |
| 5317 | 143 | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace LUSHR with LSHR) | |
| 5318 | 143(1) | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace LXOR with LOR) | |
| 5321 | 144 | Replace arithmetic operator (Replace IADD with ISUB) | |
| 5319 | 144 | Remove method call | |
| 5320 | 144(1) | Remove method call |


GrapheneDataGrid takes gform to the next level, providing a full tabular interface for sorting, searching, paginating, editing, updating, adding, and deleting data.
Just define your gform, map your CRUD functions, and your'e ready to go!
grid = new GrapheneDataGrid({container:'#myGrid',
search: false,columns: false,upload:false,download:false,title:'Demo Content',
edit:true,
add: true,
click: function(model){model.toggle();},
delete:true,
entries:[],
count:4,
schema:[
{type:"text", name:"name", label:"Name", required:true},
], data: [
{name:'fifth'},
{name:'fourth'},
{name:'third'},
{name:'second'},
{name:'first'},
]
})


I am a minor. A daily cannabis smoker. But let us go back further than that. Back to elementary school. All my life people have attempted to control my emotions, which were very easily let out. I was something of a class clown, always having fun, never really caring, but always getting by.  This is where the real problem started. I slowly began to lose my ability to express emotion. This is where I decided I must get off of this immediately.
Of course, nobody told me this was an antipsychotic and that immediately discontinuing use can lead to serious problems.  In 8th grade I was switched to Seroquel, which I still refused to take. I began to get into drugs, got caught, and was sent to a placement in the Mormon pit of Utah, where if I wanted to get home, had to take my Seroquel. My mind continued to spiral into an antipsychotic haze, I lost all ability to express my emotion and became so introverted that I could not truly become close to anyone. I left, discontinued my Seroquel use, and went deeper into the world of cannabis and other drugs (not that theres anything wrong with that ;-)).
Something was terribly wrong with me. I wasnt always like this. Then one day I walked to the nearest store and bought Morning Glory seeds. It was almost as though fate did it. I walked at least a mile without thought and ate 10.5 grams on the way back. I was in no way prepared for what would happen to me.
Once I got home I noticed something was different. It went as most first trips go so there is no need to go into detail, except for the fact that it changed my life. I am no longer a monotone. I can easily express emotion and am back to the way I was before those evil substances. It is truly great. And it was all overnight. I found a permanent state of happiness and security in 10.5 grams. Since then, I have tripped two more times and always enjoyed it. I truly love myself now.
Please, I truly think that a published report of this accord would truly help somebody going through the same problems I went through. Nobody should have to suffer through these medications. Ever. Period. I have finally become someone I can truly love.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


{% extends "parents/base_sort.html" %} {% block js %} {% endblock %} {% block title %} Heap Sort {% endblock %} {% block info %}
Heap Sort is an in-place iterative sorting algorithm based on auxiliary data structures called heap. It's less efficient than algorithm with the same time complexity and it's not suitable for data structures with few elements.
The heap is a data structure representable as a binary tree, where each node has a value bigger or equal to its children. Consequently, the root will hold the maximum value.
The data structure gets ordered to form the heap initially, and then it gets progressively reordered with an algorithm similar to Selection Sort, starting from the bigger elements.
{% endblock %} {% block medio %} O(n × log n) {% endblock %} {% block peggiore %} O(n × log n) {% endblock %} {% block migliore %} O(n × log n) {% endblock %} {% block memoria %} O(1) {% endblock %}


WINDOW
VIDEO
COMMANDS
ARM
DISARM
TAKEOFF
LAND
RETURN
UPLOAD
START
PAUSE
STREAM ON
STREAM OFF
PLANNING
MISSION
CLEAR


Impact of Coronavirus on overall economic growth, expectations of slowing demand for oil, no production cut deal after the OPEC meet in early Mar'20 followed by slashing of oil prices by Saudi Arabia all came in too much at a time for Crude to take in, leading to a plunge over the last 2-months. Is the worst over for Crude? Or is there more to come?
...
Read More


This file when it's content is reloaded into the text box once will recreat itself, in a manner after which all you have todo to write is just keep typing and then save.
This file when it's content is reloaded into the text box once will recreat itself, in a manner after which all you have todo to write is just keep typing and then save.
This file when it's content is reloaded into the text box once will recreat itself, in a manner after which all you have todo to write is just keep typing and then save.
This file when it's content is reloaded into the text box once will recreat itself, in a manner after which all you have todo to write is just keep typing and then save.
This file when it's content is reloaded into the text box once will recreat itself, in a manner after which all you have todo to write is just keep typing and then save.


