expression vannamei hepatopancreas acute stress protein response Chen significantly Litopenaeus Wang apoptosis {border-style temperature cold-stress px;} shrimp °C, #ffffff;} Fig. UPR decreased genes plasma cold increased gene °C. pathway related ATF Immunology Zhang hemocytes Fish IRE damage low unfolded ./j.fsi... Biology PERK Peng Shellfish activity cold-stress. data involved shown total white China GRP changes concentrations px; results reticulum {font-family Huang PeerJ Yuan Zhao cooling font-size histological level pathway, pathways relative responses study, Biochemistry Comparative Fan However, analysis compared double; energy hepatic important mRNA main physiological shrimp, .-folds ALP ALT Aquaculture Gene Identification Information J-G Liu Molecular PCR Physiology RNA Science Table Yang border-color border-width change different endoplasmic hemocyte infection metabolite previous raw remained role significant solid; stable study tubules using {font-style {font-weight .). A). ATF, Acute Cell D). ERS Figure Glu Morishima Pacific Pincus Qingyuan S-P Supplemental Thus, Walter Weng Y-H Zeng activating aquaculture bold courier; differences eIFα eIFα, em; factor fish heat higher immunity indicate indicated kinase letters metabolism present process proteins pt;} rate reached revealed source statistical stored structure studies temperatures transcription volume water °C/


| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
| 4.1 字句構造 | ||
| 4.2 リテラル | ||
| 4.3 手続きを作る | ||
| 4.4 代入 | ||
| 4.5 条件式 | ||
| 4.6 変数束縛 | ||
| 4.7 順次実行 | ||
| 4.8 繰り返し | ||
| 4.9 準クオート(Quasiquote) | ||
| 4.10 定義 | ||
| 4.11 モジュール |
| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] |
This document was generated by Shiro Kawai on May 28, 2012 using texi2html 1.82.


- Notify all members of health care team. Call a “time out"
- Loss of evoked potentials (EP) requires definitive steps to re-establish perfusion/remove mechanical cause; MEP loss for > 40 min may increase possibility of long term injury
- Assure presence of attending surgeon, attending anesthesiologist, senior neurologist or neurophysiologist, and experienced nurse
- Each service: review situation, report on management and corrective actions taken
- Surgeon: rule out mechanical causes for loss/change including traction weights
- EP technologist: rule out technical causes for loss/change
- Anesthesiologist: assure no neuromuscular blockade is present; reverse NMB if necessary
- Check patient positioning (neck, upper and lower extremities)
- Review anesthetic and consider improving spinal cord perfusion by modifying:
- Mean arterial pressure: MAP > 65 mmHg using ephedrine 0.1 mg/kg IV (MAX 10 mg/dose) and/or phenylephrine 0.3-1 MICROgrams/kg IV (MAX 100 MICROgrams/dose), with repeated doses as needed
- Mean arterial pressure: MAP > 65 mmHg using ephedrine mg (0.1 mg/kg, MAX 10 mg/dose) IV
and/or phenylephrine MICROgrams (0.3-1 MICROgrams/kg, MAX 100 MICROgrams/dose) IV, with repeated doses as needed
- Hemoglobin: if anemic, transfuse RBC to improve oxygen delivery
- pH and PaCO2: ensure normocarbia or slight hypercarbia (↑ I/E ratio, ↓ PEEP)
- Temperature: ensure normothermia
- Check for “unintended” drugs given (e.g. neuromuscular blocker)
- Decrease depth of anesthetic and ensure N20 is under 50%
- Discuss feasibility of a useful wake-up test:
- Patient is appropriate candidate if capable of following verbal commands
- Consider high-dose steroid if no improvement:
- Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg IV over one hour, then 5.4 mg/kg/hour IV for 23 hours
- Methylprednisolone mg (30 mg/kg) IV over one hour,
then 5.4 mg/kg/hour IV for 23 hours
- Consider DDx


