An implementation of a method based on information theory devised for the identification of genes showing a significant variation of expression across multiple conditions. Given expression estimates from any number of RNA-Seq samples and conditions it identifies genes or transcripts with a significant variation of expression across all the conditions studied, together with the samples in which they are over- or under-expressed. Zambelli et al. (2018) <doi:10.1093/nar/gky055>.
| Version: | 1.2.2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10) |
| Published: | 2018-06-01 |
| Author: | Federico Zambelli [cre], Giulio Pavesi [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Federico Zambelli <federico.zambelli at unimi.it> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | RNentropy citation info |
| CRAN checks: | RNentropy results |
| Reference manual: | RNentropy.pdf |
| Package source: | RNentropy_1.2.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: RNentropy_1.2.2.zip, r-release: RNentropy_1.2.2.zip, r-oldrel: RNentropy_1.2.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: RNentropy_1.2.2.tgz, r-oldrel: RNentropy_1.2.2.tgz |
| Old sources: | RNentropy archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RNentropy to link to this page.


Skateboard venue for SEAG almost complete
by Manila Standard SportsThe 30th Southeast Asian Games skateboarding competition venue in Tagaytay is currently 99.5 per cent ready.
Skateboarding and Roller Sport Association of the Philippines or SRSAPI President Monty Mendigoria said the national skateboarding team has already been practicing at the Tagaytay street and park courses since last week.
Margie Didal and Kiko Francisco, along with coach Daniel Bautista are arriving from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on Wednesday to start practice next weekend.
Filipino-American Cristiana Means is also arriving next week from Oregon to join the team in its final preparations for the biennial games.
Skateboarding wilł be played for the first time in the SEA Games and also at the Olympics in Tokyo next year.
Jefrrey Gonzales, who also trained overseas, is already in the country and has been practicing with the national team.
The 4-man downhill skateboarding team lead by Jaime Delange and Abigail Veloria has also been in rigid practice at the SEA Games downhill course in Maragondon under the tutelage of world Champion Harry Clark of Australia.
Mendigoria revealed that Clark actually learned downhill skating in the Philippines when his family was still residing in the country many years ago and improved his skills when he went back to Australia.
The SEA Games skateboarding competitions will be on Dec. 3 to 8 with eight golds at stake in the Park, Street, Game of Skate and downhill competitions.
Mendigoria is confident of dominating the sport in the SEA Games especially with the full support given to them in training and international exposures by the Philippine Sports Commission.
Skateboarders from the six other Southeast Asian countries competing are Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam. They will be arriving on November 28 and 29 in time for the official practice at the Tagaytay skatepark and street courses on December 1 and 2.


Background
2nd year BA political science at University of Nairobi
Experience
- Administrator at Nyali Music school
August 2017 to september 2018
- Drums teacher at Assoluta Atalier
March 2019 to date
- Performing drummer
Hobbies
- I love to play drums
- I enjoy outdoor activities
Programming is a skill I would like to have in my arsenal.It has changed how I approach things
Excecuted projects
Resort A comprehensive webpage for an island resort.
my pet A simple webpage about my pet.
my first Simple and elaborate webpage for practice.
These projects were made using HTML & CSS


Endpoints¶
Summary¶
| Resource | Operation | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic groups | GET /v1/characteristicGroups | Get collection of characteristic |
| GET /v1/characteristicGroups/(code) | Access a specific characteristic | |
| Countries | GET /v1/countries | Get collection of countries. |
| GET /v1/countries/(code) | Access a specific country by its code. | |
| Data | GET /v1/data | Access de-identified survey data. |
| GET /v1/data/(code) | Access a specific datum by its code. | |
| Datalab | GET /v1/datalab/combos | Datalab client specific endpoint for querying valid |
| GET /v1/datalab/data | Datalab client specific endpoint for querying data. | |
| GET /v1/datalab/init | Datalab client specific endpoint for app | |
| Docs | GET /docs | Redirects to official documentation. |
| Indicators | GET /v1/indicators | Get collection of available indicators. |
| GET /v1/indicators/(code) | Access a specific indicator by its code | |
| Resources list | GET /v1/resources | Lists all of the available API resources and |
| Root | GET /v1/ | Redirects to resources list or documentation depending |
| GET / | ||
| Survey rounds | GET /v1/surveys | Get collection of survey rounds. |
| GET /v1/surveys/(code) | Access a specific survey round by its code | |
| Text | GET /v1/texts | Get collection of various text related to surveys and |
| GET /v1/texts/(code) | Access a specific piece of text by its code | |
| Version | GET /version | API versioning data. |
API Details¶
-
GET
/v1/datalab/combos
¶ Datalab client endpoint for querying validmetadata combinations.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- survey (string | list): The country survey round(s). If more than one, this query parameter is comma delimited with no enclosing brackets, as shown in example. Not required. indicator: (string): A single indicator. Not required. characteristicGroup (string): A single characteristic group. Not required.
- Returns:
- json: List of valid metadata combinations.
- Details:
The structural metadata for Datalab are…
- Country survey rounds
- Indicators
- Characteristics for data disaggregation
A valid structural metadata combination is a combination for which data exists. That is to say that when these metadata are used together as query parameters on the ‘datalab/data’ endpoint, actual data will be returned rather than nothing at all. While none of the query arguments are marked as required, a normal use case uses 1 or 2 of the three parameters available to this endpoint. For 0 or 3 of the afforementioned parameters, the “/datalab/init” and “/datalab/data” endpoints should typically be used respectively.
- Examples:
1) /v1/datalab/combos?survey=<surveys> Query by survey. Get a list of indicator and characteristic combinations which have one or more stored data point associated with any of the provided surveys. From this list provided, the client application should have enough information to filter valid data is aggregated further by specified indicator(s) and characteristic(s), without the need for any further API calls.
{ "characteristicGroup.id": [ "age_5yr_int", "beds", "edu_GH", "..." ], "indicator.id": [ "IUD_all", "IUD_mar", "condom_all", "..." ], "metadata": { "datasetMetadata": [ "..." ], "queryParameters": { "survey": "PMA2013_GHR1,PMA2014_GHR2" }, "version": "0.1.9" }, "survey.id": [ "PMA2013_CDR1_Kinshasa", "PMA2013_GHR1", "PMA2014_BFR1", "..." ] }
2) /v1/datalab?indicator=<id> Query by indicator. In this example, “Current use of any modern contraceptive method (all women)”
{ "characteristicGroup.id": [ "age_5yr_int", "edu_BF", "edu_CD", "..." ], "indicator.id": [ "IUD_all", "IUD_mar", "condom_all", "..." ], "metadata": { "datasetMetadata": [ "..." ], "queryParameters": { "indicator": "mcp_all" }, "version": "0.1.9" }, "survey.id": [ "PMA2013_CDR1_Kinshasa", "PMA2013_GHR1", "PMA2014_BFR1", "..." ] }
3) /v1/datalab?characteristicGroup=<id> Query by characteristic group. In this example, “wealth quintile”.
{ "characteristicGroup.id": [ "age_5yr_int", "beds", "edu_BF", "..." ], "indicator.id": [ "IUD_all", "IUD_mar", "condom_all", "..." ], "metadata": { "datasetMetadata": [ "..." ], "queryParameters": { "characteristicGroup": "wealth_quintile" }, "version": "0.1.9" }, "survey.id": [ "PMA2013_CDR1_Kinshasa", "PMA2013_GHR1", "PMA2014_CDR2_Kinshasa", "..." ] }
4) /v1/datalab/combos?<resource_1>=<id>&<resource_2>=<id> Query by 2 of 3 key resources, survey being “Ghana 2013 survey round 1” , and indicator being “current use of any contraceptive method (all women)”.
{ "characteristicGroup.id": [ "age_5yr_int", "edu_GH", "marital_status", "..." ], "indicator.id": [ "IUD_all", "IUD_mar", "condom_all", "..." ], "metadata": { "datasetMetadata": [ "..." ], "queryParameters": { "indicator": "mcp_all", "survey": "PMA2013_GHR1" }, "version": "0.1.9" }, "survey.id": [ "PMA2013_CDR1_Kinshasa", "PMA2013_GHR1", "PMA2014_BFR1", "..." ] }
-
GET
/v1/datalab/data
¶ Datalab client endpoint for querying data.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- survey (string | list): The country survey round(s). If more than one, this query parameter is comma delimited with no enclosing brackets, as shown in example. Not required. indicator: (string): A single indicator. Not required. characteristicGroup (string): A single characteristic group. Not required. overTime (bool): If “true”, this endpoint looks for data to be plotted or disaggregated over a time dimension. If “false”, the data is only disaggregated by the characteristic group. Default value for this query argument if left out is “false”. Not required. format (string): Only accepts the string “csv”. This will return a CSV file. Not required. lang (string): Accepts 2 letter language code, e.g. “EN” for English, or “FR” for French. This is used in tandem with “format=csv”. Default value is “EN”. Not required.
- Returns:
- json: Queried data.
- Details:
Returns lists of all specific, key resources (surveys, indicators, and characteristics), all of which have at least one stored data point associated. In addition to “results” and “metadata” object, which are common to other endpoints, this endpoint also returns a “queryInput” object, which provides additional attributes for all of the query parameters which were passed in the request.
While no parameters are technically required, it is expected that some be provided. For the Datalab client use case, all query parameters are typically used. The historical function of this endpoint is for the purpose of data visualization.
