by
Robin Johnson2
In recent years a number of new agricultural economics papers have emerged that focus on the implementation of policy rather than on policy formation. The papers use a comparative institutional approach to the delivery of agricultural policy in different countries and appear to have originated in the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations (Sandiford and Rossmiller 1996). Case studies and commentaries have appeared in various FAO publications and seminars, and most recently a symposium on the subject was presented at the 1998 conference of the Agricultural Economics Society at Reading University, England ( Johnson 1996, Williams 1997, Haebig et al 1998).
The emphasis in this series of papers is on the implementation of policy proposals as enacted in the legislature and asks whether the intention of the legislators is being met in the delivery process and whether such processes meet wider economic criteria such as the meeting of set targets (effectiveness), avoiding unwanted effects (equity and income distribution considerations), and delivering at least cost (efficiency). The originating authors suggest using a structure/conduct/performance approach to individual policy programmes to bring out the contrast between the original intentions and actual management of the programme. Structure is used to identify what was originally set out in any legislation including design of policy instruments; conduct is used to identify how the legislative programme was interpreted and managed in practice; and performance is used to assess how well the policy system met the original objectives of the programme in terms of delivering the scheduled benefits to the targeted recipients. The authors suggest that this latter task will be made easier by examining four criteria of performance: effectiveness, efficiency, enforceability and equity (Sandiford and Rossmiller 1996, pp. 7-12).
The review of policy programmes within government is an ongoing process. Both political and bureaucratic players are concerned with the impacts of their programmes for both selfish and national interest reasons. Such reviews may not be made public but could be assumed to include many of the features of the FAO proposals.3 Sandiford and Rossmiller draw on advisory work experience on policy development in developing countries where there appears to be a large gap between intention and execution especially from the donor's viewpoint.
This initiative can be seen as one of learning from domestic and international experience and making better policy as a result. The authors state that they are trying to develop a framework for structured thinking about policy implementation that will assist them to do their policy work better (ibid., p.1)4. The wider implication is that others can learn from the experience as well and that more specific frameworks of evaluation and examples can be produced that would help not only advisors in the international organisations but many practitioners within policy shops in both developed and less developed countries.
Implementing public policy is the job of the bureaucrats or other agencies appointed for the purpose. There is a vast literature on how bureaucracy works. But the more specific analytical structures that concern policy delivery systems (PDSs) are those explaining conflicts between the interests of the politicians and the bureaucrats, and between them and the interest groups or constituents as Horn (1995) calls them. In the public choice literature, this is called the "political market" (Johnson D. B. 1991), where differences in views and interests are resolved by some form of mutual bargaining and agreement.
Public choice economics focuses on the respective roles of the legislators, administrators and constituents. It is the roles and motivation of these three main actors that are important. Decisions are assumed to be made by individuals who act as if largely self-interested and rational in the pursuit of this interest (Horn 1995, p.7). Completed legislative programmes, which create the PDSs, are seen as the result of negotiation between the actors as they pursue their different interests. These decisions determine the structure of each policy proposal and the way it will be administered. Such structures and administrative systems may or may not influence how they will be executed in practice (the conduct paradigm).
The transaction cost approach to public administration focuses more on the design of legislation (Horn 1995). Legislators and their constituencies are seen as engaged in a form of exchange. Legislators want electoral support and constituents want the private benefits - or to reduce the private costs - of legislation. The amount of net electoral support legislators receive from promoting a piece of legislation depends on the flow of benefits and costs that private interests expect it to generate over time. The implementation features of the legislation bear on this calculus because private interests are sufficiently forward looking to anticipate how decisions on implementation will affect the flow of benefits and costs. That is why there are often heated disputes over decisions on matters like the scope of delegated authority, the form of organisation charged with implementation, and the procedures administrative agents must adopt. These factors affect "who" ultimately "gets what" out of the legislation. Because the long term impact of legislation is capitalised into its present "value" to supporters and opponents alike, the enacting coalition must be concerned about this long term impact, even if it has a short political life (Horn 1995, p.13). The design of legislation may thus reflect the interests of the different groups taking part in the political process and this may well have little regard for equity and efficiency considerations and other components of the national interest.
A distributional view of the impact of economic legislation is given by political preference functions or economic models of the political decision-making process. These models attempt to measure the benefits to producers and consumers and costs to taxpayers of given legislative programmes in terms of producer and consumer surpluses generated against some base period or situation (Swinnen and van der Zee 1993). The so-called "weights" derived in the analysis measure for each group the percentage change in welfare brought about by the government intervention from the base case. Most agricultural support measures, for example, favour producers at the expense of taxpayers or consumers. This is a "distribution" approach to implementation of policy, and, where dead-weight losses are measured, provides some measure of fiscal efficiency.
It is important to note that the changes in welfare of different groups may not be explicit at the time of the legislative enactment. This would depend on the complexity of the proposed programme, back-up support for the legislature from the bureaucracy, and the degree of compromise implicit in a legislative measure from interest group pressure. One prominent Australian economist believes that the effects on social welfare (including other sectors than agriculture) of the policy of protecting Australian manufacturing industry were so complex that the huge economic losses generated by these policies could scarcely have been planned (Martin 1989, p.3). This reasoning also casts doubt on Horn's hypothesis that the long term implications of legislation are fully appreciated by the interest groups when they seek modifications in the enactment phase.
Political scientists see economic decision making in Government as an incremental process where legislators and bureaucrats learn by experience and re-jig previous legislation or introduce fresh legislation which encompasses several previous enactments ( Braybrooke and Lindblom 1963, Blaug 1992). Newly-elected politicians start with on-going activities and gradually begin to define objectives in the light of experience with policies. They do not have a well-defined political preference function that economic observers can identify and specify, but move from crisis to crisis defining their objectives as they proceed. These reasons make it difficult to specify the ex ante distribution implications of a given measure, though after a period of time the ex post implications can and have been studied in the literature (Swinnen and van der Zee op cit) if only at a very aggregate level.
The above review therefore suggests that better policy could result from greater public study of policy programmes in an ex post framework. The question of ex ante analytical constructs is still a requirement for policy advisors within departments, but if lessons are to be learned from previous experience, then an ex post framework is required that is reasonably universal and which can be adapted to the job in hand by international advisors and by in-house advisors in the various economic ministries around the world. Where Governments already have procedures in place, it is important to ask the right questions in such evaluations.
This paper concentrates on the institutional aspects of public policy. By institutional arrangements is meant the political institutions that operate in a country, including the structure of the parliamentary system, the role of the bureaucracy, and any conventions regarding operational rules within the government system and commerce. The paper employs the transaction cost model of public administration to specify the issues likely to be encountered. It asks how do specific policy proposals come into being, and what forces shape them? What continuity can be expected from the proposals and what built-in provisions are available to carry this out. What are the appropriate instruments for executing a given policy, and what are the appropriate bodies for administering them? The paper recognises that governmental institutions vary from country to country depending on the origins of their constitutional and legal frameworks. It finds that there is considerable universality across countries in the formation and administration of economic policy. Two case studies of policy evaluation are discussed.
These models focus on how governments are and should be organised. They deploy the rationality hypothesis and a theory of transaction costs to explain how government organisations work. They posit that effective public administration requires that transaction costs be minimised in determining and pursuing society's goals (Zeckhauser 1995). Legislators are regarded as self-seeking in their use of legislation to increase their net political support (Horn 1995, p.13). Their opportunities are limited by a number of ‘transaction costs’. These are the time and effort it takes to reach agreement on legislative refinements and any time and effort that affected private interests have to subsequently devote to participating in implementation and administration; political uncertainty that the legislation will last; uncertainty that the legislation will be administered as intended; and, uncertainty about the distribution of private benefits and costs.
The legislators who are most likely to remain in power are those who are most successful in overcoming these transaction problems, such as those who are best able to reassure their supporters that the benefits of legislation will not be lost to administrators in the implementation, or undone by subsequent legislatures (Horn 1995, p.14). In this context, Horn draws on agency theory in his discussion of implementation of legislation. As he sees it:
i. the enacting coalition and its constituents must rely on administrative agents to implement their arrangements - it must delegate to get things done;
ii. these agents do not necessarily share the objectives of the enacting coalition and its constituents; and
iii. it is very difficult to monitor these agents and create a system of ex post rewards and sanctions that will ensure that they act to protect the interests represented at enactment.
These problems create agency costs - that is the costs incurred to induce administrators to implement faithfully what was intended in the legislature, and the losses legislators and constituents sustain by being unable to do so perfectly. They include the costs associated with selecting administrators and monitoring their compliance, the costs of using ex post corrective devices [rewards, sanctions, and legislative direction], and the cost of any residual non-compliance that produces a difference between the policyenacted and what is implemented (ibid, p.19). There are a number of administrative mechanisms that legislators can draw on that minimise these costs: contracting out versus in-house delivery, tax-funded bureaux [departments], non-profit tax-financed regulatory agencies [as in the US], and revenue-earning state-owned enterprises [as in the British system]. Each has its advantages and disadvantages (ibid, pp.9, 40, 170).
Private interests have a definite interest in implementation (ibid, p.13).
Legislators and their constituencies [Horn's term for private interests] are seen as engaged in a form of exchange. Legislators want electoral support and constituents want private benefits - or reduced private costs - of legislation. The amount of net electoral support legislators receive from promoting a piece of legislation depends on the flow of benefits and costs that private interests expect it to generate over time. The implementation features of the legislation bear on this calculus because private interests are sufficiently forward looking to anticipate how decisions on implementation will affect the flow of benefits and costs. That is why there are often heated disputes over decisions on matters like the scope of delegated authority, the form of organisation charged with implementation, and the procedures administrative agents must adopt. These factors affect “who” ultimately “gets what” out of the legislation.
Thus the design of legislation reflects the interests of the different groups taking part in the political process and this may well have little regard for equity and efficiency considerations. Most important is what Horn calls the ‘commitment’ problem. The flow of benefits to legislators is often much more immediate than the flow of benefits to constituents (ibid, p.16). Constituents run the risk that the present or subsequent legislative coalitions might undermine the benefits of given legislation. This is a problem for legislators because forward-looking constituents will assess the durability of future legislative benefits and costs and reflect that assessment in the degree of electoral support they are willing to offer. Thus legislators cannot guarantee constituents durable benefits but they can make binding arrangements that might tie down future legislators5. Constituents respond by seeking guarantees that these bindings will be entered into at the design stage, if, and when, they are consulted.
The transaction cost model suggests, other things being equal, that the national interest would be best served by governments choosing the most efficient instruments available to accomplish any given policy objective (Trebilcock 1995, p.25). The argument is that, whatever the policy objective, it ought to be achieved at the lowest social cost: nobody gains by needlessly dissipating resources. A set of political axioms governing policy and instrument choice behaviour includes:
i. choosing policies that confine the benefits to marginal voters [those whose votes count] and confining the costs to infra-marginal voters [those who are strongly committed to the governing party];