Main Street
by Sinclair Lewis
Chapter 12
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1920
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Lewis, S. (1920). Main Street.New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 8.2
- Word Count: 3,490
- Genre: Satire
- Keywords: 20th century literature, american literature, main street, satire, sinclair lewis
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
I
One week of authentic spring, one rare sweet week of May, one tranquil moment between the blast of winter and the charge of summer. Daily Carol walked from town into flashing country hysteric with new life.
One enchanted hour when she returned to youth and a belief in the possibility of beauty.
She had walked northward toward the upper shore of Plover Lake, taking to the railroad track, whose directness and dryness make it the natural highway for pedestrians on the plains. She stepped from tie to tie, in long strides. At each road–crossing she had to crawl over a cattle–guard of sharpened timbers. She walked the rails, balancing with arms extended, cautious heel before toe. As she lost balance her body bent over, her arms revolved wildly, and when she toppled she laughed aloud.
The thick grass beside the track, coarse and prickly with many burnings, hid canary–yellow buttercups and the mauve petals and woolly sage–green coats of the pasque flowers. The branches of the kinnikinic brush were red and smooth as lacquer on a saki bowl.
She ran down the gravelly embankment, smiled at children gathering flowers in a little basket, thrust a handful of the soft pasque flowers into the bosom of her white blouse. Fields of springing wheat drew her from the straight propriety of the railroad and she crawled through the rusty barbed–wire fence. She followed a furrow between low wheat blades and a field of rye which showed silver lights as it flowed before the wind. She found a pasture by the lake. So sprinkled was the pasture with rag–baby blossoms and the cottony herb of Indian tobacco that it spread out like a rare old Persian carpet of cream and rose and delicate green. Under her feet the rough grass made a pleasant crunching. Sweet winds blew from the sunny lake beside her, and small waves sputtered on the meadowy shore. She leaped a tiny creek bowered in pussy–willow buds. She was nearing a frivolous grove of birch and poplar and wild plum trees.
The poplar foliage had the downiness of a Corot arbor; the green and silver trunks were as candid as the birches, as slender and lustrous as the limbs of a Pierrot. The cloudy white blossoms of the plum trees filled the grove with a springtime mistiness which gave an illusion of distance.
She ran into the wood, crying out for joy of freedom regained after winter. Choke–cherry blossoms lured her from the outer sun–warmed spaces to depths of green stillness, where a submarine light came through the young leaves. She walked pensively along an abandoned road. She found a moccasin–flower beside a lichen–covered log. At the end of the road she saw the open acres—dipping rolling fields bright with wheat.
"I believe! The woodland gods still live! And out there, the great land. It's beautiful as the mountains. What do I care for Thanatopsises?"
She came out on the prairie, spacious under an arch of boldly cut clouds. Small pools glittered. Above a marsh red–winged blackbirds chased a crow in a swift melodrama of the air. On a hill was silhouetted a man following a drag. His horse bent its neck and plodded, content.
A path took her to the Corinth road, leading back to town. Dandelions glowed in patches amidst the wild grass by the way. A stream golloped through a concrete culvert beneath the road. She trudged in healthy weariness.
A man in a bumping Ford rattled up beside her, hailed, "Give you a lift, Mrs. Kennicott?"
"Thank you. It's awfully good of you, but I'm enjoying the walk."
"Great day, by golly. I seen some wheat that must of been five inches high. Well, so long."
She hadn't the dimmest notion who he was, but his greeting warmed her. This countryman gave her a companionship which she had never (whether by her fault or theirs or neither) been able to find in the matrons and commercial lords of the town.
 A broad–shouldered man was squatted on his heels, holding a frying–pan over a camp–fire. He looked toward her. He was Miles Bjornstam.
"Well, well, what you doing out here?" he roared. "Come have a hunk o' bacon. Pete! Hey, Pete!"
A tousled person came from behind the covered wagon.
"Pete, here's the one honest–to–God lady in my bum town. Come on, crawl in and set a couple minutes, Mrs. Kennicott. I'm hiking off for all summer."
The Red Swede staggered up, rubbed his cramped knees, lumbered to the wire fence, held the strands apart for her. She unconsciously smiled at him as she went through. Her skirt caught on a barb; he carefully freed it.
Beside this man in blue flannel shirt, baggy khaki trousers, uneven suspenders, and vile felt hat, she was small and exquisite.
The surly Pete set out an upturned bucket for her. She lounged on it, her elbows on her knees. "Where are you going?" she asked.
"Just starting off for the summer, horse–trading." Bjornstam chuckled. His red mustache caught the sun. "Regular hoboes and public benefactors we are. Take a hike like this every once in a while. Sharks on horses. Buy 'em from farmers and sell 'em to others. We're honest—frequently. Great time. Camp along the road. I was wishing I had a chance to say good–by to you before I ducked out but—Say, you better come along with us."
"I'd like to."
"While you're playing mumblety–peg with Mrs. Lym Cass, Pete and me will be rambling across Dakota, through the Bad Lands, into the butte country, and when fall comes, we'll be crossing over a pass of the Big Horn Mountains, maybe, and camp in a snow–storm, quarter of a mile right straight up above a lake. Then in the morning we'll lie snug in our blankets and look up through the pines at an eagle. How'd it strike you? Heh? Eagle soaring and soaring all day—big wide sky—"
"Don't! Or I will go with you, and I'm afraid there might be some slight scandal. Perhaps some day I'll do it. Good–by."
Her hand disappeared in his blackened leather glove. From the turn in the road she waved at him. She walked on more soberly now, and she was lonely.
But the wheat and grass were sleek velvet under the sunset; the prairie clouds were tawny gold; and she swung happily into Main Street.
II
Through the first days of June she drove with Kennicott on his calls. She identified him with the virile land; she admired him as she saw with what respect the farmers obeyed him. She was out in the early chill, after a hasty cup of coffee, reaching open country as the fresh sun came up in that unspoiled world. Meadow larks called from the tops of thin split fence–posts. The wild roses smelled clean.
As they returned in late afternoon the low sun was a solemnity of radial bands, like a heavenly fan of beaten gold; the limitless circle of the grain was a green sea rimmed with fog, and the willow wind–breaks were palmy isles.
Before July the close heat blanketed them. The tortured earth cracked. Farmers panted through corn–fields behind cultivators and the sweating flanks of horses. While she waited for Kennicott in the car, before a farmhouse, the seat burned her fingers and her head ached with the glare on fenders and hood.
 Impalpable black dust far–borne from Dakota covered the inner sills of the closed windows.
The July heat was ever more stifling. They crawled along Main Street by day; they found it hard to sleep at night. They brought mattresses down to the living–room, and thrashed and turned by the open window. Ten times a night they talked of going out to soak themselves with the hose and wade through the dew, but they were too listless to take the trouble. On cool evenings, when they tried to go walking, the gnats appeared in swarms which peppered their faces and caught in their throats.
She wanted the Northern pines, the Eastern sea, but Kennicott declared that it would be "kind of hard to get away, just NOW." The Health and Improvement Committee of the Thanatopsis asked her to take part in the anti–fly campaign, and she toiled about town persuading householders to use the fly–traps furnished by the club, or giving out money prizes to fly–swatting children. She was loyal enough but not ardent, and without ever quite intending to, she began to neglect the task as heat sucked at her strength.
Kennicott and she motored North and spent a week with his mother—that is, Carol spent it with his mother, while he fished for bass.
The great event was their purchase of a summer cottage, down on Lake Minniemashie.
Perhaps the most amiable feature of life in Gopher Prairie was the summer cottages. They were merely two–room shanties, with a seepage of broken–down chairs, peeling veneered tables, chromos pasted on wooden walls, and inefficient kerosene stoves. They were so thin–walled and so close together that you could—and did—hear a baby being spanked in the fifth cottage off. But they were set among elms and lindens on a bluff which looked across the lake to fields of ripened wheat sloping up to green woods.
Here the matrons forgot social jealousies, and sat gossiping in gingham; or, in old bathing–suits, surrounded by hysterical children, they paddled for hours. Carol joined them; she ducked shrieking small boys, and helped babies construct sand–basins for unfortunate minnows. She liked Juanita Haydock and Maud Dyer when she helped them make picnic–supper for the men, who came motoring out from town each evening. She was easier and more natural with them. In the debate as to whether there should be veal loaf or poached egg on hash, she had no chance to be heretical and oversensitive.
They danced sometimes, in the evening; they had a minstrel show, with Kennicott surprisingly good as end–man; always they were encircled by children wise in the lore of woodchucks and gophers and rafts and willow whistles.
If they could have continued this normal barbaric life Carol would have been the most enthusiastic citizen of Gopher Prairie. She was relieved to be assured that she did not want bookish conversation alone; that she did not expect the town to become a Bohemia. She was content now. She did not criticize.
But in September, when the year was at its richest, custom dictated that it was time to return to town; to remove the children from the waste occupation of learning the earth, and send them back to lessons about the number of potatoes which (in a delightful world untroubled by commission–houses or shortages in freight–cars) William sold to John. The women who had cheerfully gone bathing all summer looked doubtful when Carol begged, "Let's keep up an outdoor life this winter, let's slide and skate."
III
Carol had started a salon.
Since Kennicott, Vida Sherwin, and Guy Pollock were her only lions, and since Kennicott would have preferred Sam Clark to all the poets and radicals in the entire world, her private and self–defensive clique did not get beyond one evening dinner for Vida and Guy, on her first wedding anniversary; and that dinner did not get beyond a controversy regarding Raymie Wutherspoon's yearnings.
Guy Pollock was the gentlest person she had found here. He spoke of her new jade and cream frock naturally, not jocosely; he held her chair for her as they sat down to dinner; and he did not, like Kennicott, interrupt her to shout, "Oh say, speaking of that, I heard a good story today." But Guy was incurably hermit. He sat late and talked hard, and did not come again.
Then she met Champ Perry in the post–office—and decided that in the history of the pioneers was the panacea for Gopher Prairie, for all of America. We have lost their sturdiness, she told herself. We must restore the last of the veterans to power and follow them on the backward path to the integrity of Lincoln, to the gaiety of settlers dancing in a saw–mill.
She read in the records of the Minnesota Territorial Pioneers that only sixty years ago, not so far back as the birth of her own father, four cabins had composed Gopher Prairie. The log stockade which Mrs. Champ Perry was to find when she trekked in was built afterward by the soldiers as a defense against the Sioux. The four cabins were inhabited by Maine Yankees who had come up the Mississippi to St. Paul and driven north over virgin prairie into virgin woods. They ground their own corn; the men–folks shot ducks and pigeons and prairie chickens; the new breakings yielded the turnip–like rutabagas, which they ate raw and boiled and baked and raw again. For treat they had wild plums and crab–apples and tiny wild strawberries.
Grasshoppers came darkening the sky, and in an hour ate the farmwife's garden and the farmer's coat. Precious horses painfully brought from Illinois, were drowned in bogs or stampeded by the fear of blizzards. Snow blew through the chinks of new–made cabins, and Eastern children, with flowery muslin dresses, shivered all winter and in summer were red and black with mosquito bites. Indians were everywhere; they camped in dooryards, stalked into kitchens to demand doughnuts, came with rifles across their backs into schoolhouses and begged to see the pictures in the geographies. Packs of timber–wolves treed the children; and the settlers found dens of rattle–snakes, killed fifty, a hundred, in a day.
Yet it was a buoyant life. Carol read enviously in the admirable Minnesota chronicles called "Old Rail Fence Corners" the reminiscence of Mrs. Mahlon Black, who settled in Stillwater in 1848:
"There was nothing to parade over in those days. We took it as it came and had happy lives. . . . We would all gather together and in about two minutes would be having a good time—playing cards or dancing. . . . We used to waltz and dance contra dances. None of these new jigs and not wear any clothes to speak of. We covered our hides in those days; no tight skirts like now. You could take three or four steps inside our skirts and then not reach the edge. One of the boys would fiddle a while and then some one would spell him and he could get a dance. Sometimes they would dance and fiddle too."
She reflected that if she could not have ballrooms of gray and rose and crystal, she wanted to be swinging across a puncheon–floor with a dancing fiddler. This smug in–between town, which had exchanged "Money Musk" for phonographs grinding out ragtime, it was neither the heroic old nor the sophisticated new. Couldn't she somehow, some yet unimagined how, turn it back to simplicity?
She herself knew two of the pioneers: the Perrys. Champ Perry was the buyer at the grain–elevator. He weighed wagons of wheat on a rough platform–scale, in the cracks of which the kernels sprouted every spring. Between times he napped in the dusty peace of his office.
She called on the Perrys at their rooms above Howland & Gould's grocery.
When they were already old they had lost the money, which they had invested in an elevator. They had given up their beloved yellow brick house and moved into these rooms over a store, which were the Gopher Prairie equivalent of a flat. A broad stairway led from the street to the upper hall, along which were the doors of a lawyer's office, a dentist's, a photographer's "studio," the lodge–rooms of the Affiliated Order of Spartans and, at the back, the Perrys' apartment.
They received her (their first caller in a month) with aged fluttering tenderness. Mrs. Perry confided, "My, it's a shame we got to entertain you in such a cramped place. And there ain't any water except that ole iron sink outside in the hall, but still, as I say to Champ, beggars can't be choosers. 'Sides, the brick house was too big for me to sweep, and it was way out, and it's nice to be living down here among folks. Yes, we're glad to be here. But—Some day, maybe we can have a house of our own again. We're saving up—Oh, dear, if we could have our own home! But these rooms are real nice, ain't they!"
As old people will, the world over, they had moved as much as possible of their familiar furniture into this small space. Carol had none of the superiority she felt toward Mrs. Lyman Cass's plutocratic parlor. She was at home here. She noted with tenderness all the makeshifts: the darned chair–arms, the patent rocker covered with sleazy cretonne, the pasted strips of paper mending the birch–bark napkin–rings labeled "Papa" and "Mama."
She hinted of her new enthusiasm. To find one of the "young folks" who took them seriously, heartened the Perrys, and she easily drew from them the principles by which Gopher Prairie should be born again—should again become amusing to live in.
This was their philosophy complete . . . in the era of aeroplanes and syndicalism:
The Baptist Church (and, somewhat less, the Methodist, Congregational, and Presbyterian Churches) is the perfect, the divinely ordained standard in music, oratory, philanthropy, and ethics. "We don't need all this new–fangled science, or this terrible Higher Criticism that's ruining our young men in colleges. What we need is to get back to the true Word of God, and a good sound belief in hell, like we used to have it preached to us."
The Republican Party, the Grand Old Party of Blaine and McKinley, is the agent of the Lord and of the Baptist Church in temporal affairs.
All socialists ought to be hanged.
"Harold Bell Wright is a lovely writer, and he teaches such good morals in his novels, and folks say he's made prett' near a million dollars out of 'em."
People who make more than ten thousand a year or less than eight hundred are wicked.
Europeans are still wickeder.

Virgins are not so virginal as they used to be.
Nobody needs drug–store ice cream; pie is good enough for anybody.
The farmers want too much for their wheat.
The owners of the elevator–company expect too much for the salaries they pay.
There would be no more trouble or discontent in the world if everybody worked as hard as Pa did when he cleared our first farm.
IV
Carol's hero–worship dwindled to polite nodding, and the nodding dwindled to a desire to escape, and she went home with a headache.
Next day she saw Miles Bjornstam on the street.
"Just back from Montana. Great summer. Pumped my lungs chuck–full of Rocky Mountain air. Now for another whirl at sassing the bosses of Gopher Prairie." She smiled at him, and the Perrys faded, the pioneers faded, till they were but daguerreotypes in a black walnut cupboard.


Find your favorite tracks from your favorite movies!
Based on the Saturday Night Live sketch of the same name, it stars Myers in his feature film debut as Wayne Campbell and Dana Carvey as Garth Algar, a pair of rock music fans who broadcast a public-access television show.
When Mondo Burger sets up across the street, sneaky Dexter and burger-obsessed Ed realise they need to fight to keep their fast food joint going. Their new secret sauce might be the answer, but not if Mondo can grab it.
The story centers on a Chinese ping pong family living in California with a buffoonish and irreverent son. A slacker (Jimmy Tsai) must preserve his family's honor by winning a table tennis tournament.
While Daisy, an anorexic New York teenager, stays with her cousins in England for the summer, she discovers freedom and passion for love. However, following a terrible attack in London, an all-out war breaks out.
Ulysses Everett McGill (George Clooney) is having difficulty adjusting to his hard-labor sentence in Mississippi. He scams his way off the chain gang with simple Delmar (Tim Blake Nelson) and maladjusted Pete (John Turturro), then the trio sets out to pursue freedom and the promise of a fortune in buried treasure.
Once upon a time, in a far away swamp, there lived an ogre named Shrek (Mike Myers) whose precious solitude is suddenly shattered by an invasion of annoying fairy tale characters. They were all banished from their kingdom by the evil Lord Farquaad (John Lithgow)
Actor Rick Dalton gained fame and fortune by starring in a 1950s television Western, but is now struggling to find meaningful work in a Hollywood that he doesn't recognize anymore. He spends most of his time drinking and palling around with Cliff Booth, his easygoing best friend and longtime stunt double.


