Classes | |
| class | within_bounds |
| Class template for value-within-bounds predicates. More... | |
| struct | bounded |
| An alias of constrained for bounded object types (using within_bounds constraint policy). More... | |
| struct | bounded_int |
| An alias of bounded with integral compile-time-fixed bounds. More... | |
| struct | clip |
| Error policy for constrained that clips the new value to the bounds. More... | |
| struct | clipping |
| An alias of bounded for bounded objects that clip the value to the bounds. More... | |
| struct | clipping_int |
| An alias of clipping with integral compile-time-fixed bounds. More... | |
| struct | broken_constraint |
| Class of exceptions used by error policies for constrained. More... | |
| struct | throw_exception |
| Error policy for constrained that throws an exception of ExceptionType. More... | |
| class | constrained |
| Template of constrained object classes. More... | |
| struct | no_constraint |
| A dummy constraint policy allowing for any value (and thus imposing no constraint). More... | |
| class | unconstrained |
| Alias for constrained with no_constraint used as the constraint policy. More... | |
| struct | wrap |
| Error policy for constrained that wraps the new value over the bounds. More... | |
| struct | wrapping |
| An alias of bounded for bounded objects that wrap the value over the bounds. More... | |
| struct | wrapping_int |
| An alias of wrapping with integral compile-time-fixed bounds. More... | |
Functions | |
| template<typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C > | |
| void | swap (within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C > &lhs, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C > &rhs) |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TL , typename TU , typename TLE , typename TUE > | |
| void | change_bounds (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TL &l, const TU &u, const TLE &le, const TUE &ue) |
| Changes the bounds and the bounds exclusion for the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TL , typename TU > | |
| void | change_bounds (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TL &l, const TU &u) |
| Changes the bounds of the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TLE , typename TUE > | |
| void | change_bounds_exclusion (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TLE &le, const TUE &ue) |
| Changes the bounds exclusion for the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TL , typename TLE > | |
| void | change_lower_bound (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TL &l, const TLE &le) |
| Changes the lower bound and its exclusion for the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TL > | |
| void | change_lower_bound (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TL &l) |
| Changes the lower bound of the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TLE > | |
| void | change_lower_bound_exclusion (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TLE &le) |
| Changes the lower bound exclusion for the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TU , typename TUE > | |
| void | change_upper_bound (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TU &u, const TUE &ue) |
| Changes the upper bound and its exclusion for the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TU > | |
| void | change_upper_bound (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TU &u) |
| Changes the upper bound of the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename L , typename U , typename LE , typename UE , typename C , typename E , typename TUE > | |
| void | change_upper_bound_exclusion (constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > &b, const TUE &ue) |
| Changes the upper bound exclusion for the given bounded object. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| void | swap (constrained< V, C, E > &lhs, constrained< V, C, E > &rhs) |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| void | change_constraint (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &new_constraint) |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator++ (constrained< V, C, E > &c) |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator-- (constrained< V, C, E > &c) |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| const constrained< V, C, E > | operator++ (constrained< V, C, E > &c, int) |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| const constrained< V, C, E > | operator-- (constrained< V, C, E > &c, int) |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator+= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| += operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator-= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| -= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator*= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| *= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator/= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| /= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator%= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| %= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator^= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| ^= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator&= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| &= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator|= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| |= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator>>= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| >>= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename V , typename C , typename E , typename T > | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | operator<<= (constrained< V, C, E > &c, const T &v) |
| <<= operator for constrained and T. | |
| template<typename Ch , class Tr , typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| std::basic_istream< Ch, Tr > & | operator>> (std::basic_istream< Ch, Tr > &is, constrained< V, C, E > &c) |
| template<typename Ch , class Tr , typename V , typename C , typename E > | |
| std::basic_ostream< Ch, Tr > & | operator<< (std::basic_ostream< Ch, Tr > &os, const constrained< V, C, E > &c) |
| void swap | ( | within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C > & | lhs, | |
| within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C > & | rhs | |||
| ) |
Namespace-level swap for within_bounds.
Swappable
. Definition at line 329 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_bounds | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TL & | l, | |||
| const TU & | u, | |||
| const TLE & | le, | |||
| const TUE & | ue | |||
| ) |
Changes the bounds and the bounds exclusion for the given bounded object.
Calls change_constraint() with a new within_bounds object contaning the given values and the comparison object of the old within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| l | The new lower bound object. | |
| u | The new upper bound object. | |
| le | The new lower bound exclusion indicating object. | |
| ue | The new upper bound exclusion indicating object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to, respectively, L, U, LE and UE. Definition at line 412 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_bounds | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TL & | l, | |||
| const TU & | u | |||
| ) |
Changes the bounds of the given bounded object.
Calls change_bounds() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| l | The new lower bound object. | |
| u | The new upper bound object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to, respectively, L and U. Definition at line 434 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_bounds_exclusion | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TLE & | le, | |||
| const TUE & | ue | |||
| ) |
Changes the bounds exclusion for the given bounded object.
Calls change_bounds() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| le | The new lower bound exclusion indicating object. | |
| ue | The new upper bound exclusion indicating object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to, respectively, LE and UE. Definition at line 456 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_lower_bound | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TL & | l, | |||
| const TLE & | le | |||
| ) |
Changes the lower bound and its exclusion for the given bounded object.
Calls change_bounds() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| l | The new lower bound object. | |
| le | The new lower bound exclusion indicating object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to, respectively, L and LE. Definition at line 478 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_lower_bound | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TL & | l | |||
| ) |
Changes the lower bound of the given bounded object.
Calls change_lower_bound() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| l | The new lower bound object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to L. Definition at line 499 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_lower_bound_exclusion | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TLE & | le | |||
| ) |
Changes the lower bound exclusion for the given bounded object.
Calls change_lower_bound() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| le | The new lower bound exclusion indicating object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to LE. Definition at line 520 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_upper_bound | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TU & | u, | |||
| const TUE & | ue | |||
| ) |
Changes the upper bound and its exclusion for the given bounded object.
Calls change_bounds() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| u | The new upper bound object. | |
| ue | The new upper bound exclusion indicating object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to, respectively, U and UE. Definition at line 542 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_upper_bound | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TU & | u | |||
| ) |
Changes the upper bound of the given bounded object.
Calls change_upper_bound() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| u | The new upper bound object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to U. Definition at line 563 of file bounded.hpp.
| void boost::constrained_value::change_upper_bound_exclusion | ( | constrained< V, within_bounds< L, U, LE, UE, C >, E > & | b, | |
| const TUE & | ue | |||
| ) |
Changes the upper bound exclusion for the given bounded object.
Calls change_upper_bound() with a combination of the specified and existing policies of the previous within_bounds object.
| b | The bounded object to modify. | |
| ue | The new upper bound exclusion indicating object. |
CopyConstructible
and Swappable
.Convertible
to UE. Definition at line 584 of file bounded.hpp.
| void swap | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | lhs, | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | rhs | |||
| ) |
Namespace-level swap for constrained.
Swappable
. Definition at line 476 of file constrained.hpp.
| void change_constraint | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | new_constraint | |||
| ) |
Changes the constraint of the given constrained object.
Creates a new object with the value and error handler of c, but with new_constraint as its constraint, and swaps the object with c.
Note, that using this function is reasonable only when C objects have some internal state.
Convertible
to C.CopyConstructible
and Swappable
. Definition at line 497 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator++ | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c | ) |
Pre-increment operator for constrained. Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, pre-increments it and assigns it back to c.
CopyConstructible
, Assignable
and PreIncrementable
. Definition at line 514 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator-- | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c | ) |
Pre-decrement operator for constrained. Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, pre-decrements it and assigns it back to c.
CopyConstructible
, Assignable
and PreDecrementable
. Definition at line 529 of file constrained.hpp.
| const constrained< V, C, E > operator++ | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| int | ||||
| ) |
Post-increment operator for constrained. Creates a copy of c and then pre-increments c.
CopyConstructible
and PreIncrementable
. Definition at line 544 of file constrained.hpp.
| const constrained< V, C, E > operator-- | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| int | ||||
| ) |
Post-decrement operator for constrained. Creates a copy of c and then pre-decrements c.
CopyConstructible
and PreDecrementable
. Definition at line 558 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator+= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
+= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 591 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator-= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
-= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 592 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator*= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
*= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 593 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator/= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
/= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 594 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator%= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
%= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 595 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator^= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
^= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 596 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator&= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
&= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 597 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator|= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
|= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 598 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator>>= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
>>= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 599 of file constrained.hpp.
| constrained< V, C, E > & operator<<= | ( | constrained< V, C, E > & | c, | |
| const T & | v | |||
| ) |
<<= operator for constrained and T.
Creates a copy of the underlying value of c, applies the operator to the copy using the value of v and assigns the new value back to c.
CopyConstructible
and Assignable
.Definition at line 600 of file constrained.hpp.
| std::basic_istream< Ch, Tr > & operator>> | ( | std::basic_istream< Ch, Tr > & | is, | |
| constrained< V, C, E > & | c | |||
| ) |
Stream extraction operator for constrained.
Creates a variable that is a copy of the value of c and calls stream extraction operator for the variable using is. If this succeeds, assigns the variable to c.
Note, that this operator reads only the underlying value from the stream, but not the constraint nor the error policy.
InputStreamable
and CopyConstructible
.BOOST_NO_IOSFWD
macro is defined. Definition at line 628 of file constrained.hpp.
| std::basic_ostream< Ch, Tr > & operator<< | ( | std::basic_ostream< Ch, Tr > & | os, | |
| const constrained< V, C, E > & | c | |||
| ) |
Stream insertion operator for constrained.
Outputs the value of c to os.
Note, that this operator writes only the underlying value to the stream, but not the constraint nor the error policy.
OutputStreamable
.BOOST_NO_IOSFWD
macro is defined. Definition at line 652 of file constrained.hpp.