Before Change
if num_grasps == 0:
logging.warning("No valid grasps could be found")
return None
// form tensors
image_tensor, pose_tensor = self.grasps_to_tensors(grasps, state)
if self.config["vis"]["tf_images"]:
After Change
num_grasps = len(grasps)
if num_grasps == 0:
logging.warning("No valid grasps could be found")
raise NoValidGraspsException()
// form tensors
image_tensor, pose_tensor = self.grasps_to_tensors(grasps, state)
if self.config["vis"]["tf_images"]:


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
no cooking required
Serves
Serves 4
Dietary
A must at any barbeque, this fresh tasting salad is more herbs than bulgar, as is traditional.
Place the bulgur wheat into a small bowl and cover with 50ml/2fl oz of boiling water. Stir, then set aside for 20 minutes, or until the bulgur wheat has absorbed all of the water.
Cut out the green stalks from the tomatoes and make a small cross at each of the bases. Place the tomatoes into a separate bowl and cover with boiling water. Set aside for 30 seconds, then drain away the water.
When the tomatoes are cool enough to handle, peel and discard the skins. Cut the tomatoes into quarters, discard the seeds and dice the flesh. Transfer the diced tomatoes to a serving bowl.
Add the parsley, mint and onion to the tomatoes and mix well until combined.
When the bulgur wheat has absorbed all of the water, fluff it using a fork until the grains are separated. Add the bulgur wheat to the tomato mixture.
Drizzle over the lemon juice and olive oil and season, to taste, with salt. Mix well to coat the ingredients in the liquid.
To serve, divide the tabbouleh equally among four serving plates. Place one grilled flatbread alongside each.


devFunc: Clear and Condense Argument Check for User-Defined Functions
A concise check of the format of one or multiple input arguments (data type, length or value) is provided. Since multiple input arguments can be tested simultaneously, a lengthly list of checks at the beginning of your function can be avoided, hereby enhancing the readability and maintainability of your code.
| Version: |
0.1 |
| Depends: |
R (≥ 3.3.0) |
| Imports: |
plyr (≥ 1.8.4), stringr (≥ 1.1.0) |
| Published: |
2018-01-24 |
| Author: |
Robin Van Oirbeek |
| Maintainer: |
Robin Van Oirbeek <robin.vanoirbeek at gmail.com> |
| License: |
GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| CRAN checks: |
devFunc results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=devFunc
to link to this page.