BM Bench
Java Applet
alt="Your browser understands the <APPLET> tag but isn't running the applet, for some reason." Your browser is completely ignoring the <APPLET> tag!
Please activate JavaScript to use the functionality of this page!
©
Marco Vieth
, 01.12.2006


Welcome
Provider site
Provider Docs
Test Client
User API
Github for provider
Github for sample client


Sketch 03 / Server request. Part of
You are the data
DevArt project by
Marcin Ignac
Where would you like to go?
GO


Documentation
Main Method
Each program must have a main method surrounding it:
Module main()
statement
statement
statement
End Module
Data Types
Integer
Real
String
Character
Boolean
Variables
To declare a variable:
Declare DataType VariableName
To set the value of a variable:
Set variableName = value
Named Constants
To declare a named constant:
Constant DataType Name = Value
Arrays
To declare an array:
Declare DataType ArrayName[Size]
To set an array element:
Set arr[index] = value
To display output:
Display var
Display "This text will be displayed as is"
To read input:
Input variableName
Operators
Arithmetic Operators:
+ , - , * , / , ^ , MOD
Relational Operators:
== , < , > , <= , >=
Logical Operators:
AND, OR, NOT
If Statements
To create an If-Then statement:
If condition Then
statement
statement
etc
End If
To create an If-Then-Else statement:
If condition Then
statement
statement
etc
Else
statement
statement
etc
End If
To create an If-Then-Else-If statement:
If condition Then
statement
statement
etc
Else
If condition Then
statement
statement
etc
statement
etc
End If
End If
Select Case
To create a select case:
Select testExpression
Case value_1
statement
statement
etc
Case value_2
statement
statement
etc
Default
statement
statement
etc
End Select
Loops
To create a While loop:
While condition
statement
statement
etc
End While
To create a Do-While loop:
Do While condition
statement
statement
etc
End Do While
To create a For loop:
For counterVariable = startingValue To maxValue
statement
statement
etc
End For
To create a For loop with Different Increments:
For counterVariable = startingValue To maxValue Step incrementAmount
statement
statement
etc
End For
Note: Count variables do not get deleted after the for loop completes in our Pseudocode


random_source_randomize(rs)
random_source_pseudo_randomize(rs, i , j)
Change the state of the random source object rs
.
Random_source_randomize
sets the random source object to a state that depends on the current time (which for typical
uses can be considered to randomly initialize the state).
Random_source_pseudo_randomize
sets the random source object to a state that is determined
only by the current state and the nonnegative exact integers i
and j
.
Return void
.


Storage provides a common interface for defining models. Uses the Waterline ORM.
#getModel(id)
Request a model based on its identity (name)
#model(model)
Provide a model
Provide a model
A Waterline-compatible model class
app.get('storage').model(...)
The HasModels class is a Base class for defining helper classes with Models.
#model_names
Override to define the model names to access
Override to define the model names to access
object
:
(model identifier: class attribute) pairs
model_names() {
return {'user': 'User'}
}


@FunctionalInterface
public interface SocketInitializer
Any node created with this initializer will maintain its set properties even after being re-created. Additionally, it is recommended to use the Java 8 Lambda features for code cleanliness. If you don't know how to use them LavaClient probably isn't the library for you.
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
com.neovisionaries.ws.client.WebSocket |
initialize(com.neovisionaries.ws.client.WebSocket socket)
The actual method used to initialize a pre-created WebSocket before a connection is made with it.
|
@Nonnull com.neovisionaries.ws.client.WebSocket initialize(com.neovisionaries.ws.client.WebSocket socket)
socket
- A WebSocket instance.


Polly - GPGPU Code Generation
WARNING: This project was part of the Google Summer of Code 2012. It is currently not finished, but it is in the design and implementation stage. The ideas/plans described here may not yet be implemented in Polly and may change later on.
This project adds GPGPU code generation feature to Polly.Objective
The overall objective of this GSoC project is to create a preliminary implementation of GPGPU code generation for Polly. With this addition, users can parallelize some perfectly nested loops with Polly to execute on a heterogeneous platform, composed of CPU and GPU.
There are several successful projects about automatic source-to-source gpu code transformation. C-to-CUDA[1] uses the standard Pluto algorithms for computing an affine schedule and then applies a wavefront transformation to obtain one sequential and n-1 parallel loops. The parallel loops are then mapped onto the blocks and threads of GPU. PPCG[2] introduces some advanced algorithms which can expose much more parallelism than other methods . And It also introduces affine partition heuristics and code generation algorithms for locality enhancement in the registers and shared memory.
Since automatic GPGPU code generation is quite a complex problem and what we target is a low-level intermediate representation, LLVM IR, rather than a high-level language source, it is important for us to set a proper objective as a start step to give a complete solution to GPGPU code generation for LLVM IR.
Firstly, we plan to target two kinds of relatively simple test cases. One is comprised of pure parallel and perfectly nested loops, like the following code.
parfor(int i=0 to M) parfor(int j=0 to N) LoopBody(i, j);
Another one is that all the loops in it are parallel except the inner-most one, just like this:
parfor(int i=0 to M) parfor(int j=0 to N) non-parfor(int k=0 to K) LoopBody(i, j, k);
The LoopBody part should be limited to instructions or functions calls (intrinsics) which can be handled by LLVM's NVPTX backend.
On the other hand, we focus on building a preliminary and scalable framework of GPGPU code generation for polly. Thus we plan to employ relatively simple tiling and mapping algorithms and optimize them later.
Work Flow
GPGPU Code Generation In General
C-to-CUDA[1] and PPCG[2] propose similar steps to solve the automatic GPGPU code generation problem.
What has been done in Polly
Polly has implemented the 1st, 2nd and part of the 3rd of the above steps and many other analysis and transformation passes.
What to do in Polly
Unlike many source-to-source optimizers such as C-to-CUDA and PPCG, Polly is a low-level optimizer, which means we can't use a source-level compiler (e.g. NVCC) to generate the final assembly for the device. We need manually insert device driver API calls to execute the generated kernel assembly text.
In this project, we assume that the device driver library has provided an interface to launch kernels in the form of assembly text. Fortunately, most of the mainstream GPU vendors provide such a feature in thier products (see ptxjit of NVIDIA GPUs and CAL of AMD GPUs). Generally speaking, what we are going to do in Polly is:
The Work Flow
In this section, we assume that the host cpu is X86 and the device is NVIDIA CUDA-compatible. we will use the following test case to describe our work flow.
for(i = 0; i < 128; i++) for(j = 0; j < 128; j++) A[i][j] = i*128 + j;
The work flow of our code generator is as follows.
1.We first use Polly's jscop file importer to get a wanted 4-level parallel tiled code.
The "schedule" part of the pre-optimization jscop file is as the following:"schedule" : "{ Stmt_for_body3[i0, i1] -> scattering[0, i0, 0, i1, 0] }"The jscop file describing the tiling transformation is:
"schedule" : "{ Stmt_for_body3[i0, i1] -> scattering[0, o0, o1, o2, o3]: o0 >= 0 and o0 <= 7 and o1 >= 0 and o1 <= 15 and o2 >= 0 and o2 <= 7 and o3 >= 0 and o3 <= 15 and i0 = 16o0 + o1 and i1 = 16o2 + o3 }"We can test the schedule with the following command line.
opt -load /path/to/polly/build/LLVMPolly.so -basicaa -polly-import-jscop -polly-ast -analyze -q ./test.ll -polly-import-jscop-postfix=transformed+gpuThe output of this schedule is:
for (c2=0;c2<=7;c2++) { for (c3=0;c3<=15;c3++) { for (c4=0;c4<=7;c4++) { for (c5=0;c5<=15;c5++) { Stmt_for_body3(16*c2+c3,16*c4+c5); } } } }Now we get a 4-dimensional parallel loops with a single SCoP statement in it.
2.We then extract the loop body (or the inner-most non-parallel loop) into a LLVM function, tagging it with PTX_Kernel call convention.
3.We extract the PTX_kernel function into a temporary module, set the target triple (e.g. nvptx64-unknown-linux) for the module, transform the temporary module into a string, store it in the original module and erase the PTX_kernel function.
4.We replace the loops with their GPGPU counterpart. The GPGPU part of code is composed of a call to the llvm.codegen intrinsic and function calls to our GPU runtime library.
5.Finally, we generate the executable program with llc or run the optimized LLVM IRs with a JIT compiler like lli.
Usage
1. Apply the llvm.codegen intrinsic patch to LLVM code base.
cd /path/to/llvm/source git am /path/to/polly/source/utils/0001-Add-llvm.codegen-intrinsic.patch
2. Build the test case.
/path/to/polly/source/test/create_ll.sh test.c
3. Get and edit the jscop file (take function "gpu_codegen" as an example).
opt -load /path/to/polly/build/lib/LLVMPolly.so -basicaa -polly-export-jscop ./test.ll cp gpu_codegen___%for.cond---%for.end8.jscop gpu_codegen___%for.cond---%for.end8.jscop.transformed+gpu vi gpu_codegen___%for.cond---%for.end8.jscop.transformed+gpu
(Please refer to section "The Work Flow" on how to edit the "schedule" part of a statement)
4. Optimize the code with GPGPU code generation.
opt -load /path/to/polly/build/lib/LLVMPolly.so -basicaa -polly-import-jscop-postfix=transformed+gpu -enable-polly-gpgpu -polly-gpgpu-triple=nvptx64-unknown-unknown -polly-codegen ./test.ll -S -o test.gpued.ll
5. Build the final assembly and executable.
llc test.gpued.ll -o test.s gcc test.s -lGPURuntime -o test
(Please make sure that LD_LIBRARY_PATH is set properly so that /path/to/polly/build/lib/libGPURuntime.so is visible to gcc.)
TODO List
| Tasks | Status | Owner |
|---|---|---|
| Tiling the Parallel Loops with An External Jscop File | Open, In Design | Yabin Hu |
| GPU Runtime Library Implementation | Coding Finished, In Reviewing | |
| llvm.codegen Intrinsic Implementation | Codeing Finished, To Be Reviewed | |
| Code Generation For Host | 50% Done |
References
Muthu Manikandan Baskaran, J. Ramanujam and P. Sadayappan.
International Conference on Compiler Construction (CC) 2010.
http://freecode.com/projects/ppcg
Chris Gregg and Kim Hazelwood
International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS) 2011.


