L.*
2017-02-10
last modified: 2023-04-10
== !
I organize online workshops and personalized trainings for Gephi, for beginners and experts. To schedule one or to get more information<EMAIL_ADDRESS>download this zip file and unzip it on your computer.
or use this direct link: https://tinyurl.com/gephi-tuto-3
You should find the file miserables.gexf
in it. Save it in a folder you will remember (or create a folder specially for this small project).
This file contains a network representing "who appears next to whom" in the 19th century novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo[1].
A link between characters A and B means they appeared on the same page or paragraph in the novel.
The file name ends with ".gexf", which just means this is a text file where the network information is stored (name of the characters, their relations, etc.), following some conventions.
open Gephi. On the Welcome screen that appears, click on Open Graph File
find miserables.gexf
on your computer and open it
A report window will open, giving you basic info on the network you opened:
This tells you that the network comprises 74 characters, connected by 248 links.
Links are undirected, meaning that if A is connected to B, then it is the same as B connected to A.
The report also tells us the graph is not dynamic: it means there is no evolution or chronology, it won’t "move in time".
Click on OK
to see the graph in Gephi.
We can switch to the data laboratory to see the underlying data:
We see that the nodes of the network have many attributes. In particular, each have a Gender and a measure of how central they are:
This is the list of edges (relations) in the network. Notice that they have a "weight" (a "strength").
In the overview, make sure the Filter panel is displayed:
How the Filter panel works:
An example: hiding edges with weight lower than 2
When you are finished using a filter in the zone, right click on it and select "remove".
One filter is applied AFTER this other:
The first filter to be applied is NESTED (placed inside) the second one as a "subfilter"
Which filter should be placed inside which? Let’s look at different examples:
Goal: Keeping on screen only the female characters which have a tie (an edge, a relation) of at least strength 2.
→ place the filter "edge weight" inside the filter "Gender":
In this case, it was equivalent to:
nest the "Gender" filter inside the "Edge weight" filter
or
nest the "Edge weight" filter inside the "Gender" Filter
→ The result was the same (the network on screen is identical in both cases)
Here, we want to visualize:
only the nodes which have less than 10 relations <1>
and among these, only those which form the "main island" of the network (we want to hide small detached groups of nodes) <2>
in technical terms, nodes with a degree
of less than 10.
in technical terms, we are looking for the giant component
We will see that the placement on the filters in the zone will make a difference.
First, let us place the filter on giant component inside the filter on degree:
In this first case,
only the giant component of the network was made visible.
→ Since the network was just one big connected "island" to start with, it did not change a thing.
then, all characters with more than 10 relations where hidden
→ this hides nodes which were connecting with many others, so that we end up with many groups, disconnected from each others.
Now instead, placing the filter degree inside the filter on giant component:
In this second case,
starting from the complete network, all characters with more than 10 relations where deleted.
→ this created a network made of many disconnected groups of nodes
then the giant component filter is applied,
→ which had for effect to hide small groups, to keep in view only the biggest group of connected nodes.
Warning | In summary: be careful how you apply several filters at once, this might have an effect on the logic of filtering. |
Imagine you are interested in the female characters of the novel "Les Miserables".
you are interested in female characters and the relations among them
you are interested in the relations between female characters and male characters
you are not interested in the relations between male characters
How to display this?
The MASK operator applied on the gender partition filter enables you to:
show all characters
relations between female characters
and relations between male and female characters
but masking male-male relations
It is also possible to hide / show only some of the directed relations between the visible graph and the filtered out graph:
Imagine you are interested in the characters with names starting with "L" or "J" in "Les Miserables".
How to display only these characters?
We will need to apply filters on the Label
of the nodes, which contains the names of the characters.
However, looking at the "catalogue" of filters, we see no filter on Label
. The reason is that Label
is an internal property of nodes, inaccessible to filters.
So we must first copy the Labels of the nodes in a new attribute, which we will be able to apply a filter on.
Let’s switch to the data laboratory and add this attribute:
We now have an attribute called "Name" that we can find in the Filters:
This is how the filter on Name and its parameters look like in the zone:
To recall, we want to show only the characters which name start with "L" or "J". Let’s start with the "L" characters.
We need to find the names which match the pattern Start with an L
. The way to describe a pattern in text is called a "regular expression".
Said differently, a regular expressions (also called "regex") is a convenient way to express a pattern we search for in a text.
Regular expressions can become very sophisticated. But here, we need just a simple one:
L.*
Let’s examine what the L, the dot and the star mean.
the letter "L" means we want names starting with this first letter
. the dot means: any character
* the star means: the previous character, repeated any time.
So: "select nodes which have a name starting with L, followed by any character, in any number"
Please note that you need to check the box "regex":
When the filter is applied, only the characters wit a name starting with L will be displayed:
How to filter characters with a name starting with the letter "L" or "J"?
We could rely on a more complex regular expression to do this:
[LJ].*
Meaning: "select nodes which have a name starting with L or J, followed by any characters"
But we can also rely on 2 filters: one for L, one for J. Nesting one inside another would not work, it would mean:
"show nodes which start with an L, and among them, only those which start with a J"
→ no node can meet this condition, so they would all be invisible.
Instead, we should use the UNION
operator that can be found here:
Drag it to the zone, and then drag inside it twice the Attributes → Equal → Name
filter:
In the settings of the first Name filter, put the regular expression:
L.*
In the second Name filter, put:
J.*
(make sure the "regex" box is checked in both cases)
As a result, the nodes selected by both filters are added up in the display:
The NOT operator flips the result of a filter: what was hidden becomes visible and vice and versa.
Example: if we want to display all characters except for those returned by a UNION on 2 Name filters on L and J initials:
Same effect, but applying the NOT operator on single filter using a regex on L or J:
Same effect again, achieved without using the NOT operator. In regular expressions the ^ sign inside square brackets means "NOT":
[^LJ].*
Tutorials about regular expressions:
And a web page where you can test your regular expressions: http://regexpal.com
Visit the Gephi group on Facebook to get help,
or visit the website for more tutorials
Give a try to nocodefunctions.com, the web application I develop to create networks for Gephi. Click-and-point, free, no registration needed.


The 68th Pontiff His Holiness Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal
Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Swamigal
Sri Swaminathan (born at Villupuram on 20th May 1894 -Anuradha Star) was taken to Kalavai in his
13th year, when he was studying at Tindivanam, to be initiated into ascetic order and ordained as
the 68th Acharya of the Kanchi Kamakoti Math. He was given the Sanyasa name Sri Chandrasekharendra
Saraswati. He was affectionately called "Mahaswamigal" and "Walking God". He adorned the Peetam
from February 13, 1907. True to the tradition of the Peetam set by Adi Sankara, Mahaswamigal
travelled throughout the country by foot or by the traditional palanquin. He also stood by the
national sentiments in discarding "foreign cloth" (He immersed them in water instead of setting
fire) and started wearing Khadi. He set the trend to create Trusts for achieving the objectives of
the Peetham. His foremost concern was preservation of the Vedas, tradition and dharma. He advocated
simplicity, shunned pomp, ostentation and extravagance. His exposition of Vedanta, sastras and the
dharmic duties attracted scholars and laymen alike, from far and wide, for it has always been rich
in values and simple in understanding. Great humorist he had the keen acumen to relate root words of
all the languages to Sanskrit highlighting its greatness. He attained moksha at Kancheepuram on 8th
January 1994 (Dhanur, Krishna Dwadasi) in his Centenary year.
The 69th Pontiff His Holiness Sri Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal
Sri Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal
Sri Subramaniyam, born on July 18, 1935 at Irulneekki in Thanjavur District had Veda Adyayanam at
Tiruvidaimarudur under the direction of Mahaswamjgal and was initiated into Sanyasa on March 22,
1954 and was declared as successor Acharya and given the Sanyasa name Sri Jayendra Saraswati Sri
Pada. In the footsteps of the Mahaswamigal, He too undertook yatra throughout the country. He
attracted people from every nook and corner. He intensified the activities of the Matam to cover new
social objectives -education, health, employment, temple renovation etc. It is due to His untiring
efforts, Kamakoti Peetam established religious and social institutions in many parts of the country.
Kamakoti Peetam has now become a beehive of socio- religious renaissance. The King of Nepal has
erected an arch "Welcome to the only Hindu Kingdom in the world" at the instance of Sri Jayendra
Saraswati, in 1988. The only Sankaracharya after the Adi Sankara to visit Manasarovar and Kailash is
Sri Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal, in 1998; there He installed the idol of Adi Sankara. He had the
unique distinction in being honoured by both Nepal and Chinese Governments. In known recent history,
He is the only Sankaracharya to visit Dhaka in Bangladesh in June 2000. In honouring His visit, Sri
Dhakeswari Temple named the entrance to the temple as "Sankaracharya Gate". His most notable
contribution yet is the founding of the Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswati Viswa Mahavidyalaya, a
Deemed University in the name of His Guru.
The 7Oth Pontiff His Holiness Sri Sankara Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal
Sri Sankara Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal
Sri Sankaranarayanan, born on March 18, 1969, Periyapalayam, a village near Arani in Tiruvallore
District, was taken as Acharya to the Peetham as Sri Sankara Vijayendra Saraswati, on 29th May 1983,
while He was studying at Polur. Under the tutelage of His Guru and Parama Guru, the rare fortune for
a Peetathipadi, He also travelled throughout the country including remote places like Megalaya. He
is deeply worried about the worsening moral and ethical values of the youth and the deteriorating
educational standards and vanishing cultural and artistic talents in the country. He has initiated a
number of measures to draw the youth, train them in all these aspects along with modern education.
His keen interest to preserve our ancient literature has brought out many publications through the
Matam in Indian and foreign languages for the benefit of devotees. He has conducted a number of
training centres for youth in the name of Bakti Kendra, Dharma Kendra, Karma Kendra, etc, to
inculcate in them our values and traditions.