So booze is legal and everyone does it, maybe its not as exciting to think about as other drugs, but a drug it is. I had decided to get drunk, very drunk, to see what it was like. Somehow, regarding the booze as purely a drug and not just a drink made it more appealing.
In the weeks prior to this event I had tested the water, as it were, by getting mildly drunk a few times, on various drinks. By mildly I mean so that I could easily control myself still, but could fall into the drunkenness if I let myself go. I researched alcohol and its effects, both mental and physical, learned about it, and decided that I would go ahead with getting completely drunk.
The friend with whom I intended to get drunk with had been drunk before but never to the extent we intended to be. We looked around and found prices of different sources of alcohol, looking for the cheapest price per amount of pure alcohol.
I bought a 750ml of whiskey from a local shop and hid it in my bedroom until I was going to use it. During this time I sampled a small amount of it, perhaps 30ml, not much at all. I found that it tasted very bad, but drinkable.
One Friday evening my friendís parents had gone out so we decided to get drunk then. I went round to his house and we got straight to it. I was feeling a lot of excitement and anticipation for what was to come. Everything felt good and right to do it. This was 2 years ago so times will not be quite accurate. At about 6.30 we both drank half of the whiskey, which was about 360ml each. That is about 80% of a pint. I downed it all in one go to make it easier, but it still burnt my throat terribly. I almost threw up into the sink, but held it in. The desire to vomit quickly passed. My friend drank his and we washed the glasses and put them back. We went and watched TV and just hung around his house for like 15 or 20 minutes. We decided to go out and walk around the streets for a bit. We went out and walked and talked, and went to like the centre of our suburb. It was pretty quiet, not many people were around but it was very warm and light still.
We were wondering when we would feel anything; it had been about 30 mins already. It was suggested that we go and buy some more, but instead of turning down towards an off-license we continued on walking. We went into a supermarket and looked at the alcohol, considering whether or not to buy more. About that time (T+45mins) we begin to notice some effects. Just a feeling of happiness and well-being. Jokes brought about a lot more laughter than usual. So we concluded that we wouldnít need any more booze, and continued walking on. The effects came on quite rapidly after that. The happy feeling increased, and everything felt fun to do. If I let myself go I could lose some physical control and start to stumble, but I could still pass as sober if I wanted to.
We headed back towards his house, cutting through a graveyard as a shortcut. Here we began to fall about laughing in the grass, not caring where we were. From here onwards my memory is a bit sketchy, but I will tell what I remember.
We made it back to his house, he walked up his drive and got to the door and I was behind him and kind of ran into him, we both laughed and he pushed me and I stumbled and fell through a high wooden fence separating his house from his neighbour. The fence collapsed on top of me and I crawled out. The neighbour came out and I seem to remember apologising and helping him stand the fence back up. I then ran out into the street and back into my friendís driveway. I have a clear picture of running back towards his house; everything was black and white for a moment.
Inside we fell about, knocking furniture over and such, it was all very good fun, and everything felt great. I remember that several times we would try to get through to each other, saying ďSober! Sober!Ē For a few moments we could drag our rational minds out of our drunken state and communicate seriously about what we were going to do, but it was like holding a heavy weight; very soon you had to drop it and we would return to acting like fools.
We headed for his parentís drink cabinet, and drank an unknown amount of other spirits. I remember we drank a lot of amaretto between us. My friend dropped the bottle on his fireplace and broke some tiles. I think maybe we broke a table in his house too.
We went back outside, where it was still light. We went and called at the house of this guy we used to know. His mother answered the door, and we managed to act sober Ė he wasnít home anyway. We walked around a bit more, it was like watching the world through thick glass. Not because my vision was obscured but because I was just a spectator in what I was doing. I think we may have been talking far too loudly, as someone looked at us rather strangely from across the road. I had an urge to hit my friend, I donít know why. I kept hitting him playfully on his arm, I wasnít in control. I really remember very little past here. Iím pretty sure we went back to his house for a bit.
After that the next thing I recall is being in a local park which is about equidistant from our respective houses. It was dark so some time must have passed. I estimate it was about T+3 hours. We fell around on the grass, no one could have seen us so it was ok. We tried to break through again, ďSober! Sober!Ē which worked for even less time than before. My friend had to get home before his parents did.
I woke up in the park and he was gone. The next maybe 30 minutes were spent waking up in different places around the park, trying to walk, and then just waking up somewhere else. I have some flashes of memories of walking home. When I made it home my parents were in the kitchen. My bloodshot eyes were noticed, and then my behaviour, and basically I got busted for the whole deal. I donít like to recount this part of the evening, as it is the extremely bad part of the whole memory, the first half being extremely good.
I threw up soon after getting home. The next morning I was still a bit drunk, but had no headaches or aversion to light as is traditionally felt after a binge on alcohol. I was sitting in my room that morning when I imagined the almond taste of the amaretto I had drank. The taste was vivid and real, and I again vomited. I had previously liked an almond flavour, but even to this day I am not entirely comfortable with it.
Being found out by my parents was an intensely uncomfortable situation, and no one ever mentions it still. It was an awful end to a truly great evening.
It would have been wise to have a non-participant with us that night, so prevent us from doing anything dangerous for example. I do not in any way regret the experience, indeed I am extremely glad I did it. Since that day the alcohol I have drank totals about 3 glasses of wine. I havenít really drank since, nor do I intend to in the future because unless I want to get drunk, I have no reason to drink it. And I have not felt any real desire to get drunk again, mainly due to health and fitness interests. Recently however, my interest in drugs has been rekindled and I intend to get drunk to a similar degree sometime soon, just to remind me what it is like.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Learning will make your mind faster than the flash! Yeah that's right the flash. From the DC Universe.
Learning has been known to cause pregnancy in the state of California. Be careful! Learning is a dangerous thing.
If you learn enough you'll find yourself in a hot tub often. Hot tubs can lead to jobs!