--- title: Is Diversification Always Good? author: Simon Naitram date: '2019-02-23' slug: is-diversification-always-good categories: [] tags: [] type: "post" image: "weshouldallbeeconomists/img/bdos_finger_small.png" description: The case for direct democracy. draft: true ---
Diversify!
Stop putting all your eggs in one basket!
Venture into new forms of business. Don’t invest in one thing.
This is great advice for large economies. But is it useful for small economies?
It depends on how you view the world. There are two perceptions of how businesses work.
Which one do you think it is? Do you think that the bakery around the corner can produce bread at a lower cost per loaf than Purity? Do you think you can distill rum in your backyard cheaper than Foursquare?
Economists love to teach increasing average cost because its simple. But the busines world knows the truth is that average costs decrease as your business grows. That’s why Walmart can sell you stuff at next to nothing.
And that’s why businesses in small countries have a hard time cracking international markets. You have to grow your business first so that your costs can fall far enough so that you can then compete with big businesses on the international market. Exporting isn’t easy.
So is diversification good? Should we be investing all our time and energy in different businesses and different pursuits? Or should we all focus on one industry—one firm even?
Crazy thought. What if all of Barbados worked for a company like Apple. They employ 130,000 people—less than the population of Barbados. But their revenue per year is 265.6 billion USD. Their net income is 59.53 billion USD. Barbados’ total GDP per year is 4.797 billion USD.
If Apple was the only company in Barbados, we’d make 59.53 billion per year in net income. That’s an average income per capita of $200,000 USD.
Unrealistic, sure. But just an example of the difference between employing your resources in lots and lots of really small businesses versus employing your resources in a single venture. The reason for this difference?  As your company grows in size, your cost falls, you can sell more, you can dominate the market, you can become hugely profitable.
Obviously I’m not advocating for everyone working for a single company. But I’m advocating for us creating big businesses in Barbados that have the potential to truly compete on the world stage. There’s no reason we can’t create large manufacturing or research or services companies that can be globally successful. Size only matters if you’re trying to spread your resources across a whole bunch of ideas. So let’s find a goose and milk it for all the golden eggs it can give us.


My Personal Website
About MySelf
My Project History
My Address & Contact
copyright 2020 | Build By Arsyadana Estu


Should print "Al Spritty Rad" by calling a method
Make a new function (without using the word "function") and get the output "Alex Isgrate" print it here.


links lead to the sites hosted on azure
My favorite Hobby
Getting to know me
Dice Roller
Map Mania
Map Mania v2
Mustang Index Info
Final Project Proposal
Mustang Lite
Json and Ajax
Mustang Lite v2
Mustang Lite v3
Wave Rider
Buttons will also lead to the projects


"SABAOTH "the transliteration of the Hebrew word tsebha’oth, meaning“hosts,” “armies” (Romans 9:29; James 5:4). In the LXX. the Hebrew word is rendered by “Almighty.” (See Revelation 4:8; comp. Isaiah 6:3.) It may designate Jehovah as either (1) God of the armies of earth, or (2) God of the armies of the stars, or (3) God of the unseen armies of angels; or perhaps it may include all these ideas.
"SABAOTH "the transliteration of the Hebrew word tsebha’oth, meaning“hosts,” “armies” (Romans 9:29; James 5:4). In the LXX. the Hebrew word is rendered by “Almighty.” (See Revelation 4:8; comp. Isaiah 6:3.) It may designate Jehovah as either (1) God of the armies of earth, or (2) God of the armies of the stars, or (3) God of the unseen armies of angels; or perhaps it may include all these ideas.


Meaning of data
1
The one and only
2
Always the second
For more info, please open a browser to https://github.com/raceup/yolo


(feeds 8; time 3 hours)
| Sesame Oil | 1 Tbsp |
| Fish Sauce | 1/2 cup |
| Tamarind Soup Mix | 2 packages |
| Tomato | 4 (medium - large) |
| Garlic | 3 Tbsp |
| Onion | 1 (red) |
| Mushroom | 2 cups (baby bella) |
| Green Beans | 2 cups |
| Broccoli | 2 cups |
| Eggplant | 2 cups |
| Meat | 2 1/2 lbs |
Cut tomato into 8ths. Mince garlic. Cut onion into thinly sliced pieces. Cut meat into 1 1/2 inch cubes. Cut eggplant into 1 inch cubes. Clean mushrooms. Cut green beans into 2 inch pieces. Separate broccoli into individual florets.
Put large pot on medium heat. Pour sesame oil into pot. Heat for ~1 minute. Throw in tomatoes. Sauté until tomatoes begin to fall apart. Add onions. Sauté until onions soften up. Add garlic. Sauté until you smell the flavors of the vegetables mixing deliciously. Lower heat and create a base layer of the mixed vegetables. Should be several inches thick depending on the size of your pot. This is very important: place meat on the base layer; each piece of meat should make contact with the vegetable mixture. Let sit until meat is a slightly brown color indicating that it is slightly cooked. Usually takes about 1/2 hour.
Stir mixture. Add 1 quart water. Add fish sauce. Add tamarind soup mix. You can dial the taste to your liking using different measurements here. The values indicated above are a suggestion. Make it how you like it. Add eggplant. Add mushrooms. Let sit until the meat is soft. Usually takes 2 hours.
Add green beans 30 min before serving. Add broccoli 20 min before serving.


Basic Cross-Origin Resource Sharing Demo using XHR2
Inspect these headers, and you will see Origin: http://people.opera.com included among the request headers and Access-Control-Allow-Origin: http://people.opera.com included among the response headers.


Mean Sweep
Please type any number between 1 to 99
Bet size: 1 Ether
Total players :
0
/5
Place your bet
Transaction history
Address
Table no
Chosen number
% of Win
Transaction Hash