ii. choosing policies that provide benefits in concentrated form and impose costs in dispersed forms;
iii. choosing policies that will secure the co-operation of the bureaucracy;
iv. choosing policy instruments that minimise real costs over time when they fall on a small group; and
v. choosing policy instruments that bring benefits within the current electoral cycle.
It is said that these axioms ‘explain’ the widely expressed perception of a mis-match between policy instruments and ideal policy objectives (Trebilcock, op cit). Such mis-matching is unlikely to be the random product of mistakes, ignorance or stupidity on the part of collective decision makers, but in many cases is likely to reflect systematic incentive structures that the community has built into political institutions such as one man-one vote and regular cycles of elections!(ibid, p.27).
Evaluation needs to focus on the transaction cost implementation model with respect to:
a. aims of the enacting legislation (structure),
b. consultation at the enactment phase of the legislation (design),
c. choice of instruments (efficiency),
d. behaviour of the delivery agents (conduct), and
e. performance in terms of the original aims.
Two case studies in the recent literature demonstrate fairly close application of the principles discussed so far. They are a study of the EU milk support policy (Williams 1997), and a study of the deregulation of the New Zealand wheat industry (Nixon 1993).
With regard to the aims of EU milk policy, Williams (1997, p.107) states :
The performance criteria are here being used endogenously: the focus of attention is a judgement of how effective and efficient the policy and its delivery system is in fulfilling its stated aims. Many discussions of the CAP [especially those emanating from the UK] usually implicitly adopt a marginalist approach in which judgement is passed on the system in relation to what the writer believes would be the outcome of a free-market situation. Such discussions frequently dismiss the aims of the policy without discussion and never consider the policy delivery system. Nethertheless, the policy exists to fulfil the requirements of Article 39 of the Treaty, which remains in the original form and as such is part of “the economic constitution” of the 15 member states. Moreover, the narrower aims of the policy legislation, particularly as stated in the articles of 804/68, remain the law of the EU. The EU has an agreement with the contracting parties of the GATT: this may require fundamental modifications to the milk policy but not to the Treaty, as Article 39 is not currently on the agenda of the Inter-Governmental Conference for the revision of the Maastricht Treaty. Therefore the analysis of milk policy... considers the policy in relation to its aims and does not question the aims themselves. (italics in original)
Consultation at enactment stage : The milk policy is determined by the European Commission in Brussels; the interests of the different original members of the Union had to be taken into account in drafting Article 39. The producer interests are very powerful in France and Germany in particular, and the enactment owes a lot to them though Williams does not specifically say so in his study, but states (ibid p.20 ):
Around the central process of Community decision making through its principal constitutions there is considerable opportunity, particularly in agriculture and the dairy sector, for the activities of pressure groups and "industry experts" [usually the representatives and employees of powerful organisations in the industry]. Farmers' unions are represented in Brussels through the activities of COPA [Committee of Agricultural Producer's organisations in the EC] and co-operative marketing organisations are represented through COGECA [the general Committee for Agricultural Co-operatives in the EC]. The dairy trade also has a European organisation, [EDA - formerly ASSILEC] the European Dairy Association, with representatives in Brussels. Each of these bodies is able to obtain representation on the Commission's Milk Advisory Committee, and through this channel farmers and industry marketing organisations can exercise influence on proposals to be made to the Council as well as on the implementation of policy by the Commission.
Choice of instruments : The author does not discuss alternative instruments that might have achieved the CAP's' aims. The problems met in formulating the common policy for milk are referred to as follows (ibid, p.31):It took the original Six members of the Community eleven years to achieve a common policy for milk and the other major commodities of cereals and beef. In the milk sector each member state had differing levels of protection for milk producers and different methods of achieving it. In Germany and the Netherlands the liquid milk market and the manufacturing or industrial milk market were separated with elaborate methods of pooling prices between the two to obtain the producer price. In order to establish free trade within their borders the Six had to harmonise support prices and intervention measures, eliminating border taxes and controls between themselves in transitional steps, and establish a common level of tariffs on imports of dairy products from third countries in matching steps. Export refunds had to be established and harmonised pari passu. The transitional system introduced a mechanism with a set of intra-Community levies on trade to be gradually eliminated in a series of steps as external tariffs and internal intervention measures were harmonised. Agreement in this process was achieved by the gradual alignment of the level of protection afforded by measures in the highest-price country.
Conduct of delivery agents : The Williams paper is a tour de force in its discussion of the implementation of the milk policy in the different member countries of the EU. There is a three tier system of implementation:
...at the first level are the Community institutions that are involved in policy making and objective setting, as well as in the implementation process. At the second level are the institutions of national governments [15 of them] each having some flexibility, albeit limited, in operating the system. At the third level are the marketing agencies who are responsible for their own strategies in a competitive market, and are affected by the normal factors in a market Structure-Conduct-Performance relation of investment, economies of scale, product differentiation, advertising and brand loyalty, research and development, and consumer demand for dairy products.
The different attitudes of the bureaucracies in member states to quotas have given rise to much variation in milk prices (pp.77, 109):
...the amount of variation in the system throughout the Community is very considerable. ....At one extreme, the Republic of Ireland has generally had the lowest price with prices sometimes below 90 per cent of the Target Price i.e. below the intervention milk equivalent price. At the other, Italian producers have had prices estimated to be as high as 130 per cent of the Target Price...Ranges of this magnitude and variability could not reasonably have been said to have been the intention of the original designers of the policy who sought to eliminate variations that might occur through any arrangements that would protect local liquid milk prices. Explanations of price differences are complex and may relate to many structural differences between countries, the size of the processing/marketing organisations and economies of size, product differentiation, brand loyalty, and the management and ownership of marketing organisations.
Performance in terms of original aims : Williams finds that the average target prices achieved from 1989 to 1995 over the 8 member countries were very near to that aimed for but that there was marked variation between countries [as discussed above]. He notes average farm incomes have risen from 1978/79 to 1990/91 while the target price measured in ECUs moved very little. He attributes the positive structural changes which have taken place to the quota system and assistance for ‘outgoers&squo;. Most member states have succeeded in keeping to within one per cent of their national reference quantities in most years. There are also other comments on efficiency, enforceability and equity, which generally suggest that the original aims of the policy are being met.
This study presents a sympathetic and positive view of the EU milk policy which is broadly seen to be carrying out the aims originally enacted. By separating the delivery of the policy aims from the aims themselves, the author brings a new focus to the conduct and performance of a given policy initiative. He concludes that to be effective, analysts should always start with the aims and objectives of given policies and recognise that when they have been absorbed into a hard-fought-for constitutional agreement [the Treaty] they will be very hard to change indeed.
Marketing boards are legislative instruments set up to control fluctuations in prices and production ostensibly in the interests of producers. The NZ Wheat Board was established in 1965, in a process of consolidation of previous market interventions with powers, not unlike those of EU milk policy, to balance production and imports of wheat, determine farmers' prices, determine milling and manufacturing margins, and to recommend the price of bread to Government. In the discussion that follows, the Government of NZ is taken as the principal, the Wheat Board is the agent responsible for administering the policy, and the constituents are the wheat producers, the private millers, the private manufacturers using flour, wholesalers and retailers selling products with flour ingredients, and consumers. The same questions are asked of the original sources.
Aims of the enacting legislation: The NZ Wheat Board was set up by Act of Parliament in 1965 to rationalise and co-ordinate wheat production and imports and regulate the prices and quantity of flour. The Board was required:
Consultation at the enactment phase of the legislation: There was a considerable history of intervention before 1965. A wheat purchase board had been created in 1933 with power to purchase all wheat and fix prices to the growers and millers, but not on imports. In 1936, a Wheat Committee was formed to take over sole responsibility for the buying and selling of all wheat, including imports. Price controls were introduced in 1939 for the wheat, flour and bread sectors. In 1962, a Commission of Enquiry was instituted and it recommended the consolidation of the existing arrangements, including price control, in a new enabling Act. A commission of enquiry approach suggests that interested pressure groups were fully consulted in the public process of consultation, though the sources are silent on the design aspects of the legislation itself [In practice, in the NZ parliamentary system, legislation is framed by the bureaucrats and interested parties have only limited access, but access nethertheless, at the Select Committee stage of a Bill.]
Choice of instruments: Two literature sources do not discuss alternative instruments that might have been available at the design stage (Sandrey and Reynolds 1990, Nixon 1993). Documentation of alternative instruments discussed at the time would be hidden in departmental archives. It is significant that both sources mostly document needed changes to the legislation after the legislation was no longer fulfilling its aims. They do not analyse whether the original aims of the legislation were met in the intervening period.
Conduct of the delivery agents: The NZ Wheat Board administered the legislation from 1965 to 1987 and from 1980 had to meet an increasing number of regulatory changes introduced by the Government. The documents consulted rather indicate that the Board as the Government's agent was faithful to the objectives laid down for them but that external events overtook them (Sandrey and Reynolds 1991, p.127):
The key decision concerned the purchase price of wheat from farmers, a price set to recoup all Wheat Board costs, as this subsequently triggered other decisions such as the consumer price of flour. Each flour miller was paid the calculated cost of processing wheat into flour. These costs were independently calculated for each mill, leaving millers with limited commercial interest in the price of wheat. Indeed the only Board members who had a strong commercial interest in the price paid for wheat were the farmers. The Board maintained a pricing policy designed to encourage domestic production of wheat and, therefore, self-sufficiency.
Prices: The sources are not precise on the course of producer prices, import replacement prices and prices of alternative enterprise products during the Board's administration. It appears that Australian wheat could be landed in NZ more cheaply than equivalent NZ grown wheat in most years and that pastoral products [especially lamb production] were competing for the same land6 . The Board was thus forced into large imports of Australian wheat [up to 100,000 tonnes in some years] to meet its adequacy commitments.
In the event, the Government removed price control on bread in 1980, introduced a producer price based on a three year average of landed Australian prices in 1981, abolished flour, bran and pollard price control in 1984, and eventually required that the Board cease trading in 1987.
Performance in terms of the original aims: The original aims were focused on producer welfare with the market system being driven by producer price negotiations with Government. One commentator stated (Ali 1993):
It was very much a supply driven system, emanating from the growers, whereas consumers were largely tamed by regulations.
The legislation was enacted in a period when intervention in markets was highly fashionable among politicians and bureaucrats. The interesting feature of the legislation is that a once-removed marketing agency was chosen to administer the policy, which, in other areas, was carried out in administrative departments. The Board consisted of representatives from Government [including the chairman], and industry representatives from producers, millers and bakers. The Board was handicapped by its charter with its emphasis on encouraging domestic wheat growing which the Board interpreted as promoting self-sufficiency (Nixon, p.23). Finally the Board had to negotiate a producer price with the farmers' interests that still required approval by Ministers. The conclusion must therefore be reached that it was the structure that was at fault and not the agency administering the policy. This is, of course, contrary to the views given in the documents and the popular view of events in the period concerned. But it does confirm the Williams view that policy delivery must be examined in its context, and not judged out of context!
Without regulation of prices and margins, there has been a reduction in the farmers' interest and an increase in the power of the millers and bakers. The position of the millers and bakers has been enhanced by amalgamation and take-overs and increased market power. The system is now driven by quality considerations in both grain and flour and by baking techniques. The price system is driven by international prices and competitive forces within the industry. The quality and diversity of products has increased considerably (Nixon 1993).
The major problem with an analysis of this sort is to encompass a wide enough set of institutional experience to make generalisation possible. This analysis is more of a framework for further work than a full testing of such a hypothesis.
