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GDB/MI is a line based machine oriented text interface to GDB and is activated by specifying using the `--interpreter' command line option (see section 2.1.2 Choosing Modes). It is specifically intended to support the development of systems which use the debugger as just one small component of a larger system.
This chapter is a specification of the GDB/MI interface. It is written in the form of a reference manual.
Note that GDB/MI is still under construction, so some of the features described below are incomplete and subject to change (see section GDB/MI Development and Front Ends).
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This chapter uses the following notation:
|
separates two alternatives.
[ something ]
indicates that something is optional:
it may or may not be given.
( group )*
means that group inside the parentheses
may repeat zero or more times.
( group )+
means that group inside the parentheses
may repeat one or more times.
"string"
means a literal string.
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24.1.1 GDB/MI Input Syntax 24.1.2 GDB/MI Output Syntax
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command ==>
cli-command | mi-command
cli-command ==>
[ token ] cli-command nl
, where
cli-command is any existing GDB CLI command.
mi-command ==>
[ token ] "-" operation ( " " option )*
[
" --" ]
( " " parameter )* nl
token ==>
option ==>
"-" parameter [ " " parameter ]
parameter ==>
non-blank-sequence | c-string
operation ==>
non-blank-sequence ==>
c-string ==>
""" seven-bit-iso-c-string-content """
nl ==>
CR | CR-LF
Notes:
token
, when present, is passed back when the command
finishes.
Pragmatics:
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The output from GDB/MI consists of zero or more out-of-band records followed, optionally, by a single result record. This result record is for the most recent command. The sequence of output records is terminated by `(gdb)'.
If an input command was prefixed with a token
then the
corresponding output for that command will also be prefixed by that same
token.
output ==>
( out-of-band-record )* [ result-record ] "(gdb)" nl
result-record ==>
[ token ] "^" result-class ( "," result )* nl
out-of-band-record ==>
async-record | stream-record
async-record ==>
exec-async-output | status-async-output | notify-async-output
exec-async-output ==>
[ token ] "*" async-output
status-async-output ==>
[ token ] "+" async-output
notify-async-output ==>
[ token ] "=" async-output
async-output ==>
async-class ( "," result )* nl
result-class ==>
"done" | "running" | "connected" | "error" | "exit"
async-class ==>
"stopped" | others
(where others will be added
depending on the needs--this is still in development).
result ==>
variable "=" value
variable ==>
string
value ==>
const | tuple | list
const ==>
c-string
tuple ==>
"{}" | "{" result ( "," result )* "}"
list ==>
"[]" | "[" value ( "," value )* "]" | "["
result ( "," result )* "]"
stream-record ==>
console-stream-output | target-stream-output | log-stream-output
console-stream-output ==>
"~" c-string
target-stream-output ==>
"@" c-string
log-stream-output ==>
"&" c-string
nl ==>
CR | CR-LF
token ==>
Notes:
token
is from the corresponding request. If an execution
command is interrupted by the `-exec-interrupt' command, the
token associated with the `*stopped' message is the one of the
original execution command, not the one of the interrupt command.
See section GDB/MI Stream Records, for more details about the various output records.
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For the developers convenience CLI commands can be entered directly,
but there may be some unexpected behaviour. For example, commands
that query the user will behave as if the user replied yes, breakpoint
command lists are not executed and some CLI commands, such as
if
, when
and define
, prompt for further input with
`>', which is not valid MI output.
This feature may be removed at some stage in the future and it is
recommended that front ends use the -interpreter-exec
command
(see -interpreter-exec).
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The application which takes the MI output and presents the state of the program being debugged to the user is called a front end.
Although GDB/MI is still incomplete, it is currently being used by a variety of front ends to GDB. This makes it difficult to introduce new functionality without breaking existing usage. This section tries to minimize the problems by describing how the protocol might change.
Some changes in MI need not break a carefully designed front end, and for these the MI version will remain unchanged. The following is a list of changes that may occur within one level, so front ends should parse MI output in a way that can handle them:
in_scope
(see -var-update) may be extended.
If the changes are likely to break front ends, the MI version level will be increased by one. This will allow the front end to parse the output according to the MI version. Apart from mi0, new versions of GDB will not support old versions of MI and it will be the responsibility of the front end to work with the new one.
The best way to avoid unexpected changes in MI that might break your front end is to make your project known to GDB developers and follow development on<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and<EMAIL_ADDRESS>There is also the mailing list<EMAIL_ADDRESS>hosted by the Free Standards Group, which has the aim of creating a more general MI protocol called Debugger Machine Interface (DMI) that will become a standard for all debuggers, not just GDB.
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24.4.1 GDB/MI Result Records 24.4.2 GDB/MI Stream Records 24.4.3 GDB/MI Out-of-band Records
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In addition to a number of out-of-band notifications, the response to a GDB/MI command includes one of the following result indications:
"^done" [ "," results ]
results
are the return
values.
"^running"
"^connected"
"^error" "," c-string
c-string
contains the corresponding
error message.
"^exit"
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GDB internally maintains a number of output streams: the console, the target, and the log. The output intended for each of these streams is funneled through the GDB/MI interface using stream records.
Each stream record begins with a unique prefix character which
identifies its stream (see section GDB/MI Output Syntax). In addition to the prefix, each stream record contains a
string-output
. This is either raw text (with an implicit new
line) or a quoted C string (which does not contain an implicit newline).
"~" string-output
"@" string-output
"&" string-output
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Out-of-band records are used to notify the GDB/MI client of additional changes that have occurred. Those changes can either be a consequence of GDB/MI (e.g., a breakpoint modified) or a result of target activity (e.g., target stopped).
The following is a preliminary list of possible out-of-band records. In particular, the exec-async-output records.
*stopped,reason="reason"
reason can be one of the following:
breakpoint-hit
watchpoint-trigger
read-watchpoint-trigger
access-watchpoint-trigger
function-finished
location-reached
watchpoint-scope
end-stepping-range
exited-signalled
exited
exited-normally
signal-received
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This subsection presents several simple examples of interaction using the GDB/MI interface. In these examples, `->' means that the following line is passed to GDB/MI as input, while `<-' means the output received from GDB/MI.
Note the line breaks shown in the examples are here only for readability, they don't appear in the real output.
Setting a breakpoint generates synchronous output which contains detailed information of the breakpoint.
-> -break-insert main <- ^done,bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep", enabled="y",addr="0x08048564",func="main",file="myprog.c", fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="68",times="0"} <- (gdb) |
Program execution generates asynchronous records and MI gives the reason that execution stopped.
-> -exec-run <- ^running <- (gdb) <- *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",thread-id="0", frame={addr="0x08048564",func="main", args=[{name="argc",value="1"},{name="argv",value="0xbfc4d4d4"}], file="myprog.c",fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="68"} <- (gdb) -> -exec-continue <- ^running <- (gdb) <- *stopped,reason="exited-normally" <- (gdb) |
Quitting GDB just prints the result class `^exit'.
-> (gdb) <- -gdb-exit <- ^exit |
Here's what happens if you pass a non-existent command:
-> -rubbish <- ^error,msg="Undefined MI command: rubbish" <- (gdb) |
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The remaining sections describe blocks of commands. Each block of commands is laid out in a fashion similar to this section.
The motivation for this collection of commands.
A brief introduction to this collection of commands as a whole.
For each command in the block, the following is described:
-command args... |
The corresponding GDB CLI command(s), if any.
Example(s) formatted for readability. Some of the described commands have not been implemented yet and these are labeled N.A. (not available).
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This section documents GDB/MI commands for manipulating breakpoints.
-break-after
Command
-break-after number count |
The breakpoint number number is not in effect until it has been hit count times. To see how this is reflected in the output of the `-break-list' command, see the description of the `-break-list' command below.
The corresponding GDB command is `ignore'.
(gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x000100d0",file="hello.c", fullname="/home/foo/hello.c",line="5",times="0"} (gdb) -break-after 1 3 ~ ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",times="0",ignore="3"}]} (gdb) |
-break-condition
Command
-break-condition number expr |
Breakpoint number will stop the program only if the condition in expr is true. The condition becomes part of the `-break-list' output (see the description of the `-break-list' command below).
The corresponding GDB command is `condition'.
(gdb) -break-condition 1 1 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",cond="1",times="0",ignore="3"}]} (gdb) |
-break-delete
Command
-break-delete ( breakpoint )+ |
Delete the breakpoint(s) whose number(s) are specified in the argument list. This is obviously reflected in the breakpoint list.
The corresponding GDB command is `delete'.
(gdb) -break-delete 1 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="0",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[]} (gdb) |
-break-disable
Command
-break-disable ( breakpoint )+ |
Disable the named breakpoint(s). The field `enabled' in the break list is now set to `n' for the named breakpoint(s).
The corresponding GDB command is `disable'.
(gdb) -break-disable 2 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="n", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",times="0"}]} (gdb) |
-break-enable
Command
-break-enable ( breakpoint )+ |
Enable (previously disabled) breakpoint(s).
The corresponding GDB command is `enable'.
(gdb) -break-enable 2 ^done (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="5",times="0"}]} (gdb) |
-break-info
Command
-break-info breakpoint |
Get information about a single breakpoint.
The corresponding GDB command is `info break breakpoint'.
-break-insert
Command
-break-insert [ -t ] [ -h ] [ -f ] [ -c condition ] [ -i ignore-count ] [ -p thread ] [ location ] |
If specified, location, can be one of:
The possible optional parameters of this command are:
The result is in the form:
^done,bkpt={number="number",type="type",disp="del"|"keep", enabled="y"|"n",addr="hex",func="funcname",file="filename", fullname="full_filename",line="lineno",[thread="threadno,] times="times"} |
where number is the GDB number for this breakpoint, funcname is the name of the function where the breakpoint was inserted, filename is the name of the source file which contains this function, lineno is the source line number within that file and times the number of times that the breakpoint has been hit (always 0 for -break-insert but may be greater for -break-info or -break-list which use the same output).
Note: this format is open to change.
The corresponding GDB commands are `break', `tbreak', `hbreak', `thbreak', and `rbreak'.
(gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,line="4",times="0"} (gdb) -break-insert -t foo ^done,bkpt={number="2",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,line="11",times="0"} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x0001072c", func="main",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c,"line="4",times="0"}, bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="del",enabled="y", addr="0x00010774",func="foo",file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"}]} (gdb) -break-insert -r foo.* ~int foo(int, int); ^done,bkpt={number="3",addr="0x00010774",file="recursive2.c, "fullname="/home/foo/recursive2.c",line="11",times="0"} (gdb) |
-break-list
Command
-break-list |
Displays the list of inserted breakpoints, showing the following fields:
If there are no breakpoints or watchpoints, the BreakpointTable
body
field is an empty list.
The corresponding GDB command is `info break'.
(gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x000100d0",func="main",file="hello.c",line="5",times="0"}, bkpt={number="2",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010114",func="foo",file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/hello.c", line="13",times="0"}]} (gdb) |
Here's an example of the result when there are no breakpoints:
(gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="0",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[]} (gdb) |
-break-watch
Command
-break-watch [ -a | -r ] |
Create a watchpoint. With the `-a' option it will create an access watchpoint, i.e., a watchpoint that triggers either on a read from or on a write to the memory location. With the `-r' option, the watchpoint created is a read watchpoint, i.e., it will trigger only when the memory location is accessed for reading. Without either of the options, the watchpoint created is a regular watchpoint, i.e., it will trigger when the memory location is accessed for writing. See section Setting Watchpoints.
Note that `-break-list' will report a single list of watchpoints and breakpoints inserted.
The corresponding GDB commands are `watch', `awatch', and `rwatch'.
Setting a watchpoint on a variable in the main
function:
(gdb) -break-watch x ^done,wpt={number="2",exp="x"} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt={number="2",exp="x"}, value={old="-268439212",new="55"}, frame={func="main",args=[],file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="5"} (gdb) |
Setting a watchpoint on a variable local to a function. GDB will stop the program execution twice: first for the variable changing value, then for the watchpoint going out of scope.
(gdb) -break-watch C ^done,wpt={number="5",exp="C"} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger", wpt={number="5",exp="C"},value={old="-276895068",new="3"}, frame={func="callee4",args=[], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="5", frame={func="callee3",args=[{name="strarg", value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"} (gdb) |
Listing breakpoints and watchpoints, at different points in the program execution. Note that once the watchpoint goes out of scope, it is deleted.
(gdb) -break-watch C ^done,wpt={number="2",exp="C"} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c"line="8",times="1"}, bkpt={number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep", enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="0"}]} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="watchpoint-trigger",wpt={number="2",exp="C"}, value={old="-276895068",new="3"}, frame={func="callee4",args=[], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="13"} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="2",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8",times="1"}, bkpt={number="2",type="watchpoint",disp="keep", enabled="y",addr="",what="C",times="-5"}]} (gdb) -exec-continue ^running ^done,reason="watchpoint-scope",wpnum="2", frame={func="callee3",args=[{name="strarg", value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"} (gdb) -break-list ^done,BreakpointTable={nr_rows="1",nr_cols="6", hdr=[{width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="number",colhdr="Num"}, {width="14",alignment="-1",col_name="type",colhdr="Type"}, {width="4",alignment="-1",col_name="disp",colhdr="Disp"}, {width="3",alignment="-1",col_name="enabled",colhdr="Enb"}, {width="10",alignment="-1",col_name="addr",colhdr="Address"}, {width="40",alignment="2",col_name="what",colhdr="What"}], body=[bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8", times="1"}]} (gdb) |
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-exec-arguments
Command
-exec-arguments args |
Set the inferior program arguments, to be used in the next `-exec-run'.
The corresponding GDB command is `set args'.
Don't have one around.
-exec-show-arguments
Command
-exec-show-arguments |
Print the arguments of the program.
The corresponding GDB command is `show args'.
-environment-cd
Command
-environment-cd pathdir |
Set GDB's working directory.
The corresponding GDB command is `cd'.
(gdb) -environment-cd /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb ^done (gdb) |
-environment-directory
Command
-environment-directory [ -r ] [ pathdir ]+ |
Add directories pathdir to beginning of search path for source files. If the `-r' option is used, the search path is reset to the default search path. If directories pathdir are supplied in addition to the `-r' option, the search path is first reset and then addition occurs as normal. Multiple directories may be specified, separated by blanks. Specifying multiple directories in a single command results in the directories added to the beginning of the search path in the same order they were presented in the command. If blanks are needed as part of a directory name, double-quotes should be used around the name. In the command output, the path will show up separated by the system directory-separator character. The directory-separator character must not be used in any directory name. If no directories are specified, the current search path is displayed.
The corresponding GDB command is `dir'.
(gdb) -environment-directory /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb ^done,source-path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb:$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) -environment-directory "" ^done,source-path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb:$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) -environment-directory -r /home/jjohnstn/src/gdb /usr/src ^done,source-path="/home/jjohnstn/src/gdb:/usr/src:$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) -environment-directory -r ^done,source-path="$cdir:$cwd" (gdb) |
-environment-path
Command
-environment-path [ -r ] [ pathdir ]+ |
Add directories pathdir to beginning of search path for object files. If the `-r' option is used, the search path is reset to the original search path that existed at gdb start-up. If directories pathdir are supplied in addition to the `-r' option, the search path is first reset and then addition occurs as normal. Multiple directories may be specified, separated by blanks. Specifying multiple directories in a single command results in the directories added to the beginning of the search path in the same order they were presented in the command. If blanks are needed as part of a directory name, double-quotes should be used around the name. In the command output, the path will show up separated by the system directory-separator character. The directory-separator character must not be used in any directory name. If no directories are specified, the current path is displayed.
