Chapter 4 Wrangling Rows in R with Filter
In this chapter, we will introduce you ways to wrangle rows in R. You will often want to focus your analysis on particular observations, or rows, in your dataset. This chapter will show you how to include the rows you want, and exclude the rows you don’t want. The main function in the tidyverse for doing this is filter(). The filter() function uses logical statements, or conditions, to decide whether to keep or exclude rows in your dataset.
4.1 Goals for this Chapter
- Understand logical statements
- Filter rows based on numeric values
- Filter rows based on string values and regex
- Filter rows based on dates
- Combine filters with boolean logic symbols, like AND (&) and OR(|)
- Filter on missing (NA) values
- Filter rows for duplicates/distinct observations
- Slicing rows based on row number/position
- Sampling rows as random samples
4.2 Packages needed for this Chapter
{tidyverse}
{lubridate}
{medicaldata}
4.3 Pathway for this Chapter
This Chapter is part of the DATA WRANGLING pathway. Chapters in this pathway include
- What is Tidy Data?
- Filtering Rows
- Counting, Grouping, and Summarizing Rows
- Arranging and Ranking Rows
- Selecting Columns
- Mutating to Make New Variables
- Rearranging Untidy data with {tidyr} and {pivotr}
4.4 Logical Statements in R
Logical statements in R are important for defining something that is TRUE or FALSE for each row, or observation, in your data. A typical logical statement involves a variable, and some criteria to test each observation of that variable, resulting in a TRUE or FALSE for each row. Typical examples of logical statements include:
sbp > 140
troponin_i > 9.0
creatinine >= 2.5
gfr <= 60
Each of these examples tests each row in the database with the stated criterion, and results in a vector of TRUE or FALSE values for each row (observation) of the variable in the logical statement. The filter() function will act on these TRUE and FALSE values to include (TRUE) or exclude (FALSE) the observations from the result.
4.5 Filtering on Numbers - Starting with A Flipbook
This flipbook will show you step-by-step examples of how to filter rows of observations based on logical statements involving numbers. In each logical statement, a variable will be compared with a numeric value via a mathematical operator. These operators can include comparisons with
greater than (>)
greater than or equal to (>=)
less than (<)
less than or equal to (<=)
equal to (==) notice two equals signs to test equality
near() - an equality test that works with tiny decimal differences
The general format for filter statements is:
filter(variable [comparison operator] value), like
filter(sbp > 140) will keep only rows with systolic blood pressure values greater than 140.
If you have not used a flipbook before, you can click on the frame below to activate it, then use the right and left arrow keys to move forward and back through the examples.
With each forward step in the code on the left, examine the resulting output on the right. Make sure you understand how the output was produced.
In many of the examples, a select() function is used to reduce the number of columns before the filter() step to make the results more clear.
You saw several examples of filtering, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| equality to a value | filter(recurrence == 1) |
| greater than a value | filter(preop_psa > 20) |
| near a value | filter(near(preop_psa, 10)) |
| near a value with a set tolerance | filter(near(preop_psa, 17, tol = 1.5)) |
| between 2 values | filter(between(preop_psa, 10, 13)) |
| in a list of values | filter(preop_psa %in% c(10,13,17)) |
4.5.1 Your Turn - learnr exercises
Try this out yourself, with interactive coding exercises below, written with the {learnr} package.
For each exercise, you can type in the code required,by the
instructions, then click on the blue Run Code
button at the top right
of the exercise to test your code. Watch out for a red x in the left
margin - that identifies a coding error - hover over it for an
explanation of what is wrong. If you get stuck, you can click on the
Hint button to get a hint, and if needed, the Copy Clipboard
button to
copy the hint so that you can paste it into the Exercise box.
4.6 Filtering on Multiple Criteria with Boolean Logic
You can use multiple filters on your data, and combine these with the boolean symbols
AND (symbol &)
OR (symbol | ) - the vertical line, often on the keyboard above the backslash character ( \ )
XOR - exclusive OR, so that the whole logical statement is true if either statement A is true, or statement B is true, but NOT if both are true. parentheses and combinations thereof.
NEGATION - an exclamation point ( ! ) placed before an equals sign or a variable in a logical statement makes it mean the opposite.
and you can use parentheses as well, to control the order of operations.
You saw several examples of filtering, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| AND | filter(age > 65 & t_vol>1) |
| OR | filter(age > 69 | t_vol > 1) |
| exclusive OR (XOR) | filter(xor(age > 69, t_vol > 1)) |
| AND with negation (!) | filter(age > 64 & aa != 1) |
4.6.1 Your Turn - learnr exercises
Try this out yourself, with interactive coding exercises below, written with the {learnr} package.
For each exercise, you can type in the code required,by the
instructions, then click on the blue Run Code
button at the top right
of the exercise to test your code. Watch out for a red x in the left
margin - that identifies a coding error - hover over it for an
explanation of what is wrong. If you get stuck, you can click on the
Hint button to get a hint, and if needed, the Copy Clipboard
button to
copy the hint so that you can paste it into the Exercise box.
4.7 Filtering Strings
You can use == to test exact equality of strings, but you can also use str_detect from the {stringr} package for more flexible matching, and combine it with the magic of regex (regex ~ Regular expressions) to do complicated filtering on character string variables in datasets.
The typical formats for string filtering are
filter(variable == “string”) for an exact match, or
filter(str_detect(variable, pattern = “string”)) [note two parentheses at the end to completely close the parentheses with str_detect]
You saw several examples of filtering strings, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| matches “oma” | filter(str_detect(diagnosis, “oma”)) |
| negated match | filter(!str_detect(diagnosis, pattern = “Hodgkin”)) |
| regex for wild card | filter(str_detect(diagnosis, pattern = “lympho.+ic”)) |
| regex wild card | filter(str_detect(diagnosis, “myelo.*”)) |
| exact match | filter(diagnosis == “myelofibrosis”) |
4.7.1 Your Turn - learnr exercises
Try matching strings yourself, in the interactive coding exercises below, written with the {learnr} package.
For each exercise, you can type in the code required,by the
instructions, then click on the blue Run Code
button at the top right
of the exercise to test your code. Watch out for a red x in the left
margin - that identifies a coding error - hover over it for an
explanation of what is wrong. If you get stuck, you can click on the
Hint button to get a hint, and if needed, the Copy Clipboard
button to
copy the hint so that you can paste it into the Exercise box.
4.8 Filtering Dates
You can use the {lubridate} package to format strings for logical tests, and filter your observations by date, month, year, etc. Dates are commonly formatted in ISO 8601 format, or YYYY-MM-DD, for 4-digit year, 2-digit month, and 2-digit day. The {lubridate} package can convert these to dates if the ymd() function is applied to a string formatted this way.
The typical formats for date filtering are
filter(date == ymd(“2002-10-06”)) for an exact match, or
filter(between(datevar, ymd(“2020-01-01”, ymd(“2020-06-30”))
filter(datevar > today() - years(1)) for the past year
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
You saw several examples of filtering dates, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| between 2 dates | filter(between(fake_date, ymd(“2020-03-01”), ymd(“2020-03-31”) |
| 24 months prior to today | filter(fake_agvhd_date > today() - months(24)) |
| filter to weekdays 1 or 7 (weekend) | filter(wday(fake_bmt_date) %in% c(1,7)) |
4.8.1 Your Turn - learnr exercises
Try matching dates yourself, in the interactive coding exercises below, written with the {learnr} package.
For each exercise, you can type in the code required,by the
instructions, then click on the blue Run Code
button at the top right
of the exercise to test your code. Watch out for a red x in the left
margin - that identifies a coding error - hover over it for an
explanation of what is wrong. If you get stuck, you can click on the
Hint button to get a hint, and if needed, the Copy Clipboard
button to
copy the hint so that you can paste it into the Exercise box.
4.9 Filtering Out or Identifying Missing Data
You can use the is.na(), drop_na() and negation with ! to help identify and filter out (or in) the missing data, or observations that are incomplete. Common formats for this include
is.na(variable) - filters for observations where the variable is missing
!is.na(variable) - filters for observations where the variable is not missing
janitor::remove_empty(“rows”) - removes completely empty rows (helpful if you are importing a messy dataset)
drop_na() - without filter, this drops any observations with at least one NA value in the row.
drop_na(variable1, variable2) - without filter, this drops any observations with at least one NA value iin the variable1 or variable2 columns.
4.9.1 Working with Missing data
A common need when doing DEV (Data Exploration and Validation) is to find your missing datapoints, so that you can figure out why they are missing, and whether you can fix this using other records, including the medical record.
Another common scenario, when you can’t find or fix missing data, is that you want to drop observations which are missing in a particular variable.
Sometimes you will need to drop whole empty rows, which usually happens because of poor formatting of the data (often in a spreadsheet).
Sometimes you will need to drop observations that have missing data in any field, which is important in modeling. Linear and logistic models generally only run on complete cases, where all predictors and outcomes are non-missing.
You can also impute missing data points, if there are not too many (<10%), and these are truly missing completely at random (MCAR), which is often not the case. Usually there is a bias, so that particular types of study participants have more missing data than others. The packages {missForest} and {mice} can be helpful for imputation when MCAR assumptions are met. Imputation is beyond the scope of this chapter, and should generally be done in consultation with a statistician, as the assumptions involved are very important.
You saw several examples of filtering missing data, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| filtering for the missing observations in a variable | fi lter(is.na(fake_date)) |
| filter for the non-missing data in a variable | filter (!is.na(fake_dx_date)) |
| removing empty rows | remove_empty(“rows”) |
| removing incomplete cases | drop_na() |
4.9.2 Your Turn - learnr exercises
4.10 Filtering Out Duplicate observations
You can use the distinct() function and the {janitor} package to help you find duplicated observations/rows for fixing or removal from your dataset.
Common formats for this include
distinct(dataset) - filters for rows that are distinct from all the other rows (non-duplicates).
janitor::get_dupes(dataset) - filters for observations that are duplicated in all variables, counts them, and displays them in duplicated groups.
You saw several examples of filtering duplicate data, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| distinct observations | distinct(dataset) |
| finding duplicates | get_dupes(dataset) |
| making the complementary dataset | dataset_whole %>% anti_join(data_subset) |
4.11 Slicing Data by Row
You can use the slice() family of functions to cut out a chunk of your observations/rows by position in the dataset..
Common formats for this include
slice(X:Y) - filters for rows X to Y by position (row number).
slice_max(variable, n = N) - filters for observations with the maximum N values for a single variable.
slice_min(variable, prop = 0.0N) - filters for observations with the minimum proportion of 0.0N values for a single variable.
slice_head and slice_tail - filter for observations by position in the top (or bottom) N or top/bottom proportion.
You saw several examples of slicing data, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| slice by position | slice(100:200) |
| slice by top values in variable | slice_max(age, n=20) |
| slice by bottom values in variable | slice_min(pan_day, prop = 0.01) |
| slice by top or bottom position | slice_tail(prop = 0.01) |
4.12 Randomly Sampling Your Rows
You can use the slice_sample() function to take a random subset of large datasets, or to build randomly selected training and testing sets fo modeling.
Common formats for this include
slice_sample(prop = 0.N) - randomly samples N % of your rows.
slice_sample(n = N) - randomly samples N of your rows.
You saw several examples of sampling data, including
| Example | Code |
|---|---|
| sampling a proportion | slice_sample(prop = 0.3) |
| sampling N rows | slice_sample(n = 50) |
4.12.1 Your Turn - learnr exercises
4.13 Further Challenges
Try filtering on your own computer.
Install R and Rstudio, as in Chapter 2.
Then make sure you have the following packages installed, as in the Installing Packages chapter:
tidyverse
medicaldata
Read in data from the medicaldata datasets with data(name)
Then try some of the following challenges
filter the cytomegalovirus dataset for rows with time to acute gvhd < 6 months and CD3 dose > 4
filter the opt dataset for Birthweight between 2500 grams and 3500 grams, or Apgar >=6
filter the covid_testing dataset for females tested in the first 30 days of the pandemic with positive results
4.14 Explore More about Filtering
Some helpful resources include:
Suzan Baert’s blog series on dplyr, part 3 about filtering is found here.
The tidyverse guide to filtering, found here.
A blog post on filtering by Michael Toth, found here.
The RYouWithMe series from RLadiesSyndey post on filtering here.