CHETANA : A humanitarian initiative of the Congregation of Sisters of St. Elizabeth (the CSSE Sisters), Started in july 2009 in response to the alarming situation of people living with HIV / AIDS (PLHA) in India. We extend the service in the districts of Guna Ashoknagar, Shivpuri and Sheopur in Madhya Predesh state. CHETHANA provides comprehensive hame based care and services to PLWHA and their families including medical care, nutrition, counseling, help for education and income generating activities, mutual support, networking, advocacy and legal aid.
The CSSE sisters : A catholic religious congregation serving since 1925. The apostolate of the congregation is integral service to the families with special focus on the development of women and children. It has maternity homes, primary health centers, and educational institutions in the urban and rural area, and educational hostels for the students from interior villages. Social and postoral activities, education and rehabilitation of female sex worker's children, rehabilitation of the handicapped children. HIV awareness program for the vulnerable groups and tuberculosis eradication program.
To enable every individual to live as citizen of India enjoying their right and fulfilling their duties.
Travelling allowances to the PLWHA to go to ART centres at Indore , Bhopal and Gwalior which are 300, 250 and 200 kms away from Guna respectively.
Counselling and nutritional support help PLWHA to derive the desired benefit out of the ART .
Free medical consultation and medicines to PLWHA by way of outpatient clinic to treat and prevent opportunistic infections.
The project is supporting children of PLWHA who are unable to send their children to school for want of resources for all their educational needs. While the education support would increase the level of awareness and reduce stigma in the family, it would, in the long run, prepare the next generation for a better life.
The education programme of the project would extend to equip the children for job by providing job oriented training after secondary/ higher secondary school level.
Project carries out extensive awareness programs using different media, especially street plays , leaflets celebration of remarkable days etc.
The project also concentrates on different target groups like Auto rickshaw drivers , truck drivers, sex workers, eunuchs, migrated population and conduct health camps along with Elisa test.
Giving awareness education to the PLWHA about HIV/AIDS, precautions, drug adherence and positive living are the most important in reducing HIV transmission.
“The LORD [is] my strength and my shield; my heart trusted in him, and I am helped: therefore my heart greatly rejoiceth; and with my song will I praise him.”


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Cartography Club Elections
Treasurer
Bill Fraser
Tom Fig
Ellenor Bigby
Gregg Trusut
Secretary
Lawrence Yeltz
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In Object Explorer, right-click a server and select Properties.
Click the Memory node.
Under Server Memory Options, enter the amount that you want for Minimum server memory and Maximum server memory.
Use the default settings to allow SQL Server to change its memory requirements dynamically based on available system resources. The default setting for min server memory is 0, and the default setting for max server memory is<PHONE_NUMBER> megabytes (MB). The minimum amount of memory you can specify for max server memory is 16 MB.


Linux WebDrivers
The Linux WebDrivers add-on provides WebDrivers for the following browsers:
Chrome - ChromeDriver 116.0.5845.96
Firefox - geckodriver 0.33.0
See also
geckodriver » Supported platforms
to known which Firefox versions are supported.
ChromeDriver downloads page
to known which Chrome versions are supported.


Snookes1516.github.io
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helpHelp
How to use?
- 1. Create a TJob that calls the ESS APIs for performing the scan
- 2. Execute the created TJob through Elastest
- 3. Wait for the TJob execution to finish
- 4. Check the displayed alerts. The alerts shown in red are high-risk, the ones shown in orange are medium-risk and the ones shown in white are low-risk


Rapido provides a default style for a set of semantic HTML elements that you can use to compose your essays. Just write with semantic HTML, without the need to remember any CSS class or JS command.
The present document has been created using Rapido, you can easily get documents or blog posts with the same layout and style. See how to use Rapido in the next sections.
Having your own corner on the web where you can freely share thoughts or technical stuff is still cool, and the popularity of tools like Jekyll or Gatsby proves that. Rapido intervenes there, offering semantic HTML templates for a variety of typical author needs: like header, sections, side notes, references and so on.The importance of using semantic HTML is a common theme in web development, it is a good idea to use the relevant HTML element for the job. Semantic HTML improves the usability of the code and ensures maximum accessibility.
Rapido has been crafted with the idea that using semantic HTML for your writings can be easy. For such a reason Rapido does not make use of CSS classes or Javascript hooks, the author can compose all the different parts of the document with semantic HTML elements, for example adding side notes in paragraphs with the  element.
Getting started
Rapido provides style rules in the rapido.css stylesheet, you can see the latest version of the CSS file in Github. Use rapido.css linking to it within the  element in your document.
The style rules defined in rapido.css are name-spaced under the CSS class rapido. Being Rapido thought for web essays, the place to use the CSS class is the
 element, as showed in the next snippet.
Install with npm
Alternatively, you may want to install Rapido using npm.  The next code snippet provides a minimal template, copy the snippet in a fresh HTML file.
The next sections describe how to replace the ellipsis with the content of interest, like paragraphs, figures, tables and so on.
Sections
The previous code snippet shows a gap within the
 element, you can fill the gap with sections. Typically, sections have a heading and one or more paragraphs. Moreover, sections may also contain figures, tables and much more.
The code snippet above shows an example of implicit sectioning, where both the
 and
 elements are in the same section. Authors are encouraged to explicitly wrap sections in elements of sectioning content, instead of relying on the implicit sections generated by having multiple headings in one
 element.
Title and abstract
The  element is used for the title and few introductory paragraphs of your document. Generally, it is placed as the first element within the
 element.
The header may also contain full-width images, as described in section Images and videos.
Side comments
This section describes how to add a side comment. Side comments typically show parenthetical content considered part of the main flow, like qualifying remarks directly related to the section.Side comments are related to the paragraph, therefore they usually appear right or below the text of the paragraph.
A side comment should be inserted within the paragraph of a section, it will appear at the right of the paragraph and vertically aligned with it, or just below the paragraph on smaller screens.
Images and videos
Images and videos are displayed using the  and <video> elements. If a caption is needed, wrap images and videos within the
 element and use the
 element for the caption, as shown in the code snippet below. The
 element can contain a heading and one or more paragraphs.
Videos
Exactly the same HTML code snippet is used for displaying videos, with the obvious difference of using the <video> element in place of the  element, as shown below.
Quotations
This section shows how to add quotations from another source into your document. The
 element can be inserted in a section within other paragraphs and may contain one or more paragraphs as well.
Content inside a blockquote must be quoted from another source, whose address, if it has one, may be cited in the cite attribute.
HTML Living Standard
Highlights
The repetition of some content from the same source is used for the purposes of enticing readers or highlighting key topics. You can repeat a passage or an entire paragraph using the  element inside a section.
Tables
As well as with images and videos, tables are displayed within the
 element, with an optional caption. Tables are useful for displaying tabular data with few or several columns, if the table is bigger than the window width the hidden part is visible through mouse scrolling.
Tag
Meaning
Description

emphasis
Use it for adding emphasis to a word, compared to surrounding text. Example: "We had to do something about it."

importance
Use it to mark text that has greater importance than surrounding text. Example: "Warning! This is very dangerous."

relevance
Use it to denote content which has a degree of relevance, for example highlighting search results or code fragments.
We take the opportunity of this example to describe the semantic meaning of elements ,  and . Examples are taken from the MDN web docs.
Lists
Lists are created with the
 and
 elements, whereas
 element is used to represent list items.
use the
 element for ordered lists
use the
 element for unordered lists
Code
Listings of code can be inserted inline inside a paragraph or within element
 for multiple lines of code.
As with images, videos and tables, the default width is 600px. You can use inline declarations to customise the width, for example setting 100% width with
. See section Customisations for more details.
Example 1
The next code snippet shows how to write the factorial function above.
Example 2
This example shows how to obtain the expected indentation with more lines of code. As rule of thumb, paste the code directly within the
...
 elements.
Example 3
A special treatment is necessary for HTML code because it needs to be escaped: use string < for < and string > for >.
Highlight code
You can highlight code in two different ways: inline or full lines.
Instead, highlight one or more lines of code wrapping the full line within the  element, the next snippet shows an example.
Math formulas
Math typesetting is not supported by default. We suggest using KaTeX, a popular JavaScript library for TeX math rendering on the web. To get KaTex working, copy and paste the next code within the  element (see section Getting Started).
Example 1
You can insert mathematics inline on a paragraph, like the famous equivalence between energy and inertial mass $E = mc^2$, surrounding the mathematical formula with symbols $...$, as presented below.
Example 2
Having your formula in a new line is easy as well, just use $$...$$ instead of $...$.
$$G_{\mu\nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu\nu} = \frac{8\pi G}{c^4}T_{\mu\nu}$$Einstein field equations [1], expressed for the first time 8 years later the the happiest thought of my life[2].
Example 3
KaTeX supports a wide list of TeX functions. For example, for the representation of the following system of equations, we make use of the \begin{array} environment.
Customisations
Rapido focuses on semantic HTML, providing a default style for a variety of HTML elements. Being CSS classes out of scope, authors looking for a different style must opt for a customisation.Rapido does not expose CSS classes. This design choice makes Rapido easier to use and, due to how specificity works, easier to extend with custom CSS classes.
You may change the default CSS rules or write new rules that have precedence over the default ones. As usual, this is possible both with inline declarations and stylesheets. The following examples show some common customisations.