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Why should you write your next Ruby extension using ruby-ffi? Why should you consider re-implementing an existing standard extension using ruby-ffi? The section below aims to give you some good answers to these questions.
An FFI extension doesn't need compilation
You don't need a compiler installed on your system to be able to run FFI
extensions. Nor do you need to install the development versions of libraries; the runtime versions will do. The libraries you link against will need to have been compiled at some point, of course, but odds are you won't have had to do it.
An FFI extension is multi-platform and multi-implementation
An FFI extension works without changes on Ruby, JRuby, TruffleRuby, and any other Ruby VM that supports FFI
.
An FFI extension is easy to read
Because all the code for an FFI
extension is written in Ruby, it's as easy to read as any other Ruby code. There is no need to switch mental modes from C programming to Ruby programming.
An FFI extension is easy to write
Writing a Ruby-FFI based extension is easy thanks to an intuitive DSL. For example, the snippet below is all you need to interface with the 'puts' function defined in the libc C library:
module Foo
extend FFI::Library
ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
attach_function :puts, [ :string ], :int
end
See [[Basic Usage]] for other examples.
An FFI extension is easy to maintain
Because an FFI extension is easy to read and to write, it is also easy to maintain.
An FFI extension is impervious to changes in the internal Ruby API
An FFI extension isn't broken by changes to the internal Ruby extension API.


