"""
This module aims to standardize the training and evaluation procedure of machine
learning models that are used for the ENSO prediction. At the
core of the standardized training and evaluation is the split of the entire
time series into several decades, namely 1962-1971, 1972-1981, ...,2012-2018.
At first, one of these decades is spared for later evaluation. Then, the remaining
data set is used in the :func:`ninolearn.learn.fit_predict.cross_fit` method to train the model AND optimize the
architecture of the model, the so-called hyperparameter optimization. This
hyperparameters optimization is currently done using a random search algorithm.
The described procedure is repeated until each decade was once spared for later
evaluation.
With the :func:`ninolearn.learn.fit_predict.cross_predict` method a prediction for the full time series
of the ONI can be made. Here, for each decade, the model that was NOT trained on
the corresponding decade is used for the prediction.
"""
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import xarray as xr
from os.path import join
from ninolearn.utils import print_header, small_print_header
from ninolearn.pathes import modeldir, processeddir
# evaluation decades
decades = [1962, 1972, 1982, 1992, 2002, 2012, 2018]
n_decades = len(decades)
# lead times for the evaluation
lead_times = [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15]
n_lead = len(lead_times)
[docs]def cross_fit(model, pipeline, n_iter, **kwargs):
"""
Training of the model on different training sets in which each time a\
period corresponing to a decade out of 1962-1971, 1972-1981, ...,\
2012-2018 is spared for later testing.
:param model: A model that follows the guidelines how a model object\
should be set up.
:param pipeline: A function that takes lead time as argument and returns\
the corresponding feature, label, time and persistance.
:type n_iter: int
:param n_iter: The number of iterations for the random search.
:param **kwargs: Arguments that shell be passed to the .set_parameter()\
method of the provided model.
"""
for lead_time in [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15]:
X, y, timey, yp = pipeline(lead_time, return_persistance=True)
print_header(f'Lead time: {lead_time} month')
for decade in decades:
small_print_header(f'Test period: {decade}-01-01 till {decade+9}-12-01')
test_indeces = (timey>=f'{decade}-01-01') & (timey<=f'{decade+9}-12-01')
train_indeces = np.invert(test_indeces)
trainX, trainy = X[train_indeces,:], y[train_indeces]
m = model()
m.set_parameters(**kwargs)
m.fit_RandomizedSearch(trainX, trainy, n_iter=n_iter)
m.save(location=modeldir, dir_name=f'{m.name}_decade{decade}_lead{lead_time}')
del m
[docs]def cross_predict(model, pipeline, model_name):
"""
Generate a hindcast from 1962 till today using the models which were
trained by the .cross_fit() method.
:param model: The considered model.
:param pipeline: The data pipeline that already was used before in \
.cross_fit().
"""
first_lead_loop = True
for i in range(n_lead):
lead_time = lead_times[i]
print_header(f'Lead time: {lead_time} months')
X, y, timey, y_persistance = pipeline(lead_time, return_persistance=True)
ytrue = np.array([])
timeytrue = pd.DatetimeIndex([])
first_dec_loop = True
for j in range(n_decades-1):
small_print_header(f'Predict: {decades[j]}-01-01 till {decades[j+1]-1}-12-01')
# test indices
test_indeces = (timey>=f'{decades[j]}-01-01') & (timey<=f'{decades[j+1]-1}-12-01')
testX, testy, testtimey = X[test_indeces,:], y[test_indeces], timey[test_indeces]
m = model()
m.load(location=modeldir, dir_name=f'{model_name}_decade{decades[j]}_lead{lead_time}')
# allocate arrays and variables for which the model must be loaded
if first_dec_loop:
n_outputs = m.n_outputs
output_names = m.output_names
pred_full = np.zeros((n_outputs, 0))
first_dec_loop=False
# make prediction
pred = np.zeros((m.n_outputs, testX.shape[0]))
pred[:,:] = m.predict(testX)
# make the full time series
pred_full = np.append(pred_full, pred, axis=1)
ytrue = np.append(ytrue, testy)
timeytrue = timeytrue.append(testtimey)
del m
if timeytrue[0]!=pd.to_datetime('1962-01-01'):
expected_first_date = '1962-01-01'
got_first_date = timeytrue[0].isoformat()[:10]
raise Exception(f"The first predicted date for lead time {lead_time} \
is {got_first_date} but expected {expected_first_date}")
# allocate arrays and variables for which the full length of the time
# series must be known
if first_lead_loop:
n_time = len(timeytrue)
pred_save = np.zeros((n_outputs, n_time, n_lead))
first_lead_loop=False
pred_save[:,:,i] = pred_full
# Save data to a netcdf file
save_dict = {}
for i in range(n_outputs):
save_dict[output_names[i]] = (['target_season', 'lead'], pred_save[i,:,:])
print(save_dict)
ds = xr.Dataset(save_dict, coords={'target_season': timeytrue,
'lead': lead_times} )
ds.to_netcdf(join(processeddir, f'{model_name}_forecasts.nc'))
ds.close()


- It's amazing what better health and more time spent with humans can do for one's spirit!
- I got nerd snipped and spent a lot of time on Ancestry solving a mystery on my Dad's side of the family.  I could go on; the last one is my Grandaddy. My grandparents' generation and up were 7+ kid families, there's a lot of names.
- I volunteered at Southbank Centre to help sort their archive of event posters! I am lucky I came across the event page when cruising their site earlier in the week because this event was made for me! I've found my volunteer calling and learned that many other places also need volunteers to help with archives. Let me at 'em!
- I went to a bookbinding workshop that was wonderful and at a fabric goods shop, East London Cloth, I'd admired and it was so much fun! I almost made a friend, too. A very local one! But I failed at sealing the deal, again, because I didn't get the right vibes. I don't think people expect others to be out there picking up friends, but that's what I am trying at!
- Had a small breakdown about the life admin that won't let up in my life; wrote a sternly worded email to an estate agent.
- This was supposedly my last week of post-covid recovery. 12 pretty tough weeks, but it could have been a lot worse. Symptoms are now mostly diminished (though not completely gone), the biggest shift was after week 10.
Published on — Mon Mar 06 2023


Your file, {{ filename }}, cannot be processed due to an error parsing a date field. This can occur when a date column is in US format.
The recommended date format for data workspace uploads is YYYY-MM-DD.


मेरा बहुत प्रतिभाशाली सखी लतिका, 20 वां जन्मदिन मुबारक हो अब जब आप 20 वर्ष की हो गई हैं देवी जी, तो मेरे लिए जीजू खोजें। आखिर कब तक तुम लड़कियों को घूर घुरकर काम चलाओगी। उनको घिरने से ज़िन्दगी में बहारा बहारा नहीं होने वाला
आजचा वाढदिवस तुझ्या आयुष्यातील एक अनमोल आठवण रहावी, आणि त्या आठवणीने तुझं आयुष्य अधिकाधिक सुंदर बनावं, हीच आमची इच्छा. वाढदिवसाच्या खूप खूप शुभेच्छा! मी मराठी बोलू शकतो| आईची लाडकी तू , पण तुझ्या इन्स्ताग्रां पोस्ट्स मुळे आमच्या सगळ्यांची लाडकी तुझी बहिण!
Kyuki mai bohot cool hu, mai note nahi likhra, ye le seedhe Letter likh dia tere lie
hey meri chapli🤗 happy birthday to you. You are born in the zoo with monkeys and yourself happy birthday to you. Aise hi mirror ko dekhti reh kabhi naa kabhi toh sachai pata chal hi jayegi😌 milte hai phir 4 bje 😉. I love you as much as Hitansh loves you.
Turning 20, Happy Birthdayyy My dear friend Latikaaa !!!This is your day. Enjoy it to the fullest!!!! You are one of the most sincere people I have met and tbh you always remain cheerful, adjust instead of complaining (u have made some changes for me at the last moment xD).  Stay the same forever and keep dancing! Working along with you and to have bonded along while contesting against each other is the irony xD. Hope this bond just increases To more years
Happy birthday to one of the most closest and special (doubt toh nhi hona chaiye kal ke baad😂) friend Latika Patel❤. Cheers to endless nights in insti and whatsapp. Hope this stays forever. Subah ke sooraj ko dekhne ki aadat si ho gayi hai ab toh teri vajah se. Stay safe, stay happy and I hope you'll enjoy this quarantine birthday😂😂. Lots of love, stay blessed craxxx patel❤❤
We had a discussion once where you explained that life mai kuch hangout, party waale dost bhi hone chahiye na. Jo life full on chill kar de. Well I don't know about you, but mujhe meri not just hangout waali, enthu maxx, coding crexxx, dance machaxxx waali dost mil gayi. Happy birthday my dearest PATIL. 🌹🤗🥰
Happy birthdayyy latika Stay the same. Love you loadss 😘
Madam poori website khadi kar di aapke lie, ab wish bhi karna padega alag se? :P. Abey tera birthday coincides with Star Wars day, how cool is that! Cheers to those the little events we pulled off so successfully and looking forward to learning so much from you! Happy Birthdayy Lateekha 🥰🥰
जगातील सर्व आनंद तुला मिळो स्वप्नं सगळी तुझ्या पायांशी असो आमची गोड, लाडकी ज्या दिवशी पृथ्वीवर आली तो सुंदर दिवस हा- तुला वाढदिवसाच्या हार्दिक शुभेच्छा!
Many Many Happy Returns Of The Day my lovely Daughter Latika.🎂🎂🎁😍😍 Stay blessed and lots of best wishes😍😊 we all are proud of you Beta!! 🥰🥰
LATIKA we love you you Beta!!! Our First Child , you are always our Aankho ka Tara , A loving , Caring , Happy , Talented , Rich , Thoughtful and Beautiful, Our daughter , God Always Bless You !!!
Happy birthday DIDU .❤😍😘🤗🎁I love you very much 😘😊you are an inspiration for me 🤗you are the best bro😁Happy birthday🎁🎁🍦🎂
Happiesst Birthdayy Latikaaa! Can't believe we are so old now. We started as these inseparable little kids and I don't think anything has changed at all! From song recitals to society dances, from the Waadi trip to many crazy sleepovers. From late night talks that turned into mornings to being together forever. Love you ♥
Happy birthday latikeeee. We've known eachother for more than a decade now and thats crazyyyy. Honestly we've had a rad chilhood. From 'wings club' to dav lunch breaks we've come a long way.
Happy 20th Latika! I miss you and aunty's gulabjamuns so much but mostly aunty's gulabjamuns😔❤ I don't remember how long I've known you for but you made supriya towers B ki life better. I miss walking to school with you and the rainy mornings xD When we were friends all those years ago, we were both very different people than we are now. Younger, of course. More foolish, certainly. Our lives and our levels of wisdom have changed, tera hamesha se zyaada tha but😂.Kabhi hume milne bhi aaya karo😔😔 Hope you have a great day (cries in corona) and achieve all your goals. Wish we could listen to old songs at your place and recreate that kareena kapoor pink and blue vaala dance video:')
Hi Latikieeeeee. Happiest Birthday. Thanks for always being one call away. No matter what happens I know we'll never break. I couldn't have asked for a better friend.  Wish you a very happy Quarantined Birthday xD! Hope you have a fun and safe year ahead. Looking forward to having fun and having lots of Bakchodi while working with you in ITC! Here's a little unique code for you!
<birthday wish>
Happyyyy birthday Latika!