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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No.421 of 2017 ===========================================================
M/s Ramco Industries Ltd., having registered office at 47, P.S.K. Nagar, Rajapalayam, Tamil Nadu 626108, through its Works Manager Sri Pankaj Kumar, Son of Sri Madan Prasad Verma, Plot No. A/1, BIADA Industrial Area, Bihiya, District Bhojpur, Bihar 802152 .... .... Petitioner Versus
1. The Bihar State Pollution Control Board, through its Chairman, Beltron Pariwesh Bhawan, NSB - 02, Patliputra Industrial Area, Patna 800010, Bihar
2. The Chairman, Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Pariwesh Bhawan, NSB - 02, Patliputra Industrial Area, Patna 80010 Bihar
3. The Member Secretary, , Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Pariwesh Bhawan, NSB - 02, Patliputra Industrial Area, Patna 80010 Bihar .... .... Respondents =========================================================== Appearance :
For the Petitioner/s : Mr. Y.V.Giri, Sr.Adv.
Mr. Ashish Giri, Adv.
For the Respondent/s : Mr. Shivendra Kishore, Sr.Adv. Ms. Binita Singh, Adv.
=========================================================== CORAM: HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE JYOTI SARAN CAV JUDGMENT Date: 30-03-2017 The petitioner by this writ petition prays for issuance of a writ in the nature of certiorari for quashing the order bearing Memo No. T-8625 dated 8.12.2016 passed by the Chairman, Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna in purported exercise of power vested under section 31A of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Air Act'), whereby the orders have been issued for closure of the industrial plant of the petitioner with immediate effect with threat of legal action under section 37 of the said Act. A copy of the order is impugned at Annexure 11 to the Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 2 writ petition. The petitioner alongside also prays for a writ in the nature of mandamus commanding the respondents to permit the petitioner to operate the industrial plant.
Mr. Y.V.Giri, learned Senior Counsel, has appeared for the petitioner alongwith Mr. Ashish Giri, to submit that it is pursuant to grant of consent to establish issued by the Bihar State Pollution Control Board under the provisions of Sections 25 and 26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Water Act') and the provisions of Section 21 of 'the Air Act' granted by the Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Bihar, Patna (hereinafter referred to as 'the Board') bearing Memo No. 10727 dated 5.10.2010 and the Environmental Clearance granted by the Government of India in its Ministry of Environment and Forests, as contained in their letter dated 17.1.2011, present at Annexure 2, that the unit of the petitioner was established at Bihiya in the district of Bhojpur in the year 2011 for manufacture of White Chrysotile Asbestos Fiber Cement Sheet and its accessories. According to the learned Senior Counsel, the consent orders issued under the two enactments were renewed from time to time and lastly for a period ending 31.3.2016, as contained in Annexures 3 series and 4 series. It is submitted that it is when the petitioner applied for renewal of the consent orders on 12.2.2016 for the period commencing 1.4.2016, that Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 3 the petitioner was served with a show cause notice dated 8.4.2016 issued under section 21(4) of 'the Air Act' and Sections 25 and 26 of 'the Water Act' putting the petitioner on notice on five counts mentioned in the show cause notice and requiring response from the petitioner as to why the consent application be not refused. An exhaustive reply was filed by the petitioner together with the necessary enclosures, a copy of which is present at Annxures 7 series, but by the order passed on 11.5.2016 the explanation given by the petitioner was rejected by the Chairman of the Board who while reiterating the allegations has rejected the applications filed by the petitioner for grant of renewal of emission consent order and discharge consent order filed on 12.2.2016.
It is the submission of Mr. Giri that being aggrieved by the order dated 11.5.2016 of the Chairman, the petitioner has filed statutory appeal before the appellate authority giving rise to Appeal Case No. 28/2016, a copy of which is present at Annexure 9 and which has been admitted by the appellate authority, which consists of the Chairman cum Member, Board of Revenue, the Principal Secretary of the Industries Department and the Principal Secretary of Environment and Forest Department, vide order passed on 25.7.2016. A copy of the order sheet is enclosed at Annexure 10.
It is the submission of Mr. Giri that the appellate authority Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 4 after taking note of the prayer of the petitioner for interim stay of the order of the Chairman of the Board whereby, the application for grant of renewal was refused, adjourned the matter to 12.8.2016 as manifest from the order sheet placed at Annexure 10. Learned Senior Counsel has referred to the date chart annexed at Annexure 10A to submit that since thereafter the matter has been taken up on four dates i.e. 12.8.2016, 26.8.2016, 16.9.2016 and 17.10.2016 but neither any order was passed on the stay application nor any final order has been passed on the appeal and the matter remains pending. He submits that while the matter is pending consideration before the appellate authority which consists of three members including Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, Principal Secretary, Environment and Forest Department, that the Chairman of the Board has been replaced and Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment of Forest, has also been appointed as the Chairman of the Board.
It is submitted that while on one hand the matter remains pending before the appellate authority to test the correctness of refusal to grant consent order, of which Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh is also a Member and on the other hand, as the Chairman of the Board, he has proceeded to pass an order for closure of industrial plant with immediate effect in purported exercise of power vested under section 31A of 'the Air Act' and one of the grounds assigned for such order is, Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 5 that no relief has been granted by the appellate authority on the appeal filed by the petitioner. He submits that in such peculiar circumstances where the one of members of the appellate authority, also occupies the post of the Chairman of the Board, and would now be sitting as an appellate authority over his own orders, that the petitioner is before this Court.
The submissions advanced by Mr. Giri to question the order of closure passed under section 31A of 'the Air Act' is that it is wholly without jurisdiction as the Chairman has not been vested with the powers of the Board. It is submitted that the order dated 8.12.2016 passed by the Chairman under section 31A of 'the Air Act', impugned at Annexure 11, is also in violation of the principles of natural justice as neither any notice nor an opportunity of hearing was granted to the petitioner before the order was passed. It is submitted that the law is well settled and any order visiting a person with civil consequences requires compliance with the rules of natural justice.
Mr. Giri, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioner, next submits that in view of closure order passed by Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh in capacity of the Chairman of the Board, impugned at Annexure 11, the appeal pending before the appellate authority, of which he is also a Member, in capacity of the Principal Secretary, Environment and Forest Department, has become empty Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 6 formality and a futile exercise. He submits that Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh having sat as an appellate authority over the order passed by the predecessor in the office of the Chairman, he could not have exercised the powers of the Chairman to order for closure of the establishment of the petitioner. He submits that this single aspect of the matter vitiates the entire decision making process.
Learned Senior Counsel in support of his submissions has relied upon the following judgments:
(i) 2016(1) PLJR (SC) 27; Paragraphs 14 and 15 (Brij Bihari Singh v. the Bihar State Financial Corporation & ors.)
(ii) (2012)2 SCC 108; Paragraphs 81 and 82 (Executive Engineer, Southern Electricity Supply Company of Orissa Ltd. v. Sri Seetaram Rice Mill)
(iii) (1969)2 SCC 262; Paragraph 15 (A.K.Kraipak & ors. v. Union of India & ors.) It is the argument of Mr. Giri that the order of refusal to renew the consent order as well as the order of closure impugned herein, both are based on an inspection report, a copy of which is enclosed by the respondents at Annexure 'R/A' at running page 156 of the proceedings. According to Mr. Giri, this inspection report itself is inadmissible as it is contrary to the mandatory requirements present in Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 7 section 26 of 'the Air Act'. It is submitted that since the orders put to question before the appellate authority as well as the order of closure impugned herein are resting on an illegal inspection report, the moment the foundation for the two orders is removed, the super structure built thereon cannot survive. He submits that neither any prior notice was given to the petitioner prior to inspection nor the samples collected bears the signature of the representative of the petitioner nor a copy of the same was provided to him. It is submitted that the order of refusal to renew consent present at Annexure 8 as well as the order of closure passed under section 31A of 'the Air Act' are non-speaking orders and have been mechanically passed. Learned Senior Counsel in reference to the judgment of the Supreme Court reported in (2010)13 SCC 427 (Oryx Fisheries Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India & ors.), Paragraphs 36 and 40, submits that despite the law being settled on the duty cast on a quasi judicial authority, to assign reasons, the opinion has been ignored.
Learned Senior counsel in reference to the show cause filed before the Chairman against the proposed refusal for consent to operate, present at Annexures 7 series, as well as the minutes of the Expert Committee of the Ministry of Environment, Govt. of India, present at Annexures 5 and 5A, submits that even on merits the orders are unsustainable and the specific stand taken by the petitioner has not Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 8 been considered. It is the submission of the learned Senior Counsel that since both the orders are resting on an illegal inspection report and have been passed in a mechanical fashion, they are both rendered illegal and are fit to be quashed. Learned Senior Counsel in support of the said submission refers to a judgment of the Supreme Court reported in (2010)5 SCC 791 (Mysore Urban Development Authority vs. Veer Kumar Jain & ors.).
It is the argument of learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioner that even if the appeal for quashing the refusal to grant consent order is pending before the appellate authority, but in the circumstances noticed where Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, the Chairman of the Board, is also discharging the role of an appellate authority, the hearing in the appeal matter stands prejudiced and this Court can well mould the relief prayed in the writ petition in view of the peculiar circumstances existing. Learned Senior Counsel in support has referred to a Bench decision of this Court reported in 2015(1) PLJR 639, Paragraphs 25 to 27, (Manoj Kumar Singh vs. the State of Bihar & ors.).
The argument of Mr. Giri has been contested by Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned Senior Counsel representing the respondents, who appears alongwith Ms. Binita Singh. While raising objections as to the maintainability of the writ petition, he submits in Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 9 reference to the provisions underlying Section 31 of 'the Air Act' that any order passed under the said Act is appealable before the appellate authority under section 31. He submits that the petitioner without exhausting the appellate remedy so available to it, has approached this Court directly and thus, the writ is not maintainable.