January 15 2017
Have you thought what's in your food exactly and how it has been prepared before you eat it?
Did you get sick and tired of eating instant and frozen food?
Have you tried to cook once and it came out terrible?
Did you know that you can enjoy your faviorite meal without putting your health at risk?
Are you Interested, but you don't know how to start?


|
BitShares-Core
6.1.0
BitShares blockchain implementation and command-line interface software
|
#include <log_message.hpp>
Public Types | |
| enum | values { all, debug, info, warn, error, off } |
| Define's the various log levels for reporting. More... | |
Public Member Functions | |
| log_level (values v=off) | |
| log_level (int v) | |
| operator int () const | |
Public Attributes | |
| values | value |
Named scope for log_level enumeration.
Definition at line 23 of file log_message.hpp.
Define's the various log levels for reporting.
Each log level includes all higher levels such that Debug includes Error, but Error does not include Debug.
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| all | |
| debug | |
| info | |
| warn | |
| error | |
| off |
Definition at line 32 of file log_message.hpp.
Definition at line 41 of file log_message.hpp.
|
inlineexplicit |
Definition at line 42 of file log_message.hpp.
|
inline |
Definition at line 43 of file log_message.hpp.
| values fc::log_level::value |
Definition at line 44 of file log_message.hpp.


Set hosts Please confirm host details below. IMAP Plaintext SSL StartTLS SMTP Plaintext SSL StartTLS CalDAV CardDAV Submit


Discover lights...
Choose your scan method
Bonjour (recommended)
Brute-Force
Scan method
Add a light manually:
IP address


Assessment Feedbacks and Grades
Summative Feedbacks
Formative Feedbacks
Feedback 1
Feedback 1
Feedback 1
Feedback 1
Back
1
2
3
Next


J J Interno
With over seven years of experience in the world of construction and interior designing (bricks and curios), we have created some dream homes interlaced with strong bonds of passion and integrity.
We give life and soul to the dreams and insights of our clients with our expert advice and infrastructure in making their dream of "HOME SWEET HOME" possible and a reality.
jj interno focus on providing the superior service of interior designers in Kochi. The overall interiors of a space can set an atmosphere, a mood, or give people an impression of their persona about their lifestyle. The first part of interior design process at jj interno always start with initial space planning in detail by taking into consideration all the essential requisites and concerns that our client’s brings to the table.
jj interno team is Highly experienced and professional team creates interior and exterior spaces with equal magic, comes from a rich and diverse experience from architectural, engineering, fashion and media industry.


THE IMPOSTORS A film review by Matt Williams
RATING: * * * 1/2* out of * * * *
Following the art house success Big Night, Stanley Tucci has set his sights on making a screwball comedy. With a top notch cast, and plenty of good humor, The Impostors is warmly reminiscent of the great screwball comedies of old.
Arthur and Maurice (Stanley Tucci and Oliver Platt) are two struggling actors in the 1930s. Desperate for work, they perform impromptu live performances in the middle of an unsuspecting sidewalk cafe. They've also been known to attempt the occasional con or two in order to get food on their meager plates.
Through a convoluted series of events, the bumbling pair mistakenly stow away aboard a cruise ship.
The crew of the ship isn't too helpful to the pair. Although they do find a sympathetic ear in Lily (Lili Taylor), they find the fascistic head steward Meistrich (Campbell Scott) has no tolerance for stowaways. A suicidal entertainer (Steve Buscemi) and a first mate with a secret agenda (Tony Shalhoub) simply add to the already bizarre mix.
Writer-director Stanley Tucci was apparently aiming to recreate a good ol'-fashioned screwball comedy...and he mostly succeeds.
Tucci and Platt enjoy a hearty comradery from right off the bat, a fact crucial to making the film work. The pair are introduced in a hilarious silent bit, and we get to know the characters before even a word is uttered.
The title of The Impostors doesn't just represent the main characters. Virtually everyone in the film is an impostor of one sort or another, pretending to be something he or she isn't. The various plots and intersections of the characters provide much of the film's humor.
When the film actually gets to the ship and introduces us to its whirlwind of characters, the introductions are swiftly and deftly handled without confusion. The supporting ensemble deliver terrific performances all around, and are a delight to behold.
There are a few misfired gags here and there, but the film has plenty of good gags to spare. While it won't rank up with the all-time screwball classics, The Impostors is still a wonderful little comedy.
Copyright 1998 Matt Williams
- Matt Williams<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Reviewer for Cinematter: http://www.cinematter.com Home of over 600 reviews, and information on nearly 700 upcoming releases
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


{time}
Updates list
Rendering log
If you can see this message, there is likely a problem loading the Overviewer JavaScript components. Check the JavaScript console for error messages.


The {{NAME}} version {{VERSION}} server was configured on this host at {{DATETIME}}.
Here are the pre-defined public targets supplied by lorax:
The following targets require authentication:
For online documentation and support please refer to the
{{NAME}} home site.
Thank you for using {{NAME}}.


---
caption: About
href: about
visible: true
position: 0
---
{{ site.data.owner.first_name }}
{{ site.data.owner.last_name }}
{% for paragraph in site.data.owner.resume %}
{{ paragraph }}
{% endfor %}
{% for link in site.data.owner.social_links %}
{% endfor %}


Classes
The following classes are available globally.
-
The hand instruction step is a custom step that allows adding functionality to the base step to allow using the same step object for both the right and left hand.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public class MCTHandInstructionStepObject : RSDUIStepObject
-
A Subclass of RSDFormUIStepObject which uses MCTHandSelectionDataSource.
Declaration
Swift
public class MCTHandSelectionStepObject : RSDFormUIStepObject
-
The object that serves as the data soruce for an MCTHandSelectionStep
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public class MCTHandSelectionDataSource : RSDFormStepDataSourceObject
-
Create a tapping step that will instantiate the tapping result and can load the storyboard view controller.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public class MCTTappingStepObject : RSDActiveUIStepObject, RSDStepViewControllerVendor
-
The tapping step view controller sets up gesture listeners that are used to track the button taps.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public class MCTTappingStepViewController : MCTActiveStepViewController


The coefficients of cos(nx) and sin(nx) in the Fourier series representing a particular function are called the Fourier coefficients for that function. If we want to have
$$\mathrm{f(x)} = \frac{1}{2} \mathrm{a}_0 +
\sum _{\mathrm{n}=1} ^{\infty}
( \mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{n}} \mathrm{cos(nx)}
+ \mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{n}} \mathrm{sin(nx)} )$$
in the range [ − π, π], we need:
$$\mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{n}} =
\frac{1}{\pi} \int _{- \pi} ^{\pi}
\mathrm{f(x)cos(nx)dx} ,$$
$$\mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{n}} =
\frac{1}{\pi} \int _{- \pi} ^{\pi}
\mathrm{f(x)sin(nx)dx}$$
for n=1, 2, 3, ...


Index of Anthill 2 min summaries
Completed
Anthill Hacks Day 2 - summary of Day 1 by participants
Anthill Hacks Day 3 - summary of Day 2 by participants
Anthill Hacks Day 4 - summary of Day 3 by participants
Anthill Hacks Day 5 - summary of Day 4 by participants
Anthill Hacks Day 7 - summary of Day 6 by participants
Anthill Hacks Day 10 - summary of Day 9 by participants
Audios not available yet
Day 6
Day 8
Day 9
Day 11
Day 12
Day 13
Day 14


Nancy's Weather App
Local Weather Forecast
The weather currently is:
F
Loading...
"Don't worry, be happy."


Synergy Classic 1.9 memory usage?
-
geders
I noticed my machine was quite sluggish, and checked Activity Monitor. Seems Activity Monitor was reporting that Synergy was using 104.54 MB "Real Memory" and 344.05 MB "Virtual Memory". I know that the "Virtual Memory" number isn't anything to worry about, but it seems to be using quite a bit of memory for such a small app.
Is this a bug, or just a normal situation for Synergy? I typically don't restart, only put my Powerbook to sleep. Even with 1GB of memory, I really don't like using 10% of it for Synergy. Is there a configuration file I might be able to alter?
Thanks for any info!
P.S. If I restart Synergy and use it a little while, it reports using 11.85 MB of "Real Memory" and 234.55 MB of "Virtual Memory" which is what I expect for this app...
-
Greg Hurrell
It's not a bug, that's normal usage. I suspect most of the memory is occupied by cached album art. If you run the leaks tool on the app you'll see that it's not leaking any memory.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


Indiana
I'm a Junkie-Monkey!
Registered: Oct 2001
Location: Incommincado Tyler Durden says: Do we really need another women?
Posts: 3087 |
I just had to say this but Corin nemec reminded me of Johhny Depp. it was really the mouth that did it for me.
ONE!
__________________
"Now I'm cleaning up and I'm moving on, going straight and choosing life. I'm looking forward to it already.  The washing machine, the car, the compact disc and electric tin opener, good health, low cholesterol, dental insurance, mortgage, starter home, leisure wear, luggage, three piece suite, DIY, game shows, junk food, children, walks in the park, nine to five, good at golf, washing the car, choice of sweaters, family Christmas, indexed pension, tax exemption clearing gutters, getting by, looking ahead, the day you die."
Report this post to a moderator | ? + *
|