The corresponding GDB command is `path'.
(gdb) -environment-path ^done,path="/usr/bin" (gdb) -environment-path /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb /bin ^done,path="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/ppc-eabi/gdb:/bin:/usr/bin" (gdb) -environment-path -r /usr/local/bin ^done,path="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin" (gdb) |
-environment-pwd
Command
-environment-pwd |
Show the current working directory.
The corresponding GDB command is `pwd'.
(gdb) -environment-pwd ^done,cwd="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb" (gdb) |
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-thread-info
Command
-thread-info |
No equivalent.
-thread-list-all-threads
Command
-thread-list-all-threads |
The equivalent GDB command is `info threads'.
-thread-list-ids
Command
-thread-list-ids |
Produces a list of the currently known GDB thread ids. At the end of the list it also prints the total number of such threads.
Part of `info threads' supplies the same information.
No threads present, besides the main process:
(gdb) -thread-list-ids ^done,thread-ids={},number-of-threads="0" (gdb) |
Several threads:
(gdb) -thread-list-ids ^done,thread-ids={thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"}, number-of-threads="3" (gdb) |
-thread-select
Command
-thread-select threadnum |
Make threadnum the current thread. It prints the number of the new current thread, and the topmost frame for that thread.
The corresponding GDB command is `thread'.
(gdb) -exec-next ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",thread-id="2",line="187", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.threads/linux-dp.c" (gdb) -thread-list-ids ^done, thread-ids={thread-id="3",thread-id="2",thread-id="1"}, number-of-threads="3" (gdb) -thread-select 3 ^done,new-thread-id="3", frame={level="0",func="vprintf", args=[{name="format",value="0x8048e9c \"%*s%c %d %c\\n\""}, {name="arg",value="0x2"}],file="vprintf.c",line="31"} (gdb) |
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These are the asynchronous commands which generate the out-of-band record `*stopped'. Currently GDB only really executes asynchronously with remote targets and this interaction is mimicked in other cases.
-exec-continue
Command
-exec-continue |
Resumes the execution of the inferior program until a breakpoint is encountered, or until the inferior exits.
The corresponding GDB corresponding is `continue'.
-exec-continue ^running (gdb) @Hello world *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="2",frame={func="foo",args=[], file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/hello.c",line="13"} (gdb) |
-exec-finish
Command
-exec-finish |
Resumes the execution of the inferior program until the current function is exited. Displays the results returned by the function.
The corresponding GDB command is `finish'.
Function returning void
.
-exec-finish ^running (gdb) @hello from foo *stopped,reason="function-finished",frame={func="main",args=[], file="hello.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/hello.c",line="7"} (gdb) |
Function returning other than void
. The name of the internal
GDB variable storing the result is printed, together with the
value itself.
-exec-finish ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="function-finished",frame={addr="0x000107b0",func="foo", args=[{name="a",value="1"],{name="b",value="9"}}, file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, gdb-result-var="$1",return-value="0" (gdb) |
-exec-interrupt
Command
-exec-interrupt |
Interrupts the background execution of the target. Note how the token associated with the stop message is the one for the execution command that has been interrupted. The token for the interrupt itself only appears in the `^done' output. If the user is trying to interrupt a non-running program, an error message will be printed.
The corresponding GDB command is `interrupt'.
(gdb) 111-exec-continue 111^running (gdb) 222-exec-interrupt 222^done (gdb) 111*stopped,signal-name="SIGINT",signal-meaning="Interrupt", frame={addr="0x00010140",func="foo",args=[],file="try.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="13"} (gdb) (gdb) -exec-interrupt ^error,msg="mi_cmd_exec_interrupt: Inferior not executing." (gdb) |
-exec-next
Command
-exec-next |
Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning of the next source line is reached.
The corresponding GDB command is `next'.
-exec-next ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="8",file="hello.c" (gdb) |
-exec-next-instruction
Command
-exec-next-instruction |
Executes one machine instruction. If the instruction is a function call, continues until the function returns. If the program stops at an instruction in the middle of a source line, the address will be printed as well.
The corresponding GDB command is `nexti'.
(gdb) -exec-next-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", addr="0x000100d4",line="5",file="hello.c" (gdb) |
-exec-return
Command
-exec-return |
Makes current function return immediately. Doesn't execute the inferior. Displays the new current frame.
The corresponding GDB command is `return'.
(gdb) 200-break-insert callee4 200^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x00010734", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"} (gdb) 000-exec-run 000^running (gdb) 000*stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1", frame={func="callee4",args=[], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"} (gdb) 205-break-delete 205^done (gdb) 111-exec-return 111^done,frame={level="0",func="callee3", args=[{name="strarg", value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}], file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="18"} (gdb) |
-exec-run
Command
-exec-run |
Starts execution of the inferior from the beginning. The inferior executes until either a breakpoint is encountered or the program exits. In the latter case the output will include an exit code, if the program has exited exceptionally.
The corresponding GDB command is `run'.
(gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt={number="1",addr="0x0001072c",file="recursive2.c",line="4"} (gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1", frame={func="main",args=[],file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="4"} (gdb) |
Program exited normally:
(gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="exited-normally" (gdb) |
Program exited exceptionally:
(gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="exited",exit-code="01" (gdb) |
Another way the program can terminate is if it receives a signal such as
SIGINT
. In this case, GDB/MI displays this:
(gdb) *stopped,reason="exited-signalled",signal-name="SIGINT", signal-meaning="Interrupt" |
-exec-step
Command
-exec-step |
Resumes execution of the inferior program, stopping when the beginning of the next source line is reached, if the next source line is not a function call. If it is, stop at the first instruction of the called function.
The corresponding GDB command is `step'.
Stepping into a function:
-exec-step ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", frame={func="foo",args=[{name="a",value="10"}, {name="b",value="0"}],file="recursive2.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="11"} (gdb) |
Regular stepping:
-exec-step ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range",line="14",file="recursive2.c" (gdb) |
-exec-step-instruction
Command
-exec-step-instruction |
Resumes the inferior which executes one machine instruction. The output, once GDB has stopped, will vary depending on whether we have stopped in the middle of a source line or not. In the former case, the address at which the program stopped will be printed as well.
The corresponding GDB command is `stepi'.
(gdb) -exec-step-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", frame={func="foo",args=[],file="try.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="10"} (gdb) -exec-step-instruction ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="end-stepping-range", frame={addr="0x000100f4",func="foo",args=[],file="try.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="10"} (gdb) |
-exec-until
Command
-exec-until [ location ] |
Executes the inferior until the location specified in the argument is reached. If there is no argument, the inferior executes until a source line greater than the current one is reached. The reason for stopping in this case will be `location-reached'.
The corresponding GDB command is `until'.
(gdb) -exec-until recursive2.c:6 ^running (gdb) x = 55 *stopped,reason="location-reached",frame={func="main",args=[], file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="6"} (gdb) |
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-stack-info-frame
Command
-stack-info-frame |
Get info on the selected frame.
The corresponding GDB command is `info frame' or `frame' (without arguments).
(gdb) -stack-info-frame ^done,frame={level="1",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"} (gdb) |
-stack-info-depth
Command
-stack-info-depth [ max-depth ] |
Return the depth of the stack. If the integer argument max-depth is specified, do not count beyond max-depth frames.
There's no equivalent GDB command.