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# Java 17 (LTS) --- ##
--- ## Plan - Collection / Stream APIs - Value Based Classes - Text Block - Record and Sealed Types - Pattern Matching - arrow switch / switch expression - instanceof + type pattern - switch on types --- ## Java Evolution - Java 1.0 - OOP (1995) - Java 1.5 - Enum & Generics (2004) - Java 1.8 - Lambdas (2014) - Java 21? - Pattern Matching (2023) - Java 17 - Records & Sealed Types (2021) --- # Java 11 - Language changes --- ## var inference inference of local variable types ```java var x = 3; var s = "hello"; ``` also infer intersection types / anonymous classes ```java var box = new Object() { int x; }; System.out.println(box.x); ``` --- ## Rehabilitate interfaces Private method in interface ```java interface Foo { private void bar() { System.out.println("hello"); } } ``` --- ## Enhance the diamond syntax Diamond syntax for anonymous classes ```java Comparator
cmp = new Comparator<>() { public int compare(String s1, String s2) { return s1.compareToIgnoreCase(s2); } }; ``` --- ## And also - @SafeVargs on private instance methods - try-with-resources with an existing variable - '_' is not a valid identifier anymore --- # Java 17 --- # Collection APIs --- ## Unmodifiable Collections (Java 11) unnamed, compact and null free ```java var list = List.of(1, 2); // [1, 2] var set = Set.of("1", "2"); // [1, 2] var map = Map.of("dog", 12, "cat", 42); // {cat=42, foo=12} ``` --- ## Defensive copy List/Set/Map.copyOf() duplicate the elements of a collection to an unmodifiable List/Set/Map ```java class Company { private final List
employees; public Company(List
employees) { this.employees = List.copyOf(employees); } public List
employee() { return employee; // no defensive copy } } ``` do nothing if already unmodifiable --- ## Collection and Null, troubled History - Java 1.0: Vector, Hashtable are null free - Java 1.2: Collections allows null - Java 1.5: ArrayDeque + j.u.concurrent are null free - Java 11: List/Set/Map.of() are null free --- ## The 3 ways to create a List - unmodifiable and compact ```java List.of("foo", "bar") ``` - modifiable but not resizeable ```java Arrays.asList("foo", null) ``` - modifiable and resizeable ```java new ArrayList
() ``` --- ## Java 17: Streams are smarter the size is propagated ```java Stream.of("foo").map(e -> { throw null; }).count() List.of(2, 3).stream().map(e -> { throw null; }).count() ``` also works with .limit() and .skip() --- ## Stream.toList() replacement for stream.collect(Collectors.toList()) ```java Stream.of(1, 2).map(e -> "" + e).collect(Collectors.toList()) ``` can be simplify to ```java Stream.of(1, 2).map(e -> "" + e).toList() ``` the returned List is unmodifiable --- ## Stream.toList() and __null__ To be a dropin replacement for Collectors.toList(), stream.toList() must allow __null__ ```java Arrays.asList("foo", null).stream().toList() // Ok ``` --- ## Stream.mapMulti() like flatMap() but without creating a Stream ```java Stream.of(0, 1).mapMulti((e, sink) -> { sink.accept(e * 3); sink.accept(e * 3 + 1); }).toList() // [0, 1, 3, 4] ``` --- # Object finalization --- ## finalize is deprecated ```java class IOResource { protected void finalize() { // deprecated } } ``` avoid resurrection and concurrency issues use try-with resources instead --- # Value Based Class --- ## VBC will become primitive classes a primitive class is created by a factory / has no header - new VBC(...) is deprecated for removal ```java var value = new Integer(3); // warning ``` - can not synchronize on them ```java var empty = Optional.empty(); synchronized (empty) {} // warning ``` --- # Strictfp is dead --- ## strict fp mode is always on the keyword strictfp is not necessary anymore ```java class Foo { strictfp void bar() {} } ``` modern hardware is "strictfp" by default, SSE2 was introduced in 2001 for intel --- # Text Block --- ## Design forces - add multiline strings in Java (the Kotlin way) - try to be smart about accidental indentation --- ## Plain Old String ```java System.out.println( " SELECT *\n" + " FROM users\n" + " WHERE login == \"Bob\"" ); ``` --- ## Text Block Use `"""` to start and end the String ```java System.out.println(""" SELECT * FROM users WHERE login == "Bob" """); ``` --- # Incidental white spaces --- ## Text Block <=> a Box of Text Acts as a box around the text ``` |----------------------| |..SELECT * | |..FROM users | |..WHERE login == "Bob"| |----------------------| ``` --- ## Block of Text By default, spaces on the right are removed, so it's more like ``` |----------| | SELECT *| | FROM users| | WHERE login == "Bob"| |----------------------| ``` --- ## Spaces on the right Use `\s` to keep the space on the right ```java System.out.println(""" SELECT * \s FROM users \s WHERE login == "Bob" \s """); ``` --- # Escaping --- ## Not a raw String ! Escaping works as usual (`\t`, `\n`, `\"`, etc.) ```java System.out.println(""" \tSELECT * \tFROM users \tWHERE login == "Bob" """ ); ``` --- ## Remove the `\n` You can ask to not have the implicit newlines with `\` ```java System.out.println(""" SELECT * \ FROM users \ WHERE login == "Bob" \ """ ); ``` --- ## Future - String interpolation ```java String name = "Bob"; String s = String."Hello \(name)"; ``` can be used on instances and automatically escape depending on the context ```java var resultSet = connection.""" SELECT * from users where name = "\(name)" """; ``` --- # Record --- ##
--- ## Record == Data a record is a named tuple with no encapsulation ```java record Person(String name, int age) {} ``` a record is unmodifiable --- ## component & accessors for each component, the compiler generates an accessor method ```java var bob = new Person("Bob", 32); System.out.println("bob name" + bob.name()); // Bob System.out.println("bob age" + bob.age()); // 32 ``` --- ## equals/hashCode the compiler also generates equals and hashCode that delegates to the components ```java var bob = new Person("Bob", 32); var bob2 = new Person("Bob", 32); System.out.println(bob.hashCode()); // 2075947 System.out.println(bob2.hashCode()); // 2075947 System.out.println(bob.equals(bob2)); // true ``` --- ## toString it also generates a method toString ```java System.out.println(bob); // Person[name=Bob, age=32] ``` the exact text can change with the JDK version --- ## overriding a generated method can be overridden ```java record Person(String name, int age) { @Override public String toString() { return "Person{name='" + name + "', age=" + age + '}'; } } ``` --- ## Canonical constructor the compiler generates a constructor that initializes all the components ```java record Person(String name, int age) { public Person(String name, int age) { this.name = Objects.requireNonNull(name); this.age = age; } } ``` --- ## Compact constructor there is a compact form that avoid the repetition ```java record Person(String name, int age) { public Person { // no parenthesis Objects.requireNonNull(name); } } ``` the compiler assigns the parameters to the fields automatically --- ## Other Constructors other constructors must delegate to the canonical constructor ```java record Person(String name, int age) { public Person(int age) { this("unnamed", age); // delegation } } ``` --- ## Constructor and checked exception the canonical constructor can not throw a checked exception ```java record Person(String name, int age) { public Person(String name, int age) throws IOException { ...