9.1.1.a2 group element inside case element of a switch
When you activate the Show Out Case trigger you must see "You are now in the Out case"
output to the screen and a Show In Case trigger.
When you activate the Show In Case trigger you must see "You are now in the In case"
output to the screen and a Show Out Case trigger.
When either switch is activated you must see an xforms-disabled message and an xforms-enabled message.
You are now in the In case
xforms-disabled
xforms-enabled
Show Out Case
You are now in the Out case
xforms-disabled
xforms-enabled
Show In Case


|
Hilbert Space Explorer -
Extends ZFC set theory into Hilbert space,
which is the foundation for quantum mechanics. Includes over
1,000 complete formal proofs.
|
|
|
|
Quantum Logic Explorer -
Starts from the orthomodular lattice properties proved in the
Hilbert Space Explorer and takes you into
quantum logic with around 1,000 proofs.
|
|
|
|
Metamath Solitaire - A Java
applet
that demonstrates simple proofs.
Built-in axiom systems
include ZFC; modal, intuitionistic, and quantum logics; and Tarski's
plane geometry.
|
|
|
|
Metamath Music Page - Strictly
for fun. You can listen
to what mathematical proofs "sound" like!
|
|
|
Mini FAQ
Q: What is Metamath? A:
Metamath is a tiny language that can express theorems in abstract
mathematics, accompanied by proofs that can be verified by a computer
program. This site has a collection of web pages generated from those
proofs and lets you see mathematics developed in complete
detail from first principles, with absolute rigor. Hopefully it will
amuse you, amaze you, and possibly enlighten you in its own special way.
Q: How can I ask
questions or discuss Metamath-related topics?
A: The Metamath
Google Group [retrieved 22-Sep-2020] mailing list is being used for
discussion about Metamath. If you have questions, that is a good place
to ask them. (The AsteroidMeta [retrieved 22-Sep-2020] wiki was used for many older
Metamath discussions, but is no longer available. Archived discussions
such as this one can be found on archive.org.)
Q: Where do I
start?
A: Read Sections 1, 2, and 3 of the Metamath Proof Explorer. Then look at a
few proofs in Section 4 to make
sure you understand how they work.
Knowledge of mathematics
can be helpful, although it isn't strictly necessary to be able to
mechanically follow the proofs on this site. If you want to start
acquiring a higher-level understanding, a
nice independent introduction to logic is Hirst and
Hirst's A Primer
for Logic and Proof [retrieved 27-Sep-2017] (PDF, 0.5MB); compare its axioms to ours.
Wikipedia has an overview of set theory
[retrieved 4-Aug-2016].
The video series
"Introduction to Higher Mathematics" by Bill Shillito
[retrieved 27-Sep-2017] may also be helpful.
You can experiment with simple
proofs in the Metamath Solitaire
applet.
To actually create real metamath proofs, you'll want to
download a tool.
A common tool is mmj2.
David A. Wheeler produced an introductory video, "Introduction to
Metamath & mmj2" [retrieved 4-Aug-2016].
Q: Will Metamath
help me learn abstract mathematics?
A:
Yes, but probably not by itself.
In order to follow a proof in an advanced math textbook, you may need to
know prerequisites that could take years to learn. Some people find
this frustrating. In contrast, Metamath uses a single, simple substitution rule that allows you to
follow any proof mechanically. You can actually jump in anywhere
and be convinced that the symbol string you see in a proof step is a
consequence of the symbol strings in the earlier steps that it
references, even if you don't understand what the symbols mean. But
this is quite different from understanding the meaning of the
math that results. Metamath alone probably will not give you an
intuitive feel for abstract math, in the same way it can be hard to
grasp a large computer program just by reading its source code, even
though you may understand each individual instruction. However, the Bibliographic Cross-Reference lets you
compare informal proofs in math textbooks and see all the implicit
missing details "left to the reader."
Q: Who is the
intended audience for Metamath?
A: Metamath is not for everyone, of course. A person with no
interest in math may find it boring or, optimistically, might find a
spark of inspiration. Professional mathematicians may view it as a
curiosity more than a tool - they need to do things at a high level to
work efficiently. On the other hand, Metamath can appeal to those who
enjoy picking things apart to see how they work. Others may like the
absolute rigor that Metamath offers. Someone new to logic and set
theory, who is still developing the mathematical maturity needed to
follow informal textbook proofs, may find some reassurance in Metamath's
step-by-step breakdown. And anyone who appreciates the austere elegance
of formal mathematics for its own sake might enjoy just casually
browsing through the proofs for their aesthetic appeal.
Q: I already have
an abstract mathematics background. How can I grasp the key
ideas in a Metamath proof more quickly?
A: On the web page with the proof, look at the little colored numbers in the Ref column. The steps with the largest
numbers are usually the ones you want to look at first. The steps with
smaller numbers are typically logic "glue" to tie them together. The
colors follow roughly the rainbow colors as the statement number
increases, so that the largest numbers tend to stand out from the
others.
With a little practice, this feature,
together with the gray indentation levels showing
the tree structure,
should help you
figure out the "important" steps so that you could
write down an informal version of the proof if
you wanted to.
(By the way, it's best not to use the colored numbers
to reference theorems in an archived discussion, since they change
when new theorems are inserted at an earlier point in the database.)
Q: What does the
Metamath language look like?
A: The precise technical specification of the language is given
in Section 4.1 (p. 112) of the Metamath book
and is about 4 pages long. A simple example is given in Section 2.2.2 (p. 40).
Compare this source screenshot with
the generated web page. But you
don't have to know or even look at the language if you just want
to follow the proofs on these web pages.
The metamath program and
mmj2 are the main tools for working with
the Metamath language. As an indication of the language's simplicity,
Raph Levien independently wrote the remarkably small mmverify proof verifier in Python. He writes,
"I find the whole thing a bit magical. Those 300 lines of code, plus a
couple dozen axioms, effectively give you the building blocks for all of
mathematics."
Bob Solovay wrote a nicely commented
presentation of Peano arithmetic in the Metamath language, peano.mm, that is worth reading as a
stand-alone file.
Q: What other
programs have been written for the Metamath language?
A: Over a dozen proof verifiers for the Metamath language have
been written and are listed at
Known Metamath proof verifiers.
Also, several proof languages have been based on Metamath, and
the software and other documentation for these can be found under
Metamath-related programs.
Q: How confident
can I be in the proofs?
A: You can be extremely confident that the proofs follow from
their axioms.
All reasoning is done directly in the proof itself
rather than by algorithms embedded in the verification program.
Computer verification programs never get tired and rigorously check every step.
There is the risk that a verifier has a programming bug, but this
is countered by the Metamath language's small size
(this simplicity reduces the likelihood of such bugs) and
by using multiple independently-implemented verifiers
(since it is unlikely that all verifiers will have the same kind of bug).
For example, the
Metamath Proof Explorer
is routinely checked by 4 independent verifiers:
metamath (a C verifier by Norm Megill),
mmj2 (a Java verifier by Mel O'Cat and Mario Carneiro),
smetamath-rs
(a high-speed Rust verifier by Stefan O'Rear), and
checkmm (a C++ verifier by Eric Schmidt).
In addition, the databases are public and can easily be inspected;
the hypertext links in generated proofs make it especially easy to move
from one theorem to the next.
Metamath enables an extremely rigorous form of peer review.
Q: Why is it called
"Metamath"?
A: It means "metavariable math." See A Note on the Axioms.
Metamath shouldn't be confused
with metamathematics (occasionally abbreviated metamath, metamaths,
or meta math), which is a specialized
branch of mathematics that studies
mathematics itself, leading to results such
as Gödel's incompleteness theorem. An expert in the latter is
called a metamathematician, so to avoid confusion
one might use "metamathician" for someone knowledgeable about Metamath.
Q: Are there other
sites that formalize math from its foundations?
A: Another project that aims to rigorously formalize and verify
math is Mizar [retrieved 4-Aug-2016]. It
is intended to appeal to professional mathematicians and requires a
certain mathematical maturity to be able to follow its proofs. It tries
to mimic mathematical proofs they way they are normally published,
whereas Metamath shows you every little detail.
Some other well-known interactive
theorem provers are HOL Light
[retrieved 4-Aug-2016], Isabelle
[retrieved 4-Aug-2016], and Coq [retrieved 4-Aug-2016].
There are a few languages based on or derived from Metamath, e.g.,
Raph Levien has developed a related language called Ghilbert [retrieved 4-Aug-2016]
that strives to improve upon Metamath by guaranteeing the soundness of
definitions and providing features useful for collaborative work.
Freek Wiedijk wrote an interesting collection of notes [retrieved 4-Aug-2016]
comparing several mathematical proof languages. His book, The
Seventeen Provers of the World [retrieved 4-Aug-2016] (PDF, 0.6MB), compares the
proofs that the square root of 2 is irrational in 17 proof languages,
including Metamath (theorem sqrt2irr).
The
Metamath 100 page shows metamath's progress
in
Formalizing 100 Theorems
(a challenge set of theorems for math formalization systems).
Unlike most other systems, Metamath
attempts to use the minimum possible framework needed to express
mathematics and its proofs. Other systems do not consider that aspect
necessarily important, and their underlying computer programs can be
large and complex in order to perform mathematical reasoning at a higher
level. Metamath's proofs are often quite long compared to those of
other systems, but they are completely transparent with nothing hidden
from the user. All reasoning is done directly in the proof itself
rather than by algorithms embedded in the verification program.
Metamath is unique in this sense, offering an alternative approach for
those attracted to its philosophy of simplicity.
Q: How
can I contribute to Metamath?
A:
We'd be delighted to get your contributions!
The Metamath community has a large set of inter-related projects, so you first need to determine which
specific project you want to contribute to.
Here are some common cases:
- If you're contributing to "set.mm" (the set of proofs which starts
from ZFC set theory axioms and shown in the "Metamath Proof Explorer"),
the recommended approach is to use its GitHub repository at https://github.com/metamath/set.mm
(at least as a starting point). For detailed instructions on using
GitHub for this project, read
Getting started with contributing and
CONTRIBUTING.md.
As an alternative to submitting GitHub pull requests (if you don't want to
go through that learning curve in the beginning), you can
email patch files (differences) to
Norm Megill or
Mario Carneiro or even
post to the
Metamath mailing
list.
- If you want to patch the mmj2 program (the editor/GUI proof
assistant written in Java by Mel O'Cat and enhanced by Mario Carneiro),
email Mario Carneiro and/or get
yourself added to https://github.com/digama0/mmj2.
- If you want to patch the metamath.exe program (the original tool
implementation written in C), send your patch as a "unified diff" ("diff
-u") via email to Norm
Megill.
- If you want to modify a web page,
send email to Norm Megill.
When in doubt, ask or post your proposal to
the metamath
mailing list,
and/or privately email
Norm Megill and
Mario Carneiro.
Downloads
- metamath.pdf
(1.3 MB)
- Description: The book
Metamath: A Computer Language for Mathematical Proofs (248 pp.),
written by Norman Megill
with extensive revisions by David A. Wheeler,
provides an in-depth understanding of the Metamath language
and program.
It is also called the Metamath book.
The first part of the book includes an easy-to-read informal discussion of
abstract mathematics and computers, with references to other proof
verifiers and automated theorem provers.
-
A hardcover version of the Metamath book
(ISBN 978-0-3597-02237) is also available if you prefer
a printed copy.
This was released in 2019 and is labeled second edition.
- A large print and narrow width version of the book,
suitable for reading on small devices such as smartphones, is metamath-narrow.pdf. This
version updates the Kindle version provided by John D. Baker in 2011.
- You can also view the Metamath book errata.
-
The
LaTeX source file for the book is metamath.tex; the comment at
the beginning explains how to compile it.
The source is maintained on GitHub at
https://github.com/metamath/metamath-book
[retrieved 6-Feb-2019], which also provides an archive of older editions.
- The following BibTeX citation is suggested for the printed version.
@Book{metamath,
author = {Norman D. Megill},
author = {David A. Wheeler},
title = {Metamath: A Computer Language for Mathematical Proofs},
year = {2019},
publisher = {Lulu Press},
address = {Morrisville, North Carolina},
note = {{\tt http://us.metamath.org/downloads/metamath.pdf}},
}
-
metamath.tar.bz2 (14 MB) or
metamath.tar.gz (17 MB) or
metamath.zip (17 MB)
- Description: The
metamath program (version 0.196 31-Dec-2020), which is an
ASCII-based ANSI C program with a command-line interface.
It was used (along with
mmj2 below) to build and
verify the proofs in the Metamath Proof Explorer, and it generated
its web pages. The *.mm ASCII databases (set.mm and others) are
also included in this download.
- Instructions: 1.
Extract all files, which will be contained