 It's definitely not going to be the best way to spend your birthday this year, but I hope you have fun!
 <senti> You were one of the best conveners we had. Jian and I always felt comfortable giving you work and appreciated your strong work ethic. I was really happy to know that you applied for WnCC secy and excited to work with you for one more year! Insti start hote hi party karte Hain \m/ </senti>
>his code's prolly buggy. Need to brush up HTML xD. Milte hain raat ko for team meet and mafia :)
 >/birthday wish>
May the Fourth be with you
Who knew ladki itna machaegi
other than me
Friends once, friend forever/ The Gossip Girls/ Childhood friends
And waha bhi hamesha ki tarah phodti hai
Epic Techie skillzz
Sober Akshit thanks you for managing drunk Akshit.
Kyuki codess toh ek hi hai <3
Akshit ne itni mast photu khichi thi ki sab ne isi ko vote de dia xD
Itni mehnat kardi terko khush karne ke lie, itna toh haq banta hai xD
Your Beauty cannot be contained in a mere portrait!


This test registers a user with the userName 'testguy' registered. The fake email account we're using is called<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The password is testguy123.


{{ .Title }}
-
IT Academy Support
A central repository for all things IT Academy. This portal helps the IT Academy team keep all of their documents in one place with features that making it easy to find documents and specific IT jargon via their own custom dictionary with administrative portal.
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Spectrum Mobile Stores Checklists
Application built to be used while walking around the Spectrum Mobile Stores retail locations, allowing employees to keep track of daily tasks, synced across all retail store locations. It also allows Spectrum Mobile Operations managers with specific permissions to edit and approve checklist updates whenever necessary.
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Leadership Development Center of Excellence
A beautiful yet very functional brochure website full of content for leaders of all levels to self-serve themselves to any course offerings that the Leadership Development team may offer. Their course catalog is easily filtered to assist in finding exactly what the user may be looking for.
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Status and information flowing endlessly, giving a certain ambiance.
Even if information is not functionally meaningful, the experience is enhance by giving a feeling of authenticity.
Presumably, you want to fill the screen pretty evenly, if browser were in fullscreen mode. But also becareful not to overflow or else you get scrollbars that spoil the effect a little. Hopefully this page is clean and clear enough that you could copy it, rename it, then start copy and pasting segments that you like and just replace the content and order a little and then you have yourself a custom faux console.
ALPHA CONDITION ACTIVE


The ResultSet object encapsulates the enumerability of a query’s output. It is a simple cursor over the data that the query returns. It will very rarely (if ever) be instantiated directly. Instead, client’s should obtain a ResultSet instance via SQLite3::Statement#execute.
Create a new ResultSet attached to the given database, using the given sql text.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 72 def initialize db, stmt @db = db @stmt = stmt end
Closes the statement that spawned this result set. Use with caution! Closing a result set will automatically close any other result sets that were spawned from the same statement.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 153 def close @stmt.close end
Queries whether the underlying statement has been closed or not.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 158 def closed? @stmt.closed? end
Returns the names of the columns returned by this result set.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 168 def columns @stmt.columns end
Required by the Enumerable mixin. Provides an internal iterator over the rows of the result set.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 136 def each while node = self.next yield node end end
Provides an internal iterator over the rows of the result set where each row is yielded as a hash.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 144 def each_hash while node = next_hash yield node end end
Query whether the cursor has reached the end of the result set or not.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 86 def eof? @stmt.done? end
Obtain the next row from the cursor. If there are no more rows to be had,
this will return nil
. If type translation is active on the
corresponding database, the values in the row will be translated according
to their types.
The returned value will be an array, unless SQLite3::Database#results_as_hash
has been set to true
, in which case the returned value will be
a hash.
For arrays, the column names are accessible via the fields
property, and the column types are accessible via the types
property.
For hashes, the column names are the keys of the hash, and the column types
are accessible via the types
property.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 103 def next if @db.results_as_hash return next_hash end row = @stmt.step return nil if @stmt.done? if @db.type_translation row = @stmt.types.zip(row).map do |type, value| @db.translator.translate( type, value ) end end if row.respond_to?(:fields) # FIXME: this can only happen if the translator returns something # that responds to `fields`. Since we're removing the translator # in 2.0, we can remove this branch in 2.0. row = ArrayWithTypes.new(row) else # FIXME: the `fields` and `types` methods are deprecated on this # object for version 2.0, so we can safely remove this branch # as well. row = ArrayWithTypesAndFields.new(row) end row.fields = @stmt.columns row.types = @stmt.types row end
Return the next row as a hash
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 173 def next_hash row = @stmt.step return nil if @stmt.done? # FIXME: type translation is deprecated, so this can be removed # in 2.0 if @db.type_translation row = @stmt.types.zip(row).map do |type, value| @db.translator.translate( type, value ) end end # FIXME: this can be switched to a regular hash in 2.0 row = HashWithTypesAndFields[*@stmt.columns.zip(row).flatten] # FIXME: these methods are deprecated for version 2.0, so we can remove # this code in 2.0 row.fields = @stmt.columns row.types = @stmt.types row end
Reset the cursor, so that a result set which has reached end-of-file can be rewound and reiterated.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 79 def reset( *bind_params ) @stmt.reset! @stmt.bind_params( *bind_params ) @eof = false end
Returns the types of the columns returned by this result set.
# File lib/sqlite3/resultset.rb, line 163 def types @stmt.types end