While the viewpoint of agricultural policy implementation has been adopted, the analysis should be robust enough to cover a wide range of economic policy experience. The test is whether transaction cost theory `explains' what happens in different countries and parliamentary systems? The evidence reviewed and other literature suggests that policy making and implementation is a political process where information and expected effects on constituents are important considerations, and that these characteristics are fairly universal across countries and parliamentary systems.
The lesson to be learned is to evaluate past policies in their own context and ask the right questions. The institutional/structural design of a policy is therefore important. The relationship between the legislators and the constituents [to use Horn's terminology] has an effect on design and implementation. Bindings made on successors and on implementers may be introduced to improve the acceptance of the policy. Consultation will affect the choice of alternative policy instruments. It is in this sense that ‘institutions’ or ‘structure’ are most important in the evaluation of policy initiatives and programmes.
The main theoretical support for evaluation comes from transaction cost economics as applied to public administration. An effective evaluation should ask what are the policy attributes that bring the different actors together? What impediments have to be overcome? How do the actors work together to find solutions? How lasting is the legislative design? What public agency implications are there? Are monitoring processes set up and so on?
From the author's experience, the task of ex post policy evaluation is a job most civil service organisations should be engaged in but very often are not! Analysts would be considerably aided if they were provided with a set of key questions to ask. Civil service managers have their attention directed elsewhere. Judgements on the need for change in a policy programme may come from both the political clientele and/or the bureaucrats who manage it. The information balance is heavily weighted in favour of the bureaucrats, especially where they have monitoring systems in place. In forming policy proposals, the economist's contribution is diluted by other generalists and legal people who actually write the parliamentary bills. The bills themselves are then subject to political compromises which further confuse the original economic aims. The choice of instruments is extensively debated by bureaucrats but may be changed in the final decision making process after further political consultation. A pure economic approach is not possible, hence the the political preference function is not clearly expressed in economic terms.
In recent years, formal proposals for evaluation and review for policy programmes have been systematically introduced in New Zealand 8 . While introduced in the name of increased accountability, there is also increased concern for [private] compliance costs and distributive effects of policy change. There has also been a political interest in the permanency of policy change with the introduction of the Fiscal Responsibility Act and other longer term policy issues such as the funding of old age pensions 9.
New Zealand developments might be compared with Australia in this respect. In 1973, the Industries Assistance Commission was established, on the recommendation of Sir John Crawford, to advise the Federal Government on assistance which should be given to, or withdrawn from, industries in Australia. Crawford identified the following reasons for establishing the Commission (Uhrig 1983, p.4):
The Commission was to report back on matters referred to it but could also initiate enquiries under certain circumstances. The Commission later became the Industries Commission and then the Productivity Commission. While the focus was on the need for industry assistance, there is an implication in the aims of the legislation that the implementation of the policy and the suitability of the instruments should be assessed 10.
Australia introduced Regulatory Impact Statements (RIS) earlier than in New Zealand. A RIS must be prepared for all new or amended regulations that directly or indirectly affect business, or restrict competition. A RIS should be prepared early in the policy development process, and should set out (among other things), the options (regulatory and/or non-regulatory) that may constitute viable means of achieving the desired objective[s], an assessment of the impacts (cost and benefits) on consumers, business, government and the community of each option, and a consultation statement (Productivity Commission 1998). According to the Productivity Commission report, compliance with RIS requirements for Bills introduced into Parliament in 1997-98 was mixed. An Impact Statement was tabled in most cases where required, and generally the level of analysis was adequate. However, the requirement to provide a RIS to the decision maker was complied with in only about a third of cases (ibid, p.33).
Ali, I. (1993), The Deregulation of the Wheat and Flour Milling Industry, MS, Ministry of Commerce, Wellington.
Auditor-General (1998), Annual Report 1997-98, The Audit Office, House of Representatives, B28.
Blaug, M. (1992), The Methodology of Economics: how Economists Explain, second edition, Cambridge University Press.
Braybrooke, D., and Lindblom, C.E. (1963), A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process, New York, Free Press.
Considine, M. (1996), Public Policy: A Critical Approach, Melbourne, Macmillan.
Crown Company Monitoring Advisory Unit (CCMAU)(1998), Optimising performance through accurate, expert and timely reporting and advice, Wellington.
Haebig, M., Johnson, R., Rossmiller, E., Sandiford-Rossmiller, F., Urban, K., and Williams, R. (1998), The Changing Environment for Agricultural Policy Implementation, paper presented to Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society, University of Reading.
Horn, M. (1995), The Political Economy of Public Administration, New York, Cambridge University Press.
Industry Commission (1991), Australian Dairy Industry, Report No 14, AGPS, Canberra.
Johnson, D.B. (1991), Public Choice: An Introduction to the New Political Economy, California, Bristlecone Books.
Johnson, R.W.M. (1996), Welfare Implications of US Agricultural Price Support, Internal Paper, Comparative Agricultural Development Service (CADS), FAO, Rome.
Martin, W. (1989), Australian Agricultural Policy: 1983-88, paper presented to 33rd Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural Economics Society, Christchurch.
Ministry of Commerce (1998), A guide to preparing Regulatory Impact Statements, Wellington, October 1998.
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP)(1994), A Decade of Service, Washington.
Nixon, C. (1993), The Impact of Wheat Deregulation on the Arable Industry, MAF Policy Technical Paper 93/22, Wellington, New Zealand.
Prime Minister (1997), More Time for Business, Statement by the Prime Minister, the Hon. John Howard MP, 24 March, AGPS, Canberra.
Productivity Commission (1998), Regulation and its Review 1997-98, Annual report series, AusInfo, Canberra.
Sandiford, F. and Rossmiller, G. (1996), Many a Slip: Studying Policy Delivery Systems, Paper presented to the Agricultural Economics Society Conference, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 27-30 March 1996.
Sandrey, R. and Reynolds, R. (1990), Farming Without Subsidies, Wellington, Government Print.
Swinnen, J. and van der Zee F. (1993), The Political Economy of Agricultural Policies: A Survey, European Review of Agricultural Economics 20, 261-290.
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Williams, R. (1997), The Political Economy of the Common Market in Milk and Dairy Products in the European Union, FAO Economic and Social Development Paper 142, FAO, Rome.
Wilson, J.Q. (1980), The Politics of Regulation, New York, Basic Books.
Wilson, J.Q. (1989), Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It, New York, Basic Books.
Zeckhauser, R. (1995), Dust Jacket: Horn, M. (1995) The Political Economy of Public Administration, Cambridge University Press.
1. Departmental: Until recently there were no formal requirements. Cabinet papers making new proposals or proposed adjustments to previous legislation required a background statement of previous enactments and cross-references. The reasons for change were expected to emerge from such a statement. Design of instruments should be addressed if relevant. Consultation was not mandatory [but see 2 below]. Background papers based on a form of structure/conduct/performance were optional but were not a requirement. Background papers could be contracted out. Ministers seldom involved in formal consultation, but Select Committees of the House of Representatives may call for submissions on legislative enactments.
2. Regulatory Impact Statements 11 : As of July 1 1998, all policy proposals submitted to Cabinet which result in government bills or statutory regulations must be accompanied by a Regulatory Impact Statement, unless an exemption applies. The Statement should consistently examine potential impacts arising from government action and communicate the information to decision-makers. Completion will provide an assurance that new or amended regulatory proposals are subject to proper analysis and scrutiny as to their necessity, efficiency, and net impact on community welfare. The Statement should contain the following information:
a. a statement of the nature and magnitude of the problem and the need for government action;
b. a statement of the public policy objective;
c. a statement of feasible options [regulatory and/or non regulatory] that may constitute viable means for achieving the desired objective(s);
d. a statement of the net benefit of the proposal, including the total regulatory costs [administrative, compliance, and economic costs] and benefits [including non-quantifiable benefits] of the proposal, and other feasible options ; and
e. a statement of the consultative programme undertaken.
[presumably the statement of net benefits could be followed up in an ex post sense at a later date and comparisons made].
3. The Audit Office 12 : The Audit Office exists as a constitutional safeguard to maintain the financial integrity of New Zealand's parliamentary system of government. The Audit Office, as an Office of Parliament, is independent of the executive branch of government. The Office's role is to assist Parliament to strengthen the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of the instruments of government. This role is discharged by providing reports on whether public sector organisations operate, and account for their performance, in a manner consistent with Parliament's intentions . The outcomes sought are that Parliament and the public will be confident that public sector organisations are: delivering what they have been asked to ; have operated lawfully and honestly, and have not been wasteful; and have fairly reported their performance in their statements of account (italics added).
4. The Crown Company Monitoring and Advisory Unit: Crown companies are fully owned registered companies subject to the Companies Act 1993 but where the shareholding is still held by two Ministers of the Crown. The Crown Company Monitoring and Advisory Unit (CCMAU) was established in 1993 to ensure that the investment is performing to the best of its ability, to collect information on performance of the companies, and to provide advice to Ministers. CCMAU is an independent unit attached to the Treasury department. CCMAU's approach is to maximise the performance of the individual companies in which the Crown has an ownership interest.. To meet this objective from a company-level perspective, CCMAU (1998) focuses on:
a. the formation, structure, investment and continued ownership of individual companies,
b. business strategy and the associated risks and opportunities,
c. ensuring the most qualified directors are recommended for appointments,
d. performance, in absolute terms, against benchmarked companies,
e. the impact of government policy and regulation on individual companies or groups of companies, and
f. innovation, best practice and continuity of essential services (italics added).
(1) Paper contributed to Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, 1999, Christchurch, New Zealand.
(2) Private consultant, 59 Allington Road, Wellington<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(3) The Industry Commission in Australia (Industry Commission 1991) and the National Centre for Food and Agricultural Policy in Washington, USA (NCFAP 1994), are organisations which conduct public reviews of policy issues. The work of James Q. Wilson in the United States follows a similar course but focuses more on regulatory activity and organizational culture than the delivery of policy outcomes (Wilson 1980, 1989). The work of Horn (1995) belongs to the Wilson school.
(4) There is nothing new in this. Tinbergen (1956) prescribes the following procedures for an ideal analytical process: (1) the policy maker should pursue an agreed-upon set of values; (2) the aims of the policy should be clearly formulated in advance of choosing among alternative policies; (3) the policy maker should attempt a comprehensive overview of policy problems and of alternative policies; (4) coordination of policy should be made an explicit function of the policy maker; and (5) economists as policy analysts should be comprehensive in considering economic variables and values. For a critique of this approach see Braybrooke and Lindblom (1963, pp.38-39).
(5) Peter Bushnell (New Zealand Treasury) has pointed out to me that bureaucrats have a vested interest too in the commitment problem. Policy advice is often larded with little reminders that certain steps taken will change the direction of future fiscal commitments [like tying NZ old age pensions to the cost of living rather than the standard of living!].
(6) Sandrey and Reynolds (1990, p.132) state that in 1974 and 1975, and in 1981, 1982 and 1984, NZ producers were receiving less than the equivalent Australian price though not in other years.
(7) It should be made clear that this discussion is principally about government economic programmes as applied to agriculture. It needs to be tested whether the framework would be applicable across most government economic programmes.
(8) Formal review of policy is provided for by the Audit Office, Regulatory Impact Statements to Cabinet, and the Crown Company Monitoring and Advisory Unit. The Audit Office has a statutory requirement to provide reports on whether public sector organisations operate, and account for their performance, in a manner consistent with Parliament's intentions. See Annex 1 for details of these arrangements.
(9) The Secretary of the Treasury was Dr M. Horn at the time.
(10) Similar processes are carried out by the Australian National Audit Office. These are strong on administrative detail about implementation and alignment with professed objectives, but are not critical of policy per se. Since 1997, Regulation Impact Statements have been mandatory for all Commonwealth legislation that has the potential to affect business. “The costs and benefits of regulation are to be weighed up carefully to ensure that the putative [supposed] benefits are not outweighed by excessive economic and financial costs, including the compliance burden on business” (Prime Minister Howard 1997).
(11) From A guide to preparing Regulatory Impact Statements, Ministry of Commerce, Wellington, October 1998.
(12) From Annual Report 1997-98, The Audit Office, House of Representatives, B28.