} } // does not compile ! } ``` --- ## No inheritance a record can not inherit a class ```java record Foo() extends java.util.Date { // does not compile ! } ``` --- ## java.lang.Record a record always __extends__ java.lang.Record (like an enum with java.lang.Enum) --- ## Member / Local record can declare a record inside a class or a method ```java class Foo { record Point(int x, int y) {} // implicitly static public void bar() { // ok here too ! record Point(int x, int y) {} } } ``` --- ##
--- ## reflection API the components are available at runtime ```java record Person(String name, int age) {} List
components = List.of(Person.class.getRecordComponents()); ``` --- ## annotation on components A new target RECORD_COMPONENT is added ```java @Target(ElementType.RECORD_COMPONENT) @interface NotNull {} record Person(@NotNull String name, int age) {} ``` --- ## annotation legacy Annotation on a component are propagated to the corresponding field and accessor depending on the annotation target ```java @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD}) @interface NotNull {} record Person(@NotNull String name, int age) {} ``` --- ## serialization a record is serializable/deserializable automatically if - it implements __Serializable__ - all the components are serializable the canonical constructor is called when deserializing (yai !) --- # Sealed Types --- ##
--- ## Sealed types ?? __final__ forbids inheritance but there _was_ no mechanism to restrict the set of subtypes __sealed__ types have a __permits__ clause that list all permitted direct subtypes --- ## Sealed interface ```java sealed interface Vehicle permits Bus, Car {} record Bus() implements Vehicle {} record Car() implements Vehicle {} ``` sealed defined a closed hierarchy of types --- ## Permits list names not types ```java sealed interface Expr
permits Literal, Add {} record Literal(int value) implements Expr
{} record Add
(T left, T right) implements Expr
{} ``` __permits__ only list the name of the types --- ## Empty permits an empty __permits__ clause is forbidden __final__ should be used instead --- ## Constraints on subtypes subtypes of a sealed type must be - in the same package - in the same module, if there is a module --- ## inference if all subtypes are in the same file, the compiler infers the __permits__ clause if not declared ```java sealed interface Paiment { // no permits clause record CreditCard() implements Paiment { } record DebitCard() implements Paiment { } } ``` only "stable" names are alllowed (no anonymous class/lambda) --- ## Sealed Hierarchy is closed by default so we need a keyword to re-allow subtypes ```java sealed interface Component { // records are implicitly final record Label(String name) implements Component {} final class Button implements Component {} non-sealed class Canvas implements Component {} } ``` __non-sealed__ allows to re-open the hierarchy --- # pattern matching --- ## Expression problem a classical hierarchy allows adding new subtypes but no other operations ```java interface Vehicle { int computeTax(); } record Bus() implements Vehicle { public int computeTax() { return 12; } } record Car() implements Vehicle { public int computeTax() { return 6; } } ``` (if you are not the maintainer of the code) --- ## Expression problem (2) a sealed hierarchy allows adding new operations but no other subtypes ```java sealed interface Vehicle permits Bus, Car { } record Bus() implements Vehicle { } record Car() implements Vehicle { } ``` ```java int computeTax(Vehicle vehicle) { return switch(vehicle) { // is exhaustive case Bus bus -> 12; case Car car -> 6; }; } ``` (if you are not the maintainer of the code) --- ## Pattern Matching - Allow __users__ of existing types to specify new operations - Ease __maintenance__ by showing the whole algorithm in one place Not new to OOP, this is the Visitor Pattern --- ## Pattern Matching maintenance problem when adding a new subtype - for library - ok but for non-public types - for application - use exhaustive switches same rules as with enums --- ## Plan to introduce Pattern Matching in Java 1. fix switch syntax 2. add a variant that works with expressions 3. add different kinds of patterns (we are here now !) 4. deal with class encapsulation ? --- ## The good old switch The switch in C is alien to C ```java int seats = 3; String type; switch(seats) { case 1: type = "small"; break; case 2: case 3: int s = seats; type = "medium " + s; break; default: // do not compile if uncommented, why ? //String s = "debug"; type = "big"; } System.out.println(type); ``` --- ## Fix the switch reuse the lambda syntax (retcon: now the lambda syntax uses the arrow switch syntax) 1. fix fallthrough, use a block if more than one instruction 2. need an OR operator between the values (use ",") 3. fix weird scope, one scope per case --- ## Arrow switch use '->' instead of ':' ```java int seats = 3; String type; switch(seats) { case 1 -> type = "small"; case 2, 3 -> { int s = seats; type = "medium " + s; } default -> { String s = "debug"; type = "big"; } } System.out.println(type); ``` --- ## switch expression the compiler verifies that "type" is initialized for each branch, would be more readable to allow the switch to "return" a value But we can not use the keyword __return__ --- ## switch expression (2) we use a new keyword __yield__ ```java var seats = 3; var type = switch(seats) { case 1 -> "small"; case 2, 3 -> { var s = seats; yield "medium " + s; } default -> { var s = "debug"; yield "big"; } }; // <-- don't forget the semicolon ! System.out.println(type); ``` --- # and with the legacy syntax ```java var seats = 3; var type = switch(seats) { case 1: yield "small"; case 2: case 3: var s = seats; yield "medium " + s; default: //var s = "debug"; yield "big"; }; // <-- don't forget the semicolon ! System.out.println(type); ``` --- # instanceof type pattern --- ## instanceof with a type pattern instanceof is enhanced to support a type pattern ```java Object fileref = Path.of("path/to/foo.txt"); if (fileref instanceof Path path) { System.out.println(path.getFileName()); } ``` --- ## instanceof + generics the corresponding cast must be safe ```java Collection