Overview
The Safety Explorer Suite consists 9 custom interactive graphics designed to help users evalutate safety signals in clinical trials. The 9 graphics libraries improve upon traditional static reports by adding simple user interface elements, including filters, dynamic searches, toggles for display options, and linked charts and listings. This page includes links to examples, the 9 libraries, publications and detailed usage instructions providing an overview of how to get started with the tools.
Examples
The typical implementation of the Safety Explorer Suite looks like this:
Links to examples showing the 9 interactive graphics are provided in the table below. Links to individual graphics are provided below.
| Safety Explorer Suite Framework | A single page, like the one shown above, with all 9 interactive graphics created using the safety-explorer-suite framework. Data is only loaded once (instead of once per page). |
Default Example
Customized Example |
| R Packages | The safetygraphics R package can be used to easily generate these interactive graphics for any data set using R. |
safetygraphics Homepage
safetygraphics Example safetyexploreR (Archived) |
Libraries
The safety explorer suite is built using a flexible modular framework. Each chart is maintained in a separate repository, as are the supporting R and javascript frameworks. All repositories are versioned independently. Links to code and examples for all relevant repositories are listed below.
Adverse Event Explorer
Interactive graphic giving an overview of adverse event (AE) rates by group
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Adverse Event Timeline
Interactive graphic showing the timeline of participant AEs
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Safety Outlier Explorer
Interactive graphic showing patterns of participant-level longitudinal safety markers
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Paneled Outlier Explorer
Paneled Interactive graphic showing patterns of participant-level longitudinal safety markers
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Example: Default Settings Default Settings
Safety Results Over Time
Interactive graphic showing population trends in longitudinal safety results
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Safety Histogram
Interactive graphic showing the distribution of safety markers
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Safety Shift Plot
Interactive graphic showing participant-level trends for longitudinal safety markers
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Safety Delta Delta
Chart for exploring changes over time across multiple measures in clinical trial safety data
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings
Hepatotoxicity Explorer
Interactive graphic inspired by the Evaluation of Drug-Induced Serious Hepatotoxicity (eDISH) framework
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
Web Codebook
Interactive, graphical summary of every variable in a dataset
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Safety Explorer Suite
Helper library implementing all 9 graphics on a single page.
Code: Repository Documentation npm
Examples: Default Settings Custom Settings
safetygraphics - R package
R implementation of the interactive safety explorer graphics using htmlwidgets and shiny
Code: Repository Documentation
Example: Shiny App
Usage
There are several ways to use the Safety Explorer Suite:
-
Create a series of stand-alone web pages, and link them together as desired.
The Safety Explorer Suite charts can be used in modern web browers (IE9+, Chrome, Firefox, etc.), either by including the needed requirements in the global namespace or by using one of the workflows described here. See the examples for the individual libraries for more details.
-
Create a single webpage for mutiple charts using the safety-explorer-suite.
The safety-explorer-suite repository provides a simple framework for rendering multiple charts on a single page. See this example and the repository's wiki for details.
-
Use the safetygraphics library to initiative a Shiny application with multiple charts.
The safetygraphics library allows users to create charts via a simple shiny app, and export stand-alone webpages using the htmlwidgets framework. See the vignette for details.
Dependencies
The interactive graphics in the Safety Explorer Suite are built using d3.js (version 3) and webcharts. There are no other required dependencies. The charts work best in a recent version of a modern web browser like Chrome, Firefox or Safari and are not optimized for mobile.
The safetygraphics R package requires usage of R version 3.5 or later and works best using RStudio. The package has several dependencies including htmlwidgets, shiny, and several tidyverse pacakges. A full list of required packages is found on CRAN.
Publications
We've written and talked about the Safety Explorer Suite quite a bit. A list of papers and presentations is below.
The Safety Explorer Suite: Interactive Safety Monitoring for Clinical Trials
Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science. Published 2018
Modernizing the Clinical Trial Analysis Pipeline with R and JavaScript
RStudio::Conf. January 2019 in Austin, Tx
-
Interactive Monitoring of Hepatotoxicity
PhUSE Connect. February 2019 in Baltimore, Md
Web Codebooks - Interactive Data Summaries for Clinical Trial Data
PhUSE Connect. June 2018 in Raleigh NC
Monitoring Adverse Events using an Interactive Web-Based Tool
Bio-IT World Conference. April 2015 in Boston, MA
Monitoring Adverse Events using an Interactive Web-Based Tool
Society for Clinical Trials Annual Meeting. May 2014 in Philadelphia, PA
Webcharts – A Web-based Charting Library for Custom Interactive Data Visualization
Journal of Open Research Software, 2016


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Team 1325 Inverse Paradox
STDEV (Week 6+ average vs Current Competition)
DCMP
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Update


Edwin C. Howell is an enigmatic figure in the history of mathematics. The rotations named after him are designs for the scheduling of Bridge tournaments.
In a duplicate bridge tournament players compete in partnerships, two partnerships at a table. At the beginning of a round each table is given one from a certain number of duplicate boards each of which contains a pack of cards dealt evenly into four pockets. The boards are labelled north-south-east-west, and are aligned on the table so that one partnership plays north-south and the other east-west. After the game is finished the cards are returned to the pockets as they were dealt and the duplicate board is returned, to be used again in subsequent matches.
If one partnership plays directly against another at the same table, the two partnerships are said to oppose each other. If two partnerships play in the same direction on the same board in different rounds, they are said to compete.
In scoring, not only is the performance of teams in opposition considered, but also the performance of partnerships which compete.
A good tournament design would have the properties that each partnership opposed each other partnership at the same table exactly once and also that each partnership competed against each other partnership at the same number of times.
A ****complete balanced Howell rotation [\(CBHR(n)\)]****[^10] is an array (based on \(n\) elements) of side \(s\), where \(s=n\) for \(n\) odd, and \(s=n-1\) for \(n\) even, which satisfies the following properties:
Each of the \(s^2\) cells is empty or contains an ordered pair of distinct elements.
Each of the \(n\) elements appears exactly once in each row and each column. (If \(n\) is odd, then one row and one column is excepted)
Each unordered pair of distinct elements occurs in exactly one cell of the array.
Each pair of distinct elements appears together in a block[^11] exactly \(\left \lfloor{n/2}\right \rfloor -1\) times, where $$ means the integral part of \(x\).
To interpret a CBHR as a duplicate bridge tournament schedule, we represent the partnerships by elements, the boards ny rows and the rounds of the tournament by columns.
Then an ordered pair \((x,y)\) in position \((i,j)\) of the array corresponds to partnership \(x\) opposing partnership \(y\) on board \(i\) in round \(j\). We adopt the convention that \(x\) plays NS, \(y\) EW. The third property in the definition of a CBHR ensures that all partnerships are in opposition exactly once, while the fourth (with blocks of the associated BIBD representing partnerships in competition) ensures that each partnership competes against each other partnership the same number of times.
Notice that when \(n\) is even the definition of a CBHR is precisely that of a balanced Room square. So the BRS above is also a \(CBHR(8)\). The reason for maintaining both definitions is that a CBHR is, according to conditions 2 and 4, allowed to have odd order. Also, an important construction for \(BRS(4n)\), which will be introduced, involves two \(CBHR(2n-1)\)s.
Unlike Room squares the question of the existence of balanced Room squares is far from resolved, but various proofs have shown there to be many infinite classes of these designs. The details of some of these proofs are given below.
Interestingly the existence problem for balanced Room squares (then known exclusively as CBHR) was brought to the attention of mathematicians, in 1955 by Parker and Mood, the very same year as T.G. Room published his original article. Either this problem has proved to be very much more difficult, or has aroused significantly less interest. The first general result, that of Hwang (1970), coming only a few years before the corresponding problem for Room squares was settled (1973).
In order to discuss these results the first step is to make the necessary adaptation of the starter-adder approach.


Caution:
This page describes experimental features that are not yet available in a stable release. Don't rely on experimental builds of React in production apps. These features may change significantly and without a warning before they become a part of React.
This documentation is aimed at early adopters and people who are curious. If you're new to React, don't worry about these features – you don't need to learn them right now.
Concurrent Mode is only available in the experimental builds of React. To install them, run:
npm install react@experimental react-dom@experimental
There are no semantic versioning guarantees for the experimental builds.
APIs may be added, changed, or removed with any @experimental
release.
Experimental releases will have frequent breaking changes.
You can try these builds on personal projects or in a branch, but we don't recommend running them in production. At Facebook, we do run them in production, but that's because we're also there to fix bugs when something breaks. You've been warned!
This release is primarily aimed at early adopters, library authors, and curious people.
We're using this code in production (and it works for us) but there are still some bugs, missing features, and gaps in the documentation. We'd like to hear more about what breaks in Concurrent Mode so we can better prepare it for an official stable release in the future.
Normally, when we add features to React, you can start using them immediately. Fragments, Context, and even Hooks are examples of such features. You can use them in new code without making any changes to the existing code.
Concurrent Mode is different. It introduces semantic changes to how React works. Otherwise, the new features enabled by it wouldn't be possible. This is why they're grouped into a new "mode" rather than released one by one in isolation.
You can't opt into Concurrent Mode on a per-subtree basis. Instead, to opt in, you have to do it in the place where
today you call ReactDOM.render()
.
This will enable Concurrent Mode for the whole <App />
tree:
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
// If you previously had:
//
// ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));
//
// You can opt into Concurrent Mode by writing:
ReactDOM.unstable_createRoot(
document.getElementById('root')
).render(<App />);
Note:
Concurrent Mode APIs such as
createRoot
only exist in the experimental builds of React.
In Concurrent Mode, the lifecycle methods previously marked as "unsafe" actually are unsafe, and lead to bugs even more than in today's React. We don't recommend trying Concurrent Mode until your app is Strict Mode-compatible.
If you have a large existing app, or if your app depends on a lot of third-party packages, please don't expect that you can use the Concurrent Mode immediately. For example, at Facebook we are using Concurrent Mode for the new website, but we're not planning to enable it on the old website. This is because our old website still uses unsafe lifecycle methods in the product code, incompatible third-party libraries, and patterns that don't work well with the Concurrent Mode.
In our experience, code that uses idiomatic React patterns and doesn't rely on external state management solutions is the easiest to get running in the Concurrent Mode. We will describe common problems we've seen and the solutions to them separately in the coming weeks.
For older codebases, Concurrent Mode might be a step too far. This is why we also provide a new "Blocking Mode" in the experimental React builds. You can try it by substituting createRoot
with createBlockingRoot
. It only offers a small subset of the Concurrent Mode features, but it is closer to how React works today and can serve as a migration step.
To recap:
ReactDOM.render(<App />, rootNode)
. This is what React apps use
today. There are no plans to remove the legacy mode in the observable future — but it won't be able to support these
new features.ReactDOM.createBlockingRoot(rootNode).render(<App />)
. It is currently experimental. It is intended as a first migration step for apps that want to get a subset of Concurrent Mode features.ReactDOM.createRoot(rootNode).render(<App />)
. It is currently experimental. In the future, after it stabilizes, we intend to make it the default React mode. This mode enables all the new features.We think it is better to offer a gradual migration strategy than to make huge breaking changes — or to let React stagnate into irrelevance.
In practice, we expect that most apps using Legacy Mode today should be able to migrate at least to the Blocking Mode (if not Concurrent Mode). This fragmentation can be annoying for libraries that aim to support all Modes in the short term. However, gradually moving the ecosystem away from the Legacy Mode will also solve problems that affect major libraries in the React ecosystem, such as confusing Suspense behavior when reading layout and lack of consistent batching guarantees. There's a number of bugs that can't be fixed in Legacy Mode without changing semantics, but don't exist in Blocking and Concurrent Modes.
You can think of the Blocking Mode as a "gracefully degraded" version of the Concurrent Mode. As a result, in longer term we should be able to converge and stop thinking about different Modes altogether. But for now, Modes are an important migration strategy. They let everyone decide when a migration is worth it, and upgrade at their own pace.
| Legacy Mode | Blocking Mode | Concurrent Mode | |
|---|---|---|---|
| String Refs | ✅ | 🚫** | 🚫** |
| Legacy Context | ✅ | 🚫** | 🚫** |
| findDOMNode | ✅ | 🚫** | 🚫** |
| Suspense | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ |
| SuspenseList | 🚫 | ✅ | ✅ |
| Suspense SSR + Hydration | 🚫 | ✅ | ✅ |
| Progressive Hydration | 🚫 | ✅ | ✅ |
| Selective Hydration | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
| Cooperative Multitasking | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
| Automatic batching of multiple setStates | 🚫* | ✅ | ✅ |
| Priority-based Rendering | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
| Interruptible Prerendering | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
| useTransition | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
| useDeferredValue | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
| Suspense Reveal "Train" | 🚫 | 🚫 | ✅ |
*: Legacy mode has automatic batching in React-managed events but it's limited to one browser task. Non-React events
must opt-in using unstable_batchedUpdates
. In Blocking Mode and Concurrent Mode, all
setState
s are batched by default.
**: Warns in development.