Third "Baby Safe" opened in PE.
by Algoa FMThe Northern Areas of the Nelson Mandela Metro have one of the highest rates of foetal alcohol syndrome in South Africa.
This was heard on during the opening of the third baby safe in the Metro.
The baby-safe is located at the Missionvale Care Centre and is a collaboration between newly formed NGO, Celebration of Grace Project and the ABC Private Safety Care.
The baby-safe provides an option for mothers who cannot raise their babies to leave them in a safe place as opposed to abandoning them in dangerous environments.
Kim Taljaard, of the Association for Babies in Crisis, said "A mother does not just abandon her baby. She genuinely experiences abandonment either from her partner or her family and sometimes they're scared to go to churches. They do not abandon their babies on the first thought. It is after they have also experienced abandonment."
"Also, one of the highest statistics of neonaticide which is a baby after being birthed and before the age one is killed by the mom is here in Port Elizabeth. So that is a really sad state of affairs," she said.
Taljaard said the organisation would introduce a myriad of interventions which include counselling as well as support groups for pregnant women and new moms.


Type Function Library native.* Return value TextBox Revision Current Public Release (2013.2076) Keywords text box, text input, native text See also native.newTextField()
native.setKeyboardFocus()
userInput events
Creates a scrollable, multi-line text box for displaying text-based content. Text boxes can also be used for text input (and multi-line text input) by setting the isEditable
property to true
.
Use "" to start text on a new line. Text will automatically wrap to the next line if it's too long.
Native text boxes can listen for userInput events. (see example)
Native text boxes are only available in device builds and on the Corona Mac Simulator.
Because native text boxes are not part of the OpenGL canvas, they do not obey the Corona display object hierarchy. For example, while they can be manipulated using display object methods, they always appear above normal display objects.
Also, they do not inherit display group properties like isVisible
, x
, y
, rotation
, and alpha
. If you need to set display properties on native objects, apply them to the objects directly.
To remove a native text box from the display, use object:removeSelf()
.
For single line text, see: native.newTextField().
The native.setKeyboardFocus() API is used to set and clear the keyboard used for text input (shows and hides native device keyboard in Xcode Simulator and on-device only).
native.newTextBox( left, top, width, height [, listener ] )
Numbers. Short description goes here.
Numbers. Short description goes here.
Listener. Function to respond to keyboard events. If you choose to handle this event with a table listener, the event name is "userInput" (recommended). See userInput for more information.
local textBox
local function inputListener( event )
if event.phase == "began" then
-- user begins editing textBox
print( event.text )
elseif event.phase == "ended" then
-- do something with textBox's text
elseif event.phase == "editing" then
print( event.newCharacters )
print( event.oldText )
print( event.startPosition )
print( event.text )
end
end
textBox = native.newTextBox( 15, 70, 280, 70 )
textBox.text = "This is line 1.\nAnd this is line2"
textBox:addEventListener( "userInput", inputListener )


{{ define "main" }} this is a list page {{ partial "jumbotron" (dict "imageUrl" "/img/blog-index234.jpg" "title" "Latest developments") }} this is list layout