No, this is not about the 2016 U.S. election. Not just that, anyway.
First, I need to explain a weird glitch in our voting system. Let's say there's two candidates, Steven Square () and Tracy Triangle (), on a couple political axes. (for example, “left vs. right” and “globalist vs. nationalist”) Let's also say there's a voter () simply votes for whoever's political position is closest. What would that look like?
drag the candidates & voter around, and see how that changes their vote:
It's a tough choice. Triangle's got some sharp points, but Square sees things from more sides. But in the end, you can only vote for one.
Of course, there's more than just one voter in an election. (one would hope so, anyway!) Let's simulate what an election would look like with 100+ voters.
drag the candidates & voters around, and see how that changes the election:
Now let's consider a different election. Say Tracy Triangle is already beating Steven Square in the polls, and a third candidate, Henry Hexagon (), sees this. (Hexagon's supporters like how he tackles problems from more angles) Inspired by her success, Hexagon swoops in and takes a political position close to Triangle's.
Now, you'd think giving the voters more of what they want should result in a better choice, or at least, not result in a worse choice, right? Well...
at first, beats . drag to just under , and see what happens:
That's right. Steven Square, our least popular candidate, now wins! This is because when you have two good candidates, they "steal" votes from each other, letting a bad third candidate win.
This is called the spoiler effect. The most famous real-world example of this was in 2000, when Ralph Nader "stole" votes from Al Gore, letting George Bush win. And though the spoiler effect didn't play a big role in 2016, its impact could still be felt.
In the Republican primary, one anti-establishment nominee – Trump – ran against sixteen GOP establishment nominees, who all "stole" votes from each other, letting Trump grab the nomination, easily. As for the Democratic primary, fear of splitting the vote prevented Sanders from running as independent. And to cap it all off, there was always the worry that other candidates like Johnson, Stein, and McMullin could spoil the election.
But again, this is not about the 2016 U.S. election.
This is about designing a democracy that people can trust.
Despite so much hoopla around the 2016 election, a full half of Americans did not vote. Even of those who voted for Clinton/Trump, over 20% of them said their candidates were untrustworthy, and voted for them anyway. And around the world, people's trust in their governments – or the trustworthiness of their governments – has never been lower. It's more than America at stake. It's every democracy in the world.
...so yeah, no pressure.
Rebuilding trust is a complex problem with no easy solutions – but I think there is an easy first step. It's a step that could get rid of our “lesser of two evils” problem, and give us citizens more choices, better choices. And yet, it won't be as daunting as fixing campaign finance or gerrymandering or political gridlock, no, it'd just require changing a piece of paper, and how we count those pieces of paper.
This idea is not the most important issue. It won't solve everything. But as a first step? It'd give us the biggest bang-for-buck.
Let's talk about how to build a better ballot.
Lemme address a couple concerns first.
First objection. Why would the people in power wanna change the voting system that got them in power? Well – the spoiler effect has historically hurt both major parties, not just the minor parties. Getting rid of that glitch would be a win-win-win! Also, voting reform is already picking up steam worldwide. Just last month, Maine adopted Instant Runoff Voting, and Justin Trudeau, Cutie-In-Chief of Canada, will be moving his nation towards a better voting system in 2017.
Second objection. Didn't some guy prove that all voting systems will be unfair? Not quite. You're thinking of the infamous Impossibility Theorem by Kenneth Arrow, the mathematician in the 1950's who founded the whole study of voting systems!
But 1) some voting systems can still be more fair than others, even if none are perfect. And 2) that's actually a misconception – Kenneth Arrow's proof only applies to voting systems where you rank candidates. His proof doesn't cover voting systems where you don't rank candidates. We'll see a couple of those, later – along with a few of the most popular alternatives to our current, glitchy voting system.
But first, let's take a closer look at the voting system we do have:
// ballot
How To Count: Simply add up the votes. Whoever gets the most votes, wins.
Sounds logical enough. But as you saw earlier, it can lead to a weird glitch, where having two good candidates can make the election go to a third bad candidate. This is why some people vote "strategically", voting not for their actual honest favorite, but voting for the lesser of two evils. And strategic voting is fine – but! – ask yourself this: how can we expect our elected officials to be honest, when our voting system itself doesn't let us be honest?
So, to fix the spoiler effect, other voting systems have been suggested. Such as...
// ballot
How To Count: There's actually several different suggestions for how to count these kinds of ballots. Here, I'll just show you the three most popular:
Instant Runoff Voting (IRV): This one is the most popular alternative to First Past The Post. Australia and Ireland use them in national elections. Maine adopted it just last month. And Justin Trudeau, Prime Man-ister of Canada, is seriously considering it.
Instant Runoff is a bit more complicated than First Past The Post, but here's how it works:
If that seems like too much, there is a simpler method for counting ranked ballots...
Borda Count: Simply add up the rank numbers. Like in golf, whoever has the lowest score, wins. Borda count is used in Slovenia, and a bunch of tiny islands in Micronesia.
But if you want an even nerdier way of voting, you could try...
Condorcet Method: Run a simulated "election" between every pair of candidates, using the info on voters' ballots. IF there's a candidate who beats all other candidates in one-on-one "elections", that candidate wins the real election. However, that's a very big "IF". (as we'll see later...) The upside is, when this method does pick a winner, it's always the “theoretically best” candidate! Currently, this method is not being used by any governments, and is only being used by neeerrrds.
So, those are the voting systems where you rank candidates. (The ones that magic math man Kenneth Arrow proved would always be unfair in some big way!) But what about voting systems where you don't rank candidates? They're less well-known, but at least now you'll know 'em:
// ballot
How To Count: Simply add up the approvals. Whoever gets the most approvals, wins.
Wait, picking more than one candidate? Doesn't that violate the one-vote-per-person rule? I hear you ask. Well, your vote was never a single check mark, your vote was always the whole ballot. And on this ballot, you get to honestly express all the candidates you approve of, not just your favorite or strategic second-favorite.
But if you want a more expressive voting system, why not try...
// ballot
How To Count: Simply add up the ratings. Whoever has the highest average score, wins. Kind of like Amazon reviews, but with democracy. (Note: this is not ranking, because two candidates can have the same score.)
So them's our top 6 voting systems: the one we use, and five popular alternatives. But how can we tell if these alternatives are actually better? What glitches might they have? And which voting system – if any – can we say is "the best"?
Like before, let's simulate 'em.
Remember that simulation of the spoiler effect from earlier? Well, here it is again, but now you can switch between the six different voting systems! Here's the "spoiler effect" simulation again. Move candidates & voters around, and see how different voting systems deal with spoilers:
drag blah blah blah
// election 1 - spoiler redux
As you could see, every voting system except First Past The Post is immune to the spoiler effect. So, that's it, right? Ding dong, the glitch is dead? Just pick any other alternative voting system and be done with it?
But, alas. In getting rid of one glitch, some of these alternative voting systems create other glitches – for some, the cure is even worse than the disease.
For example, here's a sim of Instant Runoff Voting. In the beginning, Tracy Triangle () is already winning, and you're going to move the voters even closer to her. Obviously, if a candidate is already winning an election and becomes even more popular, they should still win afterwards, right?
You can probably guess where this is going...
// election 2 - irv
What happened? At first, (Hexagon) is eliminated in the first round, so (Triangle) goes against a weaker (Square), and wins. But when you move the voters closer to (Triangle), the loser changes. Now, (Square) is eliminated in the first round, so (Triangle) goes against a stronger (Hexagon), and loses.
Under Instant Runoff, it's possible for a winning candidate to lose, by becoming more popular. What a glitch.
How often does this happen in real life? There are a couple examples, and mathematicians estimate this glitch would happen about 14.5% of the time. But sadly, we can't know for sure, because governments usually don't even release enough info about the ballots to reconstruct an IRV election, and double-check the results.
So, not only is Instant Runoff's glitch as undemocratic as First Past The Post's glitch, it's possibly worse – because while FPTP's counting method is simple and transparent, Instant Runoff is anything but. And a lack of transparency is even deadlier nowadays, when our trust in government is already so low.
So much for Instant Runoff. What about the second-most-popular alternative, Borda Count? In this next simulation, you move a losing candidate closer to another losing candidate. Under First Past The Post, the spoiler effect would split their votes, making both of them lose even more. But watch what happens under Borda Count instead...
// election 3 - anti-spoiler effect
Yup. Borda Count has a reverse spoiler effect. Instead of one good candidate hurting another good candidate by moving closer, with Borda Count, one bad candidate can help another bad candidate by moving closer.
Here's what happened: at first, some voters felt (Square) > (Triangle) > (Hexagon), but when you moved (Hexagon) closer to (Square), those voters then swung to (Square) > (Hexagon) > (Triangle), hurting (Triangle)'s total count enough to make her lose to (Square).
Still, Borda's not the worst, and at least it's simpler and more transparent than Instant Runoff. But how does Condorcet Method compare? When Condorcet picks a winner, it's always the “theoretically best” winner – but that's when it picks a winner.
So far, I've just been simulating voters as a single group, with a center and some spread. But seeing how polarized politics is nowadays, one could imagine several groups of voters, with totally different centers. Now, Condorcet tries to pick the candidate who beats all other candidates in one-on-one races. But with polarized voters, you could end up with a Rock-Paper-Scissors-like loop, where a majority of voters prefer A to B, B to C, and C to A.
In certain situations, the other voting systems just had glitches. In Condorcet, the voting system crashes. Try it out for yourself:
// election 4 - create your own cycle
Now, in actual practice – not that any government actually uses this voting system – when Condorcet fails to find a winner, it falls back to another method like Borda Count. But if you do that, it'll get the glitches of its backup method. So it goes.
First Past The Post. Instant Runoff. Borda Count. Condorcet Method. Those were all the voting systems that use ranking – the ones that our math boy, Kenneth Arrow, proved would always be unfair or glitchy in some big way. What about the voting systems that don't use ranking, like Approval & Score voting? Well...
...I couldn't come up with a simulation to show their flaws. Because, in theory, they don't have many big flaws.
But that's a really, really, really big “in theory!” It may be that, in practice, strategic voters use approval & score voting exactly like First Past The Post – only approving or giving 5 stars to their top candidate, and disapproving or giving 1 star to all others, even if they actually like the others. Thus, strategic voters may not express an honest second choice – but then again, other voting systems like FPTP and IRV punish you for expressing an honest first choice. So, in the end approval & score voting may still be better!...
...mmmaybe. We'll need more data before we can be certain. So, here's a graph from an academic paper. I can tell it was made by real academics, because it's makin' my eyes bleed:
oh god, is that a drop shadow
Anyway, this graph shows the results of 2.2 million simulations – simulations similar to the ones you played above! The first thing to note is that strategic voting makes voters less happy than honest voting – in all voting systems! I was surprised when I first learnt that. But it makes sense if you think about, say, a room full of people trying to talk. Any person can be "strategic" by raising their voice above others, but if everybody is "strategic", nobody can hear anybody anymore, and all you're left with is sore throats and sad peeps.
But the other thing to note, is which voting systems would make the most people the happiest! If you have mostly honest voters, Score Voting is best. (with Borda Count a close second) And if you have mostly strategic voters, then both Approval & Score Voting are best. (also, with strategic voters, Instant Runoff does just as bad as First Past The Post)
However, those are still computer simulations. How would these different voting systems play out in real life? Well, we can't just get the DeLorean up to 88, go back in time before the 2016 election, change the voting system, and see what would happen instead – or can we?!
No, no we can't. But last month, researchers did something close enough. A polling study asked 1,000+ U.S. registered voters to rank & rate the six U.S. presidential candidates, to simulate who would've won the vote (the popular vote, anyway) under different voting systems! The results: under Instant Runoff, Condorcet, and Approval Voting, the winner would've been Hillary Clinton. But under Score Voting, the winner would've been Donald Trump. And under Borda Count, the winner would've been... uh... Gary Johnson?
?????
// an election possibility how this could've happened
Anyway.
Before we conclude all this – remember Kenneth Arrow? The infamous mathematician who founded the study of voting systems, and in the 1950's, proved that all ranking-based voting systems would be unfair? Well, in an interview 60 years later, Kenneth Arrow had this to say about what voting method he'd push for, now:
// blockquote style plz
“Well, I’m a little inclined to think that score systems [like Approval & Score Voting] where you categorize in maybe three or four classes [so, giving a score out of 3 or 4, not 10 or 100] probably – in spite of what I said about manipulation [strategic voting] – is probably the best.”
That's as strong an endorsement as you'll ever squeeze out of a math-head.
An open letter.
ahem
DEAR JUSTIN “TOTES ADORBZ” TRUDEAU
(and everyone else around the world pushing for voting reform)
Thank you for taking this small but powerful first step! We've known for way too long that our current voting system – First Past The Post – forces voters to be dishonest, creates a polarizing "lesser of two evils" scenario, and screws over both major and minor candidates.
However, you've probably thinking of going for Instant Runoff Voting (or some other variant, like Single Transferable Vote). But IRV still has a glitch as undemocratic as FPTP's – and worse, in our age of distrust, Instant Runoff's lack of transparency will be deadly for democracy. Yes, sure, IRV was the best voting system mathematicians could come up with... fifty years ago. But now, thanks to simulations and real-life studies, we know of voting systems which are much better, much more transparent, and much more democratic.
Personally – I'm leaning towards Score Voting. It's simple, expressive, honest, transparent, and already familiar to anyone who's seen Amazon's or Yelp's “five star” review system. But that's just my humble opinion. You could also make a solid case for Approval Voting, which is even simpler, and would work better on existing voting machines. Or you could go for Borda Count, because it'd be an epic prank.
I won't claim to know which is The Best™ voting system. I shall keep open this discussion, as long as we have this discussion. For two reasons:
One – If I claim one voting system is the best, end of story, all the public choice theory nerds will be on my butt, yelling, BUT NICKY WHAT ABOUT QUADRATIC VOTE BUYING
Two – Keeping the discussion going is what democracy is.
A recent study (NYT article, PDF of original study) found that in many Western countries – from Sweden to Australia to the United States – support for democracy has plummeted over the last several generations. Today, one in six Americans say it'd be "good" or "very good" to be under literal army rule. And in 2011, almost a full quarter of young Americans said democracy was a "bad" or "very bad" way to run a country.
Our age of distrust goes a lot deeper than the technical details of a voting system. This isn't gonna be One Weird Trick To Fix Democracy. But as a first step, a low-hanging fruit, a way to show that, yes, you really do want to make the system respond to the needs and wants and pains and hopes and dreams of your people – fixing our voting system's a good way to do that.
This isn't just about trying to build a better ballot.
This is about trying to build a better democracy.
<3,
~ Nicky Case
P.S: Since you've read & played all the way to here, let me give you a bonus! A “sandbox mode” of the election simulator, with up to five candidates. You can also save & share a custom election scenario with others. Happy simulating!
What can you do? Educators, translators, blah blah blah


Mario Kart Tour adding multiplayer support in beta next month, but only for subscribers
by Chance MillerMario Kart Tour has proven to be a hit during its first month of availability, despite one key feature being missing: real-time multiplayer support. Nintendo has announced this week, however, that it will begin testing multiplayer next month.
Currently, Mario Kart Tour supports sharing high scores and leaderboards, but actual multiplayer support is nowhere to be found. Starting in December, Nintendo says it will launch a limited beta test of multiplayer support in the app.
The feature will be limited to Mario Kart Tour Gold Pass subscribers during the beta testing period. The Gold Pass in-app purchase is a $4.99 per month subscription. In addition to multi-player support, Gold Pass includes 200cc racing, Gold Challenges, and Gold Gifts.
There aren’t any other details on real-time multiplayer support in Mario Kart Tour available at this time. For instance, it’s unclear if the feature will still be limited to Gold Pass subscribers when it rolls out to the general public. It’s also unknown how long the beta testing period will last, and when the feature will launch to the public.
Mario Kart Tour has faced criticism for its freemium pricing structure. The game is free-to-play, but relies heavily on in-app purchases and subscriptions to unlock key features.
Have you played Mario Kart Tour for iOS yet? What do you think of it? Let us know down in the comments! The app is free to download on the App Store.
Read more:
- You can now play Mario Kart Tour on iPhone and iPad
- Mario Kart Tour is unavailable in Belgium as loot boxes are prohibited there
- Mario Kart Tour becomes Nintendo’s biggest mobile game launch yet with 90M downloads
- Mario Kart Tour for iOS has a successful launch day despite controversial freemium pricing
FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.