in a directory called "metamath". 2. For Windows, double-click on
"metamath.exe" and type "read set.mm". For Linux/MacOSX/Unix,
compile with the command "gcc *.c -o metamath" inside the
"metamath" directory, then type "./metamath set.mm" to run.
3. For
all systems, once in the program, use the "help" command to guide you.
Consult the Metamath book (above) for an in-depth understanding.
- To uninstall: Just delete the
"metamath" directory. Nothing else on your system was touched by the
installation.
- Notes:
- Quicker installation for Windows users who just want
the main (set.mm) database: 1. Download the
Metamath program
metamath.exe (0.5MB)
2. Download the set.mm database (25MB) into the
same folder.
3. Double-click on
"metamath.exe" and type "read set.mm".
4. To uninstall, just delete these two files. Nothing else is touched
on your system.
- On MacOSX, select the Terminal
application from Applications/Utilities to get to the command
line. On recent versions of MacOSX, you need to install gcc
separately. Typing "whereis gcc" will return "/usr/bin/gcc" if it is
installed. The XCode package is typically used to install it,
but it can also be installed
without XCode[retrieved 4-Aug-2016].
- On Linux/MacOSX/Unix, the
Metamath program will be
more pleasant to use if you run it inside of
rlwrap
[retrieved 30-Mar-2019],
which provides up-arrow command history and other
command-line editing features. After you install rlwrap per its
instructions
(see rlwrap installation
[retrieved 30-Mar-2019] for macOS),
invoke the Metamath program with "rlwrap ./metamath
set.mm". (Thanks to Marnix Klooster for bringing rlwrap to my
attention. The Windows version of the Metamath program, by the way, was
compiled with lcc, which has some similar features
built-in.)
- See the README.TXT file for
additional information.
-
mmj2.zip
(7.2 MB) (latest version, 2.4.1 26-Jan-2016, maintained by Mario Carneiro)
mmj2-orig.zip
(Mel O'Cat's last official version, 11-Oct-2011)
https://github.com/digama0/mmj2
(development repository)
- Description: Mel O'Cat and
Mario Carneiro's
mmj2 GUI Proof Assistant for
the Metamath language. Includes thorough file validation and
proof verification, syntactic parsing of Metamath formulas
and many other features.
- Instructions: Download
mmj2jar.zip, unzip and read the
enclosed documentation.
David A. Wheeler produced two introductory
videos "Introduction to
Metamath & mmj2" [retrieved 1-Aug-2016] and
"Creating Functions in Metamath" [retrieved 1-Aug-2016].
Some documentation is also available at the (now archived) Asteroid
Meta wiki
mmj2 [retrieved 24-May-2016].
- Quick startup for Windows:
1. Download mmj2.zip and unzip it (wherever)
2. Copy the mmj2\mmj2jar directory to C:
3. Edit C:\mmj2jar\RunParms.txt (with e.g. Notepad).
3a.
The first line will read "LoadFile,set.mm"; change it if necessary
to point to your set.mm file.
3b.
Add the following 2 lines immediately above the last line that reads
"RunProofAsstGUI" (to improve automation in the proof assistant):
ProofAsstDeriveAutocomplete, yes
ProofAsstUseAutotransformations, yes,no,yes
3c.
Add the following 2 lines to the
end of the file (to ensure set.mm definitions are sound):
RunMacro,definitionCheck,ax-*,df-bi,df-clab,df-cleq,df-clel
*done
4. Edit C:\mmj2jar\mmj2.bat. Change "-Xmx256M" to "-Xmx512M"
(to increase heap space for current set.mm size).
Change "C:\metamath" to a directory that exists (to store .mmp worksheets).
5. Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Command Prompt
6. Type: java then ENTER. If the response is "'java' is not recognized...",
you need to install the Java runtime system from
java.com
[retrieved 11-May-2016], then exit and reenter the Command Prompt.
7. Type:
CD C:\mmj2jar
mmj2.bat
- Notes:
- The eimm export-import program
links the mmj2 and Metamath proof assistants
without exiting from either program, giving you the features of both
during proof development.
-
mpeuni.tar.bz2 (70 MB) or
mpeuni.tar.gz (140 MB) or
mpeuni.zip (180 MB)
- Description: The complete set of
Metamath Proof Explorer web pages.
Includes the Hilbert Space Explorer and the Metamath Music Page. (Does
not include the GIF version of the pages.)
- Instructions: Extract all files
(around 35,000) into a directory
called "mpeuni". The home page is the file "mmset.html". You will need
about 3.5 GB of free space.
-
qleuni.tar.bz2 (1 MB) or
qleuni.tar.gz (2 MB) or
qleuni.zip (4 MB)
- Description: The complete
set of Quantum Logic Explorer web pages.
- Instructions: Extract all
files (around 1,000) into a directory
called "qleuni". The home page is the file "mmql.html".
-
mmsolitaire.tar.bz2 (0.2 MB) or
mmsolitaire.tar.gz (0.2 MB) or
mmsolitaire.zip (0.3 MB)
- Description: The Metamath
Solitaire web page, compiled Java applet,
and applet source code.
- Instructions: Extract all files
into a directory
called "mmsolitaire". Use the page "mms.html" to run the applet.
-
symbols.tar.bz2 (0.2 MB) or
symbols.tar.gz (0.3 MB) or
symbols.zip (0.8 MB)
- Description: A collection of
over 1,000 mathematical symbols
in the form of transparent GIFs that you can use on your own web pages.
- Instructions: Extract all
files into a directory
called "symbols". The home page is the file "symbols.html".
- mmverify.py
(version of 27-Jan-2013)
(previous version)
- Description: Raph Levien's
independently-written Python
proof verifier for the Metamath language.
- Instructions: See the
comments at the top of the program listing.
- eimm.zip (0.03 MB)
New 18-Apr-2006
- Description: An experimental
proof export-import program (version 0.07 18-Oct-10) that
translates incomplete proofs in progress between the Metamath program's CLI Proof Assistant
and Mel O'Cat's mmj2
GUI Proof Assistant, without exiting from either proof
assistant, giving you the features of both assistants during proof
development.
- Instructions: Extract all files
into a directory called "eimm". See the readme.txt file for detailed
instructions. A pre-compiled Windows binary is provided; gcc is required
to compile for Linux/MacOSX/Unix.
Metamath program's Proof Assistant (MM-PA> prompt)
| ^
| |
submit eimmexp.cmd /s submit eimmimp.cmd /s
| |
v |
[*.mmp proof worksheet file]
| ^
| |
File/Open File/Save
| |
v |
mmj2 GUI Proof Assistant
- Status: There are no known bugs.
The development of this prototype is believed to be complete. The only
change in the future might be to incorporate the import-export
algorithms natively as Metamath program commands, for convenience.
Suggestions for other possible features are, of course, welcome.
-
finiteaxiom.pdf (0.2 MB)
- Description: Preprint of the
article "A Finitely
Axiomatized Formalization of Predicate Calculus with Equality," which
provides the theoretical basis for Metamath and is referenced on the
Metamath Proof Explorer pages. [This PDF file was generated from the LaTeX
source file finiteaxiom.tex (0.1 MB).]
The correspondence
between the axioms in this paper and the ones in the
set.mm database is described in
Appendix 8 of the
Metamath Proof Explorer Home Page.
See technical note 1 for
some additional notes.
-
weakd.pdf (0.2 MB)
- Description: The article
"Weaker D-Complete Logics," which
is referenced in the Metamath Solitaire applet.
-
Quantum logic papers
- Description: Several papers
on quantum logic,
orthomodular lattices, and Hilbert space
can be downloaded from here.
-
quantum-logic.tar.bz2 (0.05 MB) or
quantum-logic.tar.gz (0.1 MB) or
quantum-logic.zip (0.1 MB)
- Description: Several
programs (lattice.c, latticeg.c,
beran.c, bercomb.c)
referenced in the papers "Algorithms for Greechie Diagrams" and
"Orthomodular Lattices and a Quantum Algebra."
- Instructions: Extract all
files into a directory called "quantum-logic". See the README.TXT
file therein for instructions on compiling and using the programs.
You will need a C compiler such as gcc.
- Note:
- The above programs are frozen at the versions used
for the papers and will reproduce the papers' results exactly.
Each .c file is a stand-alone program. After compiling (under
Linux/Cygwin/MacOSX/Unix) with "gcc program.c -o program",
type "./program --help" for instructions.
-
metamathsite.tar.bz2 (111 MB) or
metamathsite.tar.gz (116 MB) or
metamathsite.zip (117 MB)
- Description:
A mirror of the entire Metamath web site
including all the
downloads listed above (that aren't external links).
This can be useful if you have a slow connection
or want to browse the site off-line. A script builds
the site from source files and requires a Linux/MacOSX/Unix operating
system (or the free Cygwin
[retrieved 4-Aug-2016]
for Windows).
About 9 GB of disk space will be needed.
- Instructions:
Extract all files into a directory called "metamathsite". Go to that
directory then type "./install.sh". This
may take several hours to run. The home page (this page) will be
"index.html".
- In Cygwin, to go to a directory, type
"cd c:/tmp/metamathsite" if your directory (folder) is
C:\tmp\metamathsite.
- On MacOSX, select
the Terminal application from
Applications/Utilities to get to the command line.
- To uninstall: Just delete the "metamathsite" directory.
Nothing else on your system was touched by the installation.
- Notes:
- See the README.TXT file that
accompanies the download for more detailed
instructions.
- Another way to install your local copy is with rsync (on
Linux/MacOSX/Unix or Cygwin). The download will be compressed to about
2GB and automatically expanded to about 3.5GB. Create and go to the
metamathsite directory, then type (including the last period):
rsync -vrltS -z --delete --delete-after
rsync://rsync.metamath.org/metamath . Rerunning this same command
periodically will also keep your copy updated, downloading only the
files that changed. Note that you need twice the disk space
during rsync, i.e. 7GB. - A third way to install your local copy is with wget (see the Download and Extraction Help below). The full
uncompressed 3.5GB site will be downloaded, so it will take a long time,
depending on your connection speed. Create and go to the metamathsite
directory, then type:
wget -nH --mirror
"http://us.metamath.org/index.html"
- If you would like to set up a mirror site for public access, read
the instructions in mirror.txt.
Download and Extraction Help
Downloading Some browsers may
have problems downloading large binary files. The free wget [retrieved
4-Aug-2016] program downloads correctly and is available for all
platforms including Windows. Here are the instructions for Windows:
- Go to http://www.filewatcher.com/m/wget-1.8.2b.zip.278487-0.html
[retrieved 4-Aug-2016] (or another mirror site) and download wget-1.8.2b.zip
(272kB).
- Extract the file called WGET.EXE
into the folder you will be using for your downloads. The other files
are not needed for a minimal installation.
- From the Start menu, choose Programs -> Accessories ->
Command Prompt. If Command Prompt is missing, then from the Start menu,
choose Run..., type CMD (or COMMAND in Windows 95/98), and click
OK.
- In the DOS or command window, type
drive-letter: and press Enter, where drive-letter (C,
D, E,...) is the disk you will be using for your downloads. Then
type cd folder and press
Enter, where folder is the folder (without the drive letter and
colon) you will be using for your downloads. - Type
wget "url"
(include the quotes around url) and press Enter, where
url is the URL (internet address, which begins with "http://" or
"ftp://") of the .tar.bz2 or other file you want to download. Most
browsers can copy a URL from a web page display, for example by
right-clicking on the link and selecting "Copy Shortcut" or "Copy Link
Location", which you can then paste into the wget
argument. To paste, right-click on the top of the command window
and select Edit -> Paste. - If you have trouble retrieving FTP files because you are behind
a network firewall, try typing
wget
--passive-ftp "url" Extracting To
extract .tar.bz2 files in Linux/MacOSX/Unix, use the command "tar
-xjf xxx.tar.bz2", where xxx corresponds to the file name.
To preview what will be extracted, use the command "tar -tjf
xxx.tar.bz2 | more"; press the space bar to show the next page
and "q" to quit the preview. (On MacOSX, select the Terminal
application from Applications/Utilities to get to the command
line.)To extract .tar.gz files in Linux/MacOSX/Unix, use "tar -xzf
xxx.tar.gz". To preview them, use "tar -tzf xxx.tar.gz |
more". To extract .zip files in Linux/MacOSX/Unix, use "unzip
xxx.zip". To preview them, use "unzip -l xxx.zip |
more". To extract .tar.gz and .zip files in Windows, you can use
WinZip, WinAce, or WinRAR, among others. Of these, I have been told
that only WinRAR can extract .tar.bz2 files. Recent Windows versions
will open .zip files automatically. If you have the free Cygwin [retrieved 4-Aug-2016] installed,
you can use
the Unix commands above for .tar.bz2, .tar.gz, and .zip files.
Text files The
ASCII (text) files in the downloads are in Unix format, which uses a
bare line-feed character at the end of each line. This may cause them
to display improperly in some Windows text editors such as Notepad,
which requires a carriage-return/line-feed combination. The better text
editors don't have this problem, but if you need to convert the format,
a free program that has been recommended for Windows is
ToX
[retrieved 4-Aug-2016]. (For Linux/MacOSX/Unix, use the command:
sed -e 's/$/\r/' unixfile > windowsfile. To go back, use the
command: tr -d '\015' < windowsfile > unixfile.)
On Windows, the "write source" command in the Metamath program
will automatically convert .mm database text files from Unix format to
Windows format (and vice-versa on Linux/MacOSX/Unix).
Note: Some of the links in the section below are obsolete. Let me
know if you have current links. --NM 16-Feb-2013
|
| Directories |
|
Wikipedia |
Drexel University's Math Forum Internet
Mathematics Library (another
mention) |
|
Government of Australia
Education Portal |
Encyclopædia Britannica "approved
iGuide site" (Oct. 11, 2006) (free
set theory
full text article) |
|
| Awards |
| The Golden House Sparrow Award:
Site of the Day (Jul. 20, 2000) (check out their eclectic current
page) |
Scout
Report for Science and Engineering Selection (Jul. 19, 2000) |
|
Knot a Braid
of Links "Cool
math site of the week" (Jul. 7-13, 1998) |
Rated by JARS (Apr. 26, 1998) |
This page was
last updated on 31-Dec-2020.
|