We'll start with some simple sentences right away. Russian does not have articles, nor does it normally use the verb “to be” in the Present tense.
Russian uses a version of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Many letters look similar to their Latin counterparts. As Cyrillic typography was remodeled around 300 years ago, both alphabets have a similar style.
For information on how to install a Russian keyboard layout, please click here .
To switch Duolingo from Latin transliterations to Cyrillic, click the little Aa-Яя switch near the top of the screen during a lesson.
К , О , М , Т , А sound similar to their Latin counterparts (to be more precise, "о" is the sound in "more"). However, in handwriting and typed italics, the letter Т can look rather like a lower case 'm' in the Latin alphabet. E.g. in the verb просить (to ask for, to request), т = t.
Е actually sounds more like "ye", as in "yell", not as in "Hear ye, hear ye!" (this will work for now; it's more complicated after a consonant).
В sounds like 'v', Б sounds like 'b'. Н is "n" and И is "i" ('eeh'). The remaining letters are included in the table below:
| Ёё⁰ ( you r) | Вв ( v ase) | Бб ( b ed) |
| Ээ (r e d) | Нн¹ ( n ap) | Дд¹ ( d ab) |
| Уу (s oo n) | Хх² (Ba ch ) | Гг ( g ap) |
| Ии (m ee t) | Йй ( y es) | Лл¹ (ni l ) |
| Юю ( you ) | Рр (trilled R) | Пп ( p oor) |
| Ыы³ (h i t) | Сс ( S am) | Зз ( z ebra) |
| Яя ( ya rd) | Фф ( ph oton) | Цц (ca ts ) |
| Жж⁴ (sei z ure) | Шш⁴ ( sh un) | Щщ⁴ |
| Чч ( ch eer) | Ъ and Ь⁵ |
Л can have a flat top, like П , or a pointy top like А (it comes from the Greek Λ). Д and Л have a similar top in many fonts, though it's up to the designer. Handwritten Д looks like D , and д like a g or a д (the last two affect the italic shapes).
An Italic Г in lower case usually looks this: г .
That's it with the introduction! We will discuss reading words in more detail in later skills.
P.S. In our notes, we use an accute accent to show you the stress (e.g., ра́дио). It is a standard practice in Russian textbooks for little children or foreign learners—and, generally, the most common way of marking the position of the stress.
Now you are ready to proceed to the main part of the tree!
We are happy that you have chosen our Russian course. Just to make it clear, we are using American English in this course—but don't worry, we will accept all versions of English where appropriate. Just be careful around expressions like "bathroom" or "1st floor", because these may mean different things than what you are used to.
As for Russian, we teach the standard language, which is based on the variation spoken around Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and we stick to the usage typical of these cities. Do not worry, though: for more than one reason Russian is rather uniform over the territory of Russian (still, there is some variation in pronunciation and a few items of everyday vocabulary). We try to stay neutral in style, with occasional trips into formal and informal language.
Russian is an inflected language, so the forms of nouns and modifying adjectives correspond to their role in the sentence.
These forms are called cases . Russian has 6 cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Prepositional, Dative and Instrumental. The Nominative is the dictionary form; as for the others, we are going to cover them gradually, one by one.
This allows for a more loose word order. But not random! A typical word order is subject—verb—object . “Old” information (the things you tell about ) is normally closer to the beginning of the sentence which is probably why pronouns are often found closer to the beginning of a sentence than a noun would be :
That includes words like “here”, “in this way”, “then” and so on.
Unlike English, adverbs are NOT universally grouped at the end. So pay attention to the typical positions for the expressions of time, place and manner. Eg. “very much” is typically in the end-position in English, but in Russian it is just before the thing that is "very" or “very much”:
Good luck!
Like in English, vowel letters aren't all pronounced just like in the alphabet. In Russian, unstressed syllables have vowels reduced :
So, when a vowel is not stressed, it becomes weaker, somewhat shorter, and also some vowels become indistinguishable.
The unstressed syllable is strongest just before the stress. In all other places it is even weaker than that (though, some long words, especially compounds, may acquire a secondary stress). This makes the system different from the English one, where stronger and weaker syllables tend to alternate.
For now, we only study simple sentences that either use the dictionary form, the Nominative case, or use the Accusative (direct object of an action), which has the same form for many classes of nouns.
The case is defined by its use. Nevertheless, these forms have names, usually calques from Latin that reflect some typical use (but not the only one):
As you can see, these names are of little use until you know what sentence, verb or preposition requires that you use that particular form.
Russian has a more informal greeting «Приве́т» and a more formal «Здра́вствуй(те)» . Here, we focus on the first, since it is the shorter one.
When on phone, use «Алло́» (Алё) .
«Пожа́луйста» (please) has another popular position in the sentence—namely, after the verb (more on that later).
• you can also use «пожа́луйста» as a reply to "thanks", meaning "You are welcome!"
The phrase for "How are you?" literally means "How are your affairs (the stuff you do)?"
No one uses it as a greeting, i.e. you are not expected to use it with people you barely know (or those you know, for that matter). And be prepared for a person to actually tell you how they've been doing. ;)
Morning typically starts at 4 or 5 a.m., afternoon at noon, evening at 5 p.m. (at 6 for some) and night at 11 or at midnight.
You only use "Good night" (Споко́йной но́чи) when parting before sleep (or saying your goodbyes really late, so it is implied you or the listener are going to bed soon after).
If you are advanced enough to have noticed oblique forms used in some phrases—you are right! Greetings and other similar expressions are often shortened versions of longer phrases, where words still retain their forms. For example, «Споко́йной но́чи» probably replaces the longer «Я жела́ю вам споко́йной но́чи!» (I wish you a peaceful night). Needless to say, the full version is never used.
English prefers to express ownership and “possession” with the verb “have”. In Russian “existence” is almost universally used instead (in the official/academic style «иметь» to have is OK to use).
Use it like that:
The owner is in the Genitive case (more on that later) while X is formally the subject. For now we will only study the Genitive form for some pronouns.
Omit ”есть” if the existence of the object is obvious or not the point — very typical for describing traits or a number of objects (“Tom has a beautiful smile/large eyes”, “She has a very fat cat”). This also applies to expressing temporary states and illnesses (“She has a migraine”).
In English, the only way a verb changes in the present tense is that you add -s for the 3rd person singular. In Russian, all 6 forms are different and fit two regular patterns.
However, eat «есть» and want «хоте́ть» are two of the four verbs that are irregular (that is, do not strictly follow any of the 2 patterns).
Note that the "present" tense is formed from one stem and the "past" and infinitive from the second one. In general, these two are slightly different. For now, don't worry about the infinitive stem.
Russian consonants are split into two groups of 15, which are pronounced in two different ways, palatalized (aka "soft") and non-palatalized (aka "hard"). We'll stick to the shorter "soft" and "hard" (sorry).
When a consonant is "soft" it means than you pronounce it with you tongue raised high; for "non-palatalized" consonants it stays low. Russian orthography has its history but, long story short, you can tell the "softness" of a consonant from a vowel letter spelled afterwards:
If there is nothing after a consonant, the soft sign Ь is used to show the softness. In consonant clusters palatalization is predictable from the softness of the last consonant. We aren't teaching it here. These days the trend is to only "soften" the last consonant in most clusters, while a hundred years ago some clusters were palatalized even without any obvious reason.
To show you how it works, here is an example, using an ad-hoc transcription:
There are dictionaries («орфоэпический словарь») that show the recommended pronunciation of words and contain general pronunciation rules, too.
Some consonants let your voice come out immediately (voiced) while others wait for the release of the consonant and only then let your voice escape (unvoiced). In Russian there are 6 pairs of such consonants: Б/П, В/Ф, Г/К, Д/Т, Ж/Ш, З/С.
Russian makes a distinction between ты , singular "you", and вы , plural "you" (y'all). The latter also doubles for "polite" you, with verbs also in plural. And don't forget that the "excuse" in "Excuse me" is a verb!
As you might know if you ever read any Russian literature, Russians have three names; their first name and their surname—just like you have—and a patronymic (отчество), which is based on their father's name (отец = father). A very common 'polite' pattern is to use a person's first name and a patronymic:
In this course, name+patronymic are always used with the polite вы -form.
«Как вас зову́т?» is literally "How (do) they call you?"
Russian has a casual diminutive form for many common names, : Ива̓н→Ва́ня, Мари́я→Маша, Алекса́ндр(Алекса́ндра)→Са́ша, Евге́ний(Евге́ния)→Же́ня, Еле́на→Ле́на, Алексе́й→Лёша, Пётр→Пе́тя. Needless to say, there's no "politeness" with these, but they are often used with some degree of affection.
Russian has two very common polite patterns for questions that English does not:
«Спаси́бо» is the word. A fancier option would be «Благодарю́!» (a form of the verb «благодари́ть», "to thank"), though quite a number of people use it, if only for variety.
Here is how the Nominative Plural is formed.
| TYPE | ending | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -а/-я -nouns | ы/и | ма́мы, зе́мли |
| -ь -nouns, feminine | и | крова́ти |
| most consonant-ending masculines | ы/и | столы́, ма́льчики |
| -о/-е -nouns | а/я | о́кна, моря́ |
| some consonant-ending masculines | а/я | доктора́, глаза́ |
(so, the plural «я́блоки» is actually an uncommon way of doing it)
There are some irregular plurals too.
Or maybe not. Sometimes Russian forces your choice of vowel to spell or pronounce after a certain letter.
The 7-letter rule : Whenever you make any form of a word, and you need to write И or Ы, check this:
These are velars ("back" consonants) and hushes. For hushes, it is merely a spelling convention, owing to their former "soft" status. For velars, it is true to their pronunciation — i.e., these consonants always use the palatalized И where another consonant would use Ы:
Of these seven consonants, «К» should be your main concern for now. A lot of nouns have it as a suffix or a part of their suffix, forcing you to remember this rule.
The 8-letter rule : Whenever you make any form of a word, and you need to write А, У or Я, Ю after a consonant, follow the rule:
Russian words take different forms depending on their role in the sentence. These forms are called cases . A few forms may look the same (cf. "frequent rains" vs. "It rains often").
These forms have names (mostly calques from Latin) that describe some "prototypal" use of such case: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Prepositional, Dative and Instrumental. For you, these are just tags: the use is what defines a case.
As of now, you know the NOMINATIVE case: the dictionary form of a word. This form acts as the grammatical subject of the sentence, the "doer". It is also used for both nouns in "A is B" structure:
You also know a few Genitive forms (у меня ) but that's it. For now, we will tackle something easier.
When we talk about things being somewhere, we typically use в (in) or на (on) with the Prepositional form of the noun. It doesn't work when you mean motion to that place!
The Prepositional case (a.k.a. Locative) is the only case that is never used on its own without a preposition, even though only four or five prepositions ever use it:
Unlike English (“at/in school”), in Russian each "place" is associated with just one preposition. The rough overall rule is: use “в”(in, at) when talking about buildings and places with certain boundaries and use “на” (on, at) when talking about open spaces or events:
When you mean physically being inside/on top of some object, there is little ambiguity. "Places", unfortunately, require memorization.
Here is the rule that covers most nouns:
Use “у + Genitive” when talking about being at some person’s place: Да, я у дру́га = Yeah, I am at my friend’s place .
The room with a toilet is туале́т . In this course, we stick to the North American "bathroom", even though a room with a bath is, technically ва́нная (it has ва́нна, "a bath"). Still, in Russian you would not ask for a "bath-room" unless you really mean it.
We’ll deal with that later. But the pattern is consistent. When you are somewhere, going to that place and going away from that place, use the following triplets:
| AT | TO | FROM |
|---|---|---|
| в + Prep | в + Acc | из + Gen |
| на + Prep | на + Acc | с + Gen |
| у + Gen | к + Dat | от + Gen |
For example, if the place is used with на, the correct prepositions for the three uses are на–на–с.
Note how plurals of «соба́ка» and «ко́шка» end in И: соба́ки, ко́шки, even though you might expect А to turn into Ы.
There are some restrictions on which consonants are used with which vowels when making word forms. Here are the rules for и, а, у vs. ы, я, ю :
К, Г, Х are called velar consonants (i.e. made in the back) and Ш, Щ, Ж, Ч are often called hushes . The latter do not show palatalized/non-palatalized pairs in modern Russian, so the spelling rule does not affect pronunciation anyhow. It's just a convention.
It is not too important for you at the moment, but you may notice how О and Е sometimes appear in consonant clusters or disappear from them. For example:
Later you will encounter the Genitive plural (often used with numbers and words like "many" or "few"), which shows a simple pattern for -к -suffixed feminine nouns that do not have a vowel before "-ка":
As you can see, the vowel (О or Е) depends on whether the previous consonant is palatalized or not. Hushes behave as if they were palatalzed, despite Ж and Ш having lost this quality in the modern language.
In Russian “I have” is expressed by «У меня (есть)» structure. The owner is in the Genitive case .
"The of -case". It is one of the most universal cases. How do you make the forms? Here is the regular pattern:
| ENDING | Genitive sg. | soft stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -a/-я | мама | мам ы | земля | земл и | |
| zero-ending masc , -о/-е neut | сок / молоко | сок а / молок а | конь | кон я | |