Logarithmic Gradation
The steps between the contour lines are arranged on a logarithmic scale. These steps lie between 1 and the maximum counting density.


Boeing orders sink as customers opt to swap MAX
Boeing Co took 10 new plane orders last month, but saw some customers swapping those for the U.S. planemaker's grounded 737 MAX planes in favor of more expensive wide-body planes as doubts lingered about the MAX's return to service.
REUTERS: Boeing Co took 10 new plane orders last month, but saw some customers swapping the U.S. planemaker's grounded 737 MAX planes in favor of more expensive wide-body planes as doubts lingered about the MAX's return to service.
Net orders so far this year came to just 45 at the end of October, down from 56 in September, further widening the gap on sales this year with the company's European rival Airbus SE which has now sold nearly 500 more planes.
The numbers included what Boeing called a "conversion" by Air Lease Corp of 15 MAX orders into five 787 Dreamliners. A second unnamed customer also removed three MAX planes from the order book.
Air Lease, which had 135 outstanding orders for the 737 MAX as of October, down from 150 orders in September, has said the conversion reflected greater demand from airline customers for the 787 in future years.
Though several airlines have taken the MAX out of their flying schedule till March next year, Boeing on Monday indicated it expects U.S. regulators to approve the return to commercial service of the jet in the coming weeks, allowing it to possibly begin deliveries of the grounded planes next month.
Boeing's orders and deliveries have lagged Airbus this year due to the prolonged grounding of its best-selling MAX jets following two fatal crashes that have killed hundreds of people.
To cope with the fallout after the grounding, Boeing has slowed production to 42 MAX jets per month from 52 earlier, causing the planemaker to take billions of dollars in charges.
Boeing deliveries totaled 321 aircraft in the 10 months through October, compared with 625 aircraft delivered a year earlier.
(Reporting by Sanjana Shivdas, Ankit Ajmera and Eric Johnson; Editing by Patrick Graham and Shounak Dasgupta)


For three years we've been friends, lovers and did whatever it took to stay in touch. You are the jazz to my life: every next measure is always uncertain, but I'll always be here listening to you. Today, I want you to take a break and watch The Marias with me tonight. Be ready by 7 and I'll be outside waiting for you. So will you be my Valentine?
Love, Chin
P.S. I have another surprise for you.


{% extends "admin/object_history.html" %} {% block breadcrumbs %}{% include "admin/sitetree/treeitem/breadcrumbs.html" %}{% endblock %}


An error occurred during process your request Try again to run your request. If the error persist please report us at our GitHub page


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A comprehensive guide to interacting with IMAP using Ruby
A few times in the past I've had to interact with IMAP via Ruby, and wrapping your head around its API is not so easy. Not only is the IMAP API a bit obscure and cryptic, but Ruby's IMAP documentation is not so great either.
Searching the internet for examples doesn't yield too many results, so I'll try to write down some of the things I've learned. The examples I'll show use Gmail as the target IMAP server.
Connecting and logging in
To establish an IMAP connection:
[1] pry(main)> imap = Net::IMAP.new("imap.googlemail.com", 993, true)
=> #<Net::IMAP:0x007fde6b1a8ff0 ...
The third parameter here is usessl
, it's set to false
by
default.
If you run into any SSL issues and want to ignore them, you can use:
[2] pry(main)> imap = Net::IMAP.new("imap.googlemail.com", 993, true, nil, false)
=> #<Net::IMAP:0x007fa1c77064b0 ...
which skips SSL verification. Note that while this is probably not such a good idea, even the most popular Gmail Ruby gem, Gmail, does this.
After the connection is established, you can login using a couple of different ways. First, the most common way, using email and password:
[3] pry(main)> imap.login(email, password)
=> #<struct Net::IMAP::TaggedResponse
name="OK",
raw_data="RUBY0001 OK<EMAIL_ADDRESS>authenticated (Success)\r\n">
Second, you can include the gmail_xoauth
gem, which adds the XOAUTH2 authenticator to Net::IMAP
, allowing you to use an
OAuth 2.0 token to login:
[3] pry(main)> imap.authenticate("LOGIN", email, your_oauth2_token)
=> #<struct Net::IMAP::TaggedResponse ...
Listing available mailboxes
To list all of your mailboxes:
[4] pry(main)> imap.list("", "*")
=> [#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:All, :Hasnochildren], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/All Mail">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Drafts, :Hasnochildren], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Drafts">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Hasnochildren, :Important], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Important">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Hasnochildren, :Sent], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Sent Mail">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Hasnochildren, :Junk], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Spam">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Flagged, :Hasnochildren], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Starred">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Hasnochildren, :Trash], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Trash">]
To search your mailboxes by name, using *
as a wildcard character:
[5] pry(main)> imap.list("", "*Mail")
=> [#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:All, :Hasnochildren], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/All Mail">,
#<struct Net::IMAP::MailboxList attr=[:Hasnochildren, :Sent], delim="/", name="[Gmail]/Sent Mail">]
Selecting a mailbox
Most IMAP interactions require having selected a mailbox before doing them. There are two ways to do so:
Read-only:
[6] pry(main)> imap.examine("[Gmail]/All Mail")
=> #<struct Net::IMAP::TaggedResponse
name="OK",
raw_data="RUBY0014 OK [READ-ONLY] [Gmail]/All Mail selected. (Success)\r\n">
Read and write:
[7] pry(main)> imap.select("[Gmail]/All Mail")
=> #<struct Net::IMAP::TaggedResponse
name="OK",
raw_data="RUBY0015 OK [READ-WRITE] [Gmail]/All Mail selected. (Success)\r\n">
Searching email messages
After selecting an email box, you can search email messages and find either
the sequence number (seqno
) or unique id (uid
) for the email.
The sequence number indicates the current position of the email message in the mailbox. So this number will be different after email messages before this email get moved to a different mailbox, or if they get deleted:
# Search emails which have a subject that includes the word Jedi and return the sequence number.
[8] pry(main)> imap.search(["SUBJECT", "Jedi"])
=> [12]
# From within Gmail, we delete one of our very first emails in the All Mail box and then make the same search we did before.
[9] pry(main)> imap.search(["SUBJECT", "Jedi"])
=> [11]
The unique id is a unique identifier for the email in a mailbox. So even if the
email's position moves, the uid
remains the same:
# Search emails which have a subject that includes the word Jedi and return the unique id.
[10] pry(main)> imap.uid_search(["SUBJECT", "Jedi"])
=> [23]
# From within Gmail, we delete one of our very first emails in the All Mail box and then make the same search we did before.
[11] pry(main)> imap.uid_search(["SUBJECT", "Jedi"])
=> [23]
Fetching email messages
After we selected a mailbox and we know a message's seqno
or uid
, we can
fetch the email headers, content, flags, among others.
If you know the seqno
:
[12] pry(main)> imap.fetch(11, "ENVELOPE")
=> [#<struct Net::IMAP::FetchData
seqno=11,
attr=
{"ENVELOPE"=>
#<struct Net::IMAP::Envelope
date="Thu, 12 Feb 2015 14:55:38 -0300",
subject="Wanna be a Jedi?",
from=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Mauro Otonelli", route=nil, mailbox="mauro", host="ombulabs.com">],
sender=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Mauro Otonelli", route=nil, mailbox="mauro", host="ombulabs.com">],
reply_to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Mauro Otonelli", route=nil, mailbox="mauro", host="ombulabs.com">],
to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="C3P0 Tripio", route=nil, mailbox="c3p0", host="ombulabs.com">],
cc=nil,
bcc=nil,
in_reply_to=nil,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you know the uid
:
[13] pry(main)> imap.uid_fetch(23, "ENVELOPE")
=> [#<struct Net::IMAP::FetchData
seqno=11,
attr=
{"UID"=>23,
"ENVELOPE"=>
#<struct Net::IMAP::Envelope
date="Thu, 12 Feb 2015 14:55:38 -0300",
subject="Wanna be a Jedi?",
from=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Mauro Otonelli", route=nil, mailbox="mauro", host="ombulabs.com">],
sender=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Mauro Otonelli", route=nil, mailbox="mauro", host="ombulabs.com">],
reply_to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Mauro Otonelli", route=nil, mailbox="mauro", host="ombulabs.com">],
to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="C3P0 Tripio", route=nil, mailbox="c3p0", host="ombulabs.com">],
cc=nil,
bcc=nil,
in_reply_to=nil,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you wanted to fetch a range of uid
s, you can use a range:
[14] pry(main)> imap.uid_fetch(1..23, "ENVELOPE")
=> [#<struct Net::IMAP::FetchData
seqno=1,
attr=
{"UID"=>1,
"ENVELOPE"=>
#<struct Net::IMAP::Envelope
date="Wed, 19 Nov 2014 12:01:13 -0800",
subject="How to use Gmail with Google Apps",
from=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Gmail Team", route=nil, mailbox="mail-noreply", host="google.com">],
sender=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Gmail Team", route=nil, mailbox="mail-noreply", host="google.com">],
reply_to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Gmail Team", route=nil, mailbox="mail-noreply", host="google.com">],
to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="C3P0 Tripio", route=nil, mailbox="c3p0", host="ombulabs.com">],
cc=nil,
bcc=nil,
in_reply_to=nil,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>#<struct Net::IMAP::FetchData
seqno=2,
attr=
{"UID"=>2,
"ENVELOPE"=>
#<struct Net::IMAP::Envelope
date="Wed, 19 Nov 2014 12:01:14 -0800",
subject="The best of Gmail, wherever you are",
from=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Gmail Team", route=nil, mailbox="mail-noreply", host="google.com">],
sender=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Gmail Team", route=nil, mailbox="mail-noreply", host="google.com">],
reply_to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="Gmail Team", route=nil, mailbox="mail-noreply", host="google.com">],
to=[#<struct Net::IMAP::Address name="C3P0 Tripio", route=nil, mailbox="c3p0", host="ombulabs.com">],
cc=nil,
bcc=nil,
in_reply_to=nil,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>#<struct Net::IMAP::FetchData
seqno=3,
attr=
{"UID"=>3,
"ENVELOPE"=>
#<struct Net::IMAP::Envelope
...
Logging out and disconnecting from the server
There is a usually a limit to the maximum amount of connections you can have
open to an IMAP server. Gmail for example, limits this to 15.
To correctly close an IMAP connection, you first need to log out, and then
disconnect from the server. You can use the disconnected?
method to check
if you've actually closed the connection:
[15] pry(main)> imap.logout
=> #<struct Net::IMAP::TaggedResponse
tag="RUBY0002",
name="OK",
data=#<struct Net::IMAP::ResponseText code=nil, text="73 good day (Success)">,
raw_data="RUBY0002 OK 73 good day (Success)\r\n">
imap.disconnected?
=> false
imap.disconnect
=> nil
imap.disconnected?
=> true
I hope this guide was useful, I tried to cover the most important operations, but there's obviously more, such as deleting emails, marking emails as read, adding emails to a mailbox, etc. If you've struggled with IMAP like I have, or if you found this useful, let me know in the comments section!