Analyze This
Chad'z rating: *** (out of 4 = good)
1999, R, 103 minutes [1 hour, 43 minutes]
[comedy/crime]
Starring: Billy Crystal (Dr. Ben Sobel), Robert De Niro (Paul Vitti), Joe Viterelli (Jelly), Lisa Kudrow (Laura MacNamara); written by Peter Tolan, Harold Ramis, Ken Lonergan; produced by Jane Rosenthal, Paula Weinstein; directed by Harold Ramis.
Seen March 5, 1999 at 7:40 p.m. at Hoyts Crossgates Cinema 18, theater #2, with my brother John for free using my Hoyts critic's pass. [Theater rating: ***: good seats, sound and picture]
(author's note: this is the first review I've written since October 1998 when I reviewed "Rush Hour." That was FIVE months ago... so if I'm a little rusty, please bear with me.)
Originality is something today's entertainment industry seems to be running short on, so the new thinking seems to be "How many ideas can be recycled without going overboard?" I think it's fair to say `Analyze This' is an example of that thinking since its not exactly the most novel concept in the world, but it still manages to be everything a good movie should be. Isn't that the point of entertainment?
The film's selling point is obviously its plot, its stars and the creative forces behind it. We've seen a lot of crime movies starring Robert De Niro and a lot of comedies starring Billy Crystal and of course veteran comic talent Harold Ramis usually guarantees something good. But each's talent comes from a different school... world even. Bringing big names together for the sake of it is something Hollywood thrives on but doesn't necessarily succeed at (i.e. `Heat'), so why should this movie be expected to work?
Probably because everyone does what they do best, often stepping on the other's toes just to upstage them and it works.
The film tells the story of Dr. Ben Sobel (Crystal), a middle-aged psychiatrist who lives and works in the ‘burbs of New York City, and his forced encounter with mob boss Paul Vitti (De Niro). Vitti's your typical Mafia guy in a typical Mafia scenario surrounded by other typical Mafia guys in a typical conflict about typical `family' betrayal and rivalry.
Ramis doesn't try too hard to disguise the obvious which is good because otherwise the setting would immediately seem trite and cliched. He doesn't waste our time by giving a lot of back story, instead we're just kind of dropped in the middle of another `GoodFellas.' Within a few minutes or so we've got an idea of a bitter war between Vitti and Primo Sindone (Chazz Palminteri). There's some mention of some kind of big meeting coming up, which does play a major role in the film, but Ramis and his fellow screenwriters don't let it get too convoluted with the comedy.
How Sobel and Vitti come together really isn't relevant, and it's another obvious point the filmmakers know not to dwell on. What is relevant is the interaction between the two characters, especially as portrayed by these two fine actors.
Both Crystal and De Niro are allowed to do their usual schticks for a while and it's surprisingly effective. De Niro's Vitti is a bit more mature and calm than those he's played in Martin Scorcese's films. Here, he gets to play a `kinder, gentler' mobster with a bit of heart and soul (emphasis on `a bit'). After one of his elders is killed it actually saddens him, causing him to have anxiety attacks, although he refuses to believe it despite medical evidence.
Here's where the two come together and the initial confrontation is interesting. Mobsters in the movies only believe what they want to hear and people only tell them what they want to hear, so when Sobel begins telling Vitti what his problems REALLY are, it's a breath of fresh air (or maybe I should say nitrous oxide).
The chemistry between the two is great. Both characters are secretly afraid of each other despite their attempts to have macho facades. Vitti is afraid to hear the truth and Sobel is just plain afraid of Vitti. The result is dozens of funny scenes of each caricature trying to psych out the other. Imagine the type of routine Crystal does at the Academy Awards interacting with a De Niro character out of a Scorcese flick, except without the security of a blue screen. Now image both men slightly possessed by Woody Allen - how funny is that?
Of course the whole film isn't just the two men freaking each other out. This is a comedy about the mob so it definitely becomes the driving force of the plot. In fact, the film's handling of the plot is one of its best aspects. It plays its elements straight and realistic for the most part. If a mobster were to suddenly become an integral part of a regular person's life, it probably would have a huge effect of them. Since this is a comedy that effect is played for laughs and always very well.
Sobel is about to marry Laura MacNamara (Kudrow, in full `Phoebe Buffay'-form), a Miami television journalist, but can't since Vitti and his goons keep butting in. The goons, such as Jelly (Viterelli in a great performance), are played strictly for laughs a la `The Simpsons.' The atmosphere is enough to keep the satire cartoony enough for such a mainstream film, but without going too far and becoming zany (okay, it is a little bit zany but I liked it anyway).
There's nothing genus or ground-breaking to `Analyze This,' but it never really tries to be something it's not. Anyone can do a crime spoof or a fish- out-of-water flick or violent crime movie, but not everyone can do all three at once. That's what makes this film a fine investment of 103 minutes.
(3/6/99)
--------------------------------- Please visit Chad'z Movie Page @ http://members.aol.com/ChadPolenz - Over 200 new and old films reviewed in depth, not just blind ratings and quick capsules.
© 1999 Chad Polenz
Member of The Online Film Critics Society (www.ofcs.org)
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


MdButtonModule
Official Documentation
Angular Material buttons are native <button>
or
elements
enhanced with Material Design
styling and ink ripples.
Native <button>
and
elements are always used in order to
provide the most straightforward
and accessible experience for users. A <button>
element should be used whenever some
action
is performed. An
element should be used whenever the user will navigate to
another view.
There are five button variants, each applied as an attribute:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
md-button |
Rectangular button w/ no elevation. |
md-raised-button |
Rectangular button w/ elevation |
md-icon-button |
Circular button with a transparent background, meant to contain an icon |
md-fab |
Circular button w/ elevation, defaults to theme's accent color |
md-mini-fab |
Same as md-fab but smaller |
Buttons can be colored in terms of the current theme using the color
property to set the
background color to primary
, accent
, or warn
. By default, only FABs
are colored; the default
background color for md-button
and md-raised-button
matches the theme's
background color.
MdButtonToggleModule
Official
Documentation
<md-button-toggle>
are on/off toggles with the appearance of a button. These toggles
can be
configured to behave as either radio-buttons or checkboxes. While they can be standalone, they are
typically part of a md-button-toggle-group
.
By default, md-button-toggle-group
acts like a radio-button group- only one item can be
selected.
In this mode, the value
of the md-button-toggle-group
will reflect the value of
the selected
button and ngModel
is supported.
Adding the multiple
attribute allows multiple items to be selected (checkbox behavior). In
this
mode the values of the the toggles are not used, the md-button-toggle-group
does not have a
value,
and ngModel
is not supported.
The button-toggles will present themselves as either checkboxes or radio-buttons based on the
presence of the multiple
attribute.
The button-toggles can be rendered in a vertical orientation by adding the vertical
attribute.
MdButtonModule
Material design button.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
|
@Input()
disableRipple |
Whether the ripple effect for this button is disabled. |
|
@Input()
disabled |
Whether the button is disabled. |
|
@Input()
color |
The color of the button. Can be `primary`, `accent`, or `warn`. |
| focus | |
|---|---|
| Focuses the button. |
Raised Material design button.
MdButtonToggleModule
MdButtonToggleModule
Exclusive selection button toggle group that behaves like a radio-button group.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
onTouched |
onTouch function registered via registerOnTouch (ControlValueAccessor). |
|
@Output()
change |
|
|
@Input()
name |
`name` attribute for the underlying `input` element. |
|
@Input()
disabled |
Whether the toggle group is disabled. |
|
@Input()
vertical |
Whether the toggle group is vertical. |
|
@Input()
value |
Value of the toggle group. |
|
@Input()
selected |
Whether the toggle group is selected. |
Multiple selection button-toggle group. `ngModel` is not supported in this mode.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
|
@Input()
disabled |
Whether the toggle group is disabled. |
|
@Input()
vertical |
Whether the toggle group is vertical. |
Single button inside of a toggle group.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
|
@Input()
id |
The unique ID for this button toggle. |
|
@Input()
name |
HTML's 'name' attribute used to group radios for unique selection. |
buttonToggleGroup |
The parent button toggle group (exclusive selection). Optional. |
buttonToggleGroupMultiple |
The parent button toggle group (multiple selection). Optional. |
|
@Output()
change |
|
buttonToggleDispatcher |
|
inputId |
Unique ID for the underlying `input` element. |
|
@Input()
checked |
Whether the button is checked. |
|
@Input()
value |
MdButtonToggleGroup reads this to assign its own value. |
|
@Input()
disabled |
Whether the button is disabled. |
| focus | |
|---|---|
| Focuses the button. |
Change event object emitted by MdButtonToggle.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
source |
|
value |


WeyCoin will use a Proof-of-Meme functionality that allows online meme creators throughout the social media sphere to be essentially 'tipped' for their contribution. We aim at developing our own platform in the nearby future!
Our mobile applications include the wallet and the future Proof-of-Meme based platform. You can find more information about our development in our whitepaper below:
Official WhitepaperWeyCoin implements some of the most up-to-date technologies out there. We offer fully functional masternodes, extremely low transaction fees, SegWit 4x implementation, Lightning Network compatibilities and much more.
In the first quarter, we aim at reaching compatibility amongst all major platforms, including: Mac OS X, Linux, Windows, iOS and Windows
In this stage of development, we have successfully achieved our goal and made it to at least one exchange (CoinHouse)! From here on we will continue expanding!
The first mechanism of the proof of meme is set to begin development around this date. This includes QR/Meme scanning integration into our mobile apps.
In this stage, we will begin seeking the help of other developers, as the tasks at hand to follow will require collaboration of multiple people!
Development of our own meme-sharing platform will commence! Users will be able to like (cluck), dislike (spit), and share a meme and be rewarded directly with WAE. This will be integrated into the blockchain itself.
At this point we will have been shown da wae by The Queen and thusly bring good crops for the nation of Uganda.
Head Developer / Founder
We appreciate you. Thank you for your interest in finding de wey.