For a stack with frame levels 0 through 11:
(gdb) -stack-info-depth ^done,depth="12" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 4 ^done,depth="4" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 12 ^done,depth="12" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 11 ^done,depth="11" (gdb) -stack-info-depth 13 ^done,depth="12" (gdb) |
-stack-list-arguments
Command
-stack-list-arguments show-values [ low-frame high-frame ] |
Display a list of the arguments for the frames between low-frame and high-frame (inclusive). If low-frame and high-frame are not provided, list the arguments for the whole call stack. If the two arguments are equal, show the single frame at the corresponding level. It is an error if low-frame is larger than the actual number of frames. On the other hand, high-frame may be larger than the actual number of frames, in which case only existing frames will be returned.
The show-values argument must have a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 means that only the names of the arguments are listed, a value of 1 means that both names and values of the arguments are printed.
GDB does not have an equivalent command. gdbtk
has a
`gdb_get_args' command which partially overlaps with the
functionality of `-stack-list-arguments'.
(gdb) -stack-list-frames ^done, stack=[ frame={level="0",addr="0x00010734",func="callee4", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="8"}, frame={level="1",addr="0x0001076c",func="callee3", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="17"}, frame={level="2",addr="0x0001078c",func="callee2", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="22"}, frame={level="3",addr="0x000107b4",func="callee1", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="27"}, frame={level="4",addr="0x000107e0",func="main", file="../../../devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c", fullname="/home/foo/bar/devo/gdb/testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line="32"}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 0 ^done, stack-args=[ frame={level="0",args=[]}, frame={level="1",args=[name="strarg"]}, frame={level="2",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg"]}, frame={level="3",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg",name="fltarg"]}, frame={level="4",args=[]}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 1 ^done, stack-args=[ frame={level="0",args=[]}, frame={level="1", args=[{name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}]}, frame={level="2",args=[ {name="intarg",value="2"}, {name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}]}, {frame={level="3",args=[ {name="intarg",value="2"}, {name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}, {name="fltarg",value="3.5"}]}, frame={level="4",args=[]}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 0 2 2 ^done,stack-args=[frame={level="2",args=[name="intarg",name="strarg"]}] (gdb) -stack-list-arguments 1 2 2 ^done,stack-args=[frame={level="2", args=[{name="intarg",value="2"}, {name="strarg",value="0x11940 \"A string argument.\""}]}] (gdb) |
-stack-list-frames
Command
-stack-list-frames [ low-frame high-frame ] |
List the frames currently on the stack. For each frame it displays the following info:
$pc
value for that frame.
$pc
.
If invoked without arguments, this command prints a backtrace for the whole stack. If given two integer arguments, it shows the frames whose levels are between the two arguments (inclusive). If the two arguments are equal, it shows the single frame at the corresponding level. It is an error if low-frame is larger than the actual number of frames. On the other hand, high-frame may be larger than the actual number of frames, in which case only existing frames will be returned.
The corresponding GDB commands are `backtrace' and `where'.
Full stack backtrace:
(gdb) -stack-list-frames ^done,stack= [frame={level="0",addr="0x0001076c",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="11"}, frame={level="1",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="2",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="4",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="5",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="6",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="7",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="8",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="9",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="10",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="11",addr="0x00010738",func="main", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="4"}] (gdb) |
Show frames between low_frame and high_frame:
(gdb) -stack-list-frames 3 5 ^done,stack= [frame={level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="4",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}, frame={level="5",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}] (gdb) |
Show a single frame:
(gdb) -stack-list-frames 3 3 ^done,stack= [frame={level="3",addr="0x000107a4",func="foo", file="recursive2.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/recursive2.c",line="14"}] (gdb) |
-stack-list-locals
Command
-stack-list-locals print-values |
Display the local variable names for the selected frame. If
print-values is 0 or --no-values
, print only the names of
the variables; if it is 1 or --all-values
, print also their
values; and if it is 2 or --simple-values
, print the name,
type and value for simple data types and the name and type for arrays,
structures and unions. In this last case, a frontend can immediately
display the value of simple data types and create variable objects for
other data types when the user wishes to explore their values in
more detail.
`info locals' in GDB, `gdb_get_locals' in gdbtk
.
(gdb) -stack-list-locals 0 ^done,locals=[name="A",name="B",name="C"] (gdb) -stack-list-locals --all-values ^done,locals=[{name="A",value="1"},{name="B",value="2"}, {name="C",value="{1, 2, 3}"}] -stack-list-locals --simple-values ^done,locals=[{name="A",type="int",value="1"}, {name="B",type="int",value="2"},{name="C",type="int [3]"}] (gdb) |
-stack-select-frame
Command
-stack-select-frame framenum |
Change the selected frame. Select a different frame framenum on the stack.
The corresponding GDB commands are `frame', `up', `down', `select-frame', `up-silent', and `down-silent'.
(gdb) -stack-select-frame 2 ^done (gdb) |
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Variable objects are "object-oriented" MI interface for examining and changing values of expressions. Unlike some other MI interfaces that work with expressions, variable objects are specifically designed for simple and efficient presentation in the frontend. A variable object is identified by string name. When a variable object is created, the frontend specifies the expression for that variable object. The expression can be a simple variable, or it can be an arbitrary complex expression, and can even involve CPU registers. After creating a variable object, the frontend can invoke other variable object operations--for example to obtain or change the value of a variable object, or to change display format.
Variable objects have hierarchical tree structure. Any variable object that corresponds to a composite type, such as structure in C, has a number of child variable objects, for example corresponding to each element of a structure. A child variable object can itself have children, recursively. Recursion ends when we reach leaf variable objects, which always have built-in types. Child variable objects are created only by explicit request, so if a frontend is not interested in the children of a particular variable object, no child will be created.
For a leaf variable object it is possible to obtain its value as a string, or set the value from a string. String value can be also obtained for a non-leaf variable object, but it's generally a string that only indicates the type of the object, and does not list its contents. Assignment to a non-leaf variable object is not allowed. A frontend does not need to read the values of all variable objects each time the program stops. Instead, MI provides an update command that lists all variable objects whose values has changed since the last update operation. This considerably reduces the amount of data that must be transferred to the frontend. As noted above, children variable objects are created on demand, and only leaf variable objects have a real value. As result, gdb will read target memory only for leaf variables that frontend has created.
The automatic update is not always desirable. For example, a frontend might want to keep a value of some expression for future reference, and never update it. For another example, fetching memory is relatively slow for embedded targets, so a frontend might want to disable automatic update for the variables that are either not visible on the screen, or "closed". This is possible using so called "frozen variable objects". Such variable objects are never implicitly updated.
The following is the complete set of GDB/MI operations defined to access this functionality:
| Operation | Description |
-var-create |
create a variable object |
-var-delete |
delete the variable object and/or its children |
-var-set-format |
set the display format of this variable |
-var-show-format |
show the display format of this variable |
-var-info-num-children |
tells how many children this object has |
-var-list-children |
return a list of the object's children |
-var-info-type |
show the type of this variable object |
-var-info-expression |
print parent-relative expression that this variable object represents |
-var-info-path-expression |
print full expression that this variable object represents |
-var-show-attributes |
is this variable editable? does it exist here? |
-var-evaluate-expression |
get the value of this variable |
-var-assign |
set the value of this variable |
-var-update |
update the variable and its children |
-var-set-frozen |
set frozeness attribute |
In the next subsection we describe each operation in detail and suggest how it can be used.
-var-create
Command
-var-create {name | "-"} {frame-addr | "*"} expression |
This operation creates a variable object, which allows the monitoring of a variable, the result of an expression, a memory cell or a CPU register.
The name parameter is the string by which the object can be referenced. It must be unique. If `-' is specified, the varobj system will generate a string "varNNNNNN" automatically. It will be unique provided that one does not specify name on that format. The command fails if a duplicate name is found.