import numpy as np
from numpy import ndarray
from .model import Model
[docs]class PotvinFuglevand2017MotorNeuronPool(Model):
"""
Encapsulates the motor neuron portion of the motor unit model.
The name of each parameter as it appears in Potvin, 2017 is in parentheses.
If a parameter does not appear in the paper but does appear in the
accompanying Matlab code, the variable name from the Matlab code is used in
the parentheses.
:param motor_unit_count: Number of motor units in the muscle (n)
:param max_recruitment_threshold:
Max excitation required by a motor unit within the pool before
firing (RR)
:param firing_gain:
The slope of firing rate by excitation above threshold (g)
:param min_firing_rate:
The minimum firing rate for a motor neuron above threshold (minR)
:param max_firing_rate_first_unit:
Max firing rate for the first motor unit (maxR(1))
:param max_firing_rate_last_unit:
Max firing rate for the last motor unit (maxR(last))
:param pre_calc_firing_rates:
Whether to build a dict mapping excitation levels to firing rates for
each motor neuron. This can speed up simulation at the cost of
additional memory.
:param pre_calc_resolution:
Step size for excitation levels to pre-calculate (res)
:param pre_calc_max: Highest excitation value to pre-calculate
:param derecruitment_delta:
Absolute minimum firing rate = min_firing_rate - derecruitment_delta
(d)
:param adaptation_magnitude:
Magnitude of adaptation for different levels of excitation.(phi)
:param adaptation_time_constant:
Time constant for motor neuron adaptation (tau). Default based on
Revill & Fuglevand (2011)
:param max_duration:
Longest duration of motor unit activity that will be recorded. The
default value should be >> than the time it takes to fatigue all
fibers. Helps prevent unbounded values.
.. todo::
Make pre_calc_max a function of other values as in the matlab code.
This will also require changing how we look up values if they
are larger than this value.
Usage::
from pymuscle import PotvinFuglevand2017MotorNeuronPool as Pool
motor_unit_count = 60
pool = Pool(motor_unit_count)
excitation = np.full(motor_unit_count, 10.0)
step_size = 1 / 50.0
firing_rates = pool.step(excitation, step_size)
"""
def __init__(
self,
motor_unit_count: int,
max_recruitment_threshold: int = 50,
firing_gain: float = 1.0,
min_firing_rate: int = 8,
max_firing_rate_first_unit: int = 35,
max_firing_rate_last_unit: int = 25,
pre_calc_firing_rates: bool = False,
pre_calc_resolution: float = 0.1,
pre_calc_max: float = 70.0,
derecruitment_delta: int = 2,
adaptation_magnitude: float = 0.67,
adaptation_time_constant: float = 22.0,
max_duration: float = 20000.0,
apply_fatigue: bool = True
):
self._recruitment_thresholds = self._calc_recruitment_thresholds(
motor_unit_count,
max_recruitment_threshold
)
self._peak_firing_rates = self._calc_peak_firing_rates(
max_firing_rate_first_unit,
max_firing_rate_last_unit,
max_recruitment_threshold,
self._recruitment_thresholds
)
self._recruitment_durations = np.zeros(motor_unit_count)
# Assign additional non-public attributes
self._max_recruitment_threshold = max_recruitment_threshold
self._firing_gain = firing_gain
self._min_firing_rate = min_firing_rate
self._derecruitment_delta = derecruitment_delta
self._adaptation_magnitude = adaptation_magnitude
self._adaptation_time_constant = adaptation_time_constant
self._max_duration = max_duration
self._apply_fatigue = apply_fatigue
# Assign public attributes
self.motor_unit_count = motor_unit_count
# Pre-calculate firing rates for all motor neurons across a range of
# possible excitation levels.
self._firing_rates_by_excitation = None
if pre_calc_firing_rates:
self._build_firing_rates_cache(pre_calc_max, pre_calc_resolution)
def _build_firing_rates_cache(
self,
pre_calc_max: float,
pre_calc_resolution: float
) -> None:
"""
Pre-calculate and store firing rates for all motor neurons across a
range of possible excitation levels.
:param pre_calc_max: The maximum excitation value to calculate.
:param pre_calc_resolution:
The step size between values during calculations.
"""
self._firing_rates_by_excitation = {}
# TODO: This is a hack. Maybe memoize vs pre-calculate?
# Maybe https://docs.python.org/3/library/functools.html#functools.lru_cache
resolution_places = len(str(pre_calc_resolution).split(".")[1])
excitations = np.zeros(self.motor_unit_count)
excitation_values = np.arange(
0.0,
pre_calc_max + pre_calc_resolution,
pre_calc_resolution
)
for i in excitation_values:
i = round(i, resolution_places)
self._firing_rates_by_excitation[i] = \
self._inner_calc_firing_rates(
excitations,
self._recruitment_thresholds,
self._firing_gain,
self._min_firing_rate,
self._peak_firing_rates
)
excitations += pre_calc_resolution
def _calc_adapted_firing_rates(
self,
excitations: ndarray,
step_size: float
) -> ndarray:
"""
Calculate the firing rate for the given excitation including motor
neuron fatigue (adaptation).
:param excitations:
Array of excitation levels to use as input to motor neurons.
:param step_size: How far to advance time in this step.
"""
firing_rates = self._calc_firing_rates(excitations)
adaptations = self._calc_adaptations(firing_rates)
adapted_firing_rates = firing_rates - adaptations
# Apply fatigue as a last step
self._update_recruitment_durations(firing_rates, step_size)
return adapted_firing_rates
def _calc_firing_rates(self, excitations: ndarray) -> ndarray:
"""
Calculates firing rates on a per motor neuron basis for the given
array of excitations.
:param excitations:
Array of excitation levels to use as input to motor neurons.
"""
if self._firing_rates_by_excitation:
excitation = excitations[0] # TODO - Support variations
firing_rates = self._firing_rates_by_excitation[excitation]
else:
firing_rates = self._inner_calc_firing_rates(
excitations,
self._recruitment_thresholds,
self._firing_gain,
self._min_firing_rate,
self._peak_firing_rates
)
return firing_rates
@staticmethod
def _inner_calc_firing_rates(
excitations: ndarray,
thresholds: ndarray,
gain: float,
min_firing_rate: int,
peak_firing_rates: ndarray
) -> ndarray:
"""
Pure function to do actual calculation of firing rates.
:param excitations:
Array of excitation levels to use as input to motor neurons.
:param thresholds:
Array of minimum firing rates required for motor neuron activity
:param gain: How firing rates scale with excitations
:param peak_firing_rates: Maximum allowed firing rates per neuron
"""
firing_rates = excitations - thresholds
firing_rates += min_firing_rate
below_thresh_indices = firing_rates < min_firing_rate
firing_rates[below_thresh_indices] = 0
firing_rates *= gain
# Check for max values
above_peak_indices = firing_rates > peak_firing_rates
firing_rates[above_peak_indices] = peak_firing_rates[above_peak_indices]
return firing_rates
def _update_recruitment_durations(
self,
firing_rates: ndarray,
step_size: float
) -> None:
"""
Increment the on duration for each on motor unit by step_size
:param firing_rates: Array of activities for each motor neuron.
:param step_size: How far to advance time in this step.
"""
# If we don't update durations, no fatigue will occur.
if not self._apply_fatigue:
return
on = firing_rates > 0
self._recruitment_durations[on] += step_size
# TODO: Enable as a recovery mechanism
# off = firing_rates = 0
# self._recruitment_durations[off] -= 0
# Prevent overflows
over = self._recruitment_durations > self._max_duration
self._recruitment_durations[over] = self._max_duration
# Can't be less than zero
under = self._recruitment_durations < 0
self._recruitment_durations[under] = 0
def _calc_adaptations(self, firing_rates: ndarray) -> ndarray:
"""
Calculate the adaptation rates for each neuron based on current
activity levels. Applies central fatigue.
:param firing_rates: Array of activities for each motor neuron.
"""
adapt_curve = self._calc_adaptations_curve(firing_rates)
# From Eq. (12)
exponent = -1 * (self._recruitment_durations / self._adaptation_time_constant)
adapt_scale = 1 - np.exp(exponent)
adaptations = adapt_curve * adapt_scale
# Zero out negative values
adaptations[adaptations < 0] = 0.0
return adaptations
def _calc_adaptations_curve(self, firing_rates: ndarray) -> ndarray:
"""
Calculates q(i) from Eq. (13). This is the baseline adaptation curve
for each neuron based on activity.
:param firing_rates: Array of activities for each motor neuron.
"""
ratios = (self._recruitment_thresholds - 1) / (self._max_recruitment_threshold - 1)
adaptations = self._adaptation_magnitude * (firing_rates - self._min_firing_rate + self._derecruitment_delta) * ratios
return adaptations
@staticmethod
def _calc_peak_firing_rates(
max_firing_rate_first_unit: int,
max_firing_rate_last_unit: int,
max_recruitment_threshold: int,
recruitment_thresholds: ndarray,
) -> ndarray:
"""
Calculate peak firing rates for each motor neuron
:param max_firing_rate_first_unit:
Maximum allowed activity of the 'first' neuron in the pool.
:param max_firing_rate_last_unit:
Maximum allowed activity of the 'last' neuron in the pool.
:param max_recruitment_threshold:
Excitation level above which the 'last' neuron in the pool will
become active.
:param recruitment_thresholds:
Array of all excitation levels above which each neuron will become
active.
"""
firing_rate_range = max_firing_rate_first_unit - max_firing_rate_last_unit
rates = max_firing_rate_first_unit \
- (firing_rate_range
* ((recruitment_thresholds - recruitment_thresholds[0])
/ (max_recruitment_threshold - recruitment_thresholds[0])))
return rates
@staticmethod
def _calc_recruitment_thresholds(
motor_unit_count: int,
max_recruitment_threshold: int
) -> ndarray:
"""
Pure function to calculate recruitment thresholds for each motor
neuron.
:param motor_unit_count: The number of motor units in the pool.
:param max_recruitment_threshold:
Excitation level above which the 'last' neuron in the pool will
become active.
"""
motor_unit_indices = np.arange(1, motor_unit_count + 1)
r_log = np.log(max_recruitment_threshold)
r_exponent = (r_log * (motor_unit_indices - 1)) / (motor_unit_count - 1)
return np.exp(r_exponent)
[docs] def step(self, motor_pool_input: ndarray, step_size: float) -> ndarray:
"""
Advance the motor neuron pool simulation one step.
Returns firing rates on a per motor neuron basis for the given
array of excitations. Takes into account fatigue over time.
:param excitations:
Array of excitation levels to use as input to motor neurons.
:param step_size: How far to advance time in this step.
"""
assert (len(motor_pool_input) == self.motor_unit_count)
return self._calc_adapted_firing_rates(motor_pool_input, step_size)