Responding to the issue of jurisdiction raised by Mr. Giri to question the order of closure under section 31A of 'the Act', impugned at Annexure 11, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Board has referred to the provisions underlying Section 15 of 'the Act' to submit that the Act itself empowers the State Board to delegate its power on the Chairman or Member Secretary or any other Officer of the Board, subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified by a general or special order. Learned Senior Counsel next has referred to the supplementary counter affidavit filed in the present proceedings and with reference to the notification at Annexure 'R/C' and 'R/D' thereof submits that vide Agenda No.7 of the Resolution, the Board has in its meeting held on 12.1.2002 approved the proposal to delegate its power vested under section 33A of 'the Water Act' and Section 31 of 'the Air Act' on the Chairman. He thus submits that there is no infirmity in exercise of jurisdiction by the Chairman of the Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act'. Learned Senior Counsel has also raised objections on non-joinder of parties as according to Mr. Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 10 Shivendra Kishore, learned Senior Counsel, the State would be a necessary party in the present proceedings.
Adverting himself to the merits of the contest, it is the argument of Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned Senior Counsel for the Board that Annexure 11 is a mere consequence of the refusal of consent order passed by the Chairman vide Annexure 8 and which is pending consideration before the appellate authority. It is argued that even in absence of the order of closure passed by the Chairman under section 31A of 'the Air Act', the petitioner could not have operated its unit in absence of a consent order. Learned Senior Counsel while admitting that the inspection report has not been supplied to the petitioner, refers to the show cause notice present at Annexure 6 to submit that the substance of the inspection report stands reproduced in the show cause notice dated 8.4.2016 and the petitioner was put to notice on five counts. It is, thus, argued that since the entire matter is pending consideration before the appellate authority and Annexure 11 is only a consequential action taken by the Chairman, there is no merit in the contest raised herein.
Learned Senior Counsel responding to the argument of Mr. Giri that the order of closure passed by the Chairman in purported exercise of powers vested under section 31A of 'the Air Act' is in violation of the principles of natural justice since no notice nor Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 11 hearing was given to the petitioner, he submits that there is no obligation cast upon the Chairman to give a hearing to the party concerned because there is no such stipulation provided in the statutory provisions. According to Mr. Kishore, learned Senior Counsel, since an order passed by the Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act' is a mere consequence of an order of refusal to grant consent, passed under section 21(4) of 'the Air Act' and the power vested in the Board to issue directions under section 31A of 'the Air Act' does not provide for an opportunity of hearing, there is no statutory violation.
Learned Senior Counsel has next referred to the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (hereinafter referred to as 'the NGT Act') to submit that the powers exercised under the enactments in consideration, are under the regulatory control of the National Green Tribunal and any order passed by the appellate authority is appealable before the National Green Tribunal. Learned Senior Counsel has referred to a judgment of the Supreme Court reported in (2012)8 SCC 326 (Bhopal Gas Peedith Mahila Udyog Sangathan v. Union of India & ors.) and with particular reference to paragraphs 40 and 41 of the judgment he has submitted that the Supreme Court has clarified that in order to avoid conflicting decisions in environmental pollution matters, the issues concerning pollution should be allowed to be adjudicated by the National Green Tribunal. According to the learned Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 12 Senior Counsel, since there is a special forum provided for consideration of the issues concerning environmental pollution, the petitioner may be accordingly asked to exhaust the statutory remedy so available to it. Reiterating the legal position, he submits that the order impugned at Annexure 11 is appealable under section 31 of 'the Air Act' before the appellate authority and the petitioner should have exhausted the said remedy instead of approaching this Court in its writ jurisdiction.
With reference to Section 21 of 'the Air Act' and Section 25 of 'the Water Act', he submits that certain restrictions have been imposed on the use of industrial plants which are subject to grant of consent orders by the Board. He submits that Section 21(4) of 'the Air Act' and Section 25(4) of 'the Water Act' empowers the State Board to pass appropriate orders for grant of consent or for cancellation thereof. According to the learned Senior Counsel, since the petitioner was found wanting on a number of issues and the explanation given by the petitioner did not satisfy the Chairman, that the consent was refused within four months of filing of the application by the petitioner seeking renewal, vide order placed at Annexure 8. According to the learned Senior Counsel, in the circumstances where the contest on the issue of renewal of consent, is yet to be finally adjudicated by the appellate authority and since any order passed by Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 13 the appellate authority is appealable before the National Green Tribunal, this Court may not express any opinion on the merits of the contest.
Mr. Giri, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the petitioner, in his short rejoinder has submitted that the appeal has lost its meaning in the peculiar circumstances existing where the Principal Secretary, Forest and Environment Department, is not only discharging the duties of the Chairman of the Board but is also sitting as an appellate body over the orders so passed. He submits that in the peculiar circumstances emanating in the present case where the violation of principles of natural justice is reflecting from the events itself, inasmuch as neither the order of refusal of consent takes into consideration the issues raised by the petitioner in his reply against the show cause present at Annexure 6 nor does it takes into consideration the apparent violation of Sections 26 and 27 of 'the Air Act' by the respondents and on the other hand, the order of closure impugned in the present writ petition passed under section 31A of 'the Act' is without show cause and without an opportunity of hearing, the action complained, is unsustainable.
Learned counsel rebutting the argument of Mr. Kishore regarding absence of statutory obligation on the board to give opportunity of hearing before passing any order under section 31A of Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 14 'the Air Act', has referred to Rule 34 of the Rules framed under 'the Water Act' to submit that a right of hearing is statutory.
Learned Senior Counsel concluding his arguments has submitted that this Court in the circumstances existing, may mould the relief prayed by the petitioner since the pending appeal has become academic.
I have heard learned counsel for the parties and have perused the records.
The order passed by the Chairman Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh under section 31A of 'the Air Act' in purported exercise of power vested in the Board under section 31 of 'the Air Act' has been questioned by the petitioner on grounds of absence of jurisdiction, judicial bias, violation of the principles of natural justice and on grounds that by this order the appellate remedy to the petitioner stands prejudiced.
There is no dispute on facts. The petitioner's unit was established in the year 2011 and with due permission granted by the Central Government in its Ministry of Environment and Forest as well as on permission granted by the State Pollution Control Board. There is no dispute on this stand of the petitioner. It is also not in dispute that preceding the order refusing grant of consent under 'the Air Act' and 'the Water Act', there are no complaints as to the adherence of the Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 15 statutory prescriptions by the petitioner under either of the two enactments as reflected from the records of the proceedings. The problems for the petitioner has arisen by submission of the inspection report, a copy of which has been placed on record vide Annexure 'R/A' to the counter affidavit of the respondents. The report mentions the date of inspection as 6.4.2016 even when renewal of the consent order is to take place with effect from 1.4.2016 and the reasons are not given. It is also not explained as to why, when the petitioner submitted his application for renewal of the consent order on 12.2.2016 for the period commencing 1.4.2016 and even if the provisions underlying section 21(4) of 'the Air Act' and section 25(4) of 'the Water Act' gives liberty to the respondent Board to take a decision in this regard within four months of filing of such application but this liberty is circumscribed by the 1st proviso attached to section 21(4) of 'the Air Act' and the 2nd proviso thereto casts an obligation on the State Board to give a reasonable opportunity of hearing to the person concerned. On the other hand, while section 25 of 'the Water Act' relates to restrictions on new outlet and new discharges for the purpose of grant of consent orders by the State Board, sub-section (6) deals with situation where a consent order has been earlier granted and provides that unless consent so applied for in sub-section 25(1) is given or refused earlier, it shall be deemed to have been given Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 16 unconditionally on expiry of four months period of filing of such application. The power to refuse or withdraw the consent is vested in the Board under section 27 of 'the Water Act' and not section 25(4) of 'the Water Act' as relied upon by Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned Senior Counsel for the Board. The Act also vests power in the State Board to review its renewal of consent order from time to time subject to variation or revocation of any condition. The foundation for such refusal or to issue a consent order by the State Board rests on an inspection to be carried out in the manner prescribed under sections 26 and 27 of 'the Air Act' and sections 21 and 22 of 'the Water Act'. Each of the two provisions casts an obligation on the State Board to carry out such enquiry with due notice and in presence of the occupier or his agent, for the purpose of collection of sample.
It is the contention of the petitioners and not contested that the statutory obligation cast under section 26 and 27 of 'the Air Act' and sections 21 and 22 of 'the Water Act' has not been discharged by the authorities of the Board. It is also undisputed that the copy of the enquiry report was not handed over to the petitioner although they were duly heard and whereafter the order dated 11.5.2016 has been passed by the then Chairman of the Board refusing to renew emission consent order and discharge consent order beyond 31.3.2016. The order of refusal of consent is annexed at Annexure 8 to the writ Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 17 petition and is subject matter of appeal in Case No. 28/2016 before the Board of Revenue, the order sheet of which is placed at Annexure 10 to the writ petition. The appellate body consists of Mr. S. Sidharth, Principal Secretary, Industries Department, Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, Principal Secretary, Environment and Forest Department and Mr. Anand Bardhan Sinha, Chairman cum Member, Revenue Board. As per the petitioner, the appeal has been heard on 27.6.2016, 5.7.2016, 28.7.2016 and thereafter on 25.7.2016 when the appellate authority was pleased to admit the appeal. The petitioner, who is appellant before the Board, prayed for interim relief and the matter was adjourned and thereafter has been taken up on 12.8.2016, 28.8.2016, 16.9.2016 and 17.10.2016 but no order was passed on the prayer for interim relief prayed by the petitioner and while the appeal remains pending one of the appellate body Members Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh has been given the additional charge of the Chairman of the State Pollution Control Board and who by the impugned order dated 8.12.2016 issued directions under section 31A of 'the Air Act' directing closure of industrial plant with immediate effect, which is impugned at Annexure 11.