The frame under which the expression should be evaluated can be specified by frame-addr. A `*' indicates that the current frame should be used.
expression is any expression valid on the current language set (must not begin with a `*'), or one of the following:
This operation returns the name, number of children and the type of the object created. Type is returned as a string as the ones generated by the GDB CLI:
name="name",numchild="N",type="type" |
-var-delete
Command
-var-delete [ -c ] name |
Deletes a previously created variable object and all of its children. With the `-c' option, just deletes the children.
Returns an error if the object name is not found.
-var-set-format
Command
-var-set-format name format-spec |
Sets the output format for the value of the object name to be format-spec.
The syntax for the format-spec is as follows:
format-spec ==> {binary | decimal | hexadecimal | octal | natural} |
The natural format is the default format choosen automatically
based on the variable type (like decimal for an int
, hex
for pointers, etc.).
For a variable with children, the format is set only on the variable itself, and the children are not affected.
-var-show-format
Command
-var-show-format name |
Returns the format used to display the value of the object name.
format ==> format-spec |
-var-info-num-children
Command
-var-info-num-children name |
Returns the number of children of a variable object name:
numchild=n |
-var-list-children
Command
-var-list-children [print-values] name |
Return a list of the children of the specified variable object and
create variable objects for them, if they do not already exist. With
a single argument or if print-values has a value for of 0 or
--no-values
, print only the names of the variables; if
print-values is 1 or --all-values
, also print their
values; and if it is 2 or --simple-values
print the name and
value for simple data types and just the name for arrays, structures
and unions.
(gdb) -var-list-children n ^done,numchild=n,children=[{name=name, numchild=n,type=type},(repeats N times)] (gdb) -var-list-children --all-values n ^done,numchild=n,children=[{name=name, numchild=n,value=value,type=type},(repeats N times)] |
-var-info-type
Command
-var-info-type name |
Returns the type of the specified variable name. The type is returned as a string in the same format as it is output by the GDB CLI:
type=typename |
-var-info-expression
Command
-var-info-expression name |
Returns a string that is suitable for presenting this variable object in user interface. The string is generally not valid expression in the current language, and cannot be evaluated.
For example, if a
is an array, and variable object
A
was created for a
, then we'll get this output:
(gdb) -var-info-expression A.1 ^done,lang="C",exp="1" |
Here, the values of lang
can be {"C" | "C++" | "Java"}
.
Note that the output of the -var-list-children
command also
includes those expressions, so the -var-info-expression
command
is of limited use.
-var-info-path-expression
Command
-var-info-path-expression name |
Returns an expression that can be evaluated in the current
context and will yield the same value that a variable object has.
Compare this with the -var-info-expression
command, which
result can be used only for UI presentation. Typical use of
the -var-info-path-expression
command is creating a
watchpoint from a variable object.
For example, suppose C
is a C++ class, derived from class
Base
, and that the Base
class has a member called
m_size
. Assume a variable c
is has the type of
C
and a variable object C
was created for variable
c
. Then, we'll get this output:
(gdb) -var-info-path-expression C.Base.public.m_size ^done,path_expr=((Base)c).m_size) |
-var-show-attributes
Command
-var-show-attributes name |
List attributes of the specified variable object name:
status=attr [ ( ,attr )* ] |
where attr is { { editable | noneditable } | TBD }
.
-var-evaluate-expression
Command
-var-evaluate-expression name |
Evaluates the expression that is represented by the specified variable
object and returns its value as a string. The format of the
string can be changed using the -var-set-format
command.
value=value |
Note that one must invoke -var-list-children
for a variable
before the value of a child variable can be evaluated.
-var-assign
Command
-var-assign name expression |
Assigns the value of expression to the variable object specified
by name. The object must be `editable'. If the variable's
value is altered by the assign, the variable will show up in any
subsequent -var-update
list.
(gdb) -var-assign var1 3 ^done,value="3" (gdb) -var-update * ^done,changelist=[{name="var1",in_scope="true",type_changed="false"}] (gdb) |
-var-update
Command
-var-update [print-values] {name | "*"} |
Reevaluate the expressions corresponding to the variable object
name and all its direct and indirect children, and return the
list of variable objects whose values have changed; name must
be a root variable object. Here, "changed" means that the result of
-var-evaluate-expression
before and after the
-var-update
is different. If `*' is used as the variable
object names, all existing variable objects are updated, except
for frozen ones (see -var-set-frozen). The option
print-values determines whether both names and values, or just
names are printed. The possible values of this options are the same
as for -var-list-children
(see -var-list-children). It is
recommended to use the `--all-values' option, to reduce the
number of MI commands needed on each program stop.
(gdb) -var-assign var1 3 ^done,value="3" (gdb) -var-update --all-values var1 ^done,changelist=[{name="var1",value="3",in_scope="true", type_changed="false"}] (gdb) |
The field in_scope may take three values:
"true"
"false"
"invalid"
file
command. The front end should normally choose to delete these variable
objects.
In the future new values may be added to this list so the front should be prepared for this possibility. See section GDB/MI Development and Front Ends.
-var-set-frozen
Command
-var-set-frozen name flag |
Set the frozenness flag on the variable object name. The
flag parameter should be either `1' to make the variable
frozen or `0' to make it unfrozen. If a variable object is
frozen, then neither itself, nor any of its children, are
implicitly updated by -var-update
of
a parent variable or by -var-update *
. Only
-var-update
of the variable itself will update its value and
values of its children. After a variable object is unfrozen, it is
implicitly updated by all subsequent -var-update
operations.
Unfreezing a variable does not update it, only subsequent
-var-update
does.
(gdb) -var-set-frozen V 1 ^done (gdb) |
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This section describes the GDB/MI commands that manipulate data: examine memory and registers, evaluate expressions, etc.
-data-disassemble
Command
-data-disassemble [ -s start-addr -e end-addr ] | [ -f filename -l linenum [ -n lines ] ] -- mode |
Where:
$pc
)
The output for each instruction is composed of four fields:
Note that whatever included in the instruction field, is not manipulated directly by GDB/MI, i.e., it is not possible to adjust its format.
There's no direct mapping from this command to the CLI.
Disassemble from the current value of $pc
to $pc + 20
:
(gdb) -data-disassemble -s $pc -e "$pc + 20" -- 0 ^done, asm_insns=[ {address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"}, {address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}, {address="0x000107c8",func-name="main",offset="12", inst="or %o2, 0x140, %o1\t! 0x11940 <_lib_version+8>"}, {address="0x000107cc",func-name="main",offset="16", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}, {address="0x000107d0",func-name="main",offset="20", inst="or %o2, 0x168, %o4\t! 0x11968 <_lib_version+48>"}] (gdb) |
Disassemble the whole main
function. Line 32 is part of
main
.
-data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -- 0 ^done,asm_insns=[ {address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0", inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"}, {address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"}, {address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}, [...] {address="0x0001081c",func-name="main",offset="96",inst="ret "}, {address="0x00010820",func-name="main",offset="100",inst="restore "}] (gdb) |
Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of main
:
(gdb) -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 0 ^done,asm_insns=[ {address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0", inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"}, {address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"}, {address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}] (gdb) |
Disassemble 3 instructions from the start of main
in mixed mode:
(gdb) -data-disassemble -f basics.c -l 32 -n 3 -- 1 ^done,asm_insns=[ src_and_asm_line={line="31", file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \ testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn=[ {address="0x000107bc",func-name="main",offset="0", inst="save %sp, -112, %sp"}]}, src_and_asm_line={line="32", file="/kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/flathead-dev/devo/gdb/ \ testsuite/gdb.mi/basics.c",line_asm_insn=[ {address="0x000107c0",func-name="main",offset="4", inst="mov 2, %o0"}, {address="0x000107c4",func-name="main",offset="8", inst="sethi %hi(0x11800), %o2"}]}] (gdb) |
-data-evaluate-expression
Command
-data-evaluate-expression expr |
Evaluate expr as an expression. The expression could contain an inferior function call. The function call will execute synchronously. If the expression contains spaces, it must be enclosed in double quotes.