{% extends 'basics/base.html' %} {% block content %}
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Please type in an E-Mail!
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Please type in an description!


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| SWActionInterface |
Interface that allows
SWAction and SWAffordance to have a common ancestor (and thus
be stored in the same structures) despite one extending Action and the other extending Affordance . |
| SWEntityInterface |
All
Entities and Actors in the starwars client package should implement this interface. |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Application |
Driver class for the Star Wars package with
GridController . |
| SWAction |
Base class for all intransitive commands/
Actions in the starwars world. |
| SWActor | |
| SWActorWorldable |
A new Class that attached to SWActor that has
SWInnerWorld . |
| SWAffordance |
Class that represents
Affordances in the starwars world. |
| SWEntity |
Class that represents inanimate objects in the Star Wars world.
|
| SWGrid |
Grid of
SWLocation s. |
| SWInnerWorld |
The
SWInnerWorld implements all kinds of inner area in SWWorld. |
| SWLegend |
This class represents "legends" - major characters - in the Star Wars universe.
|
| SWLocation |
Class that models locations in Star Wars.
|
| SWLocation.SWLocationMaker |
Factory class used by
Grids to instantiate SWLocation s |
| SWWorld |
Class representing a world in the Star Wars universe.
|
| SWWorldBase |
This abstract class represents the SWActors that could have inner world.
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| Capability |
Capabilities that various entities may have.
|
| Team |
Enumerator class for different types of
Teams for the SWActor s. |


Darrin A. Amacher
DEFOREST-Darrin A. Amacher, age 39, died on Sunday, November 10, 2019.
A visitation will be held on Saturday, November 16, 2019, from 3:00 to 6:00 p.m. at the Winn-Cress Funeral Home, 5785 Hwy. Q, Waunakee.
A complete obituary will follow in Thursday's paper.
Winn-Cress Funeral Home
5785 Hwy Q
Waunakee, WI


Build a list of games you would like to compare. You can compare up to five games at once. You need a minimum of two games for comparison.


This is a multi-stage project to implement a basic graph class and traversals.
In the file graph.py
, implement a Graph
class that supports the API in the example below. In particular, this means there should be a field vertices
that contains a dictionary mapping vertex labels to edges. For example:
This represents a graph with four vertices and two total (bidirectional) edges. The vertex ‘2’
has no edges, while ‘0’
is connected to both ‘1’
and ‘3’
.
You should also create add_vertex
and add_edge
methods that add the specified entities to the graph. To test your implementation, instantiate an empty graph and then try to run the following:
graph = Graph() # Instantiate your graph
graph.add_vertex('0')
graph.add_vertex('1')
graph.add_vertex('2')
graph.add_vertex('3')
graph.add_edge('0', '1')
graph.add_edge('1', '0')
graph.add_edge('0', '3')
graph.add_edge('3', '0')
print(graph.vertices)
You should see something like the first example. As a stretch goal, add checks to your graph to ensure that edges to nonexistent vertices are rejected.
# Continuing from previous example
graph.add_edge('0', '4') # No '4' vertex, should raise an Exception!
Write a function within your Graph class that takes takes a starting node as an argument, then performs BFT. Your function should print the resulting nodes in the order they were visited. Note that there are multiple valid paths that may be printed.
Write a function within your Graph class that takes takes a starting node as an argument, then performs DFT. Your function should print the resulting nodes in the order they were visited. Note that there are multiple valid paths that may be printed.
Write a function within your Graph class that takes takes a starting node as an argument, then performs DFT using recursion. Your function should print the resulting nodes in the order they were visited. Note that there are multiple valid paths that may be printed.
Write a function within your Graph class that takes takes a starting node and a destination node as an argument, then performs BFS. Your function should return the shortest path from the start node to the destination node. Note that there are multiple valid paths.
Write a function within your Graph class that takes takes a starting node and a destination node as an argument, then performs DFS. Your function should return a valid path (not necessarily the shortest) from the start node to the destination node. Note that there are multiple valid paths.
Write a function within your Graph class that takes takes a starting node and a destination node as an argument, then performs DFS using recursion. Your function should return a valid path (not necessarily the shortest) from the start node to the destination node. Note that there are multiple valid paths.