Set up an overhead camera rig last week, now the recording process is much more standardized and smoother than before. The action camera was mounted by just hanging the Joby tripod from the PVC which act as the biggest pain now. The grip is not fixed and always needed to be adjusted for each setup.
To solve this problem, something more stable has to replace the flexible tripod for this setup. Bought a rotatable action camera mount for bicycle and a connector using 1/4 adapter.
The best thing is this bicycle mounter rotating in fixed angle so I can certainly be surethat the camera angle is always directly proportional to the rig and the artwork underneath. Money well spent!
把之前的设置升级，把原本的八爪鱼三角架换成了更稳定的固定式支架，主要是因为之前使用三脚架挂在 PVC 上虽然可行，但总不稳定的左右摇摆，每次设定还需要折腾一遍重新挂上去。
这种固定支架适用于单车上的运动相机安装，但是用在这里很明显的也是非常合适。以后就不用头痛的老是要设定千变万化的三角架啦。
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘Overhead camera rig for art recording, improved!’


Dear Brigitte (1965)
Grade: 40
"Dear Brigitte" is a harmless family movie and comedy that passes time agreeable enough, but is rarely funny and has a storyline that lacks credibility.
James Stewart plays an irascible college professor, a poet who mocks science while promoting liberal arts. His dutiful wife is Glynis Johns.  Also about is eccentric "captain" Ed Wynn. Stewart has a pre-teen son Erasmus, who proves to be a math prodigy and the world's greatest racetrack handicapper.
The film centers around Stewart and his son. Stewart wants to make an artist of him, but instead the kid, who is tone deaf and color blind, suddenly develops math abilities far beyond anyone who has ever lived (but is otherwise completely normal). He can also pick the winner of any horse race. Stewart at first wants to protect the child, but later sacrifices his values and gambles large amounts of money recklessly.
Brigitte Bardot, the title subject and apparent mother substitute for young Erasmus, has a cameo near the end of the movie.
 Glynis Johns isn't, so the writer apparently believes women gain thirty I.Q. points as they age. Speaking of age, Stewart would be better cast as the prodigy's grandfather.
"Dear Brigitte" is watchable despite its flaws. Still, it too often surrenders plot and character development in an attempt for a laugh that doesn't arrive.
http://members.tripod.com/~Brian_Koller/movies.html
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rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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|
LibDriver MAX30205
2.0.0
MAX30205 full function driver
|
max30205 interrupt driver modules More...
Enumerations | |
| enum | max30205_interrupt_mode_t { MAX30205_INTERRUPT_MODE_COMPARATOR = 0x00 , MAX30205_INTERRUPT_MODE_INTERRUPT = 0x01 } |
| max30205 interrupt mode enumeration definition More... | |
| enum | max30205_fault_queue_t { MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_1 = 0x00 , MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_2 = 0x01 , MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_4 = 0x02 , MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_6 = 0x03 } |
| max30205 fault queue enumeration definition More... | |
| enum | max30205_pin_polarity_t { MAX30205_PIN_POLARITY_LOW = 0x00 , MAX30205_PIN_POLARITY_HIGH = 0x01 } |
| max30205 pin enumeration definition More... | |
Functions | |
| uint8_t | max30205_set_interrupt_mode (max30205_handle_t *handle, max30205_interrupt_mode_t mode) |
| set the chip interrupt mode More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_get_interrupt_mode (max30205_handle_t *handle, max30205_interrupt_mode_t *mode) |
| get the chip interrupt mode More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_set_fault_queue (max30205_handle_t *handle, max30205_fault_queue_t fault_queue) |
| set the chip fault queue More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_get_fault_queue (max30205_handle_t *handle, max30205_fault_queue_t *fault_queue) |
| get the chip fault queue More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_set_pin_polarity (max30205_handle_t *handle, max30205_pin_polarity_t polarity) |
| set the interrupt pin polarity More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_get_pin_polarity (max30205_handle_t *handle, max30205_pin_polarity_t *polarity) |
| get the interrupt pin polarity More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_set_interrupt_low_threshold (max30205_handle_t *handle, int16_t threshold) |
| set the chip interrupt low threshold More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_get_interrupt_low_threshold (max30205_handle_t *handle, int16_t *threshold) |
| get the chip interrupt low threshold More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_set_interrupt_high_threshold (max30205_handle_t *handle, int16_t threshold) |
| set the chip interrupt high threshold More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_get_interrupt_high_threshold (max30205_handle_t *handle, int16_t *threshold) |
| get the chip interrupt high threshold More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_convert_to_register (max30205_handle_t *handle, float s, int16_t *reg) |
| convert a temperature value to a register raw data More... | |
| uint8_t | max30205_convert_to_data (max30205_handle_t *handle, int16_t reg, float *s) |
| convert a register raw data to a converted temperature data More... | |
max30205 interrupt driver modules
max30205 fault queue enumeration definition
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_1 | fault queue 1 |
| MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_2 | fault queue 2 |
| MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_4 | fault queue 4 |
| MAX30205_FAULT_QUEUE_6 | fault queue 6 |
Definition at line 138 of file driver_max30205.h.
max30205 interrupt mode enumeration definition
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| MAX30205_INTERRUPT_MODE_COMPARATOR | comparator mode |
| MAX30205_INTERRUPT_MODE_INTERRUPT | interrupt mode |
Definition at line 129 of file driver_max30205.h.
max30205 pin enumeration definition
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| MAX30205_PIN_POLARITY_LOW | polarity low |
| MAX30205_PIN_POLARITY_HIGH | polarity high |
Definition at line 149 of file driver_max30205.h.
| uint8_t max30205_convert_to_data | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| int16_t | reg, | ||
| float * | s | ||
| ) |
convert a register raw data to a converted temperature data
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | reg | is the register raw data |
| [out] | *s | points to a converted temperature value buffer |
Definition at line 858 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_convert_to_register | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| float | s, | ||
| int16_t * | reg | ||
| ) |
convert a temperature value to a register raw data
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | s | is a converted temperature value |
| [out] | *reg | points to a register raw buffer |
Definition at line 823 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_get_fault_queue | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| max30205_fault_queue_t * | fault_queue | ||
| ) |
get the chip fault queue
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [out] | *fault_queue | points to a fault queue buffer |
Definition at line 375 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_get_interrupt_high_threshold | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| int16_t * | threshold | ||
| ) |
get the chip interrupt high threshold
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [out] | *threshold | points to a interrupt high threshold buffer |
Definition at line 788 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_get_interrupt_low_threshold | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| int16_t * | threshold | ||
| ) |
get the chip interrupt low threshold
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [out] | *threshold | points to a interrupt low threshold buffer |
Definition at line 723 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_get_interrupt_mode | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| max30205_interrupt_mode_t * | mode | ||
| ) |
get the chip interrupt mode
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [out] | *mode | points to a interrupt mode buffer |
Definition at line 315 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_get_pin_polarity | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| max30205_pin_polarity_t * | polarity | ||
| ) |
get the interrupt pin polarity
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [out] | *polarity | points to a interrupt pin polarity buffer |
Definition at line 434 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_set_fault_queue | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| max30205_fault_queue_t | fault_queue | ||
| ) |
set the chip fault queue
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | fault_queue | is the fault queue |
Definition at line 348 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_set_interrupt_high_threshold | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| int16_t | threshold | ||
| ) |
set the chip interrupt high threshold
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | threshold | is the interrupt high threshold |
Definition at line 758 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_set_interrupt_low_threshold | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| int16_t | threshold | ||
| ) |
set the chip interrupt low threshold
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | threshold | is the interrupt low threshold |
Definition at line 693 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_set_interrupt_mode | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| max30205_interrupt_mode_t | mode | ||
| ) |
set the chip interrupt mode
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | mode | is the interrupt mode |
Definition at line 282 of file driver_max30205.c.
| uint8_t max30205_set_pin_polarity | ( | max30205_handle_t * | handle, |
| max30205_pin_polarity_t | polarity | ||
| ) |
set the interrupt pin polarity
| [in] | *handle | points to a max30205 handle structure |
| [in] | polarity | is the interrupt pin polarity |
Definition at line 401 of file driver_max30205.c.