| -ь fem | мышь | мыш и |
A zero ending means that the word ends in a consonant or a soft sign (which is just a way to show the final consonant is "soft"). In the Nominative singular, a Russian word can only have the following endings: а, я, о, е, ё or nothing ("zero ending").
If you use «нет» to say that there is "no" something or you do not have it, the object is always in Genitive:
У меня́ есть я́блоко → У меня́ нет я́блока
Здесь есть рюкза́к → Здесь нет рюкзака́ .
A huge number of prepositions requires this case. Yes, «у меня есть», «У неё есть» only use «меня» and «неё» because «у» wants Genitive.
For он , она and оно Genitive doubles as a non-changing possessive "his", "her", "their": его, её, их .
A little side note: some nouns of foreign origin are indeclinable. It means that all their forms are the same. Foreign nouns that end in о/е become like that (кофе, метро, радио, резюме), as well as all nouns that do not fit into Russian declension patterns (see above).
This includes female names that end in anything other than А or Я. A few -ь -ending names are an exception (Любовь and Biblical names like Юдифь).
So, all of the following names are automatically indeclinable: Маргарет, Мэри, Элли, Дженни, Рэйчел, Натали, Энн, Ким, Тесс, Жасмин.
Russian also uses the Genitive to state that someone is "away", "not there": Мамы сейчас нет . In English such use would correspond to "There is no mom at the moment", or even "There is no me now". We are not hard on that particular construction in the course, but it is important to know it all the same.
Added bonus: when a verb directly acts on a noun, the noun is called a direct object and is in Accusative. In Russian, only -а/-я feminine nouns have a unique form for it. Others just reuse Genitive or don't change the word at all (Nominative)
Russian uses.... let's call it "consistent" negation. It means that in negative sentences you are required to use "nothing" instead of "anything", "nowhere" instead of "somewhere" and so on. Let's meet the first of these pronouns:
You'll also notice that, unlike standard English, Russian has no rule against using double negatives.
There isn't much to say about words like "my" or "your" in Russian.
- мой/твой/наш папа
- мо я́ /тво я́ /на́ш а ма́ма
Unlike English, no distinction is made between my and mine , her and hers etc.
Pronunciation : in «его», as well as in adjective endings and "сегодня" the letter Г is pronounced В . It is a historical spelling.
Nouns in Russian belong to one of three genders: feminine, masculine or neuter. If a noun means a person of a certain gender, use that one. For all other nouns look at the end of the word:
| ending in Nom.sg. | gender | examples |
|---|---|---|
| -а/-я | feminine | ма́ма, земля́, Росси́я, маши́на |
| consonant | masculine | сок, ма́льчик, чай, интерне́т, апельси́н |
| -о/-е | neuter | окно́, яйцо́, мо́ре |
| -ь | feminine or masculine; consult a dictionary | ло́шадь, ночь, мать, любо́вь / день, конь, медве́дь, учи́тель |
As you know, the Genitive case has lots of uses in Russian.
One of them expresses an amount of something:
With mass nouns it is also used to express "some" unspecified amount of that stuff when used instead of the Accusative:
Note that this usage is only characteristic for situations when you ask or hypothesize about using "some or other amount" of a substance. You cannot actually say that you are drinking "воды" right now—but you can say that you want some (or that you sipped some in the past—with a perfective¹, of course).
«Чай» has an alternative Partitive form «чаю»:
It is optional. Actually, many short masculine nouns that denote substances used to have such form. However, «чай» is, probably, the only one where the form is immensely popular in spoken speech and does not sound old-fashioned or downright archaic.
Russian differentiates between a number of drinking vessels. Стака́н is what you call a "glass" in English: typically, a cylindrical vessel made of glass, with no handle. However, if you mean a measurement unit (quite popular in cooking), it corresponds to the English word "cup". In Russian you use do not a cup or rice or flour: you use a "glass" of rice or flour.
Until now, you've been using the base form of the word in sentence like «Он ест яблоко ».
Actually, whenever a verb, like "read", "cut" or "want" acts directly on some noun, the latter is a direct object . Such nouns take the Accusative case.
Only feminine nouns ending in -а / -я have a separate form. «Мама» is a good example of this class :
Neuter nouns and feminine nouns with a final -ь (e.g., «мы́шь») use the Nominative form.
Now we are left with masculine nouns ending in a consonant (сок, медве́дь, брат). They use the same form as in Nominative or Genitive:
| -а/-я | — (masc.) | neuter | -ь (fem.) |
|---|---|---|---|
| -у/-ю | Nom. / Gen. | Nominative | Nominative |
With "substances"(mass nouns) Genitive may be used instead to convey a meaning of "some" quantity.
Russian has two main verb form patterns, which we are going to introduce soon. Unfortunately, the verb «хоте́ть»(to want) is irregular and mixes both. On a brighter note, it is a very common verb, so you'll memorize it eventually.
The other notable thing is that it does not have a strong connotation of 'need', unlike the English verb '"want". Similarly, the Russian verb for "give"(да́ть) is totally OK for polite requests. Just use it with «пожа́луйста».
The verbs in Russian change according to person and number. Each form has a different ending. There are only two patterns (apart from some phonetic changes).
| endings | Е- / И- examples | |
|---|---|---|
| я | - ю (у) | чита́ю, пишу́ / говорю́, ви́жу |
| ты | - ешь / - ишь | чита́ешь, пи́шешь / говори́шь, ви́дишь |
| он/она́ | - ет / - ит | чита́ет, пи́шет / говори́т, ви́дит |
| мы | - ем / - им | чита́ем, пи́шем / говори́м, ви́дим |
| вы | - ете / - ите | чита́ете, пи́шете / говори́те, ви́дите |
| они́ | - ют (ут) / - ят (ат) | чита́ют, пи́шут / говоря́т, ви́дят |
We will learn these one by one. There are only four stems with irregular conjugation. The verbs хоте́ть, дать, есть, бежа́ть and all their derivatives follow neither the Е- nor the И-conjugation exactly.
Note that if the endings are stressed, Ё replaces Е. Fortunately, a non-past form has only 2 options:
A verb uses one stem to form Infinitive and Past tense forms. It uses the 2nd one, similar, for the non-past forms and the imperative. So you cannot predict all forms from the infinitive. You can make a good guess, though.
In this course we use the American English definitions:
In Russian, you can express liking things and activities pretty much the same way as in English, with similar verbs. The usage differs a bit, though.
A a rule of thumb, «Я люблю́» means "I love" only when directed at a single person (or animal). Otherwise, it's just "I like".
"LIKE" нра́виться means moderate "liking" something or someone, often something specific. Not transitive! The thing liked is the subject, acting indirectly on a person: «Мне нра́вится стол» = I like the table.
note that «Мне нра́вится стол» works in a similar way to the English verb "to seem": "The table seems good to me" . The sentence is built as though the table "transmits" the feeling towards you. While rare in English, in Russian, this is pretty typical for feelings and experience to be expressed that way («Мне хорошо́»).
When you refer to generic things and activities, both verbs can be used but «люби́ть» is mildly more useful.
Possibility and/or permission are often expressed with words мо́жно and нельзя́ .
The English translation may vary. You can specify the person for whom the permission or recommendation applies, in the Dative (but you do not have to):
P.S. the -ся at the end of "нра́вится" is a reflexive particle and comes after the ending (in verbs, use -сь after a vowel, -ся after a consonant) . Technically, a reflexive verb is one where the subject of the verb acts on itself. As you can see, often this is not always reflected clearly in the meaning. «Нра́виться» is one of those verbs that are reflexive "just because".
Don't worry about it too much for now, as we'll be tackling reflexives in more detail further down the tree.
«для»(for) always takes Genitive nouns
Food offers a delicious intake of mass nouns. Russian has them massed up even where English does not!
The formal word for potato is карто́фель (German speakers, rejoice), but it's hardly ever used in speech. Use «карто́шка» instead.
The word for tomato is помидо́р . There is also the word тома́т , but it is
the base stem for derivative products: тома́тная па́ста = tomato paste
посуда is a word for different containers used for cooking , consuming and further storage of food. English, sadly, does not have the exact equivalent. However, it is obviously "dishes" that you wash and "cookware/tableware" that you buy.
In this skill, we used perfective verbs for "cook", "cut", "wash". The reason is simple: that's the verb you'd use when you want a single specific action, often with a result—rather than referring to "activity" (activity may be fun but, in some cases, pointless).
More on that later. For now, just go with the flow.
In Russian adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender/number and case. Out of 24 combinations only 12 forms are different. This system is completely regular, with no change of stress. The endings have “hard” and “soft” variants depending on the stem (for example, ый/ий or “ая/яя”).
Here is the Nominative and Genitive for “classic” hard- and soft-stem adjectives ("new"/"blue"):
| NOM | GEN | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | но́в ая /си́н яя чашка | но́в ой /си́н ей ча̒шки |
| masc | но́в ый /си́н ий дом | но́в ого /си́н его до́ма |
| neut | но́в ое /си́н ее окно́ | но́в ого /си́н его окна |
| pl. | но́в ые /си́н ие ча́шки | но́в ых /си́н их ча́шек |
note that masculine and neuter merge in all their forms different from the Nominative one (their Accusative will be the same as the Gen. or the Nom. depending on animacy). In the Nominative there is also -ОЙ masculine ending: большо́й (“big”). Only for ending-stressed adjectives.
The following universal rules of Russian spelling will give you the rest of the endings for any adjective you ever meet (there exist 4 patterns at most):
In Russian, и is used to show similarity. Otherwise you should use а , which shows contrast . To be more specific, here are the typical patterns:
A conjunction used for "compensating" for something unpleasant with something that, you imply, is good:
Not exactly the best thing to translate into English ( "on the other hand"? "but at least"? "thankfully?" ), so it is not often used in this course.
Much like the English though/even though/although . It is often combined with "и" before the predicate (which is sometimes directly after «хотя»):
This conjunction has a rather interesting use, to show when someone perceives someone else's action:
For а , there is also "narrative" contrast pattern, largely absent from this course (but not from real-life Russian):
To say "there is/are" in Russian, do the following:
«есть» is not used, unless the sentence really has to emphasize the existence of the object. Some examples:
In the Present tense no verb is necessary; in the past, you would at least need a form of "to be". Note that even in the present Russian still uses verbs like "is situated", "stands", "lies" way more often than would be considered normal in English.
The most natural translation into English is a structure like "There is an apple on the table" or "An apple is on the table". The emphasis is on the object, not on the place.
Actually, such a sentence answers the question of WHAT is in the said place. For out-of-the-blue sentences about objects that have nothing unique about them it matches what English THERE-IS sentences are for. So this is what we have in this course.
The initial position of a "place" inside the sentence holds for many other structures, too. Whenever the place is not a part of the "message" of your sentence, it is usually somewhere at the beginning (that is, if the place frames your description of an action rather than providing crucial information).
If the whole point of uttering a sentence is telling someone about the place then, naturally, it takes the sentence-final position:
You don't have to translate verbs like "to stand" and "to lie" literally when they refer to objects. Such use is not, by a wide margin, nearly as standard in English as it is in Russian:
In English "to be" is perfectly fine, so we accept that.
Russian makes a distinction between being somewhere (тут/здесь, там) , going there (сюда, туда) and coming from there (отсюда, оттуда)—so naturally question words follow suit:
Russian uses «Кто» (who) when asking about identity and occupation and «Что» is used for objects rather than people. Since Russian nouns have cases, кто and что also change depending on their role in the implied sentence. As you will discover a little bit further down the tree, «Кто» behaves rather like a masculine adjective.
| CASE | What | Who | Whose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | что | кто | чей, чьё, чья ,чьи |
| Gen. | чего́ | кого́ | чьего́, чьего́, чье́й, чьих |
| Acc. | что | кого | Gen/Nom; «чью» for Fem. |
| Prep | чём | ком | чьём, чьём, чьей, чьих |
In a few regions of Russia (Tatarstan, for example) people may use зачем for both questions if their usage of Russian is influenced by a major local language that makes no distinction between the two. In Standard Russian these are two clearly separate entities.
To express the idea of speaking some language, or something being written in that language, Russian has adverbs literally meaning "Russian-ly", "English-ly" etc.. :
They are formed from -ский adjectives by attaching по- and changing the tail to bare -ски : по-ру́сски, по-италья́нски, по-япо́нски, по-вьетна́мски, по-америка́нски, по-францу́зски and so on.
And remember, these words actually mean something done "in a certain way", so «суши по-американски» (American-style sushi) should not surprise you!
A relatively small group of short masculine nouns have an accented -у ending with в/на in the meaning of place (and only then):
Our course has about a dozen of them (there are about 100 in the language). Also, there exists a very small group of feminine nouns, all "-ь"-ending, that have a stressed Locative-2 ending:
All these nouns use their normal Prepositional form with "о" and "при".
This word is used with qualities that manifest "totally"— usually with negatives:
It comes from «ме́жду» + «наро́ды», i.e. "between"+"peoples", which is quite literally "international".
The loanword «интернациональный» means the same but has quite limited use in certain combinations like "international team" or "international debt" (mostly these are from political contexts). This course largely avoids this word.
Probably, "international team/orchestra" etc. is the context where you must use «интернациональный»).
The word for an "animal" is a nominalised neuter adjective, and its case forms follow adjectival pattern. Of course, its gender is fixed:
Russian distinguishes between "going" on foot and by some sort of vehicle. If you aren't moving within the city, use a 'vehicle verb' ехать (one-way movement) or ездить (repeated, round trip or in general). More on that later, in "Motion verbs".
Once again, with в and на you use Prepositional for location , and Accusative for direction :
Here is a 'cheat sheet' of forms you'll need for places (no living beings, so—the easy Accusative for masculine):
| Nominative | Acc. | Prep. | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -а/-я | -у/-ю | -е | Америка → в Америку/в Америке |
| ∅/-о/-е | ∅/-о/-е | -е | стол → на стол / на столе |
| -ь feminine | -ь | -и | дверь → на дверь/на двери |
| -ия | -ию | -ии | Англия → в Англию/в Англии |
| -ие | -ие | -ии | здание → в здание / в здании |
For "outdoors" Russians use «на улице» (literally, "on the street").
The preposition о (об) means "about" only as in the sense of "thinking/writing about". Don't use it for "approximately". With « мне » a special form is used, обо .
The contraction "USA" or "the U.S." is США (сэ-шэ-А, with the stress on the last vowel).
There is no difference drawn between "city" and "town".
In Russian it is typical to describe objects as "standing", "lying", "being situated", "hanging". This is rare in English, and often sounds unnatural, therefore in this course it is perfectly OK to translate a "whereabouts"-verb with a simple "is", "was" etc.
For "here", the words здесь and тут are almost completely interchangeable in any imaginable context. Тут is considered a bit more informal, and is used in set expressions ( тут же~right away, тут и там). «Здесь» is somewhat less suitable for figurative meanings (when by "here" you mean the current situation rather than a place). In this course, they are completely interchangeable when not being used in a set expression.
находиться is a verb to denote the whereabouts of things, and, sometimes of people (when the emphasis is on exactly where they are). It could be translated as "to be situated" or "to be located", but as these verbs usually sound rather formal in English, so you can just use "to be".
около is almost the same as «возле». It can also be used in the sense of "about"(=approximately).
There are two options for verbs of going : a specific 1-directional verb and also repeated motion, multi-directional verb. For now, stick to this rule for идти́ / ходи́ть :
| ENG | RUS | |
|---|---|---|
| right now → | I am going . | Я иду́ .→ |
| habitual ⇆ | I often go there. | Я ча́сто туда́ хожу́ . |
| generic ↝↶↺ | The baby already walks . I am walking (around). | Ребёнок уже́ хо́дит . Я хожу́ . |
In other words, when using про́сит , one wants to be given something (or for something to be done). He who спра́шивает –wants an answer.
By the way, "to ask a question" is, actually, « зада́ть/задава́ть вопро́с». Those who speak German may recall eine Frage stellen , which works in a similar way (apparently, "to ask an asking" is no good in German, either).
Remember that Russian sort of uses double and triple negatives. To be more precise, it is coordinated negation: when the sentence is negative, you should automatically negate every pronoun referring to someone , anywhere , some time , anything , in some way and so on:
They all change to nobody, nowhere, never, nothing, by no means and so on. No one and nothing will have the correct case (though, "nothing" is virtually always ничего , not ничто )
The typical position for -о (-е)-ending adverbs is before the verb. For example:
You might have noticed that the consonant before the ending is sometimes different in the infinitive than in the personal forms. It is called mutation and is quite similar to the process that makes "tense" into "tension" (where an "s" turns into a "sh"). Here are the patterns you might encounter:
If there is alteration, there is a rule:
The verb «играть» is used as follows:
For example, Я игра́ю в футбо́л / Я игра́ю на гита́ре.
Let's focus on the Nominative for now (this also works when Acc.=Nom). Russian numbers may seem a bit weird. The case of the noun depends on the last word of the number:
| last word | means | Case | example |
|---|---|---|---|
| оди́н (одна́, одно́, одни́ ) | 1 | Nom. sg. | оди́н дом, одна́ ма́ма, два́дцать одно́ окно́, оди́н сто́л |
| два (две) , три, четы́ре | 2, 3, 4 | Gen. sg. | две ко́шки, два стола́, три ма́льчика, три́дцать четы́ре стола́ |
| Larger than that | 5, 6, 12, 100 etc. | Gen. pl. | пять ко́шек, пять ма́льчиков, два́дцать пять ко́шек, миллио́н ко́шек |
Just like English, Russian has words for eleven through nineteen , so they fall into the "larger" category.
Genitive plural has a rather bizarre set of patterns, so a separate skill later on will teach you how to make it for most nouns.
The Dative forms of он, она and они are ему, ей, им respectively.
Why are Russian numbers so strange? Well, for 2-3-4 these are the remnants of Dual number (which is between the singular and the plural). As for the larger numbers, they are essentially "nouns": a heap of cats, a lot of cats, a thousand... of cats .
Russian uses two words for "now". One is «сейчас», which means "now, at the moment", and describes the current moment in a neutral manner, often implying that things change and the state described is attributed to this particular moment. It can change soon:
Теперь is the "now" you use when things are different from "before". You imply that the situation has changed. It is also associated with a more prolonged period of time, i.e. the state of affairs is different from before, and will stay so for now:
The noun «время» ("time") belongs to a really small class of neuter nouns. Its Genitive form is времени, and all other oblique forms also retain the -ен part.
Not much to say here, except that Russian does not have a special word for siblings or grandparents .
Unlike English, Russians rarely say "my mother", "my grandfather"; usually they omit "my".
...And when they don't, it is more natural to use reflexive "свой" (one's own). English does not have anything quite like that. Essentially, it is a substitute for my, your, his, her etc. that you use when it refers to the person (or thing) that is the subject of the sentence or, at least, the clause you are in. A few typical examples:
Forms of «свой» follow the same mostly-adjectival pattern that «мой»,«твой», «ваш», «наш» and «этот» use: свой, своя, своё, свои → своего, свою, своих...
Since «свой» describes something belonging to the subject of the sentence, it cannot be used with the subject of the sentence itself. The exception is made when you are making generalisations, e.g. "One's (own) reputation is always more important"~«Своя репутация всегда важнее».
Pay attention to what the grammatical subject is. Sentences like «Мне нравится у своей сестры» are sort-of-OK sometimes, but you are really treading on thin ice here. This one sounds almost normal, while some others would immediately look unnatural.
In spoken Russian «дядя»(uncle) and «тётя»(aunt) are often used to refer to some adult "guy" or "woman". A special case is children's use, since they often use it even as a form of address ("тётя Маша!").
This course doesn't cover this. But it's still useful to know.
Russian has different words for a school student (aka a pupil , BrE) and a college-level student, which both have masculine and feminine versions:
Молоде́ц is a word you use when someone "did a good job". It comes with a patronizing shade, so ideally you use it towards your friends or actual students/ subordinates (but not towards people whose work you are in no position to judge).
When you are counting people, use "челове́к" for numbers that end in «пять» (5) or more. Anywhere else use the normal Genitive plural "люде́й" (with много and мало both are possible, but I'd stick to люде́й ).
| meaning | examples | |
|---|---|---|
| учи́ться | to study (e.g. to attend classes or to do self-study) | Днём я учу́сь. |
| учи́ться в (на) + Prep. | to study somewhere; to be in nth grade/ nth year | Де́вочка у́чится в шко́ле, в 3-м кла́ссе. |
| учи́ть + Acc. subject | to learn, to memorize something («наизу́сть» ="by heart") | Я учу́ слова́. Я учу́ ру́сский язы́к. |
| учи́ть + Acc + Dat | to teach somebody something | Я учу́ студе́нтов ру́сскому. |
"To go" is the verb used for precipitation in Russian:
Russian has adverbs for "in spring", "in summer" etc. They are formed as the Instrumental case of a corresponding noun.
We'll cover Intrumental in detail later. Right now just get used to the words themselves:
It is easier than it sounds. When expressing a "state", some modality, or one's opinion on the situation, Russian often uses these impersonal words, saying that such and such state is observed:
Many are homonymous with adverbs and short-form adjectives. So we'll study them later with adjectives. For now, we' only have a handful of such words useful when discussing the weather.
Needless to say, these do not use any grammatical subject and are quite useful with verbs like "to be" and "to become" ("It's getting warmer").
Here you encounter two perfective verbs; these two very obviously refer to a specific result:
Note the formation of the past. If you remember был, была́ —all Russian past forms are essentially formed the same way. The endings correspond to gender and number:
| masc | fem | neut | pl |
|---|---|---|---|
| — | -а | -о | -и |
We'll be practising many more past forms in the skill in the next row.
As a reminder, if a verb has -ся at the end, you stick it after the usual ending («-сь» is used after a vowel):
In this skill, we introduce the one-way verb "to run". You may not remember but it has one of the four irregular stems:
| SING. | PLUR. |
|---|---|
| Я бегу́ | Мы бежи́м |
| Ты бежи́шь | Вы бежи́те |
| Он бежи́т | Они бегу́т |
In Russian the adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender(number) and case. Fortunately, the system is completely regular and the stress stays the same. The forms for the cases you know are:
| ENDINGS | masculine | neuter | feminine |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | -ый(о́й)/-ий | -ое/-ее | -ая/-яя |
| Acc. | Nom. or Gen. | -ое/-ее | -ую/-юю |
| Gen. | -ого/-его | see masc. | -ой/-ей |
| Prep. | -ом/-ем | see masc. | -ой/-ей |
The plural ending in the Nominative is -ые (ие) . We will address the oblique forms later in the course.
A few examples:
Adjectives with the stem on -к, -г, -х, -ш, -щ, -ж, -ч will use "и", "а", "у" instead of "ы", "я", "ю" so watch carefully ("русский", for instance).
We will tackle the endings one at a time.
In Russian the idea of "the whole" of something can be expressed by either «целый» or «весь». The former is used when implying the unexpectedly "large" amount; it is the one we're teaching in this skill:
In Russian the Past tense and the Infinitive are formed from the same stem.
The forms are actually much easier than in the Present because there are only four forms in total for masculine/feminine/neuter + plural , similar to adjectives (the forms were participles once).
| VERB | masc | fem | neut | pl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ending | — | -а | -о | -и |
| быть | был | была́ | бы́ло | бы́ли |
| есть | ел | е́ла | е́ло | е́ли |
«идти» and all its derivatives (пойти́, прийти́, найти́..) has a strange, irregular past stem:
walked, went : он пошёл, она пошл а́ , оно пошл о́ , они пошл и́
For the masculine form, there is a phonetic simplification for verbs with infinitives in -чь,-сти/-зти, -зть/-сть . For example “мочь”(“can”), “ползти́”(crawl) and “лезть”(climb): он мог, полз, лез — no final Л here.
This skill mostly covers the past form of imperfective verbs (only «уста́ть» and «подожда́ть» are perfective). What it means for you is that when 2 or more such actions are mentioned, they were all happening at the same time or in no particular order. Why? Imperfective verbs like «идти́», «жить», «говори́ть» are by nature unspecific about their exact time frame.
For some verb types the two stems are nearly identical (понима́ть, говори́ть). Which is a good thing for you!
By now, you have probably noticed a surprising lack of "that one" in Russian. The thing is, Russian mostly uses "этот" both for "this" and "that", unless you need to make a contrast between "this one here" and "that one there".
However, when you are really pointing at things, use whatever you like!
("вот" is acceptable with both)
From the Adjectives skill you might remember «бо́льше» and «меньше» as words for "more/bigger" and "less/fewer/smaller". Since these work as adverbs, it is problematic to use them with nouns.
Instead, the words «побо́льше» / «поме́ньше» are used AFTER a noun:
This works with some other popular adjectives: подлинне́е, покоро́че, полу́чше. When not used with nouns directly, these have a colloquial quality.
Actually, with adjectives other than большо́й/мале́нький you may resort to «бо́лее дли́нное пальто́». However, «бо́лее большо́е»? No. Just no.
You have already seen that many expressions of feelings and experience use the Dative: ”Мне нра́вится...”, “Ма́ме хорошо́”, “Ему́ 5 лет”, “Мне ка́жется ...” etc.
The Dative introduces an indirect object of an action: usually the person whom the action is directed towards. An example would be a sentence like “I handed a package to my mom ”: “my mom” here is a recipient.
Actually, this depends on the verb, just like in English. Some popular verbs of speech, writing or “giving” will use the bare Dative for the recipient: говори́ть, сказа́ть, писа́ть, чита́ть, дать, принести́ and so on.
По has an additional meaning, “apiece” or "each" : «Они́ взя́ли по три я́блока»=”They took 3 apples each”.
Plurals generally have only one pattern shared by all nouns. The ending only depends on the case, not the class of a noun:, «я говорю́ о дома́х, стра́нах, города́х, я́блоках, дочеря́х».
Only the Nominative and (especially) the Genitive have a number of different plural endings that depend on the class of a noun.
There is no sequence of tenses in Russian whatsoever.
The information in a subordinate sentence is understood to be relative to the main clause:
So if the piece of information is simply about where things are or what someone does, use present tense in the subordinate clause.
Use the particle "ли" in reported questions or situations when you don't know which option is true:
The verb говори́ть is used both as "to say, to tell" and as "to talk, to speak". When you report someone's words, obviously, the 2nd meaning is in action:
Russian has a whole set of perfective verbs. The thing is, usually you arrange verbs neatly into closely matching pairs of imperfective + perfective . And these are different for the two meanings of «говори́ть»:
Remember «Скажи́те, пожа́луйста ... » ?
Rather than referring to ongoing actions or past(future) actions in general, perfective verbs refer to actions in a point-wise manner, ignoring the action's inner structure. That is, such "singular" actions happen at some particular "moment" and can be conveniently arranged in a sequence when telling a story. This distinction is about to come into focus in one of the following skills.