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| com.ctc.wstx.api |
Package that contains subset of Woodstox classes that are considered to be
its public API (in addition to regular Stax 1.0 -- javax.xml.stream.* -- and
Stax2 -- org.codehaus.stax2.*).
|
| com.ctc.wstx.cfg |
Package that contains internal configuration settings for Woodstox.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.compat |
Package that contains classes that allow abstracting out the details of
JDK platform version being used.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.dom | |
| com.ctc.wstx.dtd |
Package that contains Woodstox classes that implement DTD handling.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.ent |
Package contains internal entity object implementations, which are used
by stream reader classes, but parsed by dtd functionality.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.evt |
Package contains Woodstox implementation of the StAX event layer; functionality
that is built on top of stream readers and writers.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.exc |
Package that contains all exceptions Woodstox readers and writers throw.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.io |
Low-level classes that are used to abstract most details of stream I/O
access from actual parsing classes.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.msv |
Package that contains Multi-Schema Validator (MSV) based validator
implementations for schema languages other than DTD.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.osgi |
Contains classes that implement Stax2 OSGI providers for accessing
Stax2 input, output and validation scheme factories dynamically using
auto-discovery mechanism.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.sax |
Contains Woodstox SAX implementation.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.sr |
This package contains supporting code for handling namespace information;
element stacks that keep track of elements parsed and such.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.stax |
This package contains miscellaneous classes that implement Woodstox.
|
| com.ctc.wstx.sw | |
| com.ctc.wstx.util |
Contains utility classes that are not directly Woodstox specific, but are
for now only used by Woodstox.
|
Copyright © 2022 FasterXML. All rights reserved.


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| Arg |
Any named input value in particular a free variable.
|
| AssociativeContext<T> | |
| CompoundExertion | |
| Conditional | |
| ConditionalExertion | |
| Configurable |
An top-level interface for any kinds of configuration of this object.
|
| Context<T> |
Service context classes that implement this interface provide SORCER generic
metacomputing data structures for storage, retrieval, and propagation of
heterogeneous information across all SORCER service providers.
|
| Contexter<T> |
A service interface related to
Context
evaluation/invocation and accessing contexts of of context service providers. |
| Deployment |
Attributes related to signature based deployment.
|
| Describable | |
| DynamicAccessor |
The creational factory interface used by the
Accessor
facility. |
| Evaluation<T> |
A functionality required by all evaluations in SORCER.
|
| Evaluator<T> |
A functionality required by all evaluators in SORCER.
|
| Exec | |
| Executor |
An top-level common local interface for all service-to-service (S2S)
providers in SORCER.
|
| Exertion |
An exertion is a federated service command (statement) communicated by a requestor -
Service.service(sorcer.service.Exertion, net.jini.core.transaction.Transaction) , to a service provider Service . |
| Getter<T> |
A getter is a generic agent that returns a value calculated in many different
ways.
|
| Identifiable | |
| Incrementor<T> | |
| IndexedContext | |
| Invocation<T> |
The Invocation interface defines context driven invocations on a service context
containing its parameters (paths) and arguments (values).
|
| Link |
The
Link interface allows path values of service contexts to
be linked to other service contexts using instances implementing this
interface. |
| Mappable<T> |
Implicit Maps such that a path indicates internal structure of composition
with the last inner component indicated by the path.
|
| Monitorable |
All providers that need to be monitored implement this interface.
|
| ParModeling | |
| Perturbation<T> | |
| Positioning | |
| Revaluation |
If an Evaluation that is Revaluation isRevaluable then it returns the
revaluated value, otherwise returns the evaluated value (
#getValue(Parameter...) ) |
| Scopable | |
| SecureIdentifiable | |
| Service |
An top-level common interface for all service peers in
SORCER.
|
| Setter | |
| Signature | |
| SpaceContext | |
| Strategy | |
| Tasker |
A
Tasker is a service coordinating execution of all methods as
specified by signatures associated with the instance of service
Task and control flow exertion of task type. |
| Updatable |
An top-level interface for any kinds of updates by this object.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Accessor |
A service accessing facility that allows to find dynamically a network
service provider matching its
Signature . |
| ArgList | |
| ArgSet | |
| Block | |
| Condition |
A Condition specifies a conditional value in a given service context for its free variables
in the form of path/value pairs with paths being guards's parameters.
|
| Configurator | |
| Context.none |
An object to specify no context value.
|
| ExertionCallable | |
| ExertionExecutor | |
| ExertionInfo | |
| FidelityInfo | |
| Identity |
Abstract Java class Identity
|
| Job | |
| RemoteServiceEvent |
Wrapper around
RemoteEvent to allow user defined event objects. |
| RequestId |
Encapsulates a request id for an invoked exertion.
|
| ServiceExertion | |
| ServiceFidelity | |
| Signature.ReturnPath<T> | |
| Task | |
| TaskFactory |
Methods extracted from socer.eo.operator
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| Context.Type | |
| Deployment.Type |
There are three types of provisioning: per signature (SELF), for a
collection of signatures as a federation (all signatures in exertion with
Type.FED), and no provisioning (suspended provisioning) for a signature
(NONE)
|
| Deployment.Unique |
A service can be deployed with uniqueness.
|
| Exec.State |
A State can be associated with the ExecState and other attributes of
executing exertions (see sorcer.core.provider.exertmonitor.ExertMonitor)
|
| Signature.Direction | |
| Signature.Kind | |
| Signature.Type |
There are four types of
Signature operations that can be
associated with signatures: PRE (preprocess),
SRV (process/service) , POST (postprocess), and
APD_DATA (append data) and code>APD_CONTROL (append
control strategy). |
| Strategy.Access |
When the access type of a control context is set to
PULL
then the associated exertion is passed onto a Spacer , otherwise
(access type is PUSH) the exertion is passed directly on to the provider
specified by the SRV signature. |
| Strategy.Flow |
There are three flow types of
FlowType s that can be associated
with exertions control context. |
| Strategy.Monitor |
The
CONCURRENT flow is controlled by mutex state WAIT,
NOTIFY, and NOTIFY_ALL of the control context. |
| Strategy.Opti | |
| Strategy.Provision |
Indicates if on-demand provisioning is used for not existing currently
service but required in the overlay network of service providers..
|
| Strategy.Wait |
Indicates whether the service requestor waits for results or not.
|
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
| ArgException | |
| ConfigurationException | |
| ContextException |
The ServiceContextException represents an exception that is thrown if an
exertion is performed by a service provider failing to process the associated
service context correctly due to incorrect context paths, values, or
associations.
|
| EvaluationException | |
| ExertionException |
The
ExertionException represents an exception that is thrown
if an exertion is performed by a service provider failing to process it
correctly. |
| GetterException | |
| InvocationException | |
| MonitorException | |
| NoneException |
The NoneException represents an exception that is thrown if a
Context value is Context.none (undefined or null).
|
| ServiceException | |
| SetterException | |
| SignatureException | |
| UnknownExertionException |
Any interaction with the MonitorSessionManager might result in this exception
due to the following reasons:
The session does not exist,
Some operations on this session which was not valid.
|
| VarException |
Copyright © 2013-2014 Sorcersoft.com S.A.. All Rights Reserved.


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HRD Ministry sets up team for dialogue between JNU students, administration
It will also advise the university administration for resolution of contentious issues
by Special Correspondent?With Jawaharlal Nehru University still barricaded and in protest mode over a hostel fee hike, the Human Resource Development Ministry has set up a three-member panel to act as a mediator between students and the university administration.
In an order dated Sunday, the Ministry appointed AICTE chairman Anil Sahasrabudhe, former UGC chairman V.S. Chauhan and current UGC secretary Rajnish Jain to the panel. Their mandate is to initiate dialogue with all stakeholders and advise the university administration for resolution of contentious issues, so that the normal functioning of the university can be restored.
UGC will provide required support for the functioning of the committee, the order said.
While JNU announced a partial rollback of the fee hike on Wednesday, students have termed it an “eyewash”, as the substantial service charge increase would remain. They have demanded a full rollback.


{# show_stats.html #} {% extends "base.html" %} {% block head %}
| id | state | locked | time | talk duration | locked by | stop | episode.name | logs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{episode.id}} | {{episode.state}} | {{episode.locked}} | {{episode.locked|timesince}} | {{episode.duration}} | {{episode.locked_by}} | {{episode.stop|yesno:"y,n,"}} | {{ episode.name }} | logs |


Studies in Torah
Eschatology
Revelation Exposition
Revelation part 1
Revelation part 2
Revelation part 3
AntiChrist Exposition
AntiChrist
The law still applies?
Law and Testimony


.
Hello internet
Trying out the new typed.js from Mattboldt.
You can find it here https://github.com/mattboldt/typed.js.
Or just NPM install typed.js
Time to use it in my web application projects ;).


BSD 3-Clause License
Copyright (c) 2016, Juan Nunez-Iglesias, Stéfan van der Walt and Harriet Dashnow All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.