I shall be dealing with the issues raised and contested by the parties as taken note of hereinabove one by one. Before I would proceed to express my opinion on the issues raised and contested by Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 18 the parties I would make it clear that since a statutory appeal against the order refusing consent is pending before the appellate authority under section 31 of 'the Air Act', I would not be making any comment as regarding inter se merits of refusal to grant consent order. Rather the discussions hereinabove and my opinion hereinafter is exclusively on the legality and sustainability of the order put to challenge in this writ petition passed under section 31A of 'the Air Act' by the Chairman of the Board as its delegate and impugned at Annexure 11. Re: Jurisdiction Section 31A of 'the Air Act' vests jurisdiction in a State Board with power to issue directions which includes the power of directing closure of any industry. The power to issue any such direction under section 31A of 'the Air Act' vested in the State Board, is appealable before the appellate authority under section 31 of 'the Air Act'. Section 31B of 'the Air Act' makes the order passed by the appellate authority appealable before the National Green Tribunal constituted under the 'N.G.T.Act'. It is a matter of record and not contested that Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, who has passed the order under section 31A of 'the Air Act' in the capacity of the Chairman and as a delegate of the Board, is also a member of the appellate authority. In other words, the order passed by Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh is appealable before a Body of which Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh is also a Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 19 Member. Obviously, Sri Singh cannot sit in appeal over his own order. In other words until such time that the State Government would take appropriate measures for reconstitution of the Board or the appellate authority, to hear appeals under section 31 of 'the Air Act', there is no forum available for the persons aggrieved to question any order passed by the Chairman as the delegate of the State Board, under the enactments in consideration and it is faced with such situation that the petitioner has rightly moved this Court in its extraordinary writ jurisdiction.
As regarding issue of jurisdiction exercised by the Chairman as the delegate of the Board for issuing directions under section 31A of 'the Air Act', Mr. Shivendra Kishore has relied upon section 15 of 'the Air Act' and section 11A of 'the Water Act' to submit that a State Board may by general or special order delegate to the Chairman or the Member Secretary or any other Officer of the Board to discharge its powers and functions under 'the Air Act' as deem necessary, subject to the conditions and limitations. The power to delegate as found in section 15 of 'the Air Act' and section 11A of 'the Water Act' is statutory but it would have to be tested in context with the notification relied upon by Mr. Shivendra Kishore, a copy of which has been enclosed as Annexure 'R/C' to the supplementary counter affidavit, which is a proceeding of 7th Board's meeting held on 19.8.2002. Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 20
Mr. Kishore, learned Senior Counsel representing the Board, has referred to Agenda No.7 to submit that the Board vide resolution contained therein, has delegated powers vested in the State Board under section 33A of 'the Water Act' and section 31A of 'the Air Act' in the Chairman of the Board.
In my opinion, the resolution is faulty and confers no jurisdiction in the Chairman to exercise powers of the State Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act'. As can be demonstrably seen from Annexure 'R/C', that Agenda No.7 relates to delegation of power under section 11A of 'the Water Act' to the Chairman. Undisputedly a delegation of power under 'the Water Act' cannot be construed a delegation under 'the Air Act'. The resolution, thus, passed by the State Board in delegating its power on the Chairman, even if valid in so far as powers under section 33A of 'the Water Act is concerned, but it cannot be construed a delegation of powers under section 31A of 'the Air Act' which has to be done in exercise of similar powers vested in the State Board under section 15 of 'the Air Act' and which is missing in the present case.
The discussions above confirms that the Chairman while passing the order dated 8.12.2016 in purported exercise of power vested in the Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act', has exceeded its jurisdiction because the resolution relied upon by the respondents Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 21 present at Annexure 'R/C' is neither a resolution under section 15 of 'the Air Act' nor a delegation under section 11A of 'the Water Act' can be extended to read and understand a delegation under section 15 of 'the Air Act'. In other words, there is no delegation under section 15 of 'the Air Act' in the Chairman to exercise powers vested in the State Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act'. The issue raised by Mr. Giri, learned Senior Counsel, questioning the jurisdiction of the Chairman to exercise powers of the State Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act' is thus upheld.
Re: Alternative Remedy:
Apart from the fact that until such time Sri Vivek Kumar Singh is assigned the twin responsibility of the Chairman of the Board as well as its appellate body, the appeal remedy under the enactments in question is neither available to the writ petitioner or any other person in the peculiar circumstances discussed above, even otherwise, an existence of an alternative remedy is not an absolute bar for invoking the extraordinary writ jurisdiction of this Court. Reference is made to a Constitution Bench judgment of the Supreme Court reported in AIR 1958 SC 86 (State of U.P. v. Mohammad Nooh). The matter related to disciplinary proceedings in which the Presiding Officer had offered himself as a witness in the proceeding. The Supreme Court while considering the issue of availability of Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 22 alternative remedy has the following words of advice in paragraphs 10 and 11 of the judgment:
"10. In the next place it must be borne in mind that there is no rule, with regard to certiorari as there is with mandamus, that it will lie only where there is no other equally effective remedy. It is well established that, provided the requisite grounds exist, certiorari will lie although a right of appeal has been conferred by statute, (Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd Edn., Vol. 11, p. 130 and the cases cited there). The fact that the aggrieved party has another and adequate remedy may be taken into consideration by the superior Court in arriving at a conclusion as to whether it should, in exercise of its discretion issue a writ of certiorari to quash the proceedings and decisions of inferior courts subordinate to it and ordinarily the superior Court will decline to interfere until the aggrieved party has exhausted his other statutory remedies, if any. But this rule requiring the exhaustion of statutory remedies before the writ will be granted is a rule of policy, convenience and discretion rather than a rule of law and instances are numerous where a writ of certiorari has been issued in spite of the fact that the aggrieved party had other adequate legal remedies. In the King v. Postmaster-General; Ex parte Carmichael, 1928-1 KB 291 (E), a certiorari was issued although the aggrieved party had an alternative remedy by way of appeal. It has been held that the superior Court will readily issue a cretiorari in a case where there has been a denial of natural justice before a Court of summary jurisdiction. The case of Rex v. Wandsworth Justices; Ex Parte Read, 1942-1 KB 281 (F) is an authority in point. In that case a man had been convicted in a court of summary jurisdiction without giving him an opportunity of being heard. It was held that his remedy was not by a case stated or by an appeal before the quarter sessions but by application to the High Court for an order of certiorari to remove and quash the conviction. At p. 284 Viscount Caldecote, C. J., observed :
"It remains to consider the argument that the remedy of certiorari is not open to the applicant because others were available. It would be ludicrous in such a case as the present for the convicted person to ask for a case to be stated. It would mean asking this Court to consider as a question of law whether justices were right in convicting a man without hearing his evidence. That is so extravagant an argument as not to merit a moment's consideration. As to the right of appeal to quarter sessions, it may be that the applicant could have had his remedy if he had pursued that course, but I am not aware of any reason why, if in such circumstances as these, he preferred to apply for an order of certiorari to quash his conviction, the Court should be debarred from granting his application."
Likewise in Khurshed Modi v. Rent Controller, Bombay, AIR 1947 Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 23 Bom 46 (G), it was held that the High Court would not refuse to issue a writ of certiorari merely because there was a right of appeal. It was recognized that ordinarily the High Court would require the petitioner to have recourse to his ordinary remedies but if it found that there had been a breach of fundamental principles of justice, the High Court would certainly not hesitate to issue the writ of certiorari. To the same effect are the following observations of Harries, C. J., in 56 Cal WN 453 : (AIR 1952 Cal 656) (D) at p. 470 (of Cal WN) : (at p. 665 of AIR) :
"There can, I think, be no doubt that Court can refuse to issue a certiorari if the petitioner has other remedies equally convenient and effective. But it appears to me that there can be cases where the Court can and should issue a certiorari even where such alternative remedies are available. Where a Court or tribunal, which is called upon to exercise judicial or quasi-judicial functions discards all rules of natural justice and arrives at a decisions contrary to all accepted principles of justice then it appears to me that the Court can and must interfere."
It has also been held that a litigant who has lost his right of appeal or has failed to perfect an appeal by no fault of his own may in a proper case obtain a review by certiorari. (See Corpus Juris Secundum Vol. 14 Art. 40 p. 189). If, therefore, the existence of other adequate legal remedies is not per se a bar to the issue of certiorari and if in a proper case it may be the duty of the superior Court to issue a writ of certiorari to correct the errors of an inferior Court or tribunal called upon to exercise judicial or quasi-judicial functions and not to relegate the petitioner to other legal remedies available to him and if the superior Court can in a proper case exercise its jurisdiction in favour of a petitioner who has allowed the time to appeal to expire or has not perfected his appeal e.g., by furnishing security required by the statute, should it then be laid down as an inflexible rule of law that the superior Court must deny the writ when an inferior Court or tribunal by discarding all principles of natural justice and all accepted rules of procedure arrived at a conclusion which shocks the sense of justice and fair play merely because such decision has been upheld by another inferior Court or tribunal on appeal or revision? The case of 1889-22 QBD 345 (C) referred to in 1951 SCR 344 : (AIR 1951 SC 217) (B) furnishes the answer. There the manager of a club was convicted under a certain statute for selling beer by retail without an excise retail license. Subsequently he was convicted of selling intoxicating liquor, namely, beer without a license under another statute. Upon hearing of the later charge the Magistrate treated it as a second offence and imposed a full penalty authorised in the case of a second offence by the latter statute. His appeal to the quarter sessions having been dismissed, he applied for a writ of habeas corpus and it was granted by the King's Bench Division on the ground that the Magistrate could not treat the later offence as a second offence, because it was not a second offence under the Act under which he was convicted for the second time. Evidently the Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 24 point was taken that if there had been any error, irregularity or illegality committed by the Magistrate, the quarter sessions could have on appeal corrected the same and that the quarter sessions having dismissed the appeal the Court of Queen's Bench Division could not issue the writ of habeas corpus. This was repelled by the following observations of Hawkins, J. :