The corresponding GDB commands are `print', `output', and
`call'. In gdbtk
only, there's a corresponding
`gdb_eval' command.
In the following example, the numbers that precede the commands are the tokens described in GDB/MI Command Syntax. Notice how GDB/MI returns the same tokens in its output.
211-data-evaluate-expression A 211^done,value="1" (gdb) 311-data-evaluate-expression &A 311^done,value="0xefffeb7c" (gdb) 411-data-evaluate-expression A+3 411^done,value="4" (gdb) 511-data-evaluate-expression "A + 3" 511^done,value="4" (gdb) |
-data-list-changed-registers
Command
-data-list-changed-registers |
Display a list of the registers that have changed.
GDB doesn't have a direct analog for this command; gdbtk
has the corresponding command `gdb_changed_register_list'.
On a PPC MBX board:
(gdb) -exec-continue ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",frame={func="main", args=[],file="try.c",fullname="/home/foo/bar/try.c",line="5"} (gdb) -data-list-changed-registers ^done,changed-registers=["0","1","2","4","5","6","7","8","9", "10","11","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","21","22","23", "24","25","26","27","28","30","31","64","65","66","67","69"] (gdb) |
-data-list-register-names
Command
-data-list-register-names [ ( regno )+ ] |
Show a list of register names for the current target. If no arguments are given, it shows a list of the names of all the registers. If integer numbers are given as arguments, it will print a list of the names of the registers corresponding to the arguments. To ensure consistency between a register name and its number, the output list may include empty register names.
GDB does not have a command which corresponds to
`-data-list-register-names'. In gdbtk
there is a
corresponding command `gdb_regnames'.
For the PPC MBX board:
(gdb) -data-list-register-names ^done,register-names=["r0","r1","r2","r3","r4","r5","r6","r7", "r8","r9","r10","r11","r12","r13","r14","r15","r16","r17","r18", "r19","r20","r21","r22","r23","r24","r25","r26","r27","r28","r29", "r30","r31","f0","f1","f2","f3","f4","f5","f6","f7","f8","f9", "f10","f11","f12","f13","f14","f15","f16","f17","f18","f19","f20", "f21","f22","f23","f24","f25","f26","f27","f28","f29","f30","f31", "", "pc","ps","cr","lr","ctr","xer"] (gdb) -data-list-register-names 1 2 3 ^done,register-names=["r1","r2","r3"] (gdb) |
-data-list-register-values
Command
-data-list-register-values fmt [ ( regno )*] |
Display the registers' contents. fmt is the format according to which the registers' contents are to be returned, followed by an optional list of numbers specifying the registers to display. A missing list of numbers indicates that the contents of all the registers must be returned.
Allowed formats for fmt are:
x
o
t
d
r
N
The corresponding GDB commands are `info reg', `info
all-reg', and (in gdbtk
) `gdb_fetch_registers'.
For a PPC MBX board (note: line breaks are for readability only, they don't appear in the actual output):
(gdb) -data-list-register-values r 64 65 ^done,register-values=[{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"}, {number="65",value="0x00029002"}] (gdb) -data-list-register-values x ^done,register-values=[{number="0",value="0xfe0043c8"}, {number="1",value="0x3fff88"},{number="2",value="0xfffffffe"}, {number="3",value="0x0"},{number="4",value="0xa"}, {number="5",value="0x3fff68"},{number="6",value="0x3fff58"}, {number="7",value="0xfe011e98"},{number="8",value="0x2"}, {number="9",value="0xfa202820"},{number="10",value="0xfa202808"}, {number="11",value="0x1"},{number="12",value="0x0"}, {number="13",value="0x4544"},{number="14",value="0xffdfffff"}, {number="15",value="0xffffffff"},{number="16",value="0xfffffeff"}, {number="17",value="0xefffffed"},{number="18",value="0xfffffffe"}, {number="19",value="0xffffffff"},{number="20",value="0xffffffff"}, {number="21",value="0xffffffff"},{number="22",value="0xfffffff7"}, {number="23",value="0xffffffff"},{number="24",value="0xffffffff"}, {number="25",value="0xffffffff"},{number="26",value="0xfffffffb"}, {number="27",value="0xffffffff"},{number="28",value="0xf7bfffff"}, {number="29",value="0x0"},{number="30",value="0xfe010000"}, {number="31",value="0x0"},{number="32",value="0x0"}, {number="33",value="0x0"},{number="34",value="0x0"}, {number="35",value="0x0"},{number="36",value="0x0"}, {number="37",value="0x0"},{number="38",value="0x0"}, {number="39",value="0x0"},{number="40",value="0x0"}, {number="41",value="0x0"},{number="42",value="0x0"}, {number="43",value="0x0"},{number="44",value="0x0"}, {number="45",value="0x0"},{number="46",value="0x0"}, {number="47",value="0x0"},{number="48",value="0x0"}, {number="49",value="0x0"},{number="50",value="0x0"}, {number="51",value="0x0"},{number="52",value="0x0"}, {number="53",value="0x0"},{number="54",value="0x0"}, {number="55",value="0x0"},{number="56",value="0x0"}, {number="57",value="0x0"},{number="58",value="0x0"}, {number="59",value="0x0"},{number="60",value="0x0"}, {number="61",value="0x0"},{number="62",value="0x0"}, {number="63",value="0x0"},{number="64",value="0xfe00a300"}, {number="65",value="0x29002"},{number="66",value="0x202f04b5"}, {number="67",value="0xfe0043b0"},{number="68",value="0xfe00b3e4"}, {number="69",value="0x20002b03"}] (gdb) |
-data-read-memory
Command
-data-read-memory [ -o byte-offset ] address word-format word-size nr-rows nr-cols [ aschar ] |
where:
print
command (see section Output Formats).
This command displays memory contents as a table of nr-rows by
nr-cols words, each word being word-size bytes. In total,
nr-rows * nr-cols * word-size
bytes are read
(returned as `total-bytes'). Should less than the requested number
of bytes be returned by the target, the missing words are identified
using `N/A'. The number of bytes read from the target is returned
in `nr-bytes' and the starting address used to read memory in
`addr'.
The address of the next/previous row or page is available in `next-row' and `prev-row', `next-page' and `prev-page'.
The corresponding GDB command is `x'. gdbtk
has
`gdb_get_mem' memory read command.
Read six bytes of memory starting at bytes+6
but then offset by
-6
bytes. Format as three rows of two columns. One byte per
word. Display each word in hex.
(gdb) 9-data-read-memory -o -6 -- bytes+6 x 1 3 2 9^done,addr="0x00001390",nr-bytes="6",total-bytes="6", next-row="0x00001396",prev-row="0x0000138e",next-page="0x00001396", prev-page="0x0000138a",memory=[ {addr="0x00001390",data=["0x00","0x01"]}, {addr="0x00001392",data=["0x02","0x03"]}, {addr="0x00001394",data=["0x04","0x05"]}] (gdb) |
Read two bytes of memory starting at address shorts + 64
and
display as a single word formatted in decimal.
(gdb) 5-data-read-memory shorts+64 d 2 1 1 5^done,addr="0x00001510",nr-bytes="2",total-bytes="2", next-row="0x00001512",prev-row="0x0000150e", next-page="0x00001512",prev-page="0x0000150e",memory=[ {addr="0x00001510",data=["128"]}] (gdb) |
Read thirty two bytes of memory starting at bytes+16
and format
as eight rows of four columns. Include a string encoding with `x'
used as the non-printable character.