[gecode-users] Which version of MSVC on Windows?
Alin
alin_pt at yahoo.com
Fri Feb 11 00:53:17 CET 2011
Christian Schulte <cschulte at ...> writes:
> However, I doubt that it will make a difference: the error you mentioned is
> likely then to show up while compiling Gecode.
>
> So, the questions I asked remain as far as I can see.
>
> Cheers
> Christian
>
You are right again, the error did appear when compiling with MSVC 2005,
I'll try to find out why some other time...
More information about the users
mailing list


Match Play. 0-0 to 7. Should Red redouble? If redoubled, should White take?
pips Red=83 White=86
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
Red has too much work to do here to redouble. He needs a five and a three and he is running out of time.
Even if he makes his 2-pt with a 32 White will still be able to take the redouble so it cannot be right to redouble now, unless of course you think your opponent will drop.
XG tells us that if there is a 10% chance your opponent will drop then the redouble is correct.
Even if he makes his 2-pt with a 32 White will still be able to take the redouble so it cannot be right to redouble now, unless of course you think your opponent will drop.
XG tells us that if there is a 10% chance your opponent will drop then the redouble is correct.
Cube analysis 2-ply cubeless equity +0.270 (Money: +0.271) 0.643 0.039 0.000 - 0.357 0.054 0.001 Cubeful equities: 1. No double +0.477 2. Double, pass +1.000 (+0.523) 3. Double, take +0.321 (-0.155) Proper cube action: No redouble, take (22.9%)