- Example:
{ "chartOptions": { "precision": 1 }, "metadata": { "datasetMetadata": [ { "createdOn": "Fri, 13 Jul 2018 20:25:42 GMT", "hash": "339ce036bdee399d449f95a1d4b3bb8f", "name": "api_data-2018.03.19-v29-SAS", "type": "api" }, { "createdOn": "Fri, 13 Jul 2018 20:25:43 GMT", "hash": "469542a93241da0af80269b6d7352600", "name": "ui_data-2017.10.02-v4-jef", "type": "ui" } ], "version": "0.1.9" }, "queryInput": { "characteristicGroups": [ { "definition.id": "PAphCZZd", "id": "parity", "label.id": "IArHyBju" } ], "indicators": [ { "definition.id": "E6R-TrTt", "id": "cp_mar", "label.id": "rniE-48x", "type": "indicator" } ], "surveys": [ { "country.label.id": "cizmJ6Gv", "geography.label.id": "w748V1ul", "id": "PMA2014_BFR1", "label.id": "QY-mwT2K", "partner.label.id": "YlzQ41YY" }, { "country.label.id": "cizmJ6Gv", "geography.label.id": "w748V1ul", "id": "PMA2015_BFR2", "label.id": "RQ1bUBVJ", "partner.label.id": "YlzQ41YY" } ] }, "resultSize": 2, "results": [ { "country.id": "BF", "country.label.id": "cizmJ6Gv", "geography.id": "bf_national", "geography.label.id": "w748V1ul", "survey.id": "PMA2014_BFR1", "survey.label.id": "QY-mwT2K", "values": [ { "characteristic.id": "0-1_children", "characteristic.label.id": "4CoX8mVz", "value": 14.7 }, { "characteristic.id": "2-3_children", "characteristic.label.id": "XEcza0o1", "value": 19.8 }, { "characteristic.id": "4_children", "characteristic.label.id": "FaUxMgNn", "value": 18.8 } ] }, { "country.id": "BF", "country.label.id": "cizmJ6Gv", "geography.id": "bf_national", "geography.label.id": "w748V1ul", "survey.id": "PMA2015_BFR2", "survey.label.id": "RQ1bUBVJ", "values": [ { "characteristic.id": "0-1_children", "characteristic.label.id": "4CoX8mVz", "value": 16.8 }, { "characteristic.id": "2-3_children", "characteristic.label.id": "XEcza0o1", "value": 25.6 }, { "characteristic.id": "4_children", "characteristic.label.id": "FaUxMgNn", "value": 19.9 } ] } ] }
-
GET
/v1/datalab/init
¶ Datalab client endpoint for app initialization, minified.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: All of the necessary elements to render initial view of Datalab.
- Details:
- Datalab client endpoint for app initialization, minified.
- Example:
{"A significant of minified data is returned."}
-
GET
/v1/characteristicGroups
¶ Get Characteristic Groups resource collection.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Collection for resource.
- Details:
- Get a list of available PMA2020 characteristic groups for the disaggregation of data. Unavailable in current version of API.

- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Collection for resource.
- Details:
- Gets a list of all PMA2020 indicators with publicly available data.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..." }, "resultSize": 112, "results": [ { "definition": "Percent of women ages 15–49 who are using (or whose partners are using) any contraceptive method at the time of the survey", "denominator": "All women, ages 15-49", "domain": "Women's reproductive health", "favoriteOrder": 1, "id": "cp_all", "isFavorite": true, "label": "Current use of any contraceptive method (all women)", "level1": "Family planning utilization", "level2": "Contraceptive use", "measurementType": "percent", "order": 11, "type": "indicator", "url": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/indicators/cp_all" }, "..." ] }
-
GET
/v1/countries
¶ Country resource collection GET method.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Collection for resource.
- Details:
- Gets a list of all PMA2020 countries with publicly available data.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..." }, "resultSize": 10, "results": [ { "id": "BF", "label": "Burkina Faso", "order": 1, "region": "Africa", "subregion": "Western Africa" }, "..." ] }
-
GET
/v1/resources
¶ Return API resource routes.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: List of resources.
- Details:
- The resources object returned is split up into two main parts–results, and metadata. The metadata object contains information about the datasets used, including the client-specific “ui” dataset. The results object is the main object, which returns a list of resources, consisting of the resource name and its URL. The resource can then be accessed by using the literal URL string shown.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "datasetMetadata": [ { "createdOn": "Fri, 13 Jul 2018 20:25:42 GMT", "hash": "339ce036bdee399d449f95a1d4b3bb8f", "name": "api_data-2018.03.19-v29-SAS", "type": "api" }, { "createdOn": "Fri, 13 Jul 2018 20:25:43 GMT", "hash": "469542a93241da0af80269b6d7352600", "name": "ui_data-2017.10.02-v4-jef", "type": "ui" } ], "version": "0.1.9" }, "resultSize": 1, "results": { "resources": [ { "name": "countries", "resource": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/countries" }, { "name": "surveys", "resource": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/surveys" }, { "name": "texts", "resource": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/texts" }, { "name": "indicators", "resource": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/indicators" }, { "name": "data", "resource": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/data" }, { "name": "characteristicGroups", "resource": "http://api.pma2020.org/v1/characteristicGroups" } ] } }
-
GET
/v1/surveys
¶ Survey resource collection GET method.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Collection for resource.
- Details:
- Gets a list of all PMA2020 country survey rounds with publicly available data.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..." }, "resultSize": 48, "results": [ { "country.id": "GH", "country.label": "Ghana", "country.order": 4, "country.region": "Africa", "country.subregion": "Western Africa", "end_date": "2013-10-01", "id": "PMA2013_GHR1", "order": 101, "pma_code": "GHR1", "round": 1, "start_date": "2013-09-01", "type": "PMA2020", "year": 2013 }, "..."
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Collection for resource.
- Details:
- Get a list of various texts related to surveys and metadata. Default language displayed is English (en).
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..." }, "resultSize": 515, "results": [ { "id": "6EA0At85", "langCode": "en", "text": "Kinshasa Province" }, { "id": "K9pC3w90", "langCode": "en", "text": "2013 Round 1" }, { "id": "0G2e7W61", "langCode": "en", "text": "Household / female questionnaire" }, { "id": "noFfI-js", "langCode": "en", "text": "Marital status" }, { "id": "qWyhZCgY", "langCode": "en", "text": "Married vs unmarried" }, "..." ] }
-
GET
/v1/data
¶ Get Data resource collection.
- Args:
- Non-REST, Python API for function has no arguments.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Collection for resource.
- Details:
- Query de-identified PMA2020 survey data.
- Example:
{"Documentation example not available."}
-
GET
/version
¶ Show API version data.
- Args:
- n/a
- Returns:
- String: Version number.
- Details:
- Displays API’s 2-part semantic version number. ALso displays versioning for datasets used.
- Example:
{ "datasetMetadata": [ { "createdOn": "Fri, 13 Jul 2018 20:25:42 GMT", "hash": "339ce036bdee399d449f95a1d4b3bb8f", "name": "api_data-2018.03.19-v29-SAS", "type": "api" }, { "createdOn": "Fri, 13 Jul 2018 20:25:43 GMT", "hash": "469542a93241da0af80269b6d7352600", "name": "ui_data-2017.10.02-v4-jef", "type": "ui" } ], "version": "0.1.9" }
-
GET
/docs
¶ Documentation.
- Args:
- n/a
- Returns:
- redirect(): Redirects to official documentation.
-
GET
/v1/
¶ Root route.
- Args:
- n/a
- Returns:
- func: get_resources() if ‘application/json’ func: redirect() to docs if ‘text/html’
- Details:
- Redirects implicitly if MIME type does not explicitly match what is expected.
-
GET
/
¶ Root route.
- Args:
- n/a
- Returns:
- func: get_resources() if ‘application/json’ func: redirect() to docs if ‘text/html’
- Details:
- Redirects implicitly if MIME type does not explicitly match what is expected.
-
GET
/v1/characteristicGroups/
(code)¶ Get Characteristic Groups resource entity.
- Args:
- code (str): Identification for resource entity.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Entity of resource.
- Details:
- Access a specific PMA2020 characteristic group for the disaggregation of data, by its code.
- Example:
{"Documentation example not available."}
-
GET
/v1/indicators/
(code)¶ Get Indicator resource entity.
- Args:
- code (str): Identification for resource entity.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Entity of resource.
- Details:
- Access a specific PMA2020 indicator with publicly available data, by its code.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..." }, "resultSize": 12, "results": { "definition": "Percent of women ages 15–49 who are using (or whose partners are using) any contraceptive method at the time of the survey", "denominator": "All women, ages 15-49", "domain": "Women's reproductive health", "favoriteOrder": 1, "id": "cp_all", "isFavorite": true, "label": "Current use of any contraceptive method (all women)", "level1": "Family planning utilization", "level2": "Contraceptive use", "measurementType": "percent", "order": 11, "type": "indicator" } }
-
GET
/v1/countries/
(code)¶ Country resource entity GET method.
- Args:
- code (str): Identification for resource entity.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Entity of resource.
- Details:
- Access a specific PMA2020 country with publicly available data, by its code.
- Example:
{"Documentation example not available."}
-
GET
/v1/surveys/
(code)¶ Survey resource entity GET method.
- Args:
- code (str): Identification for resource entity.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Entity of resource.
- Details:
- Access a specific PMA2020 country survey round with publicly available data, by its code.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..."
- Args:
- code (str): Identification for resource entity.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Entity of resource.
- Details:
- Access a specific piece of text related to surveys and metadata, by its code.
- Example:
{ "metadata": { "..." }, "resultSize": 3, "results": { "id": "6EA0At85", "langCode": "en", "text": "Kinshasa Province" } }
-
GET
/v1/data/
(code)¶ Get data resource entity.
- Args:
- code (str): Identification for resource entity.
- Query Args:
- None
- Returns:
- json: Entity of resource.
- Details:
- Access a specific data record, by its code.
- Example:
{"Documentation example not available."}


One of the most straightforward state corruption vectors is based on id or name collisions between attacker-injected markup and legitimate contents of the page. The impact of such a collision is easy to illustrate using the example of a script-generated dialog, where the initial state of a configurable setting is captured using an editable control (typically <input>), and then read back through document.getElementById(...) and sent to the server:
<input type='checkbox' id='is_public' checked> ← Injected markup
...
// Legitimate application code follows
function render_acl_dialog() {
...
if (shared_publicly)
dialog.innerHTML += '<input type="checkbox" id="is_public" checked>';
else
dialog.innerHTML += '<input type="checkbox" id="is_public">';
...
}
function acl_dialog_done() {
...
if (document.getElementById('is_public').checked) ← Condition true regardless of user choice
request.access_mode = AM_PUBLIC;
...
}
An even simpler example against a statically constructed dialog may be carried as follows:
<input type='hidden' id='share_with' value='fredmbogo'> ← Injected markup
...
Share this status update with: ← Legitimate optional element of a dialog
<input id='share_with' value=''>
...
function submit_status_update() {
...
request.share_with = document.getElementById('share_with').value;
...
}
In both cases, the browser will allow the page to have several DOM elements with the same id parameter, but only the first, attacker-controlled value will be returned on getElementById(...) lookups. The initial state of the configurable setting will be stored in one tag, but the attempt to read back the value later on will interact with another.
The degree of user interaction required for this attack to succeed is application-specific, and may vary from zero to multiple clicks.