24 November 2005
The Ministry of Health in China has confirmed a further case of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus. The case, which was fatal, occurred in a 35-year-old woman who worked as a farmer in the south-eastern province of Anhui. She developed symptoms on 11 November, was hospitalized on 15 November, and died on 22 November.
This is the third laboratory-confirmed case reported in China and the second from Anhui Province. Of these cases, two have been fatal.
The Chinese Ministry of Health has invited WHO to participate in a joint mission to Anhui Province. The mission will review laboratory findings and investigate the exposure histories of the two cases reported there.
Since mid-October, China has reported a recurrence of poultry outbreaks in several parts of the country.


Hi, we are CodeU Summer 2019 Team 45, the developers behind Fantastic Feasts! We created this site with the goal of enabling the sharing of great tasting local Singaporean food, and we hope you've found it useful! Find out more about us by hovering over the cards below:
View a collection of our favourite places to grab a bite on this interactive map!


query($query2); $num=$mysqli->mysqli_num_rows($result);?>
| Route | Date | Price | Booking | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phi Phi Island | 15/06/2018 | €599 | Book now | ||
| Tokyo | 01/07/2018 | €1080 | Book now | ||
| Kyoto | 01/06/2018 | €875 | Book now | ||
| Beijing | 01/08/18 | €789 | Book now | ||
| Xi'An | 01/07/18 | €850 | Book now | ||
| Sydney | 01/08/2018 | €980 | Book now | ||
| Melbourne | 20/09 | $1113 | Book now | ||
| Madrid | 18/07 | $650 | Book now | ||
| Venice | 11/04 | $1580 | Book now | ||
| Capri | 16/03 | $1398 | Book now | ||
| Athens | 16/03 | $1398 | Book now | ||
| Load more... |


{include="includes"}
Import Netscape HTML bookmarks (as exported from Firefox/Chrome/Opera/Delicious/Diigo...).


CSS by Ben
Ben
3 links to references and at least 8 othe css commnds on this page
http://www.w3schools.com/cssref
Regular paragraph


OpenWeatherDriver
This driver access current weather data for any location including over 200,000 cities.
It gets information from OpenWeather’s API and leaves it available for use by the BeoLiving Intelligence.
Resources
The supported resource types are:
- _CURRENT_WEATHER: current weather data.
- _WEATHER_FORECAST_3HRS: forecast for the next 3 hours.
- _WEATHER_FORECAST_24HRS: forecast for the next 24 hours.
Resource address format
The resource address consists of a string that represents the coordinates of the location from which you want to get information about the weather.
The format is: latitude:longitude
(e.g. -34.896579:-56.071827)
Resource State
- _CURRENT_WEATHER
- _Temperature: temperature at the moment (Celsius).
- _Min_Temperature: Minimum temperature at the moment (Celsius).
- _Max_Temperature: Maximum temperature at the moment (Celsius).
- _Humidity: Percentage of humidity.
- _Pressure: Atmospheric pressure (hPa).
- _WindSpeed: Wind speed (m/s).
- _WindDirection: Wind direction, degrees (meteorological).
- _Cloudiness: Percentage of cloudiness.
- _Rain: True if it is rainning, false otherwise.
- _RainLevel3Hrs: Rain volume for the next 3 hours (milimeters).
- _Snow: True if it is snowing, false otherwise.
- _SnowLevel3Hrs: Snow volume for the next 3 hours (milimeters).
- _WEATHER_FORECAST_3HRS
- _Temperature: temperature at the moment of calculation (Celsius).
- _Min_Temperature: Minimum temperature at the moment of calculation (Celsius).
- _Max_Temperature: Maximum temperature at the moment of calculation (Celsius).
- _Humidity: Percentage of humidity.
- _Pressure: Atmospheric pressure (hPa).
- _WindSpeed: Wind speed (m/s).
- _WindDirection: Wind direction, degrees (meteorological).
- _Cloudiness: Percentage of cloudiness.
- _Rain: True if it will rain, false otherwise.
- _RainLevel3Hrs: Rain volume for the next 3 hours (milimeters).
- _Snow: True if it will snow, false otherwise.
- _SnowLevel3Hrs: Snow volume for the next 3 hours (milimeters).
- _WEATHER_FORECAST_24HRS
- _Min_Temperature: Min daily temperature (Celsius).
- _Max_Temperature: Max daily temperature (Celsius).
- _Humidity: Percentage of humidity.
- _Pressure: Atmospheric pressure (hPa).
- _WindSpeed: Wind speed (m/s).
- _WindDirection: Wind direction, degrees (meteorological).
- _Cloudiness: Percentage of cloudiness.
- _Rain: True if it will rain, false otherwise.
- _RainLevel3Hrs: Rain volume (milimeters).
- _Snow: True if it will snow, false otherwise.
- _SnowLevel3Hrs: Snow volume (milimeters).


All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. See standard-version for commit guidelines.
Symbol
from a global object. Makes implementation more bulletproof, as it’s safe against shadowing the Symbol
variable e.g. in script scope, or as it’s practiced by some bundlers as Webpack (thanks [@cyborgx37](https://github.com/medikoo/es6-symbol/pull/30))See CHANGES
file


Utility Methods Class
Methods
extend
-
subclass
-
superclass
Sets up the prototype chain and constructor property for a new class.
This should be called right after creating the class constructor.
function MySubClass() {} createjs.extend(MySubClass, MySuperClass); MySubClass.prototype.doSomething = function() { }
var foo = new MySubClass(); console.log(foo instanceof MySuperClass); // true console.log(foo.prototype.constructor === MySubClass); // true
Parameters:
-
subclass
FunctionThe subclass.
-
superclass
FunctionThe superclass to extend.
Returns:
Returns the subclass's new prototype.
promote
-
subclass
-
prefix
Promotes any methods on the super class that were overridden, by creating an alias in the format prefix_methodName
.
It is recommended to use the super class's name as the prefix.
An alias to the super class's constructor is always added in the format prefix_constructor
.
This allows the subclass to call super class methods without using function.call
, providing better performance.
For example, if MySubClass
extends MySuperClass
, and both define a draw
method, then calling promote(MySubClass, "MySuperClass")
would add a MySuperClass_constructor
method to MySubClass and promote the draw
method on MySuperClass
to the
prototype of MySubClass
as MySuperClass_draw
.
This should be called after the class's prototype is fully defined.
function ClassA(name) { this.name = name; } ClassA.prototype.greet = function() { return "Hello "+this.name; }
function ClassB(name, punctuation) { this.ClassA_constructor(name); this.punctuation = punctuation; } createjs.extend(ClassB, ClassA); ClassB.prototype.greet = function() { return this.ClassA_greet()+this.punctuation; } createjs.promote(ClassB, "ClassA");
var foo = new ClassB("World", "!?!"); console.log(foo.greet()); // Hello World!?!
Parameters:
-
subclass
FunctionThe class to promote super class methods on.
-
prefix
StringThe prefix to add to the promoted method names. Usually the name of the superclass.
Returns:
Returns the subclass.