Model Builder and Data Modeling
In this post, I will guide you through the steps needed to design your database schema using TerminusDB 4.0 Console and its model builder.
Having your data in the right format makes it easier to analyze the data properly but you can model your data in more than one way. This is a reality for all the databases, so how to make the right decision?
The model builder is a tool that lets you visualize and edit your database schema. It is very useful for designing and understanding complex data models. I’ll show you how you can start from a simple model and build out something more complex in no time.
if you have never used TerminusDB before, this article includes everything you need to get started with TerminusDB. My First TerminusDB Graph Visualisation — Bike Share Data.
The Dataset
In our examples we use the collection of data about the bike journeys between stations in Washington D.C., USA.
We have used this data in other blogs, where with woql.js, a javascript layer that help you to compose WOQL query (Web Object Query Language), we have created our database scheme.
The CSV data used this tutorial is available at https://terminusdb.com/t/data/bike_tutorial.csv
How do I model my schema using the model builder?
I assume you already have TerminusDB and Console running in your system and you have created a db named myBikes.
Form the myBikes main page.
- Select the menu Schema->Schema Builder to arrive at the model builder interface.
- In the whiteboard select the node myBikes Schema, the list of all available node types will show up.
Let’s see the different nodes in detail.
Object contains a piece of the graph and can be accessed by a unique url. An Object can have multiple properties and can be contained inside other objects.
Document is a special type of Object. Documents are always top-level objects, never embedded inside other objects, using the Link Property you can link documents to each other.
Enum or Enumerated is a special data type that enables a property to be a set of predefined constants. The property must be equal to one of the values that have been predefined for it. To use this set of values you’ll need to create an Enum Property and link it to an Emun Element.
Let’s use these elements in practice.
Add Nodes
For storing our data we have to create 3 different Documents Bicycle, Station and Journey
Follow the steps and start to build your schema graph.
- Select the myBikes Schema node in the whiteboard and click the + icon
- Select Add Document from the menu. A new node will be added under the node Documents
- We start to add Bicycle Document. Fill the form in the right sidebar with the data from the image above. (Unique Id:Bicycle..)
- Follow the same steps above for adding the other Documents Station and Journey
- Click on the Save icon button in the tools bar to save your work.
At this point our documents are completely unrelated.
Add Properties
To descrive your Documents and to link them with each other, we need to add properties to our documents. We have various different type of properties identified by datatypes
DataProperty : String/Numeric/Geo/Temporal Property refers to the format of data storage
ObjectProperty : Enum/Link Property refers to a relationship between elements
Let’s add the property start_station.
- Select the node Journey in the whiteboard, in the right panel click on the Properties
- In the properties panel, click Add Property in the pop up menu you can see the list of the available property types.
- Select Property Link after the form shows up, fill the fields with the value reported in the table above (Unique ID/Label/Description).
- Click on the Link to Type menu and Select Bike Station Links to Type is a list with all the node that you can linked
- Follow the step 1 to 4 for adding the others properties end_station, journey_bicycle
- Click on the Save icon button in the tools bar to save your work.
- Select Relationships in the right panel top bar to see the links.
We have created our relationship beetween Documents.
Schema Evolution and Compatibility
An important aspect of data management is schema evolution. My initial schema is defined, but my application now need to change it, what can I do?
Let’s see.
Now we need to model the Document Station as Object, so we have to delete the Document Station and create a new node type.
The database doesn’t allow you to delete a node if it is related with another node. More precisely the node can not have children and it can not be the range of a Link Property/Enum Property. This constraint is used to prevent actions that would destroy the integrity of the data model.
Delete a Node
Here the step for doing this. First we have to remove all the relationship related to our node.
- Select the Document Journey node in the whiteboard, in the right panel Select Properties. the list of the properties will show up.
- Select End Station Property and delete it using the red delete icon.
- Follow the above steps for deleting Start Station Property too.
- All the Station node constraints have been removed
- Select the Station node in the whiteboard, in the right panel, Click the delete red icon.
Deleting a node is easy at this stage because we don’t have any data in the database.
Add an Object Type
Now we add the Station node as Object Type.
- Select the Schema myBikes, click on the + icon, from the menu Select Add Object a new node will be add in the whiteboard.
- As we did before we have to add the Unique ID/Station and the Label/Description Bike Station in the fields in the right panel.
- Select the Node Journey and add the Link Property Start Station End Station again (Follow the add property steps above).
Difference between Object and Document Types
The difference in Linking a Property to a Document than a Object is in how this data will be represented and managed in document form.
Here is an example with bike data
If Station is a Document Type you have to create a Station Document
and link the id of the Document Station with the Journey Document
This means that if you remove one Journey Document it removes the link but not the data in the related Station document.
If, on the other hand, the Station is an Object Type, its data will be embedded in the Journey Document So if you remove one Journey Document entry it will be remove the related Station Object.
Add an Enum Node
We continue our Schema evolution by adding the Type Bike enum node
- Select the Schema myBikes, Select the + icon, from the menu Select Add Enum
- The Enum node will be added in the whiteboard
- Fill the fields in the right panel (Unique Id:Bike_Type..)
- Select values, Fill the fields and click the button Add a value for adding the list of possible values
Link the Enum Node with the Enum Property
We are going to create our Enum property for the Bicycle Documents
- Select the Bicycle node
- In the right panel, Select the Properties tab
- Select the Add Property menu and Click Enum Property
- Fill the Property fields in the Property panel (Unique ID:bicycle_type ….)
- From the Enum Type menu Select Bike Type
We said that the property Bicycle Type in Bicycle Document is a string with a value chosen from a list of permitted values.
Add Children
We are going to add other elements to create a more complex hierarchy
At this point in our project we need to add information about the bike user, we suppose we can have 2 types of user that rent the bike, a registered user and a guest user.
First we create an abstract Document User for grouping the different type of user.
An Abstract Document is a completely “abstract class” that is used to group related properties.
Abstract Documents cannot be used to create Data directly, you cannot add data in a User Document. An abstract Document can have children, all the children will inherit all the parent’s properties and if the children are not abstract, you can insert data as children.
Let’s see all the steps for creating an abstract document and its children.
- Select the Document node in the whiteboard, Select the + icon and from the menu that show up, Choose Add Document.
- A new node Document will be added.
- In the right panel fill the fields for the new Document (Unique ID:User, Label:Bike User….)
- Check the Abstract checkbox.
- Select the tab Properties, from the menu Add Property Choose String Property
- The String Property Panel will show up, fill the fields (Unique ID: email, Label:Email)
- Choose Email from the String Type menu.
- In the Cardinality Min field add 1 (this means that if you add an User Document, the email property must have a value in it).
we added the Abstract User Document with its properties, now let’s add the children.
- Select the node Bike User in the whiteboard, Click on the + icon, from the menu Select Add Child
- A new Node will be added, in the right panel fill all the fields (Unique Id:Guest ….)
- Follow the above steps for add the Member Document too
We can decide to not add new properties in the Guest document so the guest user will be identified by the email, but for the Member Document we need to add at least the String property Password.
We have to create a Link Property Bicycle User in the Bike Journey Document for link the User Document with the Bike Journey Document.
Add a Parent
At this point of our project we want to reorganize our nodes.
We have to create an element that can be a Parent for an Object node and a Document node. Objects can only be children of Object types, Documents can be children of Object Types and Document Types, so we have to create a New Object Node
We can call this node Entity. The Entity node is abstract and has a Geo Property Position
I am sure you already know all the steps for doing this 😊.
Let’s group Bike Station and Bicycle under this new node.
- Select the node Bicycle in the whiteboard, in the right panel Select Relationships
- Under Add/Remove Parents panel from the menu Select Object option
- In Add Object as Parent list Select Entity
- The node Bicycle will be moved under the new parent Entity.
Good Job, you made your first TerminusDB schema using the model builder. Data is constantly evolving, be ready to change❗
You can clone the full schema from TerminusHub
Never stop learning.


A Place Like No Other
Tingalaya’s Retreat is an oasis on Negril’s West End, a vacation experience that offers our guests a quiet escape from daily life. Don’t take our word for it… See what others have to say by connecting with our social media. Our beautiful private residences, lush tropical grounds, ocean fed pool, cliff side beaches, and caring staff await you.
Connect with us!


Lidl's Xbox One S for £129 is the best Black Friday 2019 deal yet
If you’re looking for a cheap Xbox One during Black Friday 2019 you’re not going to get a much better deal than at Lidl.
Black Friday is still more than a week away but you’re going to be lucky if there’s a better bargain then the Xbox One S All-Digital Edition for just £129.
For that you get the Xbox One S, which is the base model of the Xbox One that doesn’t have a disc drive, and three games: Minecraft, Sea Of Thieves, and Forza Horizon 3.
It’s basically the same deal as Microsoft officially revealed for £199.99 a few weeks ago, which was considered a pretty good price on its own.
The downside is that this doesn’t look like being an online offer and so you’ll actually have to go in-store on Friday, 29 November to pick one up, which will likely be… busy.
Advertisement Advertisement
A deal like that is likely to run out fast, so if you’ve got a store nearby that stocks consoles you might want to bear that in mind.
Because there’s no disc drive that means all the games have to be digital downloads, although with Game Pass Ultimate available now for just £1 that’s not much of a hardship.
The standard Xbox offer gives you three months of access to Game Pass Ultimate for just £1, which includes over 100 games now and 50 more over the next few months – including big name titles such as The Witcher 3 and a whole raft of Final Fantasy games.
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>leave a comment below, and follow us on Twitter


|
Welcome to the Open Source Computer Vision Library. Gigahertz microprocessors, falling camera prices and ten times more video capture bandwidth from USB2 are providing new opportunities to apply computer vision anywhere you might find a PC. Real time gestural control around your home PC is now conceivable. The Visual Interactivity Group in Intel's Microprocessor Research Lab initiated the development of this library 2 years ago and has made two alpha releases of this code prior to this first Open Source release. Our goal is to establish an open source vision community and provide a site where the distributed efforts of the community can be consolidated and performance optimized. The library is intended for use by researchers and commercial software developers. Computer vision research is filled with many competing groups and ideas with no unifying theory of vision, typifying Thomas Kuhn's definition of a "pre-paradigmatic science". In Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he argues that progress in a given scientific field derives from the acceptance of a common paradigm by which members of the group can share and compare. We cannot offer here that unifying theory of vision by which the field will cohere, but we can offer the community a central infrastructure by which we can share and compare. This is the driving research philosophy of this library, and by this we hope at least technical, if not scientific progress can be made. To involve and benefit from the combined expertise of the vision community we have recruited a committee of experts to participate in acceptance decisions for new content for the library and in setting the library direction in general. Intel's contribution is to provide its own research contributions, host the library on a website, and contribute assembly language optimized versions of the most compute intensive code. We thank all the current contributors to the library and encourage others to join by submitting code. The Release Notes provide information about system requirements, directory contents, installation notes, frequently asked questions, support, and where to send bug reports and suggestions. The Open Source License for the library describes use and redistribution rights for the library. |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|


glab mr merge
Merge GitLab merge requests.
More information: home page
- Merge the merge request associated with the current branch interactively:
glab mr merge
- Merge the specified merge request, interactively:
glab mr merge mr_number
- Merge the merge request, removing the branch on both the local and the remote:
glab mr merge --remove-source-branch
- Squash the current merge request into one commit with the message body and merge:
glab mr merge --squash --message="commit_message_body"
- Display help:
glab mr merge --help


Subject: Activate your {{settings.brandName}} account --- {{> header }}
Hi {{name}}
Welcome to your new {{settings.brandName}} account
In order to active your account please enter the following code when prompted {{code}}
Kind regards
The {{settings.brandName}} team
{{> footer }}


A model and utilities for analyzing trends in chemical concentrations in streams with a seasonal wave (seawave) and adjustment for streamflow (Q) and other ancillary variables
| Version: | 1.0.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.15.3), survival, NADA, lubridate |
| Suggests: | waterData |
| Published: | 2013-12-30 |
| Author: | Karen R. Ryberg and Aldo V. Vecchia |
| Maintainer: | Karen R. Ryberg <kryberg at usgs.gov> |
| License: | Unlimited |
| URL: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131255 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | seawaveQ results |
| Reference manual: | seawaveQ.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Using seawaveQ |
| Package source: | seawaveQ_1.0.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: seawaveQ_1.0.0.zip, r-release: seawaveQ_1.0.0.zip, r-oldrel: seawaveQ_1.0.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: seawaveQ_1.0.0.tgz, r-oldrel: seawaveQ_1.0.0.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=seawaveQ to link to this page.


THE GLASS SHIELD A film review by Christopher Null Copyright 1995 Christopher Null
At least it *sounded* like a good idea. Unfortunately, the execution of the new Miramax film, THE GLASS SHIELD, a drama set in an L.A. sheriff's station, leaves the viewer with little more than the perception that he's just seen a movie that could have been something, but didn't quite make it.
THE GLASS SHIELD is the tragic tale of J. J. Johnson (Michael Boatman), a bright-eyed and idealistic black deputy-in-training who is "chosen" to join an all-white Los Angeles station for his first assignment. There, he encounters not-so-subtle racism and persecution which begins to crack his romanticism of the cop's life.
Soon after his arrival, J. J. is drawn into a plot to falsify evidence against a supposed murderer. Then, a much deeper conspiracy is uncovered, and J. J. and his sole ally, Deborah (Lori Petty, as the only female and only Jew in the department), become trapped between the wheels of the conspirators and the legal system, both of which they are sworn to serve.
The trouble with THE GLASS SHIELD is that the storytelling is so heavy-handed and convoluted that it never becomes the gripping thriller that it wanted to be. In fact, television shows like Law and Order and NYPD Blue tell more enthralling stories in half the time. Director and screenwriter Charles Burnett introduces far too many pointless characters and takes the movie down so many subplot paths that the moviegoer has no choice but to give up trying to pin names to faces.
There are some parts to the film that shine: Boatman is absolutely riveting as J. J., and the bad guys couldn't be any badder. The clever use of sedated color and lighting and some nice camerawork help the film immensely, also. But on the other hand, the casting of Petty is a complete mystery--she's completely lifeless and out of place here. After all, I'm not the only one who hasn't forgotten TANK GIRL (though I'd desperately like to).
Burnett is a lucky alumnus of the MacArthur "genius" Grant clique and obviously feels like he can't be second-guessed. Hopefully his ego won't be too bruised by the lukewarm reception his film is getting, but he does need a wake-up call. THE GLASS SHIELD may have a few bright spots, but overall, it is definitely not the work of a genius.
RATING: **1/2
+---------------------------------------+ |* Unquestionably awful | |** Sub-par on many levels | |*** Average quality, hits and misses | |**** Good, memorable film | |***** Perfection |
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Hello students!
We hope you're having an awesome day. You're here because you need help with college apps. So, please take a few seconds to review our pacakges.
Thanks so much,
C2U Team
Share C2U with your friends!
Look into our process!
See our past work!