"This is true as a fact, but it puts the prosecution in no better position, for if the Magistrate had no power to give himself jurisdiction by finding that there had been a first offence where there had been none, the justices could not give it to him."
11. On the authorities referred to above it appears to us that there may conceivably be cases - and the instant case is in point
- where the error, irregularity or illegality touching jurisdiction or procedure committed by an inferior court or tribunal of first instance is so patent and loudly obtrusive that it leaves on its decision an indelible stamp of infirmity or vice, which cannot be obliterated or cured on appeal or revision. If an inferior Court or tribunal of first instance acts wholly without jurisdiction or patently in excess of jurisdiction or manifestly conducts the proceedings before it in a manner which is contrary to the rules of natural justice and all accepted rules of procedure and which offends the superior court's sense of fair play the superior Court may, we think, quite properly exercise its power to issue the prerogative writ of certiorari to correct the error of the Court or tribunal of first instance, even if an appeal to another inferior Court or tribunal was available and recourse was not had to it or if recourse was had to it, it confirmed what a ex facie was a nullity for reasons aforementioned. This would be so all the more if the tribunals holding the original trial and the tribunals hearing the appeal or revision were merely departmental tribunals composed of persons belonging to the departmental hierarchy without adequate legal training and background and whose glaring lapses occasionally come to our notice. The superior Court will ordinarily decline to interfere by issuing certiorari and all we say is that in a proper case of the kind mentioned above it has the power to do so and may and should exercise it. We say no more than that."
The judgment rendered by the Supreme Court in the case of Whirlpool Corporation since reported in (1998)8 SCC page 1 also confirms the position at paragraphs 14 to 20 when the Supreme Court confirms that the jurisdiction of the High Court to entertain a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution is not affected by mere availability of alternative remedy, specially where the authority Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 25 against whom the writ petition is filed is shown to have no jurisdiction or had purported to usurp the jurisdiction without any legal foundation.
Re: Violation of principles of natural justice It is not in dispute rather it is an admitted position that the order put to challenge in this writ petition was passed without any notice and without any opportunity of hearing to the petitioner. Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned Senior Counsel, while trying to advocate that the order passed by the Chairman under section 31A of 'the Air Act' is a routine action and a mere consequence of an order of rejection of consent, has somewhere left forgotten that the order is extreme in nature and visits the petitioner with severe penal consequences of extreme nature. It is rather surprising that even when the Chairman exercising powers of the Board intends to order for closure of operations in the establishment, he has not bothered to even put the petitioner on notice. What is even more worse is the fact that the Chairman has himself taken note of the pending proceedings before the appellate authority of which he himself is a Member and even though the prayer of the petitioner for interim relief has been adjourned by the appellate authority from one date to another, yet the alleged failure of the petitioner to obtain interim protection has been cited as one of the grounds for the order of closure. In other words, Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 26 the failure of the appellate authority of which, the Chairman happens to be a Member, to pass appropriate order on the prayer for stay made by the petitioner, has gone against the petitioner and a default by the appellate authority is assigned as one of the grounds to order for closure.
It is absolute absurdity to attribute laches on the petitioner to obtain an interim order from the appellate authority even when the petitioner has made such prayer as back as on 25.7.2016 and the matter was posted for the purpose on subsequent dates on which the matter was taken up but no order was passed by the appellate authority. The concept of adherence to the principles of natural justice has been subject matter of plethora of judgments and even though the right to notice coupled with the right of being heard has been upheld as an essential prerequisite to such adherence, yet the executive authorities discharging quasi judicial functions remain oblivious.
I am tempted in this regard, to refer to a judgment of the Supreme Court reported in (1981)1 SCC 664 (Swadeshi Cotton Mills & ors. v. Union of India). A similar provision under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951 came up for consideration before the Supreme Court. The Court taking note of judicial pronouncement rendered on the issue over years, in the case of Ridge v. Baldwin, reported in (1963)2 All ER 66 (HL), State of Orissa v. Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 27 Dr. Bina Pani Dei, reported in AIR 1967 SC 1269, A.K.Kraipak v. Union of India (supra), Mohinder Singh Gill v. Election Commissioner of India, reported in (1978) 1 SCC 405, Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, reported in (1978)1 SCC 248, has held that even if the Statute conferring power is silent with regard to giving a pre-decisional hearing to the person affected and the action taken involves civil consequences of grave nature, yet a minimum hearing has to be afforded to the person concerned. The obligation cast on bodies discharging statutory function of quasi judicial nature in ensuring compliance to the principles of natural justice has taken a shape of essential requirement and a right to notice coupled with right of hearing is the order of the day except where circumstances are exceptional and warranting immediate action. Such is not the case here. The appeal is pending and the Chairman is well aware of it. It is also not a case where the petitioner has been found wanting in ensuring compliance of the provisions of the enactments in question and if what transpires from the affidavit(s) filed by the parties in the present proceedings is true, then the action taken is the first, since the industrial unit was established in the year 2011.
Even if the provisions underlying section 31A of 'the Air Act', does not in so many words spell out the requirement of a notice and a right to hearing to the person concerned but considering the Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 28 effect of an order passed under the said provisions, in my opinion, a notice and a hearing is a sine qua non to such action. In the undisputed circumstances discussed, where the order impugned in the writ petition has been passed by the Chairman exercising power of the Board, without notice and opportunity of hearing to the petitioner, it violates the basic tenets underling the principles of natural justice for an order containing directions of such extreme nature, necessarily and essentially requires the person concerned to be put on notice with an opportunity to represent. The procedure not having been followed, the order is unsustainable.
Re: Judicial Bias:
In the undisputed circumstances existing where the Chairman, Sri Vivek Kumar Singh exercising the power of the Board, also happens to be the Member of the appellate authority constituted under section 31 of 'the Air Act', not only the right to appeal vested in the petitioner stands forfeited, even otherwise Sri Singh cannot sit in appeal over his own orders or the orders passed by his predecessor in Office until he continues to discharge the functions of the Chairman of the Board.
The opinion expressed by this Court hereinabove are sufficient reasons to hold that the order dated 8.12.2016 passed by the Chairman, Bihar State Pollution Control Board in exercise of powers Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 29 vested in the State Board under section 31A of 'the Air Act' is illegal, an order passed without jurisdiction and also passed in violation of the principles of natural justice. In consequence the order dated 8.12.2016 passed by the Chairman impugned at Annexure 11 to the writ petition is quashed and set aside.
The issue which comes next is whether and to what extent the relief prayed by the petitioner can be moulded specially where the appeal filed by the petitioner against the order of refusal of grant of consent passed by the Chairman on 11.5.2016 enclosed at Annexure 8 to the writ petition is pending consideration before the appellate authority in Appeal No. 28/2016.
A rather peculiar situation has arisen in the present case. While the Principal Secretary, Department of Environment and Forest has been notified as a Member of the appellate authority constituted under section 31(2) of 'the Air Act' vide notification dated 22/23.10.1990, the Principal Secretary, Environment and Forest Department, has also been given additional charge of the Chairman, State Pollution Control Board. A strange situation arises where the Principal Secretary, Department of Environment and Forest, would be sitting in appeal over his own order as a Member of the appellate authority constituted under section 31(2) of 'the Air Act'. Obviously since presently Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, the Principal Secretary, Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 30 Department of Environment and Forest, holds additional charge of the Chairman of the State Pollution Control Board, he cannot be permitted to discharge the functions of an appellate authority constituted under section 31(2) of 'the Air Act' and would have to keep away from the appellate proceedings. Meaning thereby the functioning of the appellate body so constituted under notification dated 22/23.10.1990 has become prejudicially effected. Even though the order of refusal to grant consent, put to challenge before the appellate authority by the petitioner, has been passed by Mr. Subhash Chandra Singh, who then held the post of the Chairman, but this would make no difference because Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh has stepped into the shoes of Mr. Subhash Chandra Singh as the Chairman of the Board and thus, until such time he holds additional charge of the Chairman, State Pollution Control Board, he cannot sit in appeal over any order passed by the incumbent occupying the post of the Chairman, State Pollution Control Board. In other words, the appeal filed by the petitioner, as of today, cannot be heard and even if Mr. Vivek Kumar Singh, Principal Secretary, Department of Environment and Forest, is not the author of the order refusing grant of consent passed by the Chairman, which is put to challenge in appeal, yet until such time that he occupies the post of the Chairman, State Pollution Control Board, he is hereby restrained from functioning as an Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 31 appellate authority constituted under section 31(2) of 'the Air Act'.
The issue next is what happens to the petitioner because he is without an appellate remedy and the appeal cannot be heard until corrective measures are taken by the State Government in this regard either for posting of some other Officer as Principal Secretary, Department of Environment and Forest or as the Chairman, State Pollution Control Board.
In the extraordinary circumstances existing and considering that the petitioner's industrial unit has been functional over the period of last five years and until the refusal to grant consent order was passed, there has been no complaints of any statutory violation by the petitioner, to any of the stipulations present in the enactments in question, I am of the considered view that until such time that a final order on the said appeal is passed by a duly constituted appellate body, the unit of the petitioner should be allowed to operate under the supervisory regulatory control of the State Board, who may carry out periodical checks as to the adherence by the petitioner to the pollution control limits prescribed under 'the Air Act' and 'the Water Act'.
The writ petition is allowed with the directions aforementioned.
Let a copy of this order be forwarded to the Chief Secretary, Government of Bihar for taking corrective measures for restoring the Patna High Court CWJC No.421 of 2017 32 functioning of the appellate body constituted under the enactments in question in the peculiarities noted above.
(Jyoti Saran, J) Surendra/-
AFR/NAFR AFR CAV DATE 15.02.2017 Uploading Date 03.04.2017 Transmission NA Date