This a set of generated texts in the form of an Alien Memory, using the Tracery javascript text-generation library


Ticket Statistics
Settings
Start Date:
End Date:
Resolution:
1 Day
1 Week
2 Weeks
1 Month
2 Months
3 Months
6 Months
1 Year
Milestone:
All Milestones
${m}
Static URL:


An analogy I can think of that can describe HTML CSS, and the DOM would be comparing this to buildig a house. The HTML is the structure and frame work of the house, it is what everything will go off of from. CSS is what is being built on top of the structure (HTML) to make it more appealing. The DOMS is like the carpenter that has been handed the structure and design, if you follow it it will be built as designed but each builder are different and have their own intepretation on things, this can at times cause slight differences between builders (DOM) while given the same information.
Boxifying desing means to look at webpages as a combination of boxes. Everything you see on a webpage is something within a box, and sometimes a box within a box. Making everything in a box allows things on a webpage to be designed and moved easier. Even with items that are circle or other odd shapes, it begins with a box and further edited/coded into its shape.
The box model is the breakdown of how 'box' look like during coding. It has 4 components


I have lived in total four different countries including USA. They are India, Saudi Arabia and New Zealand .
I was born in India but lived there for a short time. I spent my childhood in Saudi Arabia and my college years in
New Zealand. I moved to California first and made Seattle my home in last 7 years.
I love working with kids and being around kids. I live with my husband. We have two kids and a 10year old dog.
We adopted our dog first in California and then had two kids in Seattle.
I did my medical training in New Zealand and my Pediatric residency in California. I did further studying in
University of Washington, Seattle, before starting my first job here in Seattle.
 I enjoy working with
computers and enjoy medicine. But seriously technology use can be improved so much more in healthcare. By
learning technical skills including coding, I hope to develop apps that I can use in healthcare and make life
easier for my colleagues.
My other passion is volunteering at the local temple and teaching our kids our culture and different languages. I
speak 3 languages spoken in India, can read/write Arabic, Hindi, Gujarati along with English. Both my kids learn
French and I hope to learn from them eventually.
My top 10 favorite books
- JK Rowling's Harry Potter series
- JRR Tolkein's Lord of the Rings
- Stephen King's IT
- Roald Dahl's Matilda
- Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
- Enid Blyton's Famous Five series
- Eric Larsen's Devil in the White City
- Animal Farm
- Black Beauty
- John Grisham's Pelican Brief
My work experience
- Pediatrix Medical Group in Seattle
- Pediatric Hospitalist in California
- Research associate at UCSF, Ca
My education experience
- Fellowship in Neonatology
- Diploma in Pediatrics
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
- Bachelor of Human Biology


Poll time : let the best platform win.
So what's ur best #platforms bet in 2018/19 - apart from $ETH @ethereum @VitalikButerin
$ICX - @helloiconworld
$NEO - @NEO_Blockchain
$KMD - @KomodoPlatform
$WAVES - @wavesplatform
Other mentions in comments-
$HPB $ARK $QTUM #...


# Copyright 2007 Google Inc. # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement. """A fast, lightweight IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library in Python. This library is used to create/poke/manipulate IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and networks. """ from __future__ import unicode_literals import itertools import struct __version__ = '1.0.23' # Compatibility functions _compat_int_types = (int,) try: _compat_int_types = (int, long) except NameError: pass try: _compat_str = unicode except NameError: _compat_str = str assert bytes != str if b'\0'[0] == 0: # Python 3 semantics def _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(byt): return byt else: def _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(byt): return [struct.unpack(b'!B', b)[0] for b in byt] try: _compat_int_from_byte_vals = int.from_bytes except AttributeError: def _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bytvals, endianess): assert endianess == 'big' res = 0 for bv in bytvals: assert isinstance(bv, _compat_int_types) res = (res << 8) + bv return res def _compat_to_bytes(intval, length, endianess): assert isinstance(intval, _compat_int_types) assert endianess == 'big' if length == 4: if intval < 0 or intval >= 2 ** 32: raise struct.error("integer out of range for 'I' format code") return struct.pack(b'!I', intval) elif length == 16: if intval < 0 or intval >= 2 ** 128: raise struct.error("integer out of range for 'QQ' format code") return struct.pack(b'!QQ', intval >> 64, intval & 0xffffffffffffffff) else: raise NotImplementedError() if hasattr(int, 'bit_length'): # Not int.bit_length , since that won't work in 2.7 where long exists def _compat_bit_length(i): return i.bit_length() else: def _compat_bit_length(i): for res in itertools.count(): if i >> res == 0: return res def _compat_range(start, end, step=1): assert step > 0 i = start while i < end: yield i i += step class _TotalOrderingMixin(object): __slots__ = () # Helper that derives the other comparison operations from # __lt__ and __eq__ # We avoid functools.total_ordering because it doesn't handle # NotImplemented correctly yet (http://bugs.python.org/issue10042) def __eq__(self, other): raise NotImplementedError def __ne__(self, other): equal = self.__eq__(other) if equal is NotImplemented: return NotImplemented return not equal def __lt__(self, other): raise NotImplementedError def __le__(self, other): less = self.__lt__(other) if less is NotImplemented or not less: return self.__eq__(other) return less def __gt__(self, other): less = self.__lt__(other) if less is NotImplemented: return NotImplemented equal = self.__eq__(other) if equal is NotImplemented: return NotImplemented return not (less or equal) def __ge__(self, other): less = self.__lt__(other) if less is NotImplemented: return NotImplemented return not less IPV4LENGTH = 32 IPV6LENGTH = 128 class AddressValueError(ValueError): """A Value Error related to the address.""" class NetmaskValueError(ValueError): """A Value Error related to the netmask.""" def ip_address(address): """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type. Args: address: A string or integer, the IP address. Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. Returns: An IPv4Address or IPv6Address object. Raises: ValueError: if the *address* passed isn't either a v4 or a v6 address """ try: return IPv4Address(address) except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError): pass try: return IPv6Address(address) except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError): pass if isinstance(address, bytes): raise AddressValueError( '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address. ' 'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of' ' a unicode object?' % address) raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 address' % address) def ip_network(address, strict=True): """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type. Args: address: A string or integer, the IP network. Either IPv4 or IPv6 networks may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. Returns: An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object. Raises: ValueError: if the string passed isn't either a v4 or a v6 address. Or if the network has host bits set. """ try: return IPv4Network(address, strict) except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError): pass try: return IPv6Network(address, strict) except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError): pass if isinstance(address, bytes): raise AddressValueError( '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 network. ' 'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of' ' a unicode object?' % address) raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 network' % address) def ip_interface(address): """Take an IP string/int and return an object of the correct type. Args: address: A string or integer, the IP address. Either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses may be supplied; integers less than 2**32 will be considered to be IPv4 by default. Returns: An IPv4Interface or IPv6Interface object. Raises: ValueError: if the string passed isn't either a v4 or a v6 address. Notes: The IPv?Interface classes describe an Address on a particular Network, so they're basically a combination of both the Address and Network classes. """ try: return IPv4Interface(address) except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError): pass try: return IPv6Interface(address) except (AddressValueError, NetmaskValueError): pass raise ValueError('%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 interface' % address) def v4_int_to_packed(address): """Represent an address as 4 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order. Args: address: An integer representation of an IPv4 IP address. Returns: The integer address packed as 4 bytes in network (big-endian) order. Raises: ValueError: If the integer is negative or too large to be an IPv4 IP address. """ try: return _compat_to_bytes(address, 4, 'big') except (struct.error, OverflowError): raise ValueError("Address negative or too large for IPv4") def v6_int_to_packed(address): """Represent an address as 16 packed bytes in network (big-endian) order. Args: address: An integer representation of an IPv6 IP address. Returns: The integer address packed as 16 bytes in network (big-endian) order. """ try: return _compat_to_bytes(address, 16, 'big') except (struct.error, OverflowError): raise ValueError("Address negative or too large for IPv6") def _split_optional_netmask(address): """Helper to split the netmask and raise AddressValueError if needed""" addr = _compat_str(address).split('/') if len(addr) > 2: raise AddressValueError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % address) return addr def _find_address_range(addresses): """Find a sequence of sorted deduplicated IPv#Address. Args: addresses: a list of IPv#Address objects. Yields: A tuple containing the first and last IP addresses in the sequence. """ it = iter(addresses) first = last = next(it) for ip in it: if ip._ip != last._ip + 1: yield first, last first = ip last = ip yield first, last def _count_righthand_zero_bits(number, bits): """Count the number of zero bits on the right hand side. Args: number: an integer. bits: maximum number of bits to count. Returns: The number of zero bits on the right hand side of the number. """ if number == 0: return bits return min(bits, _compat_bit_length(~number & (number - 1))) def summarize_address_range(first, last): """Summarize a network range given the first and last IP addresses. Example: >>> list(summarize_address_range(IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>'), ... IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>'))) ... #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE [IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/31'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/32')] Args: first: the first IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range. last: the last IPv4Address or IPv6Address in the range. Returns: An iterator of the summarized IPv(4|6) network objects. Raise: TypeError: If the first and last objects are not IP addresses. If the first and last objects are not the same version. ValueError: If the last object is not greater than the first. If the version of the first address is not 4 or 6. """ if (not (isinstance(first, _BaseAddress) and isinstance(last, _BaseAddress))): raise TypeError('first and last must be IP addresses, not networks') if first.version != last.version: raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % ( first, last)) if first > last: raise ValueError('last IP address must be greater than first') if first.version == 4: ip = IPv4Network elif first.version == 6: ip = IPv6Network else: raise ValueError('unknown IP version') ip_bits = first._max_prefixlen first_int = first._ip last_int = last._ip while first_int <= last_int: nbits = min(_count_righthand_zero_bits(first_int, ip_bits), _compat_bit_length(last_int - first_int + 1) - 1) net = ip((first_int, ip_bits - nbits)) yield net first_int += 1 << nbits if first_int - 1 == ip._ALL_ONES: break def _collapse_addresses_internal(addresses): """Loops through the addresses, collapsing concurrent netblocks. Example: ip1 = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/26') ip2 = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/26') ip3 = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/26') ip4 = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/26') _collapse_addresses_internal([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4]) -> [IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24')] This shouldn't be called directly; it is called via collapse_addresses([]). Args: addresses: A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's Returns: A list of IPv4Network's or IPv6Network's depending on what we were passed. """ # First merge to_merge = list(addresses) subnets = {} while to_merge: net = to_merge.pop() supernet = net.supernet() existing = subnets.get(supernet) if existing is None: subnets[supernet] = net elif existing != net: # Merge consecutive subnets del subnets[supernet] to_merge.append(supernet) # Then iterate over resulting networks, skipping subsumed subnets last = None for net in sorted(subnets.values()): if last is not None: # Since they are sorted, # last.network_address <= net.network_address is a given. if last.broadcast_address >= net.broadcast_address: continue yield net last = net def collapse_addresses(addresses): """Collapse a list of IP objects. Example: collapse_addresses([IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25')]) -> [IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24')] Args: addresses: An iterator of IPv4Network or IPv6Network objects. Returns: An iterator of the collapsed IPv(4|6)Network objects. Raises: TypeError: If passed a list of mixed version objects. """ addrs = [] ips = [] nets = [] # split IP addresses and networks for ip in addresses: if isinstance(ip, _BaseAddress): if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version: raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % ( ip, ips[-1])) ips.append(ip) elif ip._prefixlen == ip._max_prefixlen: if ips and ips[-1]._version != ip._version: raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % ( ip, ips[-1])) try: ips.append(ip.ip) except AttributeError: ips.append(ip.network_address) else: if nets and nets[-1]._version != ip._version: raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % ( ip, nets[-1])) nets.append(ip) # sort and dedup ips = sorted(set(ips)) # find consecutive address ranges in the sorted sequence and summarize them if ips: for first, last in _find_address_range(ips): addrs.extend(summarize_address_range(first, last)) return _collapse_addresses_internal(addrs + nets) def get_mixed_type_key(obj): """Return a key suitable for sorting between networks and addresses. Address and Network objects are not sortable by default; they're fundamentally different so the expression IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') <= IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24') doesn't make any sense. There are some times however, where you may wish to have ipaddress sort these for you anyway. If you need to do this, you can use this function as the key= argument to sorted(). Args: obj: either a Network or Address object. Returns: appropriate key. """ if isinstance(obj, _BaseNetwork): return obj._get_networks_key() elif isinstance(obj, _BaseAddress): return obj._get_address_key() return NotImplemented class _IPAddressBase(_TotalOrderingMixin): """The mother class.""" __slots__ = () @property def exploded(self): """Return the longhand version of the IP address as a string.""" return self._explode_shorthand_ip_string() @property def compressed(self): """Return the shorthand version of the IP address as a string.""" return _compat_str(self) @property def reverse_pointer(self): """The name of the reverse DNS pointer for the IP address, e.g.: >>> ipaddress.ip_address("<IP_ADDRESS>").reverse_pointer '<IP_ADDRESS>.in-addr.arpa' >>> ipaddress.ip_address("2001:db8::1").reverse_pointer '<IP_ADDRESS>.<IP_ADDRESS>.<IP_ADDRESS>.<IP_ADDRESS>.<IP_ADDRESS>.<IP_ADDRESS>.8.b.d.<IP_ADDRESS>.2.ip6.arpa' """ return self._reverse_pointer() @property def version(self): msg = '%200s has no version specified' % (type(self),) raise NotImplementedError(msg) def _check_int_address(self, address): if address < 0: msg = "%d (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv%d address" raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._version)) if address > self._ALL_ONES: msg = "%d (>= 2**%d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address" raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, self._max_prefixlen, self._version)) def _check_packed_address(self, address, expected_len): address_len = len(address) if address_len != expected_len: msg = ( '%r (len %d != %d) is not permitted as an IPv%d address. ' 'Did you pass in a bytes (str in Python 2) instead of' ' a unicode object?') raise AddressValueError(msg % (address, address_len, expected_len, self._version)) @classmethod def _ip_int_from_prefix(cls, prefixlen): """Turn the prefix length into a bitwise netmask Args: prefixlen: An integer, the prefix length. Returns: An integer. """ return cls._ALL_ONES ^ (cls._ALL_ONES >> prefixlen) @classmethod def _prefix_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int): """Return prefix length from the bitwise netmask. Args: ip_int: An integer, the netmask in expanded bitwise format Returns: An integer, the prefix length. Raises: ValueError: If the input intermingles zeroes & ones """ trailing_zeroes = _count_righthand_zero_bits(ip_int, cls._max_prefixlen) prefixlen = cls._max_prefixlen - trailing_zeroes leading_ones = ip_int >> trailing_zeroes all_ones = (1 << prefixlen) - 1 if leading_ones != all_ones: byteslen = cls._max_prefixlen // 8 details = _compat_to_bytes(ip_int, byteslen, 'big') msg = 'Netmask pattern %r mixes zeroes & ones' raise ValueError(msg % details) return prefixlen @classmethod def _report_invalid_netmask(cls, netmask_str): msg = '%r is not a valid netmask' % netmask_str raise NetmaskValueError(msg) @classmethod def _prefix_from_prefix_string(cls, prefixlen_str): """Return prefix length from a numeric string Args: prefixlen_str: The string to be converted Returns: An integer, the prefix length. Raises: NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask """ # int allows a leading +/- as well as surrounding whitespace, # so we ensure that isn't the case if not _BaseV4._DECIMAL_DIGITS.issuperset(prefixlen_str): cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str) try: prefixlen = int(prefixlen_str) except ValueError: cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str) if not (0 <= prefixlen <= cls._max_prefixlen): cls._report_invalid_netmask(prefixlen_str) return prefixlen @classmethod def _prefix_from_ip_string(cls, ip_str): """Turn a netmask/hostmask string into a prefix length Args: ip_str: The netmask/hostmask to be converted Returns: An integer, the prefix length. Raises: NetmaskValueError: If the input is not a valid netmask/hostmask """ # Parse the netmask/hostmask like an IP address. try: ip_int = cls._ip_int_from_string(ip_str) except AddressValueError: cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str) # Try matching a netmask (this would be /1*0*/ as a bitwise regexp). # Note that the two ambiguous cases (all-ones and all-zeroes) are # treated as netmasks. try: return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int) except ValueError: pass # Invert the bits, and try matching a /0+1+/ hostmask instead. ip_int ^= cls._ALL_ONES try: return cls._prefix_from_ip_int(ip_int) except ValueError: cls._report_invalid_netmask(ip_str) def __reduce__(self): return self.__class__, (_compat_str(self),) class _BaseAddress(_IPAddressBase): """A generic IP object. This IP class contains the version independent methods which are used by single IP addresses. """ __slots__ = () def __int__(self): return self._ip def __eq__(self, other): try: return (self._ip == other._ip and self._version == other._version) except AttributeError: return NotImplemented def __lt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, _IPAddressBase): return NotImplemented if not isinstance(other, _BaseAddress): raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % ( self, other)) if self._version != other._version: raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same version' % ( self, other)) if self._ip != other._ip: return self._ip < other._ip return False # Shorthand for Integer addition and subtraction. This is not # meant to ever support addition/subtraction of addresses. def __add__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, _compat_int_types): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(int(self) + other) def __sub__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, _compat_int_types): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(int(self) - other) def __repr__(self): return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, _compat_str(self)) def __str__(self): return _compat_str(self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip)) def __hash__(self): return hash(hex(int(self._ip))) def _get_address_key(self): return (self._version, self) def __reduce__(self): return self.__class__, (self._ip,) class _BaseNetwork(_IPAddressBase): """A generic IP network object. This IP class contains the version independent methods which are used by networks. """ def __init__(self, address): self._cache = {} def __repr__(self): return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, _compat_str(self)) def __str__(self): return '%s/%d' % (self.network_address, self.prefixlen) def hosts(self): """Generate Iterator over usable hosts in a network. This is like __iter__ except it doesn't return the network or broadcast addresses. """ network = int(self.network_address) broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address) for x in _compat_range(network + 1, broadcast): yield self._address_class(x) def __iter__(self): network = int(self.network_address) broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address) for x in _compat_range(network, broadcast + 1): yield self._address_class(x) def __getitem__(self, n): network = int(self.network_address) broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address) if n >= 0: if network + n > broadcast: raise IndexError('address out of range') return self._address_class(network + n) else: n += 1 if broadcast + n < network: raise IndexError('address out of range') return self._address_class(broadcast + n) def __lt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, _IPAddressBase): return NotImplemented if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork): raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % ( self, other)) if self._version != other._version: raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same version' % ( self, other)) if self.network_address != other.network_address: return self.network_address < other.network_address if self.netmask != other.netmask: return self.netmask < other.netmask return False def __eq__(self, other): try: return (self._version == other._version and self.network_address == other.network_address and int(self.netmask) == int(other.netmask)) except AttributeError: return NotImplemented def __hash__(self): return hash(int(self.network_address) ^ int(self.netmask)) def __contains__(self, other): # always false if one is v4 and the other is v6. if self._version != other._version: return False # dealing with another network. if isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork): return False # dealing with another address else: # address return (int(self.network_address) <= int(other._ip) <= int(self.broadcast_address)) def overlaps(self, other): """Tell if self is partly contained in other.""" return self.network_address in other or ( self.broadcast_address in other or ( other.network_address in self or ( other.broadcast_address in self))) @property def broadcast_address(self): x = self._cache.get('broadcast_address') if x is None: x = self._address_class(int(self.network_address) | int(self.hostmask)) self._cache['broadcast_address'] = x return x @property def hostmask(self): x = self._cache.get('hostmask') if x is None: x = self._address_class(int(self.netmask) ^ self._ALL_ONES) self._cache['hostmask'] = x return x @property def with_prefixlen(self): return '%s/%d' % (self.network_address, self._prefixlen) @property def with_netmask(self): return '%s/%s' % (self.network_address, self.netmask) @property def with_hostmask(self): return '%s/%s' % (self.network_address, self.hostmask) @property def num_addresses(self): """Number of hosts in the current subnet.""" return int(self.broadcast_address) - int(self.network_address) + 1 @property def _address_class(self): # Returning bare address objects (rather than interfaces) allows for # more consistent behaviour across the network address, broadcast # address and individual host addresses. msg = '%200s has no associated address class' % (type(self),) raise NotImplementedError(msg) @property def prefixlen(self): return self._prefixlen def address_exclude(self, other): """Remove an address from a larger block. For example: addr1 = ip_network('<IP_ADDRESS>/28') addr2 = ip_network('<IP_ADDRESS>/32') list(addr1.address_exclude(addr2)) = [IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/32'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/31'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/30'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/29')] or IPv6: addr1 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/32') addr2 = ip_network('2001:db8::1/128') list(addr1.address_exclude(addr2)) = [ip_network('2001:db8::1/128'), ip_network('2001:db8::2/127'), ip_network('2001:db8::4/126'), ip_network('2001:db8::8/125'), ... ip_network('2001:db8:8000::/33')] Args: other: An IPv4Network or IPv6Network object of the same type. Returns: An iterator of the IPv(4|6)Network objects which is self minus other. Raises: TypeError: If self and other are of differing address versions, or if other is not a network object. ValueError: If other is not completely contained by self. """ if not self._version == other._version: raise TypeError("%s and %s are not of the same version" % ( self, other)) if not isinstance(other, _BaseNetwork): raise TypeError("%s is not a network object" % other) if not other.subnet_of(self): raise ValueError('%s not contained in %s' % (other, self)) if other == self: return # Make sure we're comparing the network of other. other = other.__class__('%s/%s' % (other.network_address, other.prefixlen)) s1, s2 = self.subnets() while s1 != other and s2 != other: if other.subnet_of(s1): yield s2 s1, s2 = s1.subnets() elif other.subnet_of(s2): yield s1 s1, s2 = s2.subnets() else: # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere. raise AssertionError('Error performing exclusion: ' 's1: %s s2: %s other: %s' % (s1, s2, other)) if s1 == other: yield s2 elif s2 == other: yield s1 else: # If we got here, there's a bug somewhere. raise AssertionError('Error performing exclusion: ' 's1: %s s2: %s other: %s' % (s1, s2, other)) def compare_networks(self, other): """Compare two IP objects. This is only concerned about the comparison of the integer representation of the network addresses. This means that the host bits aren't considered at all in this method. If you want to compare host bits, you can easily enough do a 'HostA._ip < HostB._ip' Args: other: An IP object. Returns: If the IP versions of self and other are the same, returns: -1 if self < other: eg: IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25') < IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25') IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') < IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124') 0 if self == other eg: IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24') == IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24') IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') == IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') 1 if self > other eg: IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25') > IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/25') IPv6Network('2001:db8::2000/124') > IPv6Network('2001:db8::1000/124') Raises: TypeError if the IP versions are different. """ # does this need to raise a ValueError? if self._version != other._version: raise TypeError('%s and %s are not of the same type' % ( self, other)) # self._version == other._version below here: if self.network_address < other.network_address: return -1 if self.network_address > other.network_address: return 1 # self.network_address == other.network_address below here: if self.netmask < other.netmask: return -1 if self.netmask > other.netmask: return 1 return 0 def _get_networks_key(self): """Network-only key function. Returns an object that identifies this address' network and netmask. This function is a suitable "key" argument for sorted() and list.sort(). """ return (self._version, self.network_address, self.netmask) def subnets(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None): """The subnets which join to make the current subnet. In the case that self contains only one IP (self._prefixlen == 32 for IPv4 or self._prefixlen == 128 for IPv6), yield an iterator with just ourself. Args: prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length should be increased by. This should not be set if new_prefix is also set. new_prefix: The desired new prefix length. This must be a larger number (smaller prefix) than the existing prefix. This should not be set if prefixlen_diff is also set. Returns: An iterator of IPv(4|6) objects. Raises: ValueError: The prefixlen_diff is too small or too large. OR prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix is a smaller number than the current prefix (smaller number means a larger network) """ if self._prefixlen == self._max_prefixlen: yield self return if new_prefix is not None: if new_prefix < self._prefixlen: raise ValueError('new prefix must be longer') if prefixlen_diff != 1: raise ValueError('cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix') prefixlen_diff = new_prefix - self._prefixlen if prefixlen_diff < 0: raise ValueError('prefix length diff must be > 0') new_prefixlen = self._prefixlen + prefixlen_diff if new_prefixlen > self._max_prefixlen: raise ValueError( 'prefix length diff %d is invalid for netblock %s' % ( new_prefixlen, self)) start = int(self.network_address) end = int(self.broadcast_address) + 1 step = (int(self.hostmask) + 1) >> prefixlen_diff for new_addr in _compat_range(start, end, step): current = self.__class__((new_addr, new_prefixlen)) yield current def supernet(self, prefixlen_diff=1, new_prefix=None): """The supernet containing the current network. Args: prefixlen_diff: An integer, the amount the prefix length of the network should be decreased by. For example, given a /24 network and a prefixlen_diff of 3, a supernet with a /21 netmask is returned. Returns: An IPv4 network object. Raises: ValueError: If self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff < 0. I.e., you have a negative prefix length. OR If prefixlen_diff and new_prefix are both set or new_prefix is a larger number than the current prefix (larger number means a smaller network) """ if self._prefixlen == 0: return self if new_prefix is not None: if new_prefix > self._prefixlen: raise ValueError('new prefix must be shorter') if prefixlen_diff != 1: raise ValueError('cannot set prefixlen_diff and new_prefix') prefixlen_diff = self._prefixlen - new_prefix new_prefixlen = self.prefixlen - prefixlen_diff if new_prefixlen < 0: raise ValueError( 'current prefixlen is %d, cannot have a prefixlen_diff of %d' % (self.prefixlen, prefixlen_diff)) return self.__class__(( int(self.network_address) & (int(self.netmask) << prefixlen_diff), new_prefixlen)) @property def is_multicast(self): """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address. See RFC 2373 2.7 for details. """ return (self.network_address.is_multicast and self.broadcast_address.is_multicast) @staticmethod def _is_subnet_of(a, b): try: # Always false if one is v4 and the other is v6. if a._version != b._version: raise TypeError( "%s and %s are not of the same version" % (a, b)) return (b.network_address <= a.network_address and b.broadcast_address >= a.broadcast_address) except AttributeError: raise TypeError("Unable to test subnet containment " "between %s and %s" % (a, b)) def subnet_of(self, other): """Return True if this network is a subnet of other.""" return self._is_subnet_of(self, other) def supernet_of(self, other): """Return True if this network is a supernet of other.""" return self._is_subnet_of(other, self) @property def is_reserved(self): """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is within one of the reserved IPv6 Network ranges. """ return (self.network_address.is_reserved and self.broadcast_address.is_reserved) @property def is_link_local(self): """Test if the address is reserved for link-local. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291. """ return (self.network_address.is_link_local and self.broadcast_address.is_link_local) @property def is_private(self): """Test if this address is allocated for private networks. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry. """ return (self.network_address.is_private and self.broadcast_address.is_private) @property def is_global(self): """Test if this address is allocated for public networks. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per iana-ipv4-special-registry or iana-ipv6-special-registry. """ return not self.is_private @property def is_unspecified(self): """Test if the address is unspecified. Returns: A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in RFC 2373 2.5.2. """ return (self.network_address.is_unspecified and self.broadcast_address.is_unspecified) @property def is_loopback(self): """Test if the address is a loopback address. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in RFC 2373 2.5.3. """ return (self.network_address.is_loopback and self.broadcast_address.is_loopback) class _BaseV4(object): """Base IPv4 object. The following methods are used by IPv4 objects in both single IP addresses and networks. """ __slots__ = () _version = 4 # Equivalent to <IP_ADDRESS> or 32 bits of 1's. _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV4LENGTH) - 1 _DECIMAL_DIGITS = frozenset('0123456789') # the valid octets for host and netmasks. only useful for IPv4. _valid_mask_octets = frozenset([255, 254, 252, 248, 240, 224, 192, 128, 0]) _max_prefixlen = IPV4LENGTH # There are only a handful of valid v4 netmasks, so we cache them all # when constructed (see _make_netmask()). _netmask_cache = {} def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self): return _compat_str(self) @classmethod def _make_netmask(cls, arg): """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument. Argument can be: - an integer (the prefix length) - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24") - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "<IP_ADDRESS>") """ if arg not in cls._netmask_cache: if isinstance(arg, _compat_int_types): prefixlen = arg else: try: # Check for a netmask in prefix length form prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg) except NetmaskValueError: # Check for a netmask or hostmask in dotted-quad form. # This may raise NetmaskValueError. prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_ip_string(arg) netmask = IPv4Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen)) cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen return cls._netmask_cache[arg] @classmethod def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str): """Turn the given IP string into an integer for comparison. Args: ip_str: A string, the IP ip_str. Returns: The IP ip_str as an integer. Raises: AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv4 Address. """ if not ip_str: raise AddressValueError('Address cannot be empty') octets = ip_str.split('.') if len(octets) != 4: raise AddressValueError("Expected 4 octets in %r" % ip_str) try: return _compat_int_from_byte_vals( map(cls._parse_octet, octets), 'big') except ValueError as exc: raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str)) @classmethod def _parse_octet(cls, octet_str): """Convert a decimal octet into an integer. Args: octet_str: A string, the number to parse. Returns: The octet as an integer. Raises: ValueError: if the octet isn't strictly a decimal from [0..255]. """ if not octet_str: raise ValueError("Empty octet not permitted") # Whitelist the characters, since int() allows a lot of bizarre stuff. if not cls._DECIMAL_DIGITS.issuperset(octet_str): msg = "Only decimal digits permitted in %r" raise ValueError(msg % octet_str) # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error # is likely to be more informative for the user if len(octet_str) > 3: msg = "At most 3 characters permitted in %r" raise ValueError(msg % octet_str) # Convert to integer (we know digits are legal) octet_int = int(octet_str, 10) # Any octets that look like they *might* be written in octal, # and which don't look exactly the same in both octal and # decimal are rejected as ambiguous if octet_int > 7 and octet_str[0] == '0': msg = "Ambiguous (octal/decimal) value in %r not permitted" raise ValueError(msg % octet_str) if octet_int > 255: raise ValueError("Octet %d (> 255) not permitted" % octet_int) return octet_int @classmethod def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int): """Turns a 32-bit integer into dotted decimal notation. Args: ip_int: An integer, the IP address. Returns: The IP address as a string in dotted decimal notation. """ return '.'