public class
Orientation
extends java.lang.Object
Orientation
represent a rotated stance in three-dimensional space
by way of a set of three successive rotations.
There are several ways that a particular orientation in three-space
can be represented.
One way is by specifying a (unit) directional vector about which the
orientation is to occur,
together with a rotation angle about that axis. This representation
is unique up to the sign of the
direction and angle; that is a rotation
a
about a vector
v
produces the same
rotation as a rotation
-a
about the vector-v
. While this manner of specifying a
rotation is easy to visualize if the vector in question is one of
the cardinal axes (ie: X,Y, or Z),
many find it more difficult to visualize more complex rotations in
this manner.
An alternative, more common, way to represent a particular orientation in three-space is by means of indicating three angles of rotation about three successive axes. You might for example be familiar with the notions of heading, elevation, and bank angles for aircraft. Unfortunately, there are 24 different yet equivalent ways that a set of three rotational angles about three axes can represent the same effective rotation. As might be expected, this can be the source of much confusion. The 24 different representations break down as follows.
First is the matter of the axes reference: is the coordinate system
in which the referred-to rotational
axes reside a coordinate system that moves with (and so remains
fixed relative to) the object being rotated,
or do the axes remain fixed relative to the world around the object
and are unaffected by the
object's rotational motion? The former situation is referred to as
an
intrinsic
reference perspective while the latter is an
extrinsic
perspective.
Both points of view are equally valid methodologies, but one or the
other may be more understandable
or useful in a given application situation.
The extrinsic-vs-intrinsic difference accounts for a factor of two in
our list of 24 different
representations. The remaining factor of 12 breaks down into whether
the three rotations all use
different axes (and so are a permutation of X, Y, and Z, of which
there are six in number), or whether
the first and last axes are the same and the middle one different
(e.g. Z-Y-Z); this has three
choices for the first axis (which is also used for the last) and two
remaining choices for the
second axis, for a total, again, of six possibilities. The geometry
of three-space is such that these
twelve choices are the only distinct representational possibilities.
As with the extrinsic-vs-
intrinsic difference, all twelve of these axis
order
s are equally valid ways of
indicating orientation, but in any given application, one way may be
more useful or easier to
understand than another.
Even on top of all that, for a given intrinsic-vs-extrinsic distinction, and a given axes ordering, there are two sets of angle rotation that will produce the same orientation. For example, an extrinsic, XZX rotation of (in degrees) 90, -90, 0 is equivalent to an extrinsic, XZX rotation of -90, 90, -180.
As was mentioned, much confusion has historically arisen from talking
about an orientation as
a set of three angles without also clearly indicating which of the
24 representational possibilities
one is working within. One aim of
Orientation
is to reduce that confusion by being explicitly
clear about this issue: an
Orientation
always carries along with it the indication of the
AxesReference
and
AxesOrder
of the orientation. Methods are provided for converting
an
Orientation
to and from its associated rotation matrix.
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
static class
|
Orientation.AngleSet
Orientation.AngleSet
is used to distinguish between the two sets of
angles that will produce
a given rotation in a given axes reference and a
given axes order
|
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
long
|
acquisitionTime
the time on the System.nanoTime()
clock at which the data was acquired.
|
AngleUnit
|
angleUnit
the unit in which the angles are
expressed
|
AxesOrder
|
axesOrder
the order of axes around which our
three rotations occur
|
AxesReference
|
axesReference
whether we have extrinsic or
intrinsic rotations
|
float
|
firstAngle
the chronologically first rotation
made in the
AxesOrder
|
float
|
secondAngle
the chronologically second rotation
made in the
AxesOrder
|
float
|
thirdAngle
the chronologically third rotation
made in the
AxesOrder
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Orientation
()
|
Orientation
(
AxesReference axesReference,
AxesOrder axesOrder,
AngleUnit angleUnit,
float firstAngle,
float secondAngle,
float thirdAngle,
long acquisitionTime)
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static
Orientation
|
getOrientation
(
MatrixF rot,
AxesReference axesReference,
AxesOrder axesOrder,
AngleUnit unit)
Given a rotation matrix, and an
AxesReference
and
AxesOrder
, returns an orientation
that would produce that rotation matrix.
|
static
Orientation
|
getOrientation
(
MatrixF rot,
AxesReference axesReference,
AxesOrder axesOrder,
AngleUnit unit,
Orientation.AngleSet angleSet)
Given a rotation matrix, and an
AxesReference
and
AxesOrder
, returns an orientation
that would produce that rotation matrix.
|
OpenGLMatrix
|
getRotationMatrix
()
Returns the rotation matrix
associated with the receiver
Orientation
.
|
static
OpenGLMatrix
|
getRotationMatrix
(
AxesReference axesReference,
AxesOrder axesOrder,
AngleUnit unit,
float firstAngle,
float secondAngle,
float thirdAngle)
Returns the rotation matrix
associated with a particular set of three rotational
angles.
|
Orientation
|
toAngleUnit
(
AngleUnit angleUnit)
Converts this
Orientation
to one with the indicated angular units.
|
Orientation
|
toAxesOrder
(
AxesOrder axesOrder)
Converst the
Orientation
to an equivalent one with the indicated ordering of
axes
|
Orientation
|
toAxesReference
(
AxesReference axesReference)
Converts the
Orientation
to an equivalent one with the indicted point of
view.
|
java.lang.String
|
toString
()
|
public AxesReference axesReference
axesOrder
public AxesOrder axesOrder
axesReference
public AngleUnit angleUnit
public float firstAngle
AxesOrder
public float secondAngle
AxesOrder
public float thirdAngle
AxesOrder
public long acquisitionTime
public Orientation()
public Orientation( AxesReference axesReference, AxesOrder axesOrder, AngleUnit angleUnit, float firstAngle, float secondAngle, float thirdAngle, long acquisitionTime)
public Orientation toAngleUnit( AngleUnit angleUnit)
Orientation
to one with the indicated angular units.
angleUnit
- the units to use in the returned [@link
Orientation}
public Orientation toAxesReference( AxesReference axesReference)
Orientation
to an equivalent one with the indicted point of view.
axesReference
- whether we wish to consider rotations from an
extrinsic or intrinsic point of view
public Orientation toAxesOrder( AxesOrder axesOrder)
Orientation
to an equivalent one with the indicated ordering of axes
axesOrder
- the desired ordering of axes
public java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class
java.lang.Object
public OpenGLMatrix getRotationMatrix()
Orientation
.
Orientation
.
getRotationMatrix(AxesReference,
AxesOrder, AngleUnit, float, float, float)
,
Rotation Matrix
public static OpenGLMatrix getRotationMatrix( AxesReference axesReference, AxesOrder axesOrder, AngleUnit unit, float firstAngle, float secondAngle, float thirdAngle)
getRotationMatrix()
,
Rotation Matrix
public static Orientation getOrientation( MatrixF rot, AxesReference axesReference, AxesOrder axesOrder, AngleUnit unit)
AxesReference
and
AxesOrder
, returns an orientation
that would produce that rotation matrix.
rot
- the matrix whose orientation is to be determined
axesReference
- whether wish an extrinsic or intrinsic reference
for the axes
axesOrder
- the order in which the axes are to be rotated
unit
- the angle units in which the orientation is to be
returned
Orientation
,
getOrientation(MatrixF, AxesReference,
AxesOrder, AngleUnit, AngleSet)
,
Rotation Matrix
public static Orientation getOrientation( MatrixF rot, AxesReference axesReference, AxesOrder axesOrder, AngleUnit unit, Orientation.AngleSet angleSet)
AxesReference
and
AxesOrder
, returns an orientation
that would produce that rotation matrix.
rot
- the matrix whose orientation is to be determined
axesReference
- whether wish an extrinsic or intrinsic reference
for the axes
axesOrder
- the order in which the axes are to be rotated
unit
- the angle units in which the orientation is to be
returned
angleSet
- which of the two sets angles which can produce the
rotation matrix is desired
getRotationMatrix(AxesReference,
AxesOrder, AngleUnit, float, float, float)
,
Rotation Matrix


IdentityMiddleware
public final class IdentityMiddleware<InputActionType, OutputActionType, GlobalState> : Middleware
The IdentityMiddleware
won’t do any operation, simply bypass actions through. It’s meant to provide identity axiom
to middleware type to allow its conformance to monoid algebra. It will simply forward actions to the next middleware
in the chain or to the reducers. It can be useful for Unit Tests or for some compositions.
-
Every
Middleware
needs some context in order to be able to interface with other middleware and with the store. This context includes ways to fetch the most up-to-date state, dispatch new events or call the next middleware in the chain.Declaration
Swift
public var context: () -> MiddlewareContext<OutputActionType, GlobalState>
-
Default initializer for
IdentityMiddleware
Declaration
Swift
public init()
-
Handles the incoming actions and may or not start async tasks, check the latest state at any point or dispatch additional actions. This is also a good place for analytics, tracking, logging and telemetry. In this empty implementation, will do nothing but call next delegate.
Declaration
Swift
public func handle(action: InputActionType, next: @escaping Next)
Parameters
action
the action to be handled
next
opportunity to call the next middleware in the chain and, eventually, the reducer pipeline. Call it only once, not more or less than once. Call it from the same thread and runloop where the handle function is executed, never from a completion handler or dispatch queue block. In case you don’t need to compare state before and after it’s changed from the reducers, please consider to add a
defer
block withnext()
on it, at the beginning ofhandle
function.


During week 4, my class learned how to laser cut and engrave objects.
We were required to laser cut a clock out of
Viny, engrave either a wristband, phone back, cork coaster, or bookmark, and finaly
create a design for either a
water bottle, a glass using the rotary attachment.
Below are pictures and further explainations:
Here is the clock I made in this unit. It may look familliar to you if you either, remember my popsocket design, or just have good music taste. both are modeled after one of my favorite albums, "After Laughter" by Paramore.
For this assignment, I engraved a leather wristband for my mother.