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Created by You, July Edition Welcome to our monthly feature of fantastic tutorial results created by you, the Envato Tuts+ community! Melody Nieves
How to Code a Scrolling “Alien Lander” Website We’ll be putting things together so that as you scroll down from the top of the page you’ll see an “Alien Lander” making its way to touch down. Kezz Bracey


Security Engineering¶
Someone once said that, paraphrasing:
While most of systems engineering is about making computers do things, security is just about the opposite - keep your computers from doing anything else.
While much of the public focus on security engineering is about the low-level technical details - finding and exploiting bugs, cryptographic algorithms, code signing, chains of trust, and so on, these - while important - are only one piece of the puzzle.
Some of the hardest parts of security in most companies are actually not of the technical nature - from an academic point of view, most everyday security problems are downright boring - but making trade-offs, assessing risks, understanding your adversaries, and writing procedures, policies and checklists (also boring, both academically and practically).
Not every company needs a team of world-class security carrying out original research (though it certainly helps), but every company needs to understand their risks and plan accordingly.
That’s not to say that the technology isn’t important - quite the opposite. Validators, in particular, operate at a pretty low level, cryptographically speaking, and do need to understand the cryptographic primitives that they’re using, especially if they build their own HSM integrations and similar pieces of security-critical code. Cutting-edge security technology makes risk mitigation much easier and can dramatically reduce costs. However, even the best security technology will fail if it’s not supported by a proper business framework.
Most security failures are not due to clever attackers discovering a complicated timing attack in your HMAC algorithm or exfiltrating data by modulating your system bus, but dumb mistakes, human error in general and policy failures.
Remember the Equifax breach? They failed to mitigate a vulnerability that had been publicly known for months. Their fancy IDS which detected the breach had been turned off because the CSO thought the alerts were too noisy. Those were management failures.
Unfortunately, this is how most breaches happen, and - barring the occasional smart contract troubles - blockchain companies make no exception.
Most blue team security measures can be (roughly) categorized into these three disciplines:
Prevention - properly hardening your systems and organization to prevent incidents from happening in the first place, just like sturdy walls and secure locks are the best defense against burglary, it’s hard to overstate how important proper systems design is for security. Most security issues are mundane and easily prevented.
Detection - like with a good home alarm system, detecting an incident is the next best thing after preventing it. Studies say that the vast majority of attacks go on undetected for months until they’re discovered, often due to a mistake on the attacker’s part.
Response - properly responding to a security incident in an art in itself and can dramatically alter the outcome. Compromises are inevitable, and you need to be able to competently deal with them as they happen.
The reality is that any sufficiently large network will have some compromised nodes at any given time, at the very least due to sheer scale and laws of probability (with a pinch of organizational incompetence inherent in large organizations sprinkled on top). It’s a common opinion that we have collectively failed at both incident prevention and detection and are now living in the age of incident response.
However, at the scale of a typical validator operation, minimizing risks by achieving excellence at all three disciplines is both possible and reasonable. There’s - quite literally - a lot at stake, and a single compromise can easily kill a validator company.
Single Sign On and 2FA¶
You need a secure single-sign on system. Unless you’re a large company who can afford to run and maintain their own SSO system, you should use Google’s GSuite.
Enforce two-factor authentication for all users. You should use two U2F tokens per user (they’re the only kind of 2FA authentication that can’t be phished).
Do not use SMS authentication - mobile phone providers are [un]surprisingly easy to social engineer into sending a replacement SIM card to someone else.
Shared passwords are evil.
Only ever use shared passwords as a last resort. Certus One has so far gotten away without a single shared password! Many third party suppliers support multiple user accounts - create an individual account for each team member.
Have a company wifi router? Either use WPA2 Enterprise, or treat it like a public hotspot.
Keep track of all shared passwords and be diligent about changing all of them when a team member leaves who had access to them, and deleting accounts at third parties.
If an application does not support SSO login, much of the time, you can use oauth2_proxy or keycloak-gatekeeper as authenticating reverse proxies.
Todo
This article is work in progress