IgeEditorComponent CLASS
Declared in IgeEditorComponent.js
When added to a viewport, automatically adds entity rotate capabilities to the selected entity in the scenegraph viewer.
Methods
init
- {IgeObject}entity The object that the component is added to.
- {Object}options The options object that was passed to the component during the call to addComponent.
enabled
Gets / sets the enabled flag. If set to true, operations will be processed. If false, no operations will occur.
enabled({Boolean} val)
Returns {*}
_statsTick
Updates the stats HTML overlay with the latest data.
_statsTick()


1. Gender:
Male
Female
2. Age group:
20-25
26-35
36-45
46+
3. Current caeer industry sector:
Education
Finance
Marketing
Service
Sales
Other
4. Personality Type:
introvert
extrovert
in the middle


The Wunderlist API provides REST-based storage and synchronization of a user’s lists across multiple platforms and devices. The primary things you’ll need to use it are an understanding of our data model, how we version individual entities in a user’s data, the formats we use for transmission, and a set of OAuth credentials.
Please submit questions about the Wunderlist API to Stack Overflow with the tag 'wunderlist'. We will be monitoring Stack Overflow for questions about the Wunderlist API closely. You may also reach us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if you need help.
In our examples, we attempt to give you straightforward way to experiement with the API. In the snippets we provide, you’ll see several potential placeholders. For example:
curl -H "X-Authorization-Token: AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN"
We want to eventually make these live, but that’s in the future.
This API will evolve rapidly and future versions will add new endpoints and parameters. To provide a sane experienece, the API is versioned. Within a version, the behavior and return values of the API will not change from currently documented behavior and return values. As well, the API and its data payloads are designed so that new parameters and return values can be added at any time.
To provide the best experience, a well-behaved Wunderlist API client must not send undocumented parameters as part of their request. These parameters could collide with a future version of the API. As well, a Wunderlist API client must accept and ignore any additional keys that it doesn’t handle in a response.
It should go without saying, but all requests must be made using a secure connection. We support a minimum of TLS 1.0.


by Ioannis Canellos / @iocanel
principal software engineer at Red Hat
member at the Apache Software Foundation
what is Kubernetes?
what problem does it solve?
dive into Kubernetes
developers tools
questions & answers
an application packaged with its operation environment
an alternative to virtualization
...with lower footprint
...and added coolness
a deamon
this presentation
FROM scratch
COPY bin/servehttp /usr/local/bin/servehttp
COPY slides /usr/local/share/slides
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["/usr/local/bin/servehttp", "/usr/local/share/slides"]
docker build -t iocanel/fosscomm2015 .
docker run -p 8080:8080 iocanel/fosscomm2015
A group of containers
share host
share volumes
container fs is ephemeral
persistent storage
volumes for storing "sensitive" info
A PaaS that combines docker, kubernetes and more...
devops and integration platform for Kubernetes and OpenShift
awesome tooling
json and yml are nice...
a java dsl is even nicer !!!
{
"kind": "Service",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
"name": "myservice"
},
"spec": { "ports": [ {
"protocol": "TCP",
"port": 80,
"targetPort": 8080,
} ],
"selector": {
"key": "value1",
},
"portalIP": "<IP_ADDRESS>",
"type": "ClusterIP",
}
client.services().createNew()
.withNewMetadata()
.withName("myservice")
.and()
.withNewSpec()
.addNewPort()
.withProtocol("TCP")
.withPort(80)
.withNewTargetPort(8080)
.and()
.addToSelector("key1", "value1")
.withPortalIP("<IP_ADDRESS>")
.withType("ClusterIP")
.and()
.done();
generates json
interacts with kubernetes
fosscomm/awesome-image
8080
fosscomm-service
value1
value2
@Inject
@ServiceName("mysqldb")
private String mysqlUrl;
To not only inject the service coords...
...but also the clients?
@Inject
@ServiceName("mysqldb")
private Connection mysqlConnection;
@Factory
@ServiceName
public Connection create(@ServiceName @Protocol("jdbc:mysql") String url) {
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
return DriverManager.getConnection(serivceUrl + "/" + DB);
}
@Factory = Pass through @Produces
We need to test everything as whole
You can't afford not to test exactly what you ship
mvn:my.groupId/my-artifact/1.0/json/kubernetes
@RunWith(Arquillian.class)
public class SuperCoolTest {
@ArquillianResource
KubernetesClient client;
@ArquillianResource
static Session session;
@Test
public void testStuff() {
//test stuff
}
}
@RunWith(Arquillian.class)
public class OtherSuperCoolTest {
@Pod("mysql-pod")
@ArquillianResource
Pod pod;
@ReplicationControllerName("mysql-controller")
@ArquillianResource
ReplicationController replicationController;
@ServiceName("mysql")
@ArquillianResource
Service service;
@Test
public void testOtherStuff() {
//test other stuff
}
}
@Test
public void superTest() {
assertThat(client)
.replicationController("super-controller", session.getNamespace())
.isNotNull();
assertThat(client).pods()
.runningStatus()
.filterNamespace(session.getNamespace())
.haveAtLeast(3, (Condition)(podSchema) ->{return true});
}


Graphical User Interface¶
Warning
The GUI is currently not compatible with the latest development version of TARDIS (see TEP and Issue #690)
TARDIS uses the PyQt4 framework for its cross-platform interface.
The GUI runs through the IPython Interpreter which should be started with the
command ipython --pylab=qt4
, so that it has acess to pylab.
Creating an instance of the ModelViewer
-class requires that PyQt4/PySide has already been initialized in
IPython. The above command to start IPython accomplishes this.
gui.py contains all the classes used to create the GUI for Tardis.
This module must be imported inside IPython console started above. The console provides the event loop and the place to create/calculate the tardis model. So the module is basically a tool to visualize results.
Running Instructions¶
Decide which Qt binding you want to use (PySide or PyQt) and accordingly set QT_API in shell:
export QT_API=pyside
or:
export QT_API=pyqt
Start the IPython console with eventloop integration:
ipython --pylab=qt4
Display your model:
from tardis import run_tardis
mdl = run_tardis('yamlconfigfile.yml', 'atomdatafile.h5')
from tardis.gui import interface
interface.show(mdl)
(WIP) You can also run a configuration from the shell. To do this first set QT_API in the shell. Then navigate to the tardis installation folder and go to tardis/tardis/gui. Then use the command:
python interface.py path-to-configuration-file path-to-atomic-data-file
GUI Layout and Features¶
When you launch the gui the first screen that you see will be something like the snapshot below. You can inspect the plot of shells on this window and use the toggle button to change between the plot of dilution factor and the radiation temperature in shells.
Shell Info¶
To see the abundances in a shell double-click on the shell number in the table. You can follow a similar strategy in the tables that appear to bring up the ion and level populations for each shell. The snapshot below shows all the tables that you can bring up by successively clicking the horizontal table headers.
Line Info¶
If you switch to the spectrum tab you can see the spectrum plot and a button to show line info. Once again you can double-click the table headers to get further information. The snapshot below shows all the tables that you can bring up in this window.


During the first time run, a data folder would be created. The structure can be found as below.
data
+---hsql : HSQL database for Data Migration Tool
| | dmigdb.lck
| | dmigdb.log
| | dmigdb.properties
| | dmigdb.script
| |
| \---dmigdb.tmp
+---temp : Folder to contain temporary files
\---templates : Folder to contain template files
template_cntl_allo.jcl
template_cntl_set.jcl
template_dataset_ftp.jcl
template_table_load.jcl
template_table_query.jcl
template_table_unload.jcl
Note: The folder and file names can be set up in the Preferences.


abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_,.?!@#$%/&:-'1234567890
How to encrypt and decrypt Plaintext (P) Key (K) Ciphertext (C) The formula for individual characters: Encrypt: P + K = C Decrypt: C - K = P


Setting Up Text Auto-Expansion for Snippets
With Alfred's Snippet auto-expansion, you can expand your snippets automatically in any app by typing the snippet's keyword, without popping up Alfred's Snippets window!
Snippet auto-expansion is disabled by default. To activate it, launch Alfred's preferences to Features > Snippets and check the box for "Automatically expand snippets by keyword".
Want to learn more about Snippets generally? Pop by the Snippets Feature page first.
1. Activate Text Expansion
Under Features > Snippets, check the box next to "Automatically expand snippets by keyword".
Provided you've already granted Alfred Accessibility permissions, you can get started with creating snippets.
If you denied Alfred permissions earlier on, take a look at the macOS integration page to find out how to grant Accessibility permissions.
2. Create a snippet with a keyword
Next, create a new snippet or pick a snippet with a suitable keyword. Take a look at the tips for picking great keywords below.
Make sure the checkbox for the snippet you want to auto-expand has been ticked.
3. Type your keyword in a window to expand your snippet in place
To use the snippet, simply type the keyword you set into the app or text field you want. As if by magic, your keyword will be replaced will the full text snippet!
For your security, Alfred doesn't listen for characters typed when you are in a secure text field, such as a password field, so he won't expand a text snippet in a secure field.
Tips For Better Snippet Expansion
To get the most out of the expansion feature, your keywords need to be memorable but shouldn't be triggered by mistake. Here are some ideas to help you set useful snippet keywords.
- Use non-word keywords to avoid unexpected expansion; Don't use the keyword
date
to paste the date, otherwise every time you try to type it's a date!, you'll find yourself saying it's a 01/06/16! as your snippet auto-expands.- Start all your snippets with the same non-alphanumeric character, such as an exclamation mark, colon or semi-colon. (e.g.
!office
). Use collection-wide prefixes and suffixes to do this.- Use unusual capitalisation (Alfred will respect the capitalisation you set, e.g.
officE
)- Use double characters (e.g.
ttime
)
For more advanced Snippet Text Expansion setup, take a look at the options by clicking the cog in the top right of the Snippets preferences.
These options include; Apps in which snippets should not expand, the ability to turn off the sound when expanding snippets, tweaking options to slow down key events (for slower Macs, or when using non-standard software) and more.


--- title: HotSpot JVM garbage collection options cheat sheet layout: post ---
In this article I have collected a list of options related to GC tuning in JVM. This is not a comprehensive list, I have only collected options which I use in practice (or at least understand why I may want to use them).
Amazing resource for JVM GC options.