This post is below my usual quality standards, it’s just
bunch of notes that I made while reading “Spring in Action”.
Still I publish it mostly for myself but I hope someone may
find it helpful too.
Registering and using beans via Spring
Let’s start with simple StdOutNotificationService bean:
To register it with Spring we must add the following configuration
file as a resource to our application:
NOTE: The id attribute of bean element is optional - we can refer to beans
either by their name or their type.
Now we may create ApplicationContext from our configuration file
and finally use our beans:
Injection using constructor
Let’s start with a simple example ConstructorDemo bean requires two
other beans (NotificationService and SystemUserNameProvider) to work:
In this case we should use Spring constructor-arg element to
tell Spring how it should resolve constructor arguments:
We must provide all constructor arguments
otherwise Spring will throw UnsatisfiedDependencyException.
The order of constructor-arg elements is not important because
arguments are matched by type.
In these rare cases when ambiguity arise we may use name and index attributes
of constructor-arg element to specify to which parameter dependency should
be bound, for example:
When providing constructor arguments we are not limited to
references to other beans, we may also provide standard Java types like
String. For example given bean:
We may register it as follows (Spring will take care of converting strings
to apropriate types):
Sometimes we want to set some constructor arguments to null,
we may use <null /> element to do exactly that:
Injection using setters
The most popular industry convention is that all required bean dependencies should
be injected via constructor and optional dependencies via setters.
Let’s see how it works on example: FooService bean
requires BarService and has optional dependency on BazService.
This means that even without BazServiceFooService will work but
some features will not be accessible.
And here is configuration for our example:
Property injection can also be used to populate JavaBeans,
for example given bean:
As with constructor-arg we use ref attribute to refer to other beans and
value attribute to provide inline value. We can set property value to null
by writing:
Since writing property may be tiring (at least in case of JavaBeans) there
is a shortcut, first we must add XML p namespace to configuration file:
Then we may use p:<propertyName>=value syntax in configuration:
There is also short cut for <property name="" ref="" />, just add -ref to
the end of property name e.g. p:bazService-ref="baz".
Injecting collections
Sometime we want to inject not single beans but collections of beans, for
example given bean:
To wire list of selected MessageFilters into MessageFilterService
we must use list element:
To wire list of values we may write:
When injecting collections we are not limited to list,
we may also inject set, map and
props (instance of java.util.Properties):
Miscellaneous
Bean lifetime
By default Spring tread are registered beans as singletons, to change
lifetime of bean use scope attribute:
Two most useful Spring scopes in console applications are
singleton - only single instance of bean will exists per ApplicationContext
prototype - create new bean instance per usage (if we inject bean three times
we will get three instances)
Springs also supports request and session scopes, they are
mainly used in Spring MVC/Spring Boot applications.
Inline beans
Sometimes we want to create bean just to inject it in one place,
instead of writing:
We may write:
Init and Destroy events
Sometimes we want Spring to call initialization method after bean
instance is created, and likewise to call bean cleanup method just
before ApplicationContext is destroyed.
To specify such methods we may use bean element
init-method and destroy-method attributes:
And a bean:
Creating beans using factory method
Given singleton implementation:
We may register it in Spring as a bean using configuration:
Here we are just telling Spring to create mySingleton bean
by invoking method getInstance() on MySingleton class.


Toggle navigation
AWS IoT Getting Started
Home
AWS IoT
Temperature Sensor
Sensor Data
Pressure Sensor
Sensor Data
Humidity Sensor
Sensor Data
Devices Data
Device Id
Sensor Data
Timestamp
{{item.deviceId}}
{{item.batteryCharge}}
{{item.timeStamp}}
AWS IoT Getting Started
Next

Previous


7 Keywords, maps and dicts
So far we haven't discussed any associative data structures, i.e. data structures that are able to associate a certain value (or multiple values) to a key. Different languages call these different names like dictionaries, hashes, associative arrays, maps, etc.
In Elixir, we have two main associative data structures: keyword lists and maps. It's time to learn more about them!
7.1 Keyword lists
In many functional programming languages, it is common to use a list of 2-item tuples as the representation of an associative data structure. In Elixir, when we have a list of tuples and the first item of the tuple (i.e. the key) is an atom, we call it a keyword list:
iex> list = [{:a, 1}, {:b, 2}]
[a: 1, b: 2]
iex> list == [a: 1, b: 2]
true
iex> list[:a]
1
As you can see above, Elixir supports a special syntax for defining such lists, and underneath they just map to a list of tuples. Since they are simply lists, all operations available to lists, including their performance characteristics, also apply to keyword lists.
For example, we can use ++
to add new values to a keyword list:
iex> list ++ [c: 3]
[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3]
iex> [a: 0] ++ list
[a: 0, a: 1, b: 2]
Note that values added to the front are the ones fetched on lookup:
iex> new_list = [a: 0] ++ list
[a: 0, a: 1, b: 2]
iex> new_list[:a]
0
Keyword lists are important because they have three special characteristics:
- Keys must be atoms.
- Keys are ordered, as specified by the developer.
- Keys can be given more than once.
For example, the Ecto library makes use of both features to provide an elegant DSL for writing database queries:
query = from w in Weather,
where: w.prcp > 0,
where: w.temp < 20,
select: w
Those features are what prompted keyword lists to be the default mechanism for passing options to functions in Elixir. In chapter 5, when we discussed the if/2
macro, we mentioned the following syntax is supported:
iex> if false, do: :this, else: :that
:that
The do:
and else:
pairs are keyword lists! In fact, the call above is equivalent to:
iex> if(false, [do: :this, else: :that])
:that
In general, when the keyword list is the last argument of a function, the square brackets are optional.
In order to manipulate keyword lists, Elixir provides the Keyword
module. Remember though keyword lists are simply lists, and as such they provide the same linear performance characteristics as lists. The longer the list, the longer it will take to find a key, to count the number of items, and so on. For this reason, keyword lists are used in Elixir mainly as options. If you need to store many items or guarantee one-key associates with at maximum one-value, you should use maps instead.
Although we can pattern match on keyword lists, it is rarely done in practice since pattern matching on lists require the number of items and their order to match:
iex> [a: a] = [a: 1]
[a: 1]
iex> a
1
iex> [a: a] = [a: 1, b: 2]
** (MatchError) no match of right hand side value: [a: 1, b: 2]
iex> [b: b, a: a] = [a: 1, b: 2]
** (MatchError) no match of right hand side value: [a: 1, b: 2]
7.2 Maps
Whenever you need a key-value store, maps are the "go to" data structure in Elixir. A map is created using the %{}
syntax:
iex> map = %{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
%{2 => :b, :a => 1}
iex> map[:a]
1
iex> map[2]
:b
iex> map[:c]
nil
Compared to keyword lists, we can already see two differences:
- Maps allow any value as a key.
- Maps' keys do not follow any ordering.
If you pass duplicate keys when creating a map, the last one wins:
iex> %{1 => 1, 1 => 2}
%{1 => 2}
When all the keys in a map are atoms, you can use the keyword syntax for convenience:
iex> map = %{a: 1, b: 2}
%{a: 1, b: 2}
In contrast to keyword lists, maps are very useful with pattern matching:
iex> %{} = %{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
%{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
iex> %{:a => a} = %{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
%{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
iex> a
1
iex> %{:c => c} = %{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
** (MatchError) no match of right hand side value: %{2 => :b, :a => 1}
As shown above, a map matches as long as the given keys exist in the given map. Therefore, an empty map matches all maps.
The Map
module provides a very similar API to the Keyword
module with convenience functions to manipulate maps:
iex> Map.get(%{:a => 1, 2 => :b}, :a)
1
iex> Map.to_list(%{:a => 1, 2 => :b})
[{2, :b}, {:a, 1}]
One interesting property about maps is that they provide a particular syntax for updating and accessing atom keys:
iex> map = %{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
%{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
iex> map.a
1
iex> map.c
** (KeyError) key :c not found in: %{2 => :b, :a => 1}
iex> %{map | :a => 2}
%{:a => 2, 2 => :b}
iex> %{map | :c => 3}
** (ArgumentError) argument error
Both access and update syntaxes above require the given keys to exist. For example, accessing and updating the :c
key failed there is no :c
in the map.
Elixir developers typically prefer to use the map.field
syntax and pattern matching instead of the functions in the Map
module when working with maps because they lead to an assertive style of programming. This blog post provides insight and examples on how you get more concise and faster software by writing assertive code in Elixir.
Note: Maps were recently introduced into the Erlang VM with EEP 43. Erlang 17 provides a partial implementation of the EEP, where only "small maps" are supported. This means maps have good performance characteristics only when storing at maximum a couple of dozens keys. To fill in this gap, Elixir also provides the
HashDict
module which uses a hashing algorithm to provide a dictionary that supports hundreds of thousands keys with good performance.
7.3 Dicts
In Elixir, both keyword lists and maps are called dictionaries. In other words, a dictionary is like an interface (we call them behaviours in Elixir) and both keyword lists and maps modules implement this interface.
This interface is defined in the the Dict
module module which also provides an API that delegates to the underlying implementations:
iex> keyword = []
[]
iex> map = %{}
%{}
iex> Dict.put(keyword, :a, 1)
[a: 1]
iex> Dict.put(map, :a, 1)
%{a: 1}
The Dict
module allows any developer to implement their own variation of Dict
, with specific characteristics, and hook into existing Elixir code. The Dict
module also provides functions that are meant to work across dictionaries. For example, Dict.equal?/2
can compare two dictionaries of any kind.
That said, you may be wondering, which of Keyword
, Map
or Dict
modules should you use in your code? The answer is: it depends.
If your code is expecting one specific data structure as argument, use the respective module as it leads to more assertive code. For example, if you expect a keyword as an argument, explicitly use the Keyword
module instead of Dict
. However, if your API is meant to work with any dictionary, use the Dict
module (and make sure to write tests that pass different dict implementations as arguments).
This concludes our introduction to associative data structures in Elixir. You will find out that given keyword lists and maps, you will always have the right tool to tackle problems that require associative data structures in Elixir.


Coming Soon
00:00:00
We are currently working on an awesome new site. Stay tuned for more information. Subscribe to our newsletter to stay updated on our progress.
We are currently working on an awesome new site. Stay tuned for more information. Subscribe to our newsletter to stay updated on our progress.


{% extends "app.html" %} {% block content %}
Your account is not active now. Activate your account and start receiving emails to enjoy this service or logout.


Enjoy your easy and feasible travelling again with easy trans app along with accurate precautions and safety during this pandemic
Flawless and reliable service
We have plenty to features to increase your convenience
In App integrated IOT and
QR Scanning technologies
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet eos adipisci, consectetur adipisicing elit.
Neque cupiditate assumenda in maiores repudiandae mollitia architecto.
Delectus impedit saepe officiis ab aliquam repellat rem unde ducimus architecto.
With Solodev CMS, you and your visitors will benefit from a finely-tuned technology stack that drives the highest levels of site performance, speed and engagement - and contributes more to your bottom line. Our users fell in love with:
Building a website is extremely easy. With a working knowledge of HTML and CSS you will be able to have a site up and running in no time.
Using Amazon AWS technology which is an industry leader for reliability you will be able to experience an uptime in the vicinity of 99.95%.
Yes, Solodev CMS is built to handle the needs of any size company. With our Multi-Site Management, you will be able to easily manage all of your websites.