Creeper’s Will Gould: The 10 Songs That Changed My Life
Creeper frontman Will Gould cracks open his casket full of records
by David McLaughlinA nostalgia-filled trip down the musical memory lane of Creeper vocalist Will Gould. Warning: contains bangers…
The first song I remember hearing…
Elvis Presley – Suspicious Minds (1968)
“My mum is a big Elvis fan and we used to do a lot of car trips with his music as the soundtrack. This one stands out for that epic midsection and it’s had a lasting effect on me. I had a strong connection with it, even though as a child I had no idea what it was about.”
The song that reminds me of my childhood…
David Bowie – Changes (1971)
“My parents’ music tastes really rubbed off on me and I inherited a lot of my dad’s records when he left, so this is really apt. I used to listen to it all the time, even if I didn’t fully appreciate it until much later. It’s alarming how that song from the ‘70s can still reach a kid all those years later. That’s the magic and timelessness of the music.”
The song that soundtracked my first love…
The Distillers – Drain The Blood (2003)
“When I was with my first girlfriend we listened to [the album] Coral Fang a lot. Any time I hear those songs now it brings me right back and I think of that person instantly. I look back on it all very fondly, because I’m still friendly with her. So when this comes on, I remember being in her parents’ house or queuing up for a gig in Portsmouth drinking cider.”
The first song I learned to play…
Richard O'Brien – I'm Going Home (1975)
“I can’t really play properly, but I write a lot of Creeper songs on piano. Well, actually it’s an old keyboard I bought in Argos years ago. The guys in the band and I laugh about how bad I am, but I’m getting better. One of my biggest regrets in life is not doing music in school. I was too shy and insecure, but I loved musical theatre. So, when I was in my teens, I learned how to play this from The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Not very well, I might add.”
The song that’s (almost) gotten me into trouble…
Creeper – Suzanne (2017)
“I lifted some lyrics – very much on purpose – for the second half from American Pie by Don McLean. I was on holiday and when I was away, no-one wanted to tell me that we didn’t get clearance on the lines. Apparently Don McLean himself said it was fine, but the paperwork didn’t go through in time. He was like, ‘I don’t even know who this band is, but just send me the money.’ So I had to go into the studio to re-record one line on Boxing Day. The label couldn’t risk not having it signed off.”
The song that inspired me to be in a band…
AFI – Totalimmortal (1999)
“My first musical love was glam rock and bands like Roxy Music and T. Rex, but as I got older I discovered punk rock and when I heard AFI I was blown away. It was the perfect combination of stuff I loved. I was never confident enough to start a band, but their energy and vibe came at the perfect time to inspire me.”
The song I can’t listen to any more…
Randy Newman – Old Man (1972)
“This is a supremely sad song. When I first discovered it I was jetlagged from a trip to America, I was lying in bed with my girlfriend and I just remember crying. Randy is the master of the sad song. I think because he’s such a part of our subconscious thanks to his association with Toy Story, when you hear him sound sad it’s like, ‘Oh my God…’”
The song that picks me up when I’m down…
Alkaline Trio – Blue Carolina (2003)
“I’m actually a happy-go-lucky guy, so I tend to do it the other way around by listening to sad songs. But this is one of my favourites from a great record. It brings back so many happy memories, mostly of being young and drunk.”
The song that I’m most proud of…
Creeper – Down Below (2017)
“This was a step in a direction we’d never been before. I feel like it was quite ambitious compared to where we started out. It was a challenge, but we were happy when we wrote it and we’re proud of how it came out.”
The song I’d like played at my funeral…
Leonard Cohen – Treaty (2016)
“This has got some brilliant lyrics. I always associated Leonard Cohen with death even before his passing, which is pretty morbid. I guess it’ll really capture the spirit of the occasion as people will be really sad. Unless I change my mind before I die and decide to put something happy on to cheer everyone up.”
Creeper’s new album will arrive in 2020. Keep locked to Kerrang! for the latest info.