(gdb) 4-data-read-memory bytes+16 x 1 8 4 x 4^done,addr="0x000013a0",nr-bytes="32",total-bytes="32", next-row="0x000013c0",prev-row="0x0000139c", next-page="0x000013c0",prev-page="0x00001380",memory=[ {addr="0x000013a0",data=["0x10","0x11","0x12","0x13"],ascii="xxxx"}, {addr="0x000013a4",data=["0x14","0x15","0x16","0x17"],ascii="xxxx"}, {addr="0x000013a8",data=["0x18","0x19","0x1a","0x1b"],ascii="xxxx"}, {addr="0x000013ac",data=["0x1c","0x1d","0x1e","0x1f"],ascii="xxxx"}, {addr="0x000013b0",data=["0x20","0x21","0x22","0x23"],ascii=" !\"#"}, {addr="0x000013b4",data=["0x24","0x25","0x26","0x27"],ascii="$%&'"}, {addr="0x000013b8",data=["0x28","0x29","0x2a","0x2b"],ascii="()*+"}, {addr="0x000013bc",data=["0x2c","0x2d","0x2e","0x2f"],ascii=",-./"}] (gdb) |
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The tracepoint commands are not yet implemented.
| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
-symbol-info-address
Command
-symbol-info-address symbol |
Describe where symbol is stored.
The corresponding GDB command is `info address'.
-symbol-info-file
Command
-symbol-info-file |
Show the file for the symbol.
There's no equivalent GDB command. gdbtk
has
`gdb_find_file'.
-symbol-info-function
Command
-symbol-info-function |
Show which function the symbol lives in.
`gdb_get_function' in gdbtk
.
-symbol-info-line
Command
-symbol-info-line |
Show the core addresses of the code for a source line.
The corresponding GDB command is `info line'.
gdbtk
has the `gdb_get_line' and `gdb_get_file' commands.
-symbol-info-symbol
Command
-symbol-info-symbol addr |
Describe what symbol is at location addr.
The corresponding GDB command is `info symbol'.
-symbol-list-functions
Command
-symbol-list-functions |
List the functions in the executable.
`info functions' in GDB, `gdb_listfunc' and
`gdb_search' in gdbtk
.
-symbol-list-lines
Command
-symbol-list-lines filename |
Print the list of lines that contain code and their associated program addresses for the given source filename. The entries are sorted in ascending PC order.
There is no corresponding GDB command.
(gdb) -symbol-list-lines basics.c ^done,lines=[{pc="0x08048554",line="7"},{pc="0x0804855a",line="8"}] (gdb) |
-symbol-list-types
Command
-symbol-list-types |
List all the type names.
The corresponding commands are `info types' in GDB,
`gdb_search' in gdbtk
.
-symbol-list-variables
Command
-symbol-list-variables |
List all the global and static variable names.
`info variables' in GDB, `gdb_search' in gdbtk
.
-symbol-locate
Command
-symbol-locate |
`gdb_loc' in gdbtk
.
-symbol-type
Command
-symbol-type variable |
Show type of variable.
The corresponding GDB command is `ptype', gdbtk
has
`gdb_obj_variable'.
| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
This section describes the GDB/MI commands to specify executable file names and to read in and obtain symbol table information.
-file-exec-and-symbols
Command
-file-exec-and-symbols file |
Specify the executable file to be debugged. This file is the one from which the symbol table is also read. If no file is specified, the command clears the executable and symbol information. If breakpoints are set when using this command with no arguments, GDB will produce error messages. Otherwise, no output is produced, except a completion notification.
The corresponding GDB command is `file'.
(gdb) -file-exec-and-symbols /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb) |
-file-exec-file
Command
-file-exec-file file |
Specify the executable file to be debugged. Unlike `-file-exec-and-symbols', the symbol table is not read from this file. If used without argument, GDB clears the information about the executable file. No output is produced, except a completion notification.
The corresponding GDB command is `exec-file'.
(gdb) -file-exec-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb) |
-file-list-exec-sections
Command
-file-list-exec-sections |
List the sections of the current executable file.
The GDB command `info file' shows, among the rest, the same
information as this command. gdbtk
has a corresponding command
`gdb_load_info'.
-file-list-exec-source-file
Command
-file-list-exec-source-file |
List the line number, the current source file, and the absolute path to the current source file for the current executable. The macro information field has a value of `1' or `0' depending on whether or not the file includes preprocessor macro information.
The GDB equivalent is `info source'
(gdb) 123-file-list-exec-source-file 123^done,line="1",file="foo.c",fullname="/home/bar/foo.c,macro-info="1" (gdb) |
-file-list-exec-source-files
Command
-file-list-exec-source-files |
List the source files for the current executable.
It will always output the filename, but only when GDB can find the absolute file name of a source file, will it output the fullname.
The GDB equivalent is `info sources'.
gdbtk
has an analogous command `gdb_listfiles'.
(gdb) -file-list-exec-source-files ^done,files=[ {file=foo.c,fullname=/home/foo.c}, {file=/home/bar.c,fullname=/home/bar.c}, {file=gdb_could_not_find_fullpath.c}] (gdb) |
-file-list-shared-libraries
Command
-file-list-shared-libraries |
List the shared libraries in the program.
The corresponding GDB command is `info shared'.
-file-list-symbol-files
Command
-file-list-symbol-files |
List symbol files.
The corresponding GDB command is `info file' (part of it).
-file-symbol-file
Command
-file-symbol-file file |
Read symbol table info from the specified file argument. When used without arguments, clears GDB's symbol table info. No output is produced, except for a completion notification.
The corresponding GDB command is `symbol-file'.
(gdb) -file-symbol-file /kwikemart/marge/ezannoni/TRUNK/mbx/hello.mbx ^done (gdb) |
| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
-target-attach
Command
-target-attach pid | file |
Attach to a process pid or a file file outside of GDB.
The corresponding GDB command is `attach'.
-target-compare-sections
Command
-target-compare-sections [ section ] |
Compare data of section section on target to the exec file. Without the argument, all sections are compared.
The GDB equivalent is `compare-sections'.
-target-detach
Command
-target-detach |
Detach from the remote target which normally resumes its execution. There's no output.
The corresponding GDB command is `detach'.
(gdb) -target-detach ^done (gdb) |
-target-disconnect
Command
-target-disconnect |
Disconnect from the remote target. There's no output and the target is generally not resumed.
The corresponding GDB command is `disconnect'.
(gdb) -target-disconnect ^done (gdb) |
-target-download
Command
-target-download |
Loads the executable onto the remote target. It prints out an update message every half second, which includes the fields:
Each message is sent as status record (see section GDB/MI Output Syntax).
In addition, it prints the name and size of the sections, as they are downloaded. These messages include the following fields:
At the end, a summary is printed.
The corresponding GDB command is `load'.
Note: each status message appears on a single line. Here the messages have been broken down so that they can fit onto a page.
(gdb) -target-download +download,{section=".text",section-size="6668",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="512",section-size="6668", total-sent="512",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="1024",section-size="6668", total-sent="1024",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="1536",section-size="6668", total-sent="1536",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="2048",section-size="6668", total-sent="2048",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="2560",section-size="6668", total-sent="2560",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="3072",section-size="6668", total-sent="3072",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="3584",section-size="6668", total-sent="3584",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="4096",section-size="6668", total-sent="4096",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="4608",section-size="6668", total-sent="4608",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="5120",section-size="6668", total-sent="5120",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="5632",section-size="6668", total-sent="5632",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="6144",section-size="6668", total-sent="6144",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".text",section-sent="6656",section-size="6668", total-sent="6656",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".init",section-size="28",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".fini",section-size="28",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-size="3156",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-sent="512",section-size="3156", total-sent="7236",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-sent="1024",section-size="3156", total-sent="7748",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-sent="1536",section-size="3156", total-sent="8260",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-sent="2048",section-size="3156", total-sent="8772",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-sent="2560",section-size="3156", total-sent="9284",total-size="9880"} +download,{section=".data",section-sent="3072",section-size="3156", total-sent="9796",total-size="9880"} ^done,address="0x10004",load-size="9880",transfer-rate="6586", write-rate="429" (gdb) |
-target-exec-status
Command
-target-exec-status |
Provide information on the state of the target (whether it is running or not, for instance).