list = List.of("foo"); if (list instanceof List> list) { } // ok if (list instanceof List
list) { } // ok //if (list instanceof List
list) { } // error ``` --- ## instanceof with not ("!") a weird case supported because it's a common idiom ```java record Foo(String s) { @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { if (!(o instanceof Foo foo)) { return false; } // can access to foo here ! return s.equals(foo.s); } } ``` --- ## instanceof with && Written in a better way ! ```java record Foo(String s) { @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { return o instanceof Foo foo && s.equals(foo.s); } } ``` --- # switch on types --- ## preview feature in 17 must be enabled at compile time ```sh javac --enable-preview --source 17 *.java ``` and at runtime ```sh java --enable-preview MyApp ``` --- ## switch on types extends the switch to any type ```java Object fileref = Path.of("path/to/foo.txt"); switch(fileref) { case Path path -> System.out.println(path.getFileName()); case File file -> System.out.println(file.getName()); default -> System.out.println("default !"); } ``` a __default__ is needed because all possible types are not covered --- ## switch on type is semantically equivalent to a cascade of __if__ __instanceof__ + __else__ ```java Object fileref = Path.of("path/to/foo.txt"); if (fileref instanceof Path path) { System.out.println(path.getFileName()); } else if (fileref instanceof File file) { System.out.println(file.getName()); } else { System.out.println("default !"); } ``` --- ## order of the type patterns goes from the most specific to the less specific ```java Object fileref = Path.of("path/to/foo.txt"); switch(fileref) { case Path path -> System.out.println(path.getFileName()); case Object o -> System.out.println("Object !"); } ``` like the catchs of a try/catch --- ## switch on type with constants A constant dominates its type, so it should be written before its type ```java Integer value = 42; switch(value) { case 0 -> System.out.println("zero"); case Integer i -> System.out.println(i); } ``` case 0 is before case Integer --- ## Type Pattern & null by default, a switch throws a NPE on null ```java Object fileref = null; switch(fileref) { // throw a NPE ... } ``` --- ## Capturing null - case __null__ ```java switch(fileref) { case null -> System.out.println("null !"); default -> System.out.println("not null"); } ``` - total pattern ```java Object fileref = null; switch(fileref) { case Object o -> System.out.println("object !"); } ``` --- ## Exhaustive if all cases are covered, __default__/total pattern is not necessary ```java sealed interface Cake permits Cookie {} record Cookie(boolean chunky) implements Cake {} ``` ```java Cake cake = new Cookie(false); switch(cake) { case Cookie cookie -> System.out.println("get a cookie !"); // no default required } ``` like with an enum --- ## Patterns The following patterns are recognized by switch - **type** pattern - String s - var s (Java 18) - **guard** pattern - _pattern_ && _boolean_condition_ - **parenthesis** pattern - ( _pattern_ ) --- ## guards && introduces guards ```java sealed interface Cake permits Cookie {} record Cookie(boolean chunky) implements Cake {} ``` ```java var good = switch(cake) { case Cookie cookie && cookie.chunky() -> true; case Cookie cookie -> false; }; ``` guards have access to the binding names --- # pattern Matching: Under the hood ! --- ## old C switch ```java boolean result; switch (3) { case 0: case 1: result = true; break; default: result = false; break; } ``` --- ## in bytecode ``` 0: iconst_3 1: lookupswitch { // 2 0: 28 1: 28 default: 33 } 28: iconst_1 29: istore_0 30: goto 35 33: iconst_0 34: istore_0 ``` --- ## arrow switch ```java boolean result; switch(3) { case 0, 1 -> result = true; default -> result = false; } ``` --- ## in bytecode, same code ``` 0: iconst_3 1: lookupswitch { // 2 0: 28 1: 28 default: 33 } 28: iconst_1 29: istore_0 30: goto 35 33: iconst_0 34: istore_0 ``` --- ## switch expression ```java var result = switch (3) { case 0, 1 -> true; default -> false; }; ``` --- ## in bytecode, slightly more efficient ``` 0: iconst_3 1: lookupswitch { // 2 0: 28 1: 28 default: 32 } 28: iconst_1 29: goto 33 32: iconst_0 33: istore_0 ``` --- ## switch on type : invokedynamic ```java var result = switch((Object) 3) { case Integer i -> true; case String s -> false; default -> false; }; ``` --- ## decompiled by IntelliJ (almost) ```java Integer var10000 = 3; Objects.requireNonNull(var10000); boolean var5; switch(typeSwitch
(var10000, 0)) { case 0: Integer var3 = (Integer) var1; var5 = true; break; case 1: String var4 = (String) var1; var5 = false; break; default: var5 = false; } ``` --- ## switch on types + guard ```java var result = switch((Integer) 3) { case Integer i && i == 0 -> true; case null, Integer i -> false; }; ``` --- ## decompiled by IntelliJ ```java Integer var1 = 3; int idx = 0; boolean var10000; label15: while(true) { // WTF ! switch(typeSwitch
(var1, idx)) { case -1: default: var10000 = false; break label15; case 0: if (var1 == 0) { var10000 = true; break label15; } idx = 1; } } ``` --- # Future ... --- ##
--- ## Future Patterns (Java 19) - record pattern - Point(int x, int y) -> // record with 2 components - array pattern - String[] { var s, var t } -> // array of length 2 - Point[] { var p, ... } -> // array of length >= 1 --- ## Example of a record pattern access to the record components as binding names ```java sealed interface Cake permits Cookie {} record Cookie(boolean chunky) implements Cake {} var good = switch(cake) { case Cookie(var chunky) && chunky -> true; case Cookie cookie -> false; }; ``` --- ## Future (Java 20+) - destructuring assignment ```java Point(var x, var y) = point; ``` - de-constructor, pattern __methods__ on classes ```java class Point { private int x; private int y; ... (int a, int b) deconstructor() { return (x, y); } } ``` --- ## Other OpenJDK projects - Panama (already incubating) - Vector(SIMD) API / Foreign Memory / Foreign Linker - Loom - should be integrated soon as preview (Java 19 ?) - Valhalla - Primitive class + Parametric VM - Liliput --- ## Github repo https://github.com/forax/do-synthetic-methods-dream-of-electric-switch-expressions ---