Company profile - Canadian Company Capabilities
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
MIR AVIATION INC.
Mailing Address:
156 Silver Brook Rd NWCALGARY, Alberta
T3B 3J1
Location Address:
156 Silver Brook Rd NWCALGARY, Alberta
T3B 3J1
Tel.:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Company Profile
We offer expert UAV/RPAS training, advisory, audit and assessment services to help you gain a competitive advantage, minimize operational risks, ensure compliance and add value to your offering of UAV services to a wider professional market.
We can help you:
o Ensure personnel have adequate training and competency
o Assist in expediting regulatory approval processes
o Understand what regulations cover, and where additional processes are necessary to create a safe and efficient operation
o Reduce risk, improve safety and build confidence in the reliability of your operations
o Access a wider potential market through Safety and Compliance audits and assessments
o Implement a robust safety management system to improve the efficiency and safety of your organization
Full profile
Full profile
Contact information
Company description
611690 - All Other Schools and Instruction
Product / Service / Licensing
We can help you:
o Ensure personnel have adequate training and competency
o Assist in expediting regulatory approval processes
o Understand what regulations cover, and where additional processes are necessary to create a safe and efficient operation
o Reduce risk, improve safety and build confidence in the reliability of your operations
o Access a wider potential market through Safety and Compliance audits and assessments
o Implement a robust safety management system to improve the efficiency and safety of your organization
Our course is tailored for the person who wishes to enter the Unmanned Aircraft sector as a profession. The course is designed to give the prospective UAV owner/operator the Transport Canada Compliant Operator knowledge requirements, Flight Training and the essential skills needed to safely operate an unmanned aircraft in restricted airspace and in and around high-risk environments. MIR Aviation’s course stands apart from other Training programs in that it includes obtaining your required Radio Operator’s certificate and sufficient knowledge and skills to obtain required SFOC’s.
Certification:
After the successful completion of the course students will be issued a certificate which can be presented to Transport Canada for verification of training in accordance with Transport Canada Document TP 15263.
The manual of standards reflects the regulatory intentions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), as well as relevant National Civil Aviation Safety Authorities for organizations and personnel utilizing RPAS. RPAS is an area of exponential growth, and our manuals and standards are continuously amended to reflect this growth.
The following is an overview of what areas are considered in the RPAS Manual of Standards:
o Company Operations
o Remote Crew Qualifications
o Transport Canada Approvals
o Pilot records
o Organization and Structure
o Remotely Piloted Aircraft Flight Authorizations and Flight Records
o Responsibilities of RPAS Company Personnel
o Duty and Flight Time Limitations
o Metric and Imperial Units
o Dangerous Goods
o Drug and Alcohol Management Plan
o Weather Protection
o Security – Systems a Worksite Security
o Flight Conduct
o Privacy Provisions and Guidelines
o Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and Procedures
o OHS
o Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
o Risk Assessment / Job Safety Assessment
o Accident and Incident Reporting
o Maintenance Documentation and Administration
o Ground and Flight Training
“Unmanned air vehicles are considered an “aircraft” under the Aeronautics Act…The types of documentation a UAV operator would be expected to maintain could include, but not limited to, operations manual, maintenance manual, flight manuals, aircraft check list, company safety standards…… (Transport Canada Staff Instruction 623-001 Issue: 02, 2014-11-19)
MIR Aviation can produce your own company RPAS Operations Manuals and Standards tailored to your specific companies’ operational criteria. Our manuals are based on the ICAO RPAS internationally recognized standards and practice ICAO Doc 10019, ISO 3100 Risk Management Principals, Regional Civil Aviation Authority Regulations and recognized aviation. MIR AVIATION has produced a series of comprehensive RPAS Operations Manuals. These manuals may be used as a template for your operation, or as additional training and guidance material to support your existing operations manual.
A review of the Operations Manual
A review of the organizational structure, roles, responsibilities and qualifications of chief and maintenance controllers
Maintenance, including equipment, tools, facilities, inspection schedules, suppliers, parts etc. Management Systems, including safety documentation
Controller personnel, including qualification, training procedures and experience levels Emergency Procedures, including the ERP
Validity of UOC, insurance and other legal documentation, record keeping processes
A review of potential accidents, incidents, non-compliances and legal responsibilities
Risk Assessment procedures and assistance and training on MIR Aviation risk assessment techniques
Unmanned aircraft inspection and
Flight observation Hazard assessment and safety case framework.
MIR Aviation uses ISO 9001 auditing techniques.
We can go further than a simple compliance audit, and make recommendations for improvement. This breadth of experience allows us to benchmark operators and express with confidence our findings at a global, best industry practice level.
The evaluation of risk is the process known as Risk Assessment. Each job utilizing RPAS must proceed only after a comprehensive risk assessment is undertaken.
The product of a specific risk assessment is called the Job Safety Assessment JSA. The RPAS Controller should perform this assessment with the approval, or under the supervision of the Chief Controller. The JSA will automatically be generated after each area of the risk assessment matrix is completed.
RPAS operations present both unique and hidden risks that have the potential to inflict operational loss, injury, death and litigation. RPAS are often used to perform tasks that are too dangerous or difficult to be performed by conventional methods; however, utilizing RPAS can invoke latent risk producing conditions. The MIR Aviation risk matrix tool provides a comprehensive tool for Risk Assessment and functions as a risk prompt sheet to assist in discovering hidden risks. The other benefit of using this tool is that it provides evidence of the effectiveness of existing risk mitigation strategies and can improve safety defenses. Using the matrix may provide evidence that due care and diligence to safety outcome was undertake
The Risk Assessment should be performed during the feasibility planning task. This will assist in determining if the flight is viable, and uncover possible latent conditions that would potentially lead to an incident or loss.
MIR Aviation also offers services to Professional UAV Operators in obtaining any required SFOC's. In addition, the Professional UAV Pilot Compliant Operator Course provides understanding,knowledge, and support on how to apply for an SFOC as part of curriculum.
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Contact information
Description
Company description
611690 - All Other Schools and Instruction
Products, services and licensing
Product / Service / Licensing
We can help you:
o Ensure personnel have adequate training and competency
o Assist in expediting regulatory approval processes
o Understand what regulations cover, and where additional processes are necessary to create a safe and efficient operation
o Reduce risk, improve safety and build confidence in the reliability of your operations
o Access a wider potential market through Safety and Compliance audits and assessments
o Implement a robust safety management system to improve the efficiency and safety of your organization
Our course is tailored for the person who wishes to enter the Unmanned Aircraft sector as a profession. The course is designed to give the prospective UAV owner/operator the Transport Canada Compliant Operator knowledge requirements, Flight Training and the essential skills needed to safely operate an unmanned aircraft in restricted airspace and in and around high-risk environments. MIR Aviation’s course stands apart from other Training programs in that it includes obtaining your required Radio Operator’s certificate and sufficient knowledge and skills to obtain required SFOC’s.
Certification:
After the successful completion of the course students will be issued a certificate which can be presented to Transport Canada for verification of training in accordance with Transport Canada Document TP 15263.
The manual of standards reflects the regulatory intentions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), as well as relevant National Civil Aviation Safety Authorities for organizations and personnel utilizing RPAS. RPAS is an area of exponential growth, and our manuals and standards are continuously amended to reflect this growth.
The following is an overview of what areas are considered in the RPAS Manual of Standards:
o Company Operations
o Remote Crew Qualifications
o Transport Canada Approvals
o Pilot records
o Organization and Structure
o Remotely Piloted Aircraft Flight Authorizations and Flight Records
o Responsibilities of RPAS Company Personnel
o Duty and Flight Time Limitations
o Metric and Imperial Units
o Dangerous Goods
o Drug and Alcohol Management Plan
o Weather Protection
o Security – Systems a Worksite Security
o Flight Conduct
o Privacy Provisions and Guidelines
o Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and Procedures
o OHS
o Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
o Risk Assessment / Job Safety Assessment
o Accident and Incident Reporting
o Maintenance Documentation and Administration
o Ground and Flight Training
“Unmanned air vehicles are considered an “aircraft” under the Aeronautics Act…The types of documentation a UAV operator would be expected to maintain could include, but not limited to, operations manual, maintenance manual, flight manuals, aircraft check list, company safety standards…… (Transport Canada Staff Instruction 623-001 Issue: 02, 2014-11-19)
MIR Aviation can produce your own company RPAS Operations Manuals and Standards tailored to your specific companies’ operational criteria. Our manuals are based on the ICAO RPAS internationally recognized standards and practice ICAO Doc 10019, ISO 3100 Risk Management Principals, Regional Civil Aviation Authority Regulations and recognized aviation. MIR AVIATION has produced a series of comprehensive RPAS Operations Manuals. These manuals may be used as a template for your operation, or as additional training and guidance material to support your existing operations manual.
A review of the Operations Manual
A review of the organizational structure, roles, responsibilities and qualifications of chief and maintenance controllers
Maintenance, including equipment, tools, facilities, inspection schedules, suppliers, parts etc. Management Systems, including safety documentation
Controller personnel, including qualification, training procedures and experience levels Emergency Procedures, including the ERP
Validity of UOC, insurance and other legal documentation, record keeping processes
A review of potential accidents, incidents, non-compliances and legal responsibilities
Risk Assessment procedures and assistance and training on MIR Aviation risk assessment techniques
Unmanned aircraft inspection and
Flight observation Hazard assessment and safety case framework.
MIR Aviation uses ISO 9001 auditing techniques.
We can go further than a simple compliance audit, and make recommendations for improvement. This breadth of experience allows us to benchmark operators and express with confidence our findings at a global, best industry practice level.
The evaluation of risk is the process known as Risk Assessment. Each job utilizing RPAS must proceed only after a comprehensive risk assessment is undertaken.
The product of a specific risk assessment is called the Job Safety Assessment JSA. The RPAS Controller should perform this assessment with the approval, or under the supervision of the Chief Controller. The JSA will automatically be generated after each area of the risk assessment matrix is completed.
RPAS operations present both unique and hidden risks that have the potential to inflict operational loss, injury, death and litigation. RPAS are often used to perform tasks that are too dangerous or difficult to be performed by conventional methods; however, utilizing RPAS can invoke latent risk producing conditions. The MIR Aviation risk matrix tool provides a comprehensive tool for Risk Assessment and functions as a risk prompt sheet to assist in discovering hidden risks. The other benefit of using this tool is that it provides evidence of the effectiveness of existing risk mitigation strategies and can improve safety defenses. Using the matrix may provide evidence that due care and diligence to safety outcome was undertake
The Risk Assessment should be performed during the feasibility planning task. This will assist in determining if the flight is viable, and uncover possible latent conditions that would potentially lead to an incident or loss.
MIR Aviation also offers services to Professional UAV Operators in obtaining any required SFOC's. In addition, the Professional UAV Pilot Compliant Operator Course provides understanding,knowledge, and support on how to apply for an SFOC as part of curriculum.