A project done for Endinbrough food (pvt) ltd. Project value is up to 9 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
More info
A project done for Aitken Spence Hotel (pvt) Ltd. Project value is up to 2 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
A project done for Softlogic (pvt) ltd. Project value is up to 40 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
A project done for Earls court (pvt) ltd. Project value is up to 7 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
A project done for The Prime Home Residencies (pvt) ltd. Project value is up to 113 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
A project done for Dr.Ajith Priyantha. Project value is up to 30 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
A project done for Regent Residencies Ltd. Project value is up to 9 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.
A project done for Home Land (Pvt) Ltd. Project value is up to 6 Million rupees. Projetc complietion is 100%.


* Estimates based on available information
": total_cost } }, add_container=0, add_top_padding=0, add_bottom_padding=0, ) }}Facial recognition technology (FRT) uses algorithms to extract data points from your face to create a digital signature of your face. This signature is then compared with an existing database to find possible matches. However, 100% accuracy in finding matches has not been achieved and thus this technology comes with the harms of misidentification (false positive) and failure to identify (false negative). In addition to inaccuracy, this technology also poses huge threats to the fundamental rights to privacy and freedom of speech and expression. Still use of this technology has been increasing gradually as multiple government facial recognition projects are developed and deployed across the country as can be seen in the tracker above.


mssql_get_last_message
(PHP 4, PHP 5, PECL odbtp >= 1.1.1)
mssql_get_last_message — Returns the last message from the server
Warning
This function was REMOVED in PHP 7.0.0.
Alternatives to this function include:
• PDOStatement::errorInfo()
• sqlsrv_errors()
• odbc_errormsg()
说明
string mssql_get_last_message ( void )
Gets the last message from the MS-SQL server
参数
此函数没有参数。
返回值
Returns last error message from server, or an empty string if no error messages
are returned from MSSQL.
范例
Example #1 mssql_get_last_message() example
以上例程的输出类似于：
MSSQL error: Invalid object name 'php.dbo.not-found'.
参见
• mssql_min_error_severity() - Sets the minimum error severity
• mssql_min_message_severity() - Sets the minimum message severity
User Contributed Notes 10 notes
===============================================================================
I've noticed that there's a few people putting really elongated code out there
for a MSSQL Connection / Error function.
Firstly, i think that rewriting pre-existing functions is a waste of parsing
time, so if you're going to try and return an error, usee
mssql_get_last_message() as you would with mysql_error().
Here is an adapted version of a MySQL Connection function;
function mssql_autoconnect() {
$cString = parse_url($config['connect_url']);
$cLink = mssql_connect($cString['host'], $cString['user'], $cString
['pass']) or die(mssql_get_last_message());
mssql_select_db(preg_replace("///",$cString['path']),$cLink);
return $cLink;
}
===============================================================================
Here I am again :). My last function stinks :p (well, actually, MSSQL doesn't
always does the same thing with different errors :/. That last function can't
cope with that. The following function can cope with that. The only weird thing
I had with it was that when I entered a table, which don't exists, in my SELECT
query, the first mssql_get_last_message() doesn't always gets the correct
message. It sometimes gets the message from the last action. I have no
explination for it. Anyway: this is the beter version of my last function. The
usage is explained in my last post:
Executed query: '.nl2br($sQuery);
}
elseif(isset($aReturn['computed']))
{
echo $sError.'. MSSQL returned: '.$aReturn['computed'].'.
Executed query: '.nl2br($sQuery);
}
return FALSE;
}
else
{
return $rQuery;
}
}
?>
Disclaimer: This is not the original function that I use in my project. The
original function has Dutch text and uses some other functions that I have. I
have removed my own functions and translated everything to English. That is
everything I did. I only used a second function for the error messages. So I
think everything should work, but I don't know for sure.
===============================================================================
MS SQL doesn't set errors as mysql does. $php_error is set as a string that
doesn't help at all. The error comes in form of a Warning, which isn't pretty.
So what you can do is capture the output of the warning and create your own
error message, something like this:
function treat_mssql_error($buffer) {
$buffer=ereg_replace("
\nWarning: MS SQL message:","Error in
query (SQL Server): ",$buffer);
$buffer=explode("(severity",$buffer);
return $buffer[0]."";
}
function my_query($query,$cnx) {
global $sql_error;
ob_start();
$result=mssql_query($query,$cnx);
if(!$result)
{
$sql_error=treat_mssql_error(ob_get_contents());
ob_end_clean();
return false;
}
ob_end_clean();
return true;
}
you can set treat_mssql_error() to fit your needs, and there u go. A personal
error handler.
===============================================================================
If you want to view the last ID inserted, mssql_get_last_message() will not
return this.
MySQL have a function mysql_insert_id() that returns it. MSSQl don't.
To resolve this, you must run this query:
$query="SELECT @@IDENTITY as last_insert_id"
mssql_query($query, $connection);
and it will return the last ID inserted in the database.
===============================================================================
As Klaus pointed out earlier, the command MSSQL_GET_LAST_MESSAGE() only returns
the last line of an error message and that may not be enough for debugging.
I had a failing MSSQL_QUERY returning "the statement has been terminated" via
MSSQL_GET_LAST_MESSAGE() so I tried Klaus' technique to get more information.
Unfortunately, the connection to the database was also being broken, keeping
Klaus' technique from looking up the error number.
The solution to my case was to increase the PHP timeout for MSSQL queries from
the default 60 seconds to 300 by adding this to PHP.INI:
mssql.timeout = 300
===============================================================================
If you work with stored procedures and want to have a neat error-handling, try
this:
procedure:
CREATE PROCEDURE TEST_ERROR AS
RAISERROR('myMessage:test', 2, 1) WITH SETERROR
2 is error-severity, which should be below 11 to prevent php to output error
directly.
you get this message with mssql_get_last_message()
after executing the stored procedure.
To prevent your code from reacting on all messages you can define a string
(e.g. 'myMessage:') and parse for it:
===============================================================================
With ref to last_insert_id;
you can also do "SELECT ident_current('table_name')" with msSQL, which is the
same thing.
Don't forget that this counts as a seperate SQL query, so you will have to
fetch the results as well, which isn't as neat as MySQL_insert_id().
===============================================================================
To get a numeric error code from mssql you can do a select that looks something
like "select @@ERROR as ErrorCode".
@@ERROR is a global variable that always contains the error code for the last
SQL statement run on the current connection. If there is no error, code will
equal 0.
@@IDENTITY is another useful one to know. It is the value of the last identity
created (similar to MySQL's auto_increment field) and with this you can create
a function that works like MySQL's mysql_insert_id() function.
===============================================================================
another exsample
mssql_query("INSERT INTO catalog (id, temp) VALUES (1, 'temp')") or exit
(mssql_get_last_message());
===============================================================================
I've found mssql_get_last_message to be useful for fetching errors in the event
MSSQL queries fail.
\n";
?>


This is just an example page to showcase how to use the Genesys dice font.
Use the .genesys
class to access the font:
The dice shapes
The dice results
Power Level icons
The dice require not only the .dice
class to add the outline, you also need to add the dice-name class to add the inner colour.
.boost
: j.ability
: k.proficiency
: l.setback
: j.difficulty
: k.challenge
: lOne last thing, though. For accessability, be sure to use the aria-label
in every span
to make sure that screenreaders read what the symbol is and not just the letter.
For example: ss


Here is a list of all documented class members with links to the class documentation for each member:


--- layout: default ---
Here's a list of my most recent writing samples. Let me know if you'd like to see anything else!


BBunny
Beach Bunny Group 1
Overview
Form Page Example
Product Detail
Page
Layout
Modal
Header - Footer
Left Nav


Personal Details |
| Education process |
Hanoi University of Science and Technology Computer Engineering KTMT08 - K62 |
| Working process |
Customer Support Agent Gear Inc.
|
| Society activities |
Science club President of Club |
| Skills |
|
| Certifications |
English
|
| Hobbies |
|
| Desire |
|


คุณกำลังประสบปัญหา จำรหัสผ่านไม่ได้ใช่ไหม ถ้าใช้ คลิ๊กที่ข้างล่าง
คลิ๊กที่นี่เพื่อเปลี่ยนรหัสผ่านใหม่
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.
@copyright 2018 | scgcbm.com


Figure
4.8.9
.
District plan matching boundaries in
Table 4.8.5
. In the image, colors are used to distinguish different districts.
in-context


Ivillis Dungeon
Second dungeon in Madrigal, Ivillis Dungeon is located in the south end of Saint Mornings. Monster levels
range from level 45-70. Like all dungeons xp gain is a bit higher but monsters have much more hp. Except for
giants and boxters, all monsters are aggravated. The giants in this dungeon are quest related. You can obtain
quests there from Mayor of Sain City, once you are higher than level 45.
History
Whispering in his ear, Shade talks to him. She tells him to avenge her. �Punish the interlopers of the Hill of
Shade�. Smiling he looks down upon them. Insignificant humans, relishing in the fruits of this sacred land.
Dancing and laughing in ecstasy of the harvest. They had been warned not to settle here. The natives tried to
tell them of the curse. What shall he do to please his master? Suddenly it comes to him, pumpkins; he shall
turn them all into pumpkins. And they shall guard the hill from others. Bubble, seeing all of this, whispers
in his other ear; �You, how dare you hurt mankind. I shall mark you and all shall know you for your
treachery�. He looks down into the river that passes by the town and he sees that he no longer sports the
bright costume of his peers. He now bears the colors of the accused. Striped in black and white he flees. But
where to go? He runs south, away from humans and stumbles upon a fitting site. Before him a skull marking the
entrance to a dungeon. He hastens his pace, down, down into the bowels of Saint Mornings. Infecting all in his
path with his evilness. Deep, deep below the surface he finds a refuge. In a small chamber he finds himself
and Shade tells him all is well. Here no one will bother him. And upon his door she places a lock. She takes
the keystone, brakes it in three and spreads the pieces throughout the dungeon.
Present
The dark and sinister halls of Ivillis Dungeon are overrun with masquerpets tainted with the evilness of
Leanes. The winding passages, littered with bones, will test your sense of direction. The monsters within will
hinder your progress through the dungeon, but if you find the pieces of the keystone you will discover the
entombed enemy. Come avenge the souls of Shadia.
Dungeon Particularities
|
Some
Masquerpets are aggravated. This is not an
Instance Dungeon
so other players will be present.
|
|
Entrance Fee
There is no entrance fee to this dungeon.
|
|
Available
Ivillis Temple
-
Level requirement: 45
Prizes for quest completion are experience and
penya
.
Note:
This dungeon has an instanced dungeon in its deepest Hall.
This is a regular dungeon so masquerpets hit a little bit harder here then on normal map.
Unique Items that can be obtained
Ivillis Dungeon does contain item uniquely found here.
Here you might find within the coffers of the
Ivillis Boxter
the Imfamus Ivillis Weapons.