--- title: Projects linkTitle: Projects menu: main: weight: 20 --- {{< blocks/cover title="Projects" image_anchor="bottom" height="min" color="dark" >}}
New Lotus are issued through rewards that are split between miners and projects which benefit the public good as a show of appreciation.
Whenever you use Lotus to appreciate your friends, you know that you're also supporting these great projects.
{{< blocks/link-down color="info">}} {{< /blocks/cover >}} {{% blocks/section type="section" color="primary" %}}
The Logos Foundation is responsible to run this project and ensure the infrastructure is in place for all users. Without which, Lotus would not exist.
The Saipan Institute prepares the next generation of builders and creators in Saipan. They train students in programming, economics, and cryptography.
StampChat is a decentralized end-to-end encrypted messenger which uses the Lotus token to ensure all messages you receive are valuable. This allows spam to be filtered on the platform without centralized moderators. The communication is decentralized, secure, and uncensorable.
Be.cash collaborates with the Logos Foundation to assist in developing the lotus blockchain software, as well as developing Point of Sale systems and mobile payment methods for areas without the necessary infrastructure for traditional payment methods.
Bitcoin ABC develops highly scalable open-source software for mining and transferring cryptotokens. Although Bitcoin ABC does not charge for its work, Lotus uses this software as a basis for the network and deems it appropriate to reciprocate to these developers.


I am on the phone. I have not looked at anything. We can address when we get back. Have a good holiday.
Thanks
-----Original Message-----
From: Moore, Jan
Sent: Thursday, November 15, 2001 4:44 PM
To: Geaccone, Tracy
Subject:
I'm wrapping up things here and getting ready to leave around 5 p.m. Do you need anything before I go?
Have a good Thanksgiving.
Jan
X53858
***********
EDRM Enron Email Data Set has been produced in EML, PST and NSF format by ZL Technologies, Inc. This Data Set is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/> . To provide attribution, please cite to "ZL Technologies, Inc. (http://www.zlti.com)."
***********
California


Allow white listed projects to run when global lenient shutdown is enabled and while any permitted builds are still running. Once all builds that have been running when lenient shutdown was activated and their downstream builds are finished, no more white listed projects will start that are not triggered by an upstream build.
It is not recommended to white list projects that have a long runtime or trigger many downstream projects.


src/toolkit/preprocessing/preprocessors.py M 517:4 NLTKPreprocessor.tokenize - C (14) M 298:4 LabelPreprocessor.transform - C (11) 2 blocks (classes, functions, methods) analyzed. Average complexity: C (12.5)