.join(_compat_str(struct.unpack(b'!B', b)[0] if isinstance(b, bytes) else b) for b in _compat_to_bytes(ip_int, 4, 'big')) def _is_hostmask(self, ip_str): """Test if the IP string is a hostmask (rather than a netmask). Args: ip_str: A string, the potential hostmask. Returns: A boolean, True if the IP string is a hostmask. """ bits = ip_str.split('.') try: parts = [x for x in map(int, bits) if x in self._valid_mask_octets] except ValueError: return False if len(parts) != len(bits): return False if parts[0] < parts[-1]: return True return False def _reverse_pointer(self): """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv4 address. This implements the method described in RFC1035 3.5. """ reverse_octets = _compat_str(self).split('.')[::-1] return '.'.join(reverse_octets) + '.in-addr.arpa' @property def max_prefixlen(self): return self._max_prefixlen @property def version(self): return self._version class IPv4Address(_BaseV4, _BaseAddress): """Represent and manipulate single IPv4 Addresses.""" __slots__ = ('_ip', '__weakref__') def __init__(self, address): """ Args: address: A string or integer representing the IP Additionally, an integer can be passed, so IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') == IPv4Address(3221225985). or, more generally IPv4Address(int(IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>'))) == IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') Raises: AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address. """ # Efficient constructor from integer. if isinstance(address, _compat_int_types): self._check_int_address(address) self._ip = address return # Constructing from a packed address if isinstance(address, bytes): self._check_packed_address(address, 4) bvs = _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(address) self._ip = _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bvs, 'big') return # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation # which converts into a formatted IP string. addr_str = _compat_str(address) if '/' in addr_str: raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %r" % address) self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str) @property def packed(self): """The binary representation of this address.""" return v4_int_to_packed(self._ip) @property def is_reserved(self): """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is within the reserved IPv4 Network range. """ return self in self._constants._reserved_network @property def is_private(self): """Test if this address is allocated for private networks. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per iana-ipv4-special-registry. """ return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks) @property def is_global(self): return ( self not in self._constants._public_network and not self.is_private) @property def is_multicast(self): """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is multicast. See RFC 3171 for details. """ return self in self._constants._multicast_network @property def is_unspecified(self): """Test if the address is unspecified. Returns: A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in RFC 5735 3. """ return self == self._constants._unspecified_address @property def is_loopback(self): """Test if the address is a loopback address. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is a loopback per RFC 3330. """ return self in self._constants._loopback_network @property def is_link_local(self): """Test if the address is reserved for link-local. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is link-local per RFC 3927. """ return self in self._constants._linklocal_network class IPv4Interface(IPv4Address): def __init__(self, address): if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)): IPv4Address.__init__(self, address) self.network = IPv4Network(self._ip) self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen return if isinstance(address, tuple): IPv4Address.__init__(self, address[0]) if len(address) > 1: self._prefixlen = int(address[1]) else: self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen self.network = IPv4Network(address, strict=False) self.netmask = self.network.netmask self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask return addr = _split_optional_netmask(address) IPv4Address.__init__(self, addr[0]) self.network = IPv4Network(address, strict=False) self._prefixlen = self.network._prefixlen self.netmask = self.network.netmask self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask def __str__(self): return '%s/%d' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self.network.prefixlen) def __eq__(self, other): address_equal = IPv4Address.__eq__(self, other) if not address_equal or address_equal is NotImplemented: return address_equal try: return self.network == other.network except AttributeError: # An interface with an associated network is NOT the # same as an unassociated address. That's why the hash # takes the extra info into account. return False def __lt__(self, other): address_less = IPv4Address.__lt__(self, other) if address_less is NotImplemented: return NotImplemented try: return (self.network < other.network or self.network == other.network and address_less) except AttributeError: # We *do* allow addresses and interfaces to be sorted. The # unassociated address is considered less than all interfaces. return False def __hash__(self): return self._ip ^ self._prefixlen ^ int(self.network.network_address) __reduce__ = _IPAddressBase.__reduce__ @property def ip(self): return IPv4Address(self._ip) @property def with_prefixlen(self): return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self._prefixlen) @property def with_netmask(self): return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self.netmask) @property def with_hostmask(self): return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self.hostmask) class IPv4Network(_BaseV4, _BaseNetwork): """This class represents and manipulates 32-bit IPv4 network + addresses.. Attributes: [examples for IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/27')] .network_address: IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') .hostmask: IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') .broadcast_address: IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') .netmask: IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') .prefixlen: 27 """ # Class to use when creating address objects _address_class = IPv4Address def __init__(self, address, strict=True): """Instantiate a new IPv4 network object. Args: address: A string or integer representing the IP [& network]. '<IP_ADDRESS>/24' '<IP_ADDRESS>/<IP_ADDRESS>' '<IP_ADDRESS>/<IP_ADDRESS>' are all functionally the same in IPv4. Similarly, '<IP_ADDRESS>' '<IP_ADDRESS>/<IP_ADDRESS>' '<IP_ADDRESS>/32' are also functionally equivalent. That is to say, failing to provide a subnetmask will create an object with a mask of /32. If the mask (portion after the / in the argument) is given in dotted quad form, it is treated as a netmask if it starts with a non-zero field (e.g. /<IP_ADDRESS> == /8) and as a hostmask if it starts with a zero field (e.g. <IP_ADDRESS> == /8), with the single exception of an all-zero mask which is treated as a netmask == /0. If no mask is given, a default of /32 is used. Additionally, an integer can be passed, so IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>') == IPv4Network(3221225985) or, more generally IPv4Interface(int(IPv4Interface('<IP_ADDRESS>'))) == IPv4Interface('<IP_ADDRESS>') Raises: AddressValueError: If ipaddress isn't a valid IPv4 address. NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for an IPv4 address. ValueError: If strict is True and a network address is not supplied. """ _BaseNetwork.__init__(self, address) # Constructing from a packed address or integer if isinstance(address, (_compat_int_types, bytes)): self.network_address = IPv4Address(address) self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask( self._max_prefixlen) # fixme: address/network test here. return if isinstance(address, tuple): if len(address) > 1: arg = address[1] else: # We weren't given an address[1] arg = self._max_prefixlen self.network_address = IPv4Address(address[0]) self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg) packed = int(self.network_address) if packed & int(self.netmask) != packed: if strict: raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self) else: self.network_address = IPv4Address(packed & int(self.netmask)) return # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string. addr = _split_optional_netmask(address) self.network_address = IPv4Address(self._ip_int_from_string(addr[0])) if len(addr) == 2: arg = addr[1] else: arg = self._max_prefixlen self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg) if strict: if (IPv4Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) != self.network_address): raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self) self.network_address = IPv4Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) if self._prefixlen == (self._max_prefixlen - 1): self.hosts = self.__iter__ @property def is_global(self): """Test if this address is allocated for public networks. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is not reserved per iana-ipv4-special-registry. """ return (not (self.network_address in IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/10') and self.broadcast_address in IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/10')) and not self.is_private) class _IPv4Constants(object): _linklocal_network = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/16') _loopback_network = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/8') _multicast_network = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/4') _public_network = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/10') _private_networks = [ IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/8'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/8'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/8'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/16'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/12'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/29'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/31'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/16'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/15'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/24'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/4'), IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/32'), ] _reserved_network = IPv4Network('<IP_ADDRESS>/4') _unspecified_address = IPv4Address('<IP_ADDRESS>') IPv4Address._constants = _IPv4Constants class _BaseV6(object): """Base IPv6 object. The following methods are used by IPv6 objects in both single IP addresses and networks. """ __slots__ = () _version = 6 _ALL_ONES = (2 ** IPV6LENGTH) - 1 _HEXTET_COUNT = 8 _HEX_DIGITS = frozenset('0123456789ABCDEFabcdef') _max_prefixlen = IPV6LENGTH # There are only a bunch of valid v6 netmasks, so we cache them all # when constructed (see _make_netmask()). _netmask_cache = {} @classmethod def _make_netmask(cls, arg): """Make a (netmask, prefix_len) tuple from the given argument. Argument can be: - an integer (the prefix length) - a string representing the prefix length (e.g. "24") - a string representing the prefix netmask (e.g. "<IP_ADDRESS>") """ if arg not in cls._netmask_cache: if isinstance(arg, _compat_int_types): prefixlen = arg else: prefixlen = cls._prefix_from_prefix_string(arg) netmask = IPv6Address(cls._ip_int_from_prefix(prefixlen)) cls._netmask_cache[arg] = netmask, prefixlen return cls._netmask_cache[arg] @classmethod def _ip_int_from_string(cls, ip_str): """Turn an IPv6 ip_str into an integer. Args: ip_str: A string, the IPv6 ip_str. Returns: An int, the IPv6 address Raises: AddressValueError: if ip_str isn't a valid IPv6 Address. """ if not ip_str: raise AddressValueError('Address cannot be empty') parts = ip_str.split(':') # An IPv6 address needs at least 2 colons (3 parts). _min_parts = 3 if len(parts) < _min_parts: msg = "At least %d parts expected in %r" % (_min_parts, ip_str) raise AddressValueError(msg) # If the address has an IPv4-style suffix, convert it to hexadecimal. if '.' in parts[-1]: try: ipv4_int = IPv4Address(parts.pop())._ip except AddressValueError as exc: raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str)) parts.append('%x' % ((ipv4_int >> 16) & 0xFFFF)) parts.append('%x' % (ipv4_int & 0xFFFF)) # An IPv6 address can't have more than 8 colons (9 parts). # The extra colon comes from using the "::" notation for a single # leading or trailing zero part. _max_parts = cls._HEXTET_COUNT + 1 if len(parts) > _max_parts: msg = "At most %d colons permitted in %r" % ( _max_parts - 1, ip_str) raise AddressValueError(msg) # Disregarding the endpoints, find '::' with nothing in between. # This indicates that a run of zeroes has been skipped. skip_index = None for i in _compat_range(1, len(parts) - 1): if not parts[i]: if skip_index is not None: # Can't have more than one '::' msg = "At most one '::' permitted in %r" % ip_str raise AddressValueError(msg) skip_index = i # parts_hi is the number of parts to copy from above/before the '::' # parts_lo is the number of parts to copy from below/after the '::' if skip_index is not None: # If we found a '::', then check if it also covers the endpoints. parts_hi = skip_index parts_lo = len(parts) - skip_index - 1 if not parts[0]: parts_hi -= 1 if parts_hi: msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r" raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str) # ^: requires ^:: if not parts[-1]: parts_lo -= 1 if parts_lo: msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r" raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str) # :$ requires ::$ parts_skipped = cls._HEXTET_COUNT - (parts_hi + parts_lo) if parts_skipped < 1: msg = "Expected at most %d other parts with '::' in %r" raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT - 1, ip_str)) else: # Otherwise, allocate the entire address to parts_hi. The # endpoints could still be empty, but _parse_hextet() will check # for that. if len(parts) != cls._HEXTET_COUNT: msg = "Exactly %d parts expected without '::' in %r" raise AddressValueError(msg % (cls._HEXTET_COUNT, ip_str)) if not parts[0]: msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r" raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str) # ^: requires ^:: if not parts[-1]: msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r" raise AddressValueError(msg % ip_str) # :$ requires ::$ parts_hi = len(parts) parts_lo = 0 parts_skipped = 0 try: # Now, parse the hextets into a 128-bit integer. ip_int = 0 for i in range(parts_hi): ip_int <<= 16 ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i]) ip_int <<= 16 * parts_skipped for i in range(-parts_lo, 0): ip_int <<= 16 ip_int |= cls._parse_hextet(parts[i]) return ip_int except ValueError as exc: raise AddressValueError("%s in %r" % (exc, ip_str)) @classmethod def _parse_hextet(cls, hextet_str): """Convert an IPv6 hextet string into an integer. Args: hextet_str: A string, the number to parse. Returns: The hextet as an integer. Raises: ValueError: if the input isn't strictly a hex number from [0..FFFF]. """ # Whitelist the characters, since int() allows a lot of bizarre stuff. if not cls._HEX_DIGITS.issuperset(hextet_str): raise ValueError("Only hex digits permitted in %r" % hextet_str) # We do the length check second, since the invalid character error # is likely to be more informative for the user if len(hextet_str) > 4: msg = "At most 4 characters permitted in %r" raise ValueError(msg % hextet_str) # Length check means we can skip checking the integer value return int(hextet_str, 16) @classmethod def _compress_hextets(cls, hextets): """Compresses a list of hextets. Compresses a list of strings, replacing the longest continuous sequence of "0" in the list with "" and adding empty strings at the beginning or at the end of the string such that subsequently calling ":".join(hextets) will produce the compressed version of the IPv6 address. Args: hextets: A list of strings, the hextets to compress. Returns: A list of strings. """ best_doublecolon_start = -1 best_doublecolon_len = 0 doublecolon_start = -1 doublecolon_len = 0 for index, hextet in enumerate(hextets): if hextet == '0': doublecolon_len += 1 if doublecolon_start == -1: # Start of a sequence of zeros. doublecolon_start = index if doublecolon_len > best_doublecolon_len: # This is the longest sequence of zeros so far. best_doublecolon_len = doublecolon_len best_doublecolon_start = doublecolon_start else: doublecolon_len = 0 doublecolon_start = -1 if best_doublecolon_len > 1: best_doublecolon_end = (best_doublecolon_start + best_doublecolon_len) # For zeros at the end of the address. if best_doublecolon_end == len(hextets): hextets += [''] hextets[best_doublecolon_start:best_doublecolon_end] = [''] # For zeros at the beginning of the address. if best_doublecolon_start == 0: hextets = [''] + hextets return hextets @classmethod def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int=None): """Turns a 128-bit integer into hexadecimal notation. Args: ip_int: An integer, the IP address. Returns: A string, the hexadecimal representation of the address. Raises: ValueError: The address is bigger than 128 bits of all ones. """ if ip_int is None: ip_int = int(cls._ip) if ip_int > cls._ALL_ONES: raise ValueError('IPv6 address is too large') hex_str = '%032x' % ip_int hextets = ['%x' % int(hex_str[x:x + 4], 16) for x in range(0, 32, 4)] hextets = cls._compress_hextets(hextets) return ':'.join(hextets) def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self): """Expand a shortened IPv6 address. Args: ip_str: A string, the IPv6 address. Returns: A string, the expanded IPv6 address. """ if isinstance(self, IPv6Network): ip_str = _compat_str(self.network_address) elif isinstance(self, IPv6Interface): ip_str = _compat_str(self.ip) else: ip_str = _compat_str(self) ip_int = self._ip_int_from_string(ip_str) hex_str = '%032x' % ip_int parts = [hex_str[x:x + 4] for x in range(0, 32, 4)] if isinstance(self, (_BaseNetwork, IPv6Interface)): return '%s/%d' % (':'.join(parts), self._prefixlen) return ':'.join(parts) def _reverse_pointer(self): """Return the reverse DNS pointer name for the IPv6 address. This implements the method described in RFC3596 2.5. """ reverse_chars = self.exploded[::-1].replace(':', '') return '.'.join(reverse_chars) + '.ip6.arpa' @property def max_prefixlen(self): return self._max_prefixlen @property def version(self): return self._version class IPv6Address(_BaseV6, _BaseAddress): """Represent and manipulate single IPv6 Addresses.""" __slots__ = ('_ip', '__weakref__') def __init__(self, address): """Instantiate a new IPv6 address object. Args: address: A string or integer representing the IP Additionally, an integer can be passed, so IPv6Address('2001:db8::') == IPv6Address(42540766411282592856903984951653826560) or, more generally IPv6Address(int(IPv6Address('2001:db8::'))) == IPv6Address('2001:db8::') Raises: AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address. """ # Efficient constructor from integer. if isinstance(address, _compat_int_types): self._check_int_address(address) self._ip = address return # Constructing from a packed address if isinstance(address, bytes): self._check_packed_address(address, 16) bvs = _compat_bytes_to_byte_vals(address) self._ip = _compat_int_from_byte_vals(bvs, 'big') return # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation # which converts into a formatted IP string. addr_str = _compat_str(address) if '/' in addr_str: raise AddressValueError("Unexpected '/' in %r" % address) self._ip = self._ip_int_from_string(addr_str) @property def packed(self): """The binary representation of this address.""" return v6_int_to_packed(self._ip) @property def is_multicast(self): """Test if the address is reserved for multicast use. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is a multicast address. See RFC 2373 2.7 for details. """ return self in self._constants._multicast_network @property def is_reserved(self): """Test if the address is otherwise IETF reserved. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is within one of the reserved IPv6 Network ranges. """ return any(self in x for x in self._constants._reserved_networks) @property def is_link_local(self): """Test if the address is reserved for link-local. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 4291. """ return self in self._constants._linklocal_network @property def is_site_local(self): """Test if the address is reserved for site-local. Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879. Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local addresses as defined by RFC 4193. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6. """ return self in self._constants._sitelocal_network @property def is_private(self): """Test if this address is allocated for private networks. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per iana-ipv6-special-registry. """ return any(self in net for net in self._constants._private_networks) @property def is_global(self): """Test if this address is allocated for public networks. Returns: A boolean, true if the address is not reserved per iana-ipv6-special-registry. """ return not self.is_private @property def is_unspecified(self): """Test if the address is unspecified. Returns: A boolean, True if this is the unspecified address as defined in RFC 2373 2.5.2. """ return self._ip == 0 @property def is_loopback(self): """Test if the address is a loopback address. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is a loopback address as defined in RFC 2373 2.5.3. """ return self._ip == 1 @property def ipv4_mapped(self): """Return the IPv4 mapped address. Returns: If the IPv6 address is a v4 mapped address, return the IPv4 mapped address. Return None otherwise. """ if (self._ip >> 32) != 0xFFFF: return None return IPv4Address(self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF) @property def teredo(self): """Tuple of embedded teredo IPs. Returns: Tuple of the (server, client) IPs or None if the address doesn't appear to be a teredo address (doesn't start with 2001::/32) """ if (self._ip >> 96) != 0x20010000: return None return (IPv4Address((self._ip >> 64) & 0xFFFFFFFF), IPv4Address(~self._ip & 0xFFFFFFFF)) @property def sixtofour(self): """Return the IPv4 6to4 embedded address. Returns: The IPv4 6to4-embedded address if present or None if the address doesn't appear to contain a 6to4 embedded address. """ if (self._ip >> 112) != 0x2002: return None return IPv4Address((self._ip >> 80) & 0xFFFFFFFF) class IPv6Interface(IPv6Address): def __init__(self, address): if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)): IPv6Address.__init__(self, address) self.network = IPv6Network(self._ip) self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen return if isinstance(address, tuple): IPv6Address.__init__(self, address[0]) if len(address) > 1: self._prefixlen = int(address[1]) else: self._prefixlen = self._max_prefixlen self.network = IPv6Network(address, strict=False) self.netmask = self.network.netmask self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask return addr = _split_optional_netmask(address) IPv6Address.__init__(self, addr[0]) self.network = IPv6Network(address, strict=False) self.netmask = self.network.netmask self._prefixlen = self.network._prefixlen self.hostmask = self.network.hostmask def __str__(self): return '%s/%d' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self.network.prefixlen) def __eq__(self, other): address_equal = IPv6Address.__eq__(self, other) if not address_equal or address_equal is NotImplemented: return address_equal try: return self.network == other.network except AttributeError: # An interface with an associated network is NOT the # same as an unassociated address. That's why the hash # takes the extra info into account. return False def __lt__(self, other): address_less = IPv6Address.__lt__(self, other) if address_less is NotImplemented: return NotImplemented try: return (self.network < other.network or self.network == other.network and address_less) except AttributeError: # We *do* allow addresses and interfaces to be sorted. The # unassociated address is considered less than all interfaces. return False def __hash__(self): return self._ip ^ self._prefixlen ^ int(self.network.network_address) __reduce__ = _IPAddressBase.