This dashboard page is just an example, if the tool is used as CASUS plugin this information will be integrated
into the CASUS student dashboard. In the future the tool can be connected to an e-portfolio where learners can collect and share.
their illness scripts


FilterUtils is a helper to filter collections against constraints. Examples below demonstrate use-cases with AutoComplete and DataTable.
FilterUtils consists of static functions that implement various constraints.
FilterUtils can be extended by adding new constraints.
| Name | Parameters | Description |
|---|---|---|
| startsWith | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value starts with the filter value |
| contains | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value contains the filter value |
| endsWith | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value ends with the filter value |
| equals | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value equals the filter value |
| notEquals | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value does not equal the filter value |
| in | value: Value to filter filter[]: An array of filter values filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value contains the filter value |
| lt | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value is less than the filter value |
| lte | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value is less than or equals to the filter value |
| gt | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value is greater than the filter value |
| gte | value: Value to filter filter: Filter value filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the value is greater than or equals to the filter value |
| filter | value[]: An array of values to filter fields[]: An array of properties in the value object filterValue: Filter value filterMatchMode: Constraint filterLocale: Locale to use in filtering |
Whether the property values of the given value collection matches the filter. |
None.


Alleged N3billion election largesse causes rancour within PDP
A report by The Nation indicates that the governorship elections in Kogi and Bayelsa states have pitched senior PDP members against themselves.
According to the report, a N3 billion largesse doled out by one of the party's governors to some influential members of the PDP in Abuja has triggered crisis within its fold.
Already, some aggrieved party members are clamouring for sanctions against the recipients of the said sum.
The party chieftains were said to have demanded for N6 billion to facilitate the victory of the PDP’s candidates but got N3 billion as advanced payment.
PAY ATTENTION: Install our latest app for Android, read the best news on Nigeria’s #1 news
It was not clear whether the governor in question would be willing to pay the outstanding sum with the party’s loss of the election or demand a refund of the sum already paid.
“The governor who gave out the money is said to be peeved that the party’s National Working Committee has been unduly quiet about the results of the elections,” the report stated.
Senators divided over outcome of Bayelsa, Kogi elections
Meanwhile, Bayelsa governor, Seriake Dickson, has described the just concluded governorship election in the state as a military coup.
Addressing journalists in Yenagoa on Tuesday, November 19, Governor Dickson said the election was a charade and a carefully orchestrated plan to forcefully take over Bayelsa state towards entrenching a one-party system in Nigeria.
NAIJ.com (naija.ng) -> Legit.ng We keep evolving to serve our readers better.
Bayelsa election: Party agents argue fiercely over results anomaly | - on Legit TV