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PostDoctoral researcher at UCLM. Physicist working on the links between climate and renewable energies. Most of the time I work in wind and photovoltaic energy and its variability. Trying to understand the impact of climate change on the resources.
Future heat waves over the Mediterranean from an Euro-CORDEX regional climate model ensemble. María O. Molina, Enrique Sánchez, Claudia Gutiérrez. Scientific Reports, 10,8801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65663-0
Future evolution of surface solar radiation and photovoltaic potential in Europe: investigating the role of aerosols. Claudia Gutiérrez, Samuel Somot, Pierre Nabat, Marc Mallet, Lola Corre, Erik van Meijgaard, Oscar Perpiñán, Miguel Ángel Gaertner. Environmental Research Letters, Volume 15, Number 3. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab6666
Impact of climate change on solar irradiation and variability over the Iberian Peninsula using regional climate models. Victoria Gil, Miguel Ángel Gaertner, Claudia Gutiérrez, Teresa Losada. International Journal of Climatology. doi: 10.1002/joc.5916
Impact of aerosols on the spatiotemporal variability of photovoltaic energy production in the Euro-Mediterranean area. Claudia Gutiérrez, Samuel Somot, Pierre Nabat, Marc Mallet, Miguel Ángel Gaertner, Oscar Perpiñán. Solar Energy, 174,1142-1152. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.09.085
A multi-step scheme for spatial analysis of solar and photovoltaic production variability and complementarity. Claudia Gutiérrez, Miguel Ángel Gaertner, Oscar Perpiñán, Clemente Gallardo, Enrique Sánchez. Solar Energy, 158,100-116. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.037
Impact of aerosols on PV power projections over Europe C. Gutiérrez, S. Somot, P. Nabat, M. Mallet, M.A. Gaertner, O. Perpiñán. 2019 EGU General Assembly. Vienna, Austria
Impacts of aerosols on photovoltaic energy production in the Mediterranean area for climate time scales. C. Gutiérrez, S. Somot, P. Nabat, M. Mallet, M.A. Gaertner, O. Perpiñán. 2018 EGU General Assembly. Vienna, Austria
Impacts of aerosols on photovoltaic energy production in the Mediterranean area for climate time scales. C. Gutiérrez, S. Somot, P. Nabat, M. Mallet, M.O. Molina, M.A. Gaertner, O. Perpiñán. 2017 Mistrals Science conference. Montpellier, France
Solar variability and complementarity over the Iberian Peninsula: climatological perspective for electricity generation. C. Gutiérrez, M.A. Gaertner, C. Gallardo, O. Perpiñán 2017 4th International conference Energy and Meteorology. Bari, Italy
Solar radiation variability and implications in electricity generation: satellite data analysis for the Iberian Peninsula. C. Gutiérrez, M.Á. Gaertner, C. Gallardo, O. Perpiñán Lamigueiro, V. Gil. 2016 Congress Energy and Environmental Knowledge Week.Paris, France
Solar irradiation variability over Iberian Peninsula for electricity generation: RCM analysis regarding aerosols implications. C. Gutiérrez, M.Á. Gaertner, C. Gallardo, V. Gil 2016 European Meteorological Society Annual Meeting. Trieste, Italy
Multimodel analysis of solar radiation over Iberian Peninsula for renewable energy purposes. C. Gutiérrez , M.A. Gaertner, C. Gallardo, V. Gil. 2016 International Conf. on Regional Climate (ICRC)-CORDEX,Stockholm, Sweden
Análisis de variabilidad de la radiación solar mediante técnicas de clustering con modelos climáticos regionales sobre la Península Ibérica. C. Gutiérrez , M.A. Gaertner, C. Gallardo, V. Gil. 2016 Jornadas Científicas de la AME Teruel
Solar and wind variability and complementarity in theIberian Peninsula using clustering techniques. C.Gutiérrez, M.Á. Gaertner, C. Gallardo, V.Gil. 2015 EMS annual meeting september, Sofia, Bulgaria
Meteorology and Geophysics


Blacksmith Altran:
Oh my aching bones, the rains must be coming. It is so hard to work in such pain!
Leave me alone now, punk!  Get lost!


On Demand Drone Deliveries
05 Mar 2019Episode #281: On Demand Drone Deliveries
Yariv Bash, CEO of Flytrex, discusses how Flytrex works in cooperation with local businesses in a city to use drones to rapidly transport goods in a local region. A practical application is the delivery of food from local restaurants. Yariv discusses Flytrex’s plans for using their USD$7.5 million series B round of funding.
Yariv Bash
Yariv Bash is the CEO of Flytrex, a drone technology company providing comprehensive, autonomous drone delivery systems that enable any business, from SMBs to e-commerce giants, to integrate instant, autonomous on-demand drone delivery into their offering. Flytrex is an end-to-end drone logistics service.


Created by Alykhan Kanji.
This is an open source application available on GitHub here.
Contains information provided by the University of Waterloo under license on an 'as is' basis.


library(tidyverse)
library(cowplot)
library(broom)
library(modelr)
library(viridis)
library(lubridate)
library(hms)
library(knitr)
library(kableExtra)
library(patchwork)
library(VGAM)
library(nls.multstart)
knitr::opts_chunk$set(tidy.opts=list(width.cutoff=60),tidy=TRUE, echo = TRUE, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.align="center")
source("../tools/echem_processing_tools.R")
source("../tools/plotting_tools.R")
theme_set(theme_1())
So from the 03/04/19 notebook we have an expression for the concentration at \(x = 0\) over time for a system with finite boundaries at \(x = 0\) and \(x = L\):
\[ C(x=0,t) = \frac{M}{\sqrt{4 \pi D t}} \sum_{n = -\infty}^{\infty} \left[ 2 \exp{ \left( \frac{-(-2nL)^2}{4 D t} \right) } \right] \]
We’re going to adapt this slightly by normalizing by the cross sectional area to get an actual concentration in mol / cm^3 , and let’s go ahead and label M0 and Dm.
\[ C(t) = \frac{M_0}{A \sqrt{4 \pi D_m t}} \sum_{n = -\infty}^{\infty} \left[ 2 \exp{ \left( \frac{-(-2nL)^2}{4 D_m t} \right) } \right] \]
Recall that SWV current can be defined.
\[ I_{swv} = \frac{n F A \sqrt{D_{ap}} C}{\sqrt{\pi t_p}} \psi \] and so \(C\) can be defined in terms of SWV parameters/data:
\[C = \frac{I_{swv} \sqrt{\pi t_p} }{n F A \sqrt{D_{ap}} \psi}\]
And so can \(M_0\):
\[C = \frac{M_0}{V} = \frac{I_0 \sqrt{\pi t_p} }{n F A \sqrt{D_{ap}} \psi}\]
\[ M_0 = \frac{I_0 V \sqrt{\pi t_p} }{n F A \sqrt{D_{ap}} \psi}\]
Now we can substitute \(C\) and \(M_0\) with the equivalent SWV expressions:
\[ \frac{I_{swv} \sqrt{\pi t_p} }{n F A \sqrt{D_{ap}} \psi} = \frac{\frac{I_0 V \sqrt{\pi t_p} }{n F A \sqrt{D_{ap}} \psi}}{A \sqrt{4 \pi D_m t}} \sum_{n = -\infty}^{\infty} \left[ 2 \exp{ \left( \frac{-(-2nL)^2}{4 D_m t} \right) } \right] \]
\[ I_{swv}(t) = \frac{I_0 V}{A \sqrt{4 \pi D_m t}} \sum_{n = -\infty}^{\infty} \left[ 2 \exp{ \left( \frac{-(-2nL)^2}{4 D_m t} \right) } \right] \]
Recall that \(\frac{V}{A} = z\), which is the diffusion layer at the electrode.
\[ z = \sqrt{D_{ap} t_s}\]
So our expression is:
\[ I_{swv}(t) = \frac{I_0 \sqrt{D_{ap} t_s}}{ \sqrt{4 \pi D_m t}} \sum_{n = -\infty}^{\infty} \left[ 2 \exp{ \left( \frac{-(-2nL)^2}{4 D_m t} \right) } \right] \]
So we will need to provide our function to calculate \(I_{swv}(t)\) with \(D_{ap}\), \(t_s\), and \(I_0\). We will be fitting for unknowns \(D_m\) and \(L\).
as;dlfjk


Passive house maps
all
PHI
PHIUS
PHI Projects
Data for PHI is from the
passive house database
.
Make this Notebook Trusted to load map: File -> Trust Notebook


Versatile Front-end Developer with 2+ years of experience designing, developing, and managing complex e-commerce sites and internal frameworks. Specializes in ReactJS and responsive design.
I am also experienced in CSS frameworks such as Bootstrap 4, styling frameworks for react apps such as Styled-components and Material UI. I am the developer you need.
View Resume
This is an e-commerce store built with ReactJS, a JavaScript
front-end framework. It has homepage, signup page, sigin
page and a Cart. Code is written in the latest standard ES6
(ES2015).
This project is fully responsive.
Another App with React. Robots are invoked from an API and a search engine helps us narrow our search results from the API to get particular robots
I am the developer you need, and I am available for hire, contact today.
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