{include file="../application/index/view/public/header.html" /}
{foreach $list as $key=>$vo }
{$vo.client_name}
{/foreach}


<- Audion, 1915
Dynaphone, 1927
Rhythmicon, 1930 ->
Off
On
Full - Low - High
Off
Fundamental (1:1)
3rd - (5:4)
5th (3:2)
7th (15:8)
Octave (2:1)


| Birthday |
Birthday(validationOptions: undefined)
|
| Calendar |
Calendar(options: undefined)
|
| Condition |
Condition(options: undefined, actionIfMatches: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|
| DateRange |
DateRange(options: undefined)
|
| Description |
Description(description: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|
| IsPassword |
IsPassword()
|
| IsPhoneNumber |
IsPhoneNumber(property: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|
| IsText |
IsText(length: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|
| Label |
Label(label: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|
| Precision |
Precision(precision: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|
| Rating |
Rating(options: undefined, validationOptions: undefined)
|


Sometimes, we need to perform different actions based on different conditions.
To do that, we can use the if
statement and the conditional operator ?
, that’s also called a “question mark” operator.
The if(...)
statement evaluates a condition in parentheses and, if the result is true
, executes a block of code.
For example:
```js run let year = prompt(‘In which year was ECMAScript-2015 specification published?’, ’’);
! if (year == 2015) alert( ‘You are right!’ ); /! ```
In the example above, the condition is a simple equality check (year == 2015
), but it can be much more complex.
If we want to execute more than one statement, we have to wrap our code block inside curly braces:
We recommend wrapping your code block with curly braces {}
every time you use an if
statement, even if there is only one statement to execute. Doing so improves readability.
The if (…)
statement evaluates the expression in its parentheses and converts the result to a boolean.
Let’s recall the conversion rules from the chapter info:type-conversions:
0
, an empty string ""
, null
, undefined
, and NaN
all become false
. Because of that they are called “falsy” values.true
, so they are called “truthy”.So, the code under this condition would never execute:
…and inside this condition – it always will:
We can also pass a pre-evaluated boolean value to if
, like this:
The if
statement may contain an optional “else” block. It executes when the condition is falsy.
For example: ```js run let year = prompt(‘In which year was the ECMAScript-2015 specification published?’, ’’);
if (year == 2015) { alert( ‘You guessed it right!’ ); } else { alert( ‘How can you be so wrong?’ ); // any value except 2015 } ```
Sometimes, we’d like to test several variants of a condition. The else if
clause lets us do that.
For example:
```js run let year = prompt(‘In which year was the ECMAScript-2015 specification published?’, ’’);
if (year < 2015) { alert( ‘Too early…’ ); } else if (year > 2015) { alert( ‘Too late’ ); } else { alert( ‘Exactly!’ ); } ```
In the code above, JavaScript first checks year < 2015
. If that is falsy, it goes to the next condition year > 2015
. If that is also falsy, it shows the last alert
.
There can be more else if
blocks. The final else
is optional.
Sometimes, we need to assign a variable depending on a condition.
For instance:
```js run no-beautify let accessAllowed; let age = prompt(‘How old are you?’, ’’);
! if (age > 18) { accessAllowed = true; } else { accessAllowed = false; } /!
alert(accessAllowed); ```
The so-called “conditional” or “question mark” operator lets us do that in a shorter and simpler way.
The operator is represented by a question mark ?
. Sometimes it’s called “ternary”, because the operator has three operands. It is actually the one and only operator in JavaScript which has that many.
The syntax is:
The condition
is evaluated: if it’s truthy then value1
is returned, otherwise – value2
.
For example:
Technically, we can omit the parentheses around age > 18
. The question mark operator has a low precedence, so it executes after the comparison >
.
This example will do the same thing as the previous one:
// the comparison operator "age > 18" executes first anyway
// (no need to wrap it into parentheses)
let accessAllowed = age > 18 ? true : false;
But parentheses make the code more readable, so we recommend using them.
In the example above, you can avoid using the question mark operator because the comparison itself returns `true/false`:
```js
// the same
let accessAllowed = age > 18;
```
A sequence of question mark operators ?
can return a value that depends on more than one condition.
For instance: ```js run let age = prompt(‘age?’, 18);
let message = (age < 3) ? ‘Hi, baby!’ : (age < 18) ? ‘Hello!’ : (age < 100) ? ‘Greetings!’ : ‘What an unusual age!’;
alert( message ); ```
It may be difficult at first to grasp what’s going on. But after a closer look, we can see that it’s just an ordinary sequence of tests:
age < 3
.'Hi, baby!'
. Otherwise, it continues to the expression after the colon ‘“:”’, checking age < 18
.'Hello!'
. Otherwise, it continues to the expression after the next colon ‘“:”’, checking age < 100
.'Greetings!'
. Otherwise, it continues to the expression after the last colon ‘“:”’, returning 'What an unusual age!'
.Here’s how this looks using if..else
:
if (age < 3) {
message = 'Hi, baby!';
} else if (age < 18) {
message = 'Hello!';
} else if (age < 100) {
message = 'Greetings!';
} else {
message = 'What an unusual age!';
}
Sometimes the question mark ?
is used as a replacement for if
:
```js run no-beautify let company = prompt(‘Which company created JavaScript?’, ’’);
! (company == ‘Netscape’) ? alert(‘Right!’) : alert(‘Wrong.’); /! ```
Depending on the condition company == 'Netscape'
, either the first or the second expression after the ?
gets executed and shows an alert.
We don’t assign a result to a variable here. Instead, we execute different code depending on the condition.
It’s not recommended to use the question mark operator in this way.
The notation is shorter than the equivalent if
statement, which appeals to some programmers. But it is less readable.
Here is the same code using if
for comparison:
```js run no-beautify let company = prompt(‘Which company created JavaScript?’, ’’);
! if (company == ‘Netscape’) { alert(‘Right!’); } else { alert(‘Wrong.’); } /! ```
Our eyes scan the code vertically. Code blocks which span several lines are easier to understand than a long, horizontal instruction set.
The purpose of the question mark operator ?
is to return one value or another depending on its condition. Please use it for exactly that. Use if
when you need to execute different branches of code.


Irssi(1) Irssi(1) NAME Irssi - a modular IRC client for UNIX SYNOPSIS irssi [-dv!?] [-c server] [-p port] [-n nickname] [-w password] [-h host‐ name] DESCRIPTION Irssi is a modular Internet Relay Chat client. It is highly extensible and very secure. Being a fullscreen, termcap based client with many fea‐ tures, Irssi is easily extensible through scripts and modules. OPTIONS --config=FILE use FILE instead of ~/.irssi/config. --home=PATH PATH specifies the home directory of Irssi. Default is ~/.irssi -c, --connect=SERVER connects to SERVER -w, --password=PASSWORD use PASSWORD for authentication. -p, --port=PORT automatically connect to PORT on server. -!, --noconnect disables autoconnecting. -n, --nick=NICKNAME specify NICKNAME as your nick. -h, --hostname=HOSTNAME use HOSTNAME for your irc session. -d, --dummy use dummy terminal mode. -v, --version display the version of Irssi. -?, --help show a help message. --usage display brief usage message. SEE ALSO Irssi has been supplied with a huge amount of documentation. Check /help or look at the files contained by /usr/share/doc/irssi* FILES /etc/irssi.conf Global configuration file ~/.irssi/config Personal configuration file ~/.irssi/config.autosave Automatic save of the personal config file when it was changed externally ~/.irssi/default.theme Default irssi theme ~/.irssi/away.log Logged messages in away status /usr/share/irssi/help/ Directory including many help files /usr/share/irssi/scripts/ Global scripts directory /usr/share/irssi/themes/ Global themes directory ~/.irssi/scripts/ Default scripts directory ~/.irssi/scripts/autorun/ Directory containing links to scripts that should be loaded auto‐ matically on startup ~/.irssi/startup File containing a list of commands to execute on startup AUTHORS/CREDITS Irssi was written by Timo Sirainen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This manpage was written by Istvan Sebestyen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and Stefan Tomanek<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Irssi IRC client September 2002 Irssi(1)


108 Emergency Services Hackathon Experience
108 Emergency Services Hackathon Experience
Participating in 108 Emergency Services Hackathon was a very nice experience for us and winning the competition makes it even better. So we decided to share our experience with everyone.
What is 108 Hackathon?
It was a hackathon specially organized by TNHSP and IIT Madras. The aim of this hackathon was to come up with solutions that leverage the capabilities of a smart phone and integrate them with 108 emergency call center to decrease the response times. It was held at IIT Madras on 17th and 18th December, 2016. You can further read about it at 108 Hackathon’s Website
Our Experience
What we did?
We made two android apps, one for the user requiring emergency and another for the ambulance driver. Also we made an online dashboard to be used by the 108 emergency call center to view the emergency request made in real time and process them.
User App
In this we implemented a 108 dial listener so that whenever the user dials 108, a service gets started in the background which fetches the location using inbuilt GPS and sends it to our sever via internet or sms (if no internet). Also it contained a one time signup screen for registering user details on our server.
Server
It was based on Node.js and for database we choose Firebase Realtime Database. It hosted both the api as well as the dashboard and was deployed online using heroku services. On the server after receiving a new request from the user’s app, it searches through our database in the users city for the nearest ambulance driver using google’s Distance Matrix Api. Once the driver is found a sms is sent to the driver’s mobile along with the info of the user requesting emergency. Meanwhile the user is also sent a sms containing the details about the driver and his ETA to reach him which is then parsed and automatically displayed on the user’s app.
Driver App
This app implemented a sms listener, which triggers on receiving any sms from our server. It then shows an activity containing a map with users location and other details. The driver can navigate through the location using google maps api.
Dashboard
It used simple html, css and js and contained the following elements:
- List of recent requests
- Map containing location of all drivers and users
- Graph showing no. of requests made in recent hours
- Two pie charts showing city wise ratio of users and drivers.
To view dashboard click here
Languages used
- Java for Android
- Node.Js
- Javascript
- Html
- Css
What we learned?
- OTP verification
- Firebase Authentication and Database
- Sms listener and sender
- Android service and Intent Filters
- Constructing a Dashboard
- Sms to http request implementation
- Working with google maps api
- Geocoding and reverse geocoding
- Distance Matrix Api
What we got?
We bagged 4th position in the Hackathon and won a cash prize of Rs. 10,000 along with mementos and certificates of commendation. Along with these we had an amazing experience of working in a team for more than 24 hours straight.
You can check our submission here.


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