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Fungal nail infection
Usually nail infections affect your toenails but you can get them on your finger nails too.
They can be painful and cause the skin around the nail to swell.
You can usually treat fungal nail infections yourself at home without seeing the GP.
The affected nail will grow out. It can take up to 12 months for a healthy nail to grow back.
Fungal nail infections are caused by a fungus. You are more likely to get them if you have athlete’s foot.
Medical detail about fungal nail infections
Treat smaller infections without medicine
You should:
- keep your feet clean and dry
- use separate clippers or scissors to cut your infected nails
If you can see a healthy nail grow back at the base the infection has stopped. Cut the old nail off as it grows out.
You can also buy antifungal nail paint online or at the pharmacy. It can take 6 to 12 months to cure the infection, depending on the size of the nail and it doesn’t always work.
If you have diabetes you should see a foot specialist because any injuries can lead to complications.
Use medicated cream for bigger or painful infections
You should use a cream that removes the nail if it’s:
- painful
- bothering you
- spreading to other nails
You can buy the cream online (search for ‘fungal nail removal cream’) or at the pharmacy. It takes about 2 weeks to get rid of the infected nail and it’s painless.
See your GP for severe nail infections
Your GP can prescribe you tablets. The most common ones are terbinafine and itraconazole.
The tablets can have side effects including:
- headaches
- itching
- loss of sense of taste
- diarrhoea
Antifungal tablets can damage your liver. Your GP will do a blood test before prescribing these as you shouldn’t take them if you have certain conditions or you’re pregnant.
Sometimes badly infected nails have to be removed by surgery. It’s a small operation done under local anaesthetic.
For severe infections you can also get laser treatment to destroy the fungus. However, you’ll have to pay for it yourself as it’s not covered by the NHS.
Keep your feet clean and dry to prevent nail infections
Nail infections develop when your feet are constantly warm and damp. You’re more likely to get an infection if you wear trainers for a long time and have hot, sweaty feet.
Things that will help prevent nail infections:
Treat athlete’s foot as soon as possible to avoid it spreading to the nails.
- keep your feet clean and dry
- wear clean socks every day
- don’t wear shoes that make your feet hot and sweaty
- wear flip flops in showers at the gym, pool etc
- don’t share towels
- throw out old shoes
- don’t wear other people’s shoes


Presently, Flamingo Las Vegas has the following amount of rooms on hold during the dates listed below. Requests for additional rooms on any given day are subject to hotel availability and approval. All room types held for the group are also subject to availability. The hotel reserves the right to book additional rooms at a higher rate.
Each individual is responsible for making his/her own reservations with Flamingo Las Vegas. Reservations must be made through the Reservations Department or through the provided online web link by Wed, Nov 16, 2016. To avoid a $15 call center processing fee, please use the web link when possible. Each individual must identify themselves with the group name and group code in order to receive the group rates. A deposit (first nights room and tax) is required at the time of registration, the remaining night’s room and tax will be due at check in. There is a 72 hour cancellation policy for individual reservations. A full refund is provided for any reservation cancelled 72 hours prior to arrival. All no-shows will forfeit the deposit. Any reservations made after the cut-off date are subject to availability and will be added at the current public rate.
Hotel policy recognizes a cut-off date for reservations. Any reservation request received after this time may be accepted on a “space available” basis at the prevailing hotel rates. The registration cut-off is Wed, Nov 16, 2016. Guestrooms not reserved by the cut-off date will revert back to the hotel for re-sale.
The above net rates are valid for Single/Double occupancy. All room rates contained within this agreement are subject to applicable Occupancy Room Tax, currently (12.0%) and a $29.00 Resort Fee per room, per night (also taxed at 12.0%). Resort Fees will include daily internet (for two devices), fitness center access (for two guests) and all local calls.
Rates are based on one or two persons per room. Any additional person will be charged a fee. Additional person charges will begin to apply with the third person occupying the room, which will be $30.00 fee per person, per night. Maximum Occupancy in one room is four (4).
An incidental deposit refers to a credit balance paid at check in to allow the guest charging privileges; this will be required at check in. The incidental deposit required at Flamingo Las Vegas is accepted in credit or debit: Credit Card authorization of $50.00 daily, debit cards will be charged immediately for $50.00 daily.
The age requirement to reserve and check into a room is 21 years of age or older. Furthermore, guests under the age of 21 will not be permitted to occupy a room without the presence of an adult age 21 or older.
Check-in time is 4:00pm; Check-out time is 11:00am. An early check-in fee may apply at the front desk. Upon check-in each guest will be responsible for showing valid ID and providing payment for any outstanding balance.


ocamlobjinfo - dump information about OCaml compiled objects
ocamlobjinfo
Dump information contained in OCaml compiled objects. It works on .cmi, .cmo, .cma, .cmx, .cmxa, .cmxs files and pure bytecode executables.
ocamlobjinfo is able to show information regarding:
module names
unit names
declared primitives
imported interfaces
md5sums of imported interfaces
forced custom mode
extra C libraries needed
extra C flags needed
use of unsafe features
This manual page was written by Stefano Zacchiroli<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Stéphane Glondu<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for the Debian GNU/Linux system (but may be used by others).


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The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
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Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
Kelly Loeffler's 'Greater Georgia' Launch Party Met With Protests
The former senator's group aims to compete with the Democrats' ground game in the state, which she believes contributed to her defeat
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GOP Senators Call BBC 'Notoriously Sympathetic to the Iranian Regime'
Sen. Jim Inhofe is leading a call for the Biden administration to "reset" its approach to nuclear negotiations with Tehran.
GOP Senators Call BBC 'Notoriously Sympathetic to the Iranian Regime'
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GOP Senators Call BBC 'Notoriously Sympathetic to the Iranian Regime'
Sen. Jim Inhofe is leading a call for the Biden administration to "reset" its approach to nuclear negotiations with Tehran.
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Sen. Jim Inhofe is leading a call for the Biden administration to "reset" its approach to nuclear negotiations with Tehran.
GOP Senators Call BBC 'Notoriously Sympathetic to the Iranian Regime'
Sen. Jim Inhofe is leading a call for the Biden administration to "reset" its approach to nuclear negotiations with Tehran.
GOP Senators Call BBC 'Notoriously Sympathetic to the Iranian Regime'
Sen. Jim Inhofe is leading a call for the Biden administration to "reset" its approach to nuclear negotiations with Tehran.
GOP Senators Call BBC 'Notoriously Sympathetic to the Iranian Regime'
Sen. Jim Inhofe is leading a call for the Biden administration to "reset" its approach to nuclear negotiations with Tehran.
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/**
* @author Chris Campbell
* @author Richard Davey
* @copyright 2015 Photon Storm Ltd.
* @license {@link http://choosealicense.com/licenses/no-license/|No License}
*
* @description This example requires the Phaser Box2D Plugin to run.
* For more details please see http://phaser.io/shop/plugins/box2d
*/
var game = new Phaser.Game(800, 600, Phaser.CANVAS, 'phaser-example', { create: create, render: render });
function create() {
game.stage.backgroundColor = '#124184';
// Enable Box2D physics
game.physics.startSystem(Phaser.Physics.BOX2D);
game.physics.box2d.gravity.y = 500;
game.physics.box2d.setBoundsToWorld();
//Create a rotated static rectangle for squares to slide on.
var rectangle1 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, game.world.centerX - 80, 150, 0);
rectangle1.setRectangle(600, 15, 0, 0, Math.PI / 12);
rectangle1.static = true;
//Another static rectangle to slide down after the first one
var rectangle2 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, game.world.centerX + 80, 330, 0);
rectangle2.setRectangle(600, 15, 0, 0, -Math.PI / 12);
rectangle2.static = true;
//One more rectangle platform to slide down
var rectangle3 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, game.world.centerX - 80, 510, 0);
rectangle3.setRectangle(600, 15, 0, 0, Math.PI / 12);
rectangle3.static = true;
//static rectangle bodies that act as walls for the squares to bounce off of when they fall from platform to platform.
var wall1 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 655, 230, 0);
wall1.setRectangle(20, 50, 0, 0, 0);
wall1.static = true;
var wall2 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 145, 410, 0);
wall2.setRectangle(20, 50, 0, 0, 0);
wall2.static = true;
//dynamic square bodies with varying levels of friction. These are created at the top and will slide down the rectangle platforms at varying speeds based on friction
//Slowest square
var square1 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 50, 30, 2);
square1.setRectangle(20, 20, 0, 0, 0);
square1.friction = 0.4;
var square2 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 100, 30, 2);
square2.setRectangle(20, 20, 0, 0, 0);
square2.friction = 0.3;
//Average square
var square3 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 150, 30, 2);
square3.setRectangle(20, 20, 0, 0, 0);
square3.friction = 0.2;
var square4 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 200, 30, 2);
square4.setRectangle(20, 20, 0, 0, 0);
square4.friction = 0.1;
//Fastest square
var square5 = new Phaser.Physics.Box2D.Body(this.game, null, 250, 30, 2);
square5.setRectangle(20, 20, 0, 0, 0);
square5.friction = 0;
}
function render() {
game.debug.box2dWorld();
}