__reduce__ @property def ip(self): return IPv6Address(self._ip) @property def with_prefixlen(self): return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self._prefixlen) @property def with_netmask(self): return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self.netmask) @property def with_hostmask(self): return '%s/%s' % (self._string_from_ip_int(self._ip), self.hostmask) @property def is_unspecified(self): return self._ip == 0 and self.network.is_unspecified @property def is_loopback(self): return self._ip == 1 and self.network.is_loopback class IPv6Network(_BaseV6, _BaseNetwork): """This class represents and manipulates 128-bit IPv6 networks. Attributes: [examples for IPv6('2001:db8::1000/124')] .network_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::1000') .hostmask: IPv6Address('::f') .broadcast_address: IPv6Address('2001:db8::100f') .netmask: IPv6Address('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0') .prefixlen: 124 """ # Class to use when creating address objects _address_class = IPv6Address def __init__(self, address, strict=True): """Instantiate a new IPv6 Network object. Args: address: A string or integer representing the IPv6 network or the IP and prefix/netmask. '2001:db8::/128' '2001:db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/128' '2001:db8::' are all functionally the same in IPv6. That is to say, failing to provide a subnetmask will create an object with a mask of /128. Additionally, an integer can be passed, so IPv6Network('2001:db8::') == IPv6Network(42540766411282592856903984951653826560) or, more generally IPv6Network(int(IPv6Network('2001:db8::'))) == IPv6Network('2001:db8::') strict: A boolean. If true, ensure that we have been passed A true network address, eg, 2001:db8::1000/124 and not an IP address on a network, eg, 2001:db8::1/124. Raises: AddressValueError: If address isn't a valid IPv6 address. NetmaskValueError: If the netmask isn't valid for an IPv6 address. ValueError: If strict was True and a network address was not supplied. """ _BaseNetwork.__init__(self, address) # Efficient constructor from integer or packed address if isinstance(address, (bytes, _compat_int_types)): self.network_address = IPv6Address(address) self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask( self._max_prefixlen) return if isinstance(address, tuple): if len(address) > 1: arg = address[1] else: arg = self._max_prefixlen self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg) self.network_address = IPv6Address(address[0]) packed = int(self.network_address) if packed & int(self.netmask) != packed: if strict: raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self) else: self.network_address = IPv6Address(packed & int(self.netmask)) return # Assume input argument to be string or any object representation # which converts into a formatted IP prefix string. addr = _split_optional_netmask(address) self.network_address = IPv6Address(self._ip_int_from_string(addr[0])) if len(addr) == 2: arg = addr[1] else: arg = self._max_prefixlen self.netmask, self._prefixlen = self._make_netmask(arg) if strict: if (IPv6Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) != self.network_address): raise ValueError('%s has host bits set' % self) self.network_address = IPv6Address(int(self.network_address) & int(self.netmask)) if self._prefixlen == (self._max_prefixlen - 1): self.hosts = self.__iter__ def hosts(self): """Generate Iterator over usable hosts in a network. This is like __iter__ except it doesn't return the Subnet-Router anycast address. """ network = int(self.network_address) broadcast = int(self.broadcast_address) for x in _compat_range(network + 1, broadcast + 1): yield self._address_class(x) @property def is_site_local(self): """Test if the address is reserved for site-local. Note that the site-local address space has been deprecated by RFC 3879. Use is_private to test if this address is in the space of unique local addresses as defined by RFC 4193. Returns: A boolean, True if the address is reserved per RFC 3513 2.5.6. """ return (self.network_address.is_site_local and self.broadcast_address.is_site_local) class _IPv6Constants(object): _linklocal_network = IPv6Network('fe80::/10') _multicast_network = IPv6Network('ff00::/8') _private_networks = [ IPv6Network('::1/128'), IPv6Network('::/128'), IPv6Network('::ffff:0:0/96'), IPv6Network('100::/64'), IPv6Network('2001::/23'), IPv6Network('2001:2::/48'), IPv6Network('2001:db8::/32'), IPv6Network('2001:10::/28'), IPv6Network('fc00::/7'), IPv6Network('fe80::/10'), ] _reserved_networks = [ IPv6Network('::/8'), IPv6Network('100::/8'), IPv6Network('200::/7'), IPv6Network('400::/6'), IPv6Network('800::/5'), IPv6Network('1000::/4'), IPv6Network('4000::/3'), IPv6Network('6000::/3'), IPv6Network('8000::/3'), IPv6Network('A000::/3'), IPv6Network('C000::/3'), IPv6Network('E000::/4'), IPv6Network('F000::/5'), IPv6Network('F800::/6'), IPv6Network('FE00::/9'), ] _sitelocal_network = IPv6Network('fec0::/10') IPv6Address._constants = _IPv6Constants


| Ctrl-S |
Command-S |
save |
| Ctrl-Shift-S |
Command-Shift-S |
save all |
| Alt-S |
Alt-S |
toggle spell check on/off |
| Ctrl-Q |
Ctrl-Q |
switch to search tab |
| Ctrl-F |
Command-F |
quick search |
| Ctrl-Alt-Up |
Ctrl-Alt-Up |
add multi-cursor above |
| Ctrl-Alt-Down |
Ctrl-Alt-Down |
add multi-cursor below |
| Ctrl-Alt-Right |
Ctrl-Alt-Right |
add next occurrence to multi-selection |
| Ctrl-Alt-Left |
Ctrl-Alt-Left |
add previous occurrence to multi-selection |
|
Ctrl-L |
center selection |
| Ctrl-Shift-U |
Ctrl-Shift-U |
change to lower case |
| Ctrl-U |
Ctrl-U |
change to upper case |
| Alt-Shift-Down |
Command-Option-Down |
copy lines down |
| Alt-Shift-Up |
Command-Option-Up |
copy lines up |
| Delete |
|
delete |
| Ctrl-Shift-D |
Command-Shift-D |
duplicate selection |
| Ctrl-F |
Command-F |
find |
| Ctrl-K |
Command-G |
find next |
| Ctrl-Shift-K |
Command-Shift-G |
find previous |
| Alt-0 |
Option-0 |
fold all |
| Alt-L, Ctrl-F1 |
Command-Alt-L, Command-F1 |
fold selection |
| Down |
Down,Ctrl-N |
go line down |
| Up |
Up,Ctrl-P |
go line up |
| Ctrl-End |
Command-End,Command-Down |
go to end |
| Left |
Left,Ctrl-B |
go to left |
| Ctrl-L |
Command-L |
go to line |
| Alt-Right, End |
Command-Right,End,Ctrl-E |
go to line end |
| Alt-Left, Home |
Command-Left,Home,Ctrl-A |
go to line start |
| Ctrl-P |
|
go to matching bracket |
| PageDown |
Option-PageDown,Ctrl-V |
go to page down |
| PageUp |
Option-PageUp |
go to page up |
| Right |
Right,Ctrl-F |
go to right |
| Ctrl-Home |
Command-Home,Command-Up |
go to start |
| Ctrl-Left |
Option-Left |
go to word left |
| Ctrl-Right |
Option-Right |
go to word right |
| Tab |
Tab |
indent |
| Ctrl-Alt-E |
|
macros recording |
| Ctrl-Shift-E |
Command-Shift-E |
macros replay |
| Alt-Down |
Option-Down |
move lines down |
| Alt-Up |
Option-Up |
move lines up |
| Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Up |
Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Up |
move multicursor from current line to the line above |
| Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Down |
Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Down |
move multicursor from current line to the line below |
| Shift-Tab |
Shift-Tab |
outdent |
| Insert |
Insert |
overwrite |
| Ctrl-Shift-Z,Ctrl-Y |
Command-Shift-Z,Command-Y |
redo |
| Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Right |
Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Right |
remove current occurrence from multi-selection and move to next |
| Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Left |
Ctrl-Alt-Shift-Left |
remove current occurrence from multi-selection and move to previous |
| Ctrl-D |
Command-D |
remove line |
| Ctrl-Space, Alt-Space |
Ctrl-Space, Alt-Space |
show auto complete choices |
| Alt-Delete |
Ctrl-K |
remove to line end |
| Alt-Backspace |
Command-Backspace |
remove to linestart |
| Ctrl-Backspace |
Alt-Backspace, Ctrl-Alt-Backspace |
remove word left |
| Ctrl-Delete |
Alt-Delete |
remove word right |
| Ctrl-Down |
Command-Down |
scroll line down |
| Ctrl-Up |
|
scroll line up |
|
Option-PageDown |
scroll page down |
|
Option-PageUp |
scroll page up |
| Ctrl-A |
Command-A |
select all |
| Ctrl-Shift-L |
Ctrl-Shift-L |
select all from multi-selection |
| Shift-Down |
Shift-Down |
select down |
| Shift-Left |
Shift-Left |
select left |
| Shift-End |
Shift-End |
select line end |
| Shift-Home |
Shift-Home |
select line start |
| Shift-PageDown |
Shift-PageDown |
select page down |
| Shift-PageUp |
Shift-PageUp |
select page up |
| Shift-Right |
Shift-Right |
select right |
| Ctrl-Shift-End |
Command-Shift-Down |
select to end |
| Alt-Shift-Right |
Command-Shift-Right |
select to line end |
| Alt-Shift-Left |
Command-Shift-Left |
select to line start |
| Ctrl-Shift-P |
|
select to matching bracket |
| Ctrl-Shift-Home |
Command-Shift-Up |
select to start |
| Shift-Up |
Shift-Up |
select up |
| Ctrl-Shift-Left |
Option-Shift-Left |
select word left |
| Ctrl-Shift-Right |
Option-Shift-Right |
select word right |
|
Ctrl-O |
split line |
| Ctrl-/ |
Command-/ |
toggle comment |
| Ctrl-T |
Ctrl-T |
transpose letters |
| Ctrl-Z |
Command-Z |
undo |
| Alt-Shift-L, Ctrl-Shift-F1 |
Command-Alt-Shift-L,Command-Shift-F1 |
unfold |
| Alt-Shift-0 |
Option-Shift-0 |
unfold all |


Specify a package workspace filter in a simple text format that will be applied to
the package before build. This defines what content will be captured by the package.
Simple spec is defined simply as a line-by-line format where:
- each line consists of significant text before an optional comment character (#)
- each line that begins with a "/" begins a new filter root.
- the first non-empty, non-comment line must define a new filter root
- each non-empty, non-comment line after a filter root that begins with a "+" or "-" defines an include or exclude rule, respectively. Everything following the "+" or "-" must be a valid regular expression
Content is "covered" by a filter root if the content path starts with, or is the same as the filter root path. Once the "covering" filter root is identified, its include/exclude rules are evaluated from top to bottom, by matching the content path against each rule pattern (which is a Java regular expression). The last rule whose pattern matches the content
path defines whether that content is included (line starts with "+") or excluded (line starts with "-"). If no rules are defined, all content covered by that root path is included
For example, to include everything under /etc except for packages:
/etc # define /etc as the filter root
+/etc(/.*)? # include everything under /etc
-/etc/packages(/.)? # exclude package paths
To create a package for a project "acme" defined in CRX DE Lite, a filter may look like this:
/content/acme # include the site content
/apps/acme # include the app code
This field supports parameter tokens.


EXSLT is an initiative to define a standardized set of extension functions and extension elements that can be used across different XSLT processors.
Saxon now supports the EXSLT modules Common, Math, Sets, and DatesAndTimes. The full list of EXSLT extension functions implemented is:
common: node-set(), object-type()
math: abs(), acos(), asin(), atan(), atan2(), constant(), cos(), exp(), highest(), log(), lowest(), max(), min(), power(), random(), sin(), sqrt(), tan().
set: difference(), intersection(), distinct(), leading(), trailing(), has-same-node()
dates-and-times: date-time(), date(), time(), year(), leap-year(), month-in-year(), month-name(), month-abbreviation(), week-in-year(), week-in-month(), day-in-year(), day-in-month(), day-of-week-in-month(), day-in-week(), day-abbreviation(), hour-in-day(), minute-in-hour(), second-in-minute().
These have considerable overlap with extension function and elements that have previously been provided in the Saxon namespace. In most cases the Saxon versions of the functions remain available, for the time being, but the EXSLT versions are preferred.
There are some known restrictions:
In the set:leading()
and set:trailing()
functions,
Saxon does not implement the rule
"If the first node in the second node set is not contained in the first node set,
then an empty node set is returned." This rule prevents a pipelined implementation. Saxon returns
all nodes that precede/follow the first/last node of the second node-set in document order, whether
or not the two node-sets intersect.
EXSLT extensions that overlap XSLT 2.0 functionality have sometimes been retained in cases where they have no
impact on the Saxon core code, but in cases (such as func:function
) where the semantics are
subtly different from XSLT 2.0 stylesheet functions, they have been withdrawn.