Class PlayerLegendStatistics
Inheritance
PlayerLegendStatistics
Assembly: ClashOfClans.Models.dll
Syntax
public class PlayerLegendStatistics
Properties
|
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BestBuilderBaseSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult BestBuilderBaseSeason { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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BestSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult BestSeason { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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View Source
BestVersusSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult BestVersusSeason { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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View Source
CurrentSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult CurrentSeason { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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LegendTrophies
Declaration
public int LegendTrophies { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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PreviousBuilderBaseSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult PreviousBuilderBaseSeason { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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View Source
PreviousSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult PreviousSeason { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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PreviousVersusSeason
Declaration
public LegendLeagueTournamentSeasonResult PreviousVersusSeason { get; set; }
Property Value


Association of mutations in the NALP3/CIAS1/PYPAF1 gene with a broad phenotype including recurrent fever, cold sensitivity, sensorineural deafness, and AA amyloidosis.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Familial cold urticaria (FCU) and Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS) are dominantly inherited autoinflammatory disorders that cause rashes, fever, arthralgia, and in some subjects, AA amyloidosis, and have been mapped to chromosome 1q44. Sensorineural deafness in MWS, and provocation of symptoms by cold in FCU, are distinctive features. This study was undertaken to characterize the genetic basis of FCU, MWS, and an overlapping disorder in French Canadian, British, and Indian families, respectively.
METHODS
Mutations in the candidate gene NALP3, which has also been named CIAS1 and PYPAF1, were sought in the study families, in a British/Spanish patient with apparent sporadic MWS, and in matched population controls. Identified variants were sought in 50 European subjects with uncharacterized, apparently sporadic periodic fever syndromes, 48 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 19 subjects with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).
RESULTS
Point mutations, encoding putative protein variants R262W and L307P, were present in all affected members of the Indian and French Canadian families, respectively, but not in controls. The R262W variant was also present in the subject with sporadic MWS. The V200M variant was present in all affected members of the British family with MWS, in 2 of the 50 subjects with uncharacterized periodic fevers, and in 1 of 130 Caucasian and 2 of 48 Indian healthy controls. No mutations were identified among the subjects with RA or JIA.
CONCLUSION
These findings confirm that mutations in the NALP3/CIAS1/PYPAF1 gene are associated with FCU and MWS, and that disease severity and clinical features may differ substantially within and between families. Analysis of this gene will improve classification of patients with inherited or apparently sporadic periodic fever syndromes.


{% extends "entries/base.html" %} {% block title%}Welcome to the Entry website.{% endblock title %} {% block page-content %}


Programming isn’t gaining traction “just because”
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Percep White opens the doors to a bespoke haute-couture made-to-measure experience offering the ultimate in privacy and opulence as well as unpublished locations and venues not readily available in the Indian market. Percep White is for discerning clientele who are looking for a truly unique and once-in-a-lifetime event.
Signature services include the personal talent and involvement of our team for your event. We will personally spearhead the creation and design of your celebration from conception to completion. With the eye of an artist and the skill of an architect, we will create the most exquisite personal experience for you and your guests.
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Percep's Conceptualization was the phase during which we were writing our ideas on paper to identify the concepts that will later layout the foundations of today's "Percep".
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Percep's most recent champagne moment was the heartwarming celebration we had for our 4th anniversary in December 2017. It was a milestone that we have dreamed of achieving, and now that we have surpassed that mark, the team and I are dreaming even bigger!
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Whether you are in need of event planning services, or are considering one of the truly unique venues we represent; our promise to you is that your vision and desires will be heard, your planning process will be enjoyable, and your event will leave you and your guests wanting more and loving life. Some of our clients in the Indian Corporate sector have been Reebok, Rockport, color plus, Ashok Layland, Spunk, Wild, Canterbury, New Balance, Off Limits, Lancer FootWear, Alcis, KapKids.


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ICONex is ICON's Wallet supporting ICX and various cryptocurrencies. ICONex boasts faster transactions, secure payments, and liquid exchange across multiple cryptocurrencies with user-friendly UX and UI.


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| rabbit.filter | A set of filters for sockets, http and http resources. |
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| rabbit.handler | The resource handlers used in the web proxy. |
| rabbit.meta | The web interface to the web proxy. |
| rabbit.proxy | The web proxy components. |
| Classes in rabbit.proxy used by rabbit.filter | |
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| Connection
The base connection class for rabbit. |
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A filtering and caching http proxy. |
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| Connection
The base connection class for rabbit. |
| Classes in rabbit.proxy used by rabbit.handler | |
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The base connection class for rabbit. |
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| HttpProxy
A filtering and caching http proxy. |
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A class to track of multiple network flows. |
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The base connection class for rabbit. |
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SWING METER
INTRO // Minimal VN style example // made to match Chris Markle's mockup // Public domain images by DasBilligeAlien // https://opengameart.org/content/visual-novel-tutorial-set "It was a dark and stormy night..." [guy.png] "What was so stormy about it?" [gal.png] "The passionate kiss!" "What?!" I started to wonder if I should try to make her feel jealous? She'd totally deserve it after last Thursday... Then again, maybe I should try to smooth things over. - I think we may be in love! [THE FIGHT] - It wasn't JUST a kiss! [THE FIGHT] - It was nothing. [THE INTERROGATION] - Just kidding! There was no kiss. [HAPPY ENDING] THE FIGHT "How DARE you! I thought we were meant to be?" She left me. GAME OVER. - Restart [INTRO] THE INTERROGATION "What EXACTLY do you mean by that?" I could see from her eyes she meant business. It was time for me to tell her the truth. - I love you, and only you. [HAPPY ENDING] - I kiss other people all the time! [THE FIGHT] HAPPY ENDING "Oh, you rascal!" "No, seriously, you are the only one for me. Never worry." "I'm so lucky!" We lived happily every after. THE END. - Restart [INTRO]


PRAYING WITH ANGER A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1993 James Berardinelli
Rating: 6.0 out of 10 (C, ** out of ****)
Date Released: 5/28/93 (Limited release) Running Length: 1:43 Rated: PG-13 (Language, violence)
Starring: M. Night Shyamalan, Mike Muthu, Christabel Howie, Richa Ahuja, Arun Balachandran Director: M. Night Shyamalan Producer: M. Night Shyamalan Screenplay: M. Night Shyamalan Music: Edmund K. Choi Released by Northern Arts Entertainment
Dev Raman (M. Night Shyamalan) is an American-born Indian sent to India as part of a college student exchange program. Dev is reluctant to go, but his mother, to whom he is devoted, insists. So, friendless and alone, halfway across the world, Dev experiences culture shock--he may look like an Indian, but it is quickly and vividly demonstrated that looks are of little consequence, and it will take more than a glib tongue and an unwillingness to back down to earn acceptance and respect. In the midst of his initial travails, Dev's sole friend is Sunjay (Mike Muthu), his guide and mentor, upon whose advice he relies. There are times, however, when he chooses to be headstrong and ignore Sunjay (on such issues as approaching a pretty girl or passively accepting the taunts of older students). Unsurprisingly, those incidents typically lead to embarrassment or worse.
Stories about clashing cultures are nothing new to movies. In recent years, the subject has formed the basis for comedies (such as the wildly popular 1986 release CROCODILE DUNDEE, about an Australian transplanted to New York), science fiction (STAR TREK IV: THE VOYAGE HOME, about a group from the twenty-third century coping with modern-day San Francisco), and numerous dramas (including 1992's CITY OF JOY and MISSISSIPPI MASALA). Now, PRAYING WITH ANGER can be added to the list. The debut film of M. Night Shyamalan (who produced, directed, wrote, and starred), PRAYING WITH ANGER attempts to present another perspective on this issue.
Comparisons with CITY OF JOY and MISSISSIPPI MASALA are appropriate. Like PRAYING WITH ANGER, both of those movies deal with friction between Indian and American traditions. However, where MASALA sets the story in the United States and CITY OF JOY makes the protagonist a white male adrift in Calcutta, PRAYING WITH ANGER sends an American born Indian to the "home" that he has never known.
The film is at its best when it explores Indian culture and tradition, and examines how Dev must adjust to live in what for him is a strange world. These scenes, which make up a majority of the first half of PRAYING WITH ANGER, are often fascinating. Shyamalan doesn't reveal anything extraordinary, but neither does he shrink from showing the often-painful rigidity imposed by India's caste divisions. Social class is very much an issue, both as it applies to Dev and the people that he comes to care about.
Unfortunately, the basic plot is a series of formulas neatly bundled together. There's the requisite tragic love story, the girl who bucks the centuries-old system, the outsider who comes to be respected by those who previously despised him, and, of course, the coming of age tale. PRAYING WITH ANGER lacks originality and inspiration, and after the initial interest has worn off, the story has a hard time holding the viewer's attention. It's always apparent what's around the next corner, and the one after that as well.
Shyamalan occasionally has problems with dialogue. Most of the time, the lines are okay, but there are moments when he launches into jarring, overblown sermon-like lectures. We do not, for example, need to have it explicitly and repeatedly pointed out how beautiful the traditions of India are when the camerawork places them adequately on display.
Like the dialogue, the characters are uneven. At times, the people in PRAYING WITH ANGER seem real, but there are occasions when they become foils for the plot. Dev's sudden and complete transformation in the film's final act is difficult to swallow, especially since we are never presented with enough evidence to justify such a radical swing in point-of-view.
To the credit of M. Night Shyamalan, he strove for something lavish and ambitious in this, his first effort. While PRAYING WITH ANGER is not a total success, there are enough glimpses of promise to indicate that Shyamalan may have a fine future in film making. However, beyond those brief-but-sterling moments, PRAYING WITH ANGER relies on too much stock material for it to be satisfying enough to warrant more than a passing interest.
- James Berardinelli<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
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