Functions | |
| qfits_header * | qfits_header_new (void) |
| FITS header constructor. | |
| qfits_header * | qfits_header_default (void) |
| FITS header default constructor. | |
| void | qfits_header_add (qfits_header *hdr, const char *key, const char *val, const char *com, const char *lin) |
| Add a new card to a FITS header. | |
| void | qfits_header_add_after (qfits_header *hdr, const char *after, const char *key, const char *val, const char *com, const char *lin) |
| add a new card to a FITS header | |
| void | qfits_header_append (qfits_header *hdr, const char *key, const char *val, const char *com, const char *lin) |
| Append a new card to a FITS header. | |
| void | qfits_header_del (qfits_header *hdr, const char *key) |
| Delete a card in a FITS header. | |
| void | qfits_header_mod (qfits_header *hdr, const char *key, const char *val, const char *com) |
| Modifies a FITS card. | |
| int | qfits_header_sort (qfits_header **hdr) |
| Sort a FITS header. | |
| qfits_header * | qfits_header_copy (const qfits_header *src) |
| Copy a FITS header. | |
| void | qfits_header_destroy (qfits_header *hdr) |
| qfits_header destructor | |
| char * | qfits_header_getstr (const qfits_header *hdr, const char *key) |
| Return the value associated to a key, as a string. | |
| int | qfits_header_getitem (const qfits_header *hdr, int idx, char *key, char *val, char *com, char *lin) |
| Return the i-th key/val/com/line tuple in a header. | |
| char * | qfits_header_getcom (const qfits_header *hdr, const char *key) |
| Return the comment associated to a key, as a string. | |
| int | qfits_header_getint (const qfits_header *hdr, const char *key, int errval) |
| Return the value associated to a key, as an int. | |
| double | qfits_header_getdouble (const qfits_header *hdr, const char *key, double errval) |
| Return the value associated to a key, as a double. | |
| int | qfits_header_getboolean (const qfits_header *hdr, const char *key, int errval) |
| Return the value associated to a key, as a boolean (int). | |
| int | qfits_header_dump (const qfits_header *hdr, FILE *out) |
| Dump a FITS header to an opened file. |
The 'keytuple' type is strictly internal to this module. It describes FITS cards as tuples (key,value,comment,line), where key is always a non-NULL character string, value and comment are allowed to be NULL. 'line' is a string containing the line as it has been read from the input FITS file (raw). It is set to NULL if the card is modified later. This allows in output two options: either reconstruct the FITS lines by printing key = value / comment in a FITS-compliant way, or output the lines as they were found in input, except for the modified ones.
The following functions are associated methods to this data structure:
|
|
Add a new card to a FITS header.
|
|
|
add a new card to a FITS header
|
|
|
Append a new card to a FITS header.
|
|
|
Copy a FITS header.
|
|
|
FITS header default constructor.
|
|
|
Delete a card in a FITS header.
|
|
|
qfits_header destructor
|
|
|
Dump a FITS header to an opened file.
|
|
|
Return the value associated to a key, as a boolean (int).
errval is returned if no matching key is found or no value is attached. A true value is any character string beginning with a 'y' (yes), a 't' (true) or the digit '1'. A false value is any character string beginning with a 'n' (no), a 'f' (false) or the digit '0'. |
|
|
Return the comment associated to a key, as a string.
Returns NULL if no matching key is found or no comment is attached. |
|
|
Return the value associated to a key, as a double.
|
|
|
Return the value associated to a key, as an int.
|
|
|
Return the i-th key/val/com/line tuple in a header.
int i ; char key[FITS_LINESZ+1] ; char val[FITS_LINESZ+1] ; char com[FITS_LINESZ+1] ; char lin[FITS_LINESZ+1] ; for (i=0 ; i<hdr->n ; i++) { qfits_header_getitem(hdr, i, key, val, com, lin); printf("card[%d] key[%s] val[%s] com[%s]\n", i, key, val, com); } This function has primarily been written to interface a qfits_header object to other languages (C++/Python). If you are working within a C program, you should use the other header manipulation routines available in this module. |
|
|
Return the value associated to a key, as a string.
Returns NULL if no matching key is found or no value is attached. |
|
|
Modifies a FITS card.
|
|
|
FITS header constructor.
|
|
|
Sort a FITS header.
|


|
BitMagic-C++
|
Byte based writer for un-aligned bit streaming. More...
#include <encoding.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| bit_out (TEncoder &dest) | |
| ~bit_out () | |
| void | put_bit (unsigned value) |
| void | put_bits (unsigned value, unsigned count) |
| void | put_zero_bit () |
| void | put_zero_bits (unsigned count) |
| void | gamma (unsigned value) |
| void | flush () |
Byte based writer for un-aligned bit streaming.
Definition at line 157 of file encoding.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 160 of file encoding.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 164 of file encoding.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 321 of file encoding.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 251 of file encoding.h.
References bm::bit_scan_reverse32(), and BM_ASSERT.
Referenced by bm::serializer< bvector_type >::gamma_gap_array().
|
inline |
Definition at line 170 of file encoding.h.
References BM_ASSERT.
|
inline |
Definition at line 178 of file encoding.h.
References BM_ASSERT.
|
inline |
Definition at line 217 of file encoding.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 223 of file encoding.h.


About
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November 2014 - API is available for AllegatorTrack. Register here and then contact us for access token
October 2014 - AllegatorTrack Demo accepted at ICDE 2015. Congrats to the team!
September 2014 - Report on the experimental evaluation on arXiv.org: here
May 2014 - Technical Report on the experimental evaluation of truth discovery methods


Here is the recipe of how we make our secret cupcakes that are juicy delicous!
If your cupcake turns out like this, then you didn't follow our directions carefully and correctly. You're welcome to click on the link if it doesn't look that terrible to you on our webpage:
If your cupcakes turned into the link above, you're welcome to contact us for tips and strategies. Please email us here
Recently our most popular capcake has been this:


Shah Rukh Khan has taught Dua Lipa some new dance steps
Bollywood superstar posts picture with the British singer just hours before her concert in Mumbai
by The Hindu Net DeskEnglish singer-songwriter Dua Lipa is in Mumbai to perform at the One Plus Music Festival, and she’s gotten some tips on how to take the stage from none other than King Khan himself!
Shah Rukh Khan posted a picture with the New Rules singer, captioning it, “Have decided to live by ‘New Rules’ and who better to learn them from but @DUALIPA herself!! What a charming and beautiful young lady....& her voice!! Wish her all my love for the concert tonight. Dua if you can, try the steps I taught u on stage.”
Known for her songs like IDGAF and Be The One, Dua Lipa landed in India only today, whereas Katy Perry came a few days ago to promote the festival, as well as party with Bollywood celebrities at a party hosted by Karan Johar. Both the pop stars will perform at the D.Y. Patil Stadium today.


Flexible univariate count models based on renewal processes. The models may include covariates and can be specified with familiar formula syntax as in glm() and package 'flexsurv'. The methodology is described in a forthcoming paper in the Journal of Statistical Software (included as vignette 'Countr_guide').
| Version: | 3.5.2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.3.0) |
| Imports: | Matrix, Rcpp (≥ 0.11.3), flexsurv, Formula, VGAM, optimx, numDeriv, boot, MASS, car, utils, Rdpack, lattice, RColorBrewer, dplyr, standardize, pscl, lmtest, xtable |
| LinkingTo: | Rcpp, RcppArmadillo |
| Suggests: | testthat, knitr |
| Published: | 2018-10-04 |
| Author: | Tarak Kharrat [aut, cre], Georgi N. Boshnakov [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Tarak Kharrat <Tarak.Kharrat at liverpool.ac.uk> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | Countr results |
| Reference manual: | Countr.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Comparing performance of computational methods Guide for package Countr Example with quine data Computation of variance-covariance matrix Example with fertility data Example with football data |
| Package source: | Countr_3.5.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: Countr_3.5.2.zip, r-release: Countr_3.5.2.zip, r-oldrel: Countr_3.5.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: Countr_3.5.2.tgz, r-oldrel: Countr_3.5.2.tgz |
| Old sources: | Countr archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Countr to link to this page.


Id: 277
Name: Real Fake Doors Salesman
Status: Alive
Species: Human
Type:
Gender: Male
OriginName: unknown
OriginUrl:
LocationName: Interdimensional Cable
LocationUrl: https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/location/6
Image: https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/avatar/277.jpeg
Episode: ['https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/episode/8']
Url: https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/277
Created: 2017-12-31T14:18:30.570Z