There's no equivalent GDB command.
-target-list-available-targets
Command
-target-list-available-targets |
List the possible targets to connect to.
The corresponding GDB command is `help target'.
-target-list-current-targets
Command
-target-list-current-targets |
Describe the current target.
The corresponding information is printed by `info file' (among other things).
-target-list-parameters
Command
-target-list-parameters |
No equivalent.
-target-select
Command
-target-select type parameters ... |
Connect GDB to the remote target. This command takes two args:
The output is a connection notification, followed by the address at which the target program is, in the following form:
^connected,addr="address",func="function name", args=[arg list] |
The corresponding GDB command is `target'.
(gdb) -target-select async /dev/ttya ^connected,addr="0xfe00a300",func="??",args=[] (gdb) |
| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
-target-file-put
Command
-target-file-put hostfile targetfile |
Copy file hostfile from the host system (the machine running GDB) to targetfile on the target system.
The corresponding GDB command is `remote put'.
(gdb) -target-file-put localfile remotefile ^done (gdb) |
-target-file-put
Command
-target-file-get targetfile hostfile |
Copy file targetfile from the target system to hostfile on the host system.
The corresponding GDB command is `remote get'.
(gdb) -target-file-get remotefile localfile ^done (gdb) |
-target-file-delete
Command
-target-file-delete targetfile |
Delete targetfile from the target system.
The corresponding GDB command is `remote delete'.
(gdb) -target-file-delete remotefile ^done (gdb) |
| [ < ] | [ > ] | [ << ] | [ Up ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
-gdb-exit
Command
-gdb-exit |
Exit GDB immediately.
Approximately corresponds to `quit'.
(gdb) -gdb-exit ^exit |
-exec-abort
Command
-exec-abort |
Kill the inferior running program.
The corresponding GDB command is `kill'.
-gdb-set
Command
-gdb-set |
Set an internal GDB variable.
The corresponding GDB command is `set'.
(gdb) -gdb-set $foo=3 ^done (gdb) |
-gdb-show
Command
-gdb-show |
Show the current value of a GDB variable.
The corresponding GDB command is `show'.
(gdb) -gdb-show annotate ^done,value="0" (gdb) |
-gdb-version
Command
-gdb-version |
Show version information for GDB. Used mostly in testing.
The GDB equivalent is `show version'. GDB by default shows this information when you start an interactive session.
(gdb) -gdb-version ~GNU gdb 5.2.1 ~Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ~GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and ~you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under ~ certain conditions. ~Type "show copying" to see the conditions. ~There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for ~ details. ~This GDB was configured as "--host=sparc-sun-solaris2.5.1 --target=ppc-eabi". ^done (gdb) |
-list-features
Command Returns a list of particular features of the MI protocol that this version of gdb implements. A feature can be a command, or a new field in an output of some command, or even an important bugfix. While a frontend can sometimes detect presence of a feature at runtime, it is easier to perform detection at debugger startup.
The command returns a list of strings, with each string naming an available feature. Each returned string is just a name, it does not have any internal structure. The list of possible feature names is given below.
Example output:
(gdb) -list-features ^done,result=["feature1","feature2"] |
The current list of features is:
-var-set-frozen
command, as well as possible presense of the
frozen
field in the output of -varobj-create
.
-f
option to the -break-insert
command.
-interpreter-exec
Command
-interpreter-exec interpreter command |
Execute the specified command in the given interpreter.
The corresponding GDB command is `interpreter-exec'.
(gdb) -interpreter-exec console "break main" &"During symbol reading, couldn't parse type; debugger out of date?.\n" &"During symbol reading, bad structure-type format.\n" ~"Breakpoint 1 at 0x8074fc6: file ../../src/gdb/main.c, line 743.\n" ^done (gdb) |
-inferior-tty-set
Command
-inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1 |
Set terminal for future runs of the program being debugged.
The corresponding GDB command is `set inferior-tty' /dev/pts/1.
(gdb) -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1 ^done (gdb) |
-inferior-tty-show
Command
-inferior-tty-show |
Show terminal for future runs of program being debugged.
The corresponding GDB command is `show inferior-tty'.
(gdb) -inferior-tty-set /dev/pts/1 ^done (gdb) -inferior-tty-show ^done,inferior_tty_terminal="/dev/pts/1" (gdb) |
-enable-timings
Command
-enable-timings [yes | no] |
Toggle the printing of the wallclock, user and system times for an MI command as a field in its output. This command is to help frontend developers optimize the performance of their code. No argument is equivalent to `yes'.
No equivalent.
(gdb) -enable-timings ^done (gdb) -break-insert main ^done,bkpt={number="1",type="breakpoint",disp="keep",enabled="y", addr="0x080484ed",func="main",file="myprog.c", fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73",times="0"}, time={wallclock="0.05185",user="0.00800",system="0.00000"} (gdb) -enable-timings no ^done (gdb) -exec-run ^running (gdb) *stopped,reason="breakpoint-hit",bkptno="1",thread-id="0", frame={addr="0x080484ed",func="main",args=[{name="argc",value="1"}, {name="argv",value="0xbfb60364"}],file="myprog.c", fullname="/home/nickrob/myprog.c",line="73"} (gdb) |
| [ << ] | [ >> ] | [Top] | [Contents] | [Index] | [ ? ] |
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>There are also other ways to contact the FSF.
These pages are maintained by the GDB developers.
Copyright Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
This document was generated by GDB Administrator on March, 27 2008 using texi2html


Statistical Methods in Water Resources with R
2020-05-05
Preface
This book is a re-coding of Statistical Methods in Water Resources by Helsel & Hirsch. As the use of R in the hydrology community steadily grows, translating Helsel & Hirsch material into R was an opportunity we could not miss. The content herein is a direct adaptation of the source material into R and its tools.


-
Name
Mohammed Ahmed
-
Employee No
323233
-
Gatagory
Chief Financial Officer
-
Degree
8
-
Postion
General manager
-
Department
HR
-
Location
Riyadh
Total Salary
23,550
Deducitions
6,550
Total Balance
80 Days
Consumed
20 Days
Total Balance
80 Days
Consumed
20 Days
Annual Balance
100 Days
Are you sure you want to delete
Yes
NO


My name is Ryan-Alexander Thomas and I am a full-time student at The Ohio State University. I study Computer Science and Engineering while I work for MIT as a programmer. Though I am no longer a full-time music teacher, I am still an avid musician.
On most days, you will find me studying, playing some jazz with a local group, or working on my latest site/project/app. I thoroughly enjoy learning new things so I read very often! Some of my favorite books include "How Google Works" by Schmidt and Rosenberg and "What to Listen For in Music" by Aaron Copland.
I have two black cats, Charlie Murphy and Rick James, and a AKC certified Shetland Sheeepdog, Stella J. Artois. I love cooking, riding motorcycles, Halloween, teaching, tea, and meeting new people! Click the links below (or in the menu) to learn more about my studies, work, or musicianship.


Dengue fever claims another life in Karachi
by PPIKARACHI: Dengue fever has claimed another life in Karachi city in a private hospital during the last 24 hours, taking the death toll from this mosquito-borne disease to 46 since January 01, 2019.
A 38 years old woman, resident of North Karachi died of dengue fever in a private hospital of the megacity.
Spokesman Prevention and Control Program for Dengue (PCPD) Sindh, while talking to PPI, confirmed the death a woman in a private hospital due to dengue viral fever and informed that a total 46 people have died in Karachi this year so far.
However, at least 65 new dengue fever cases emerged across the Sindh province in a day, out of the 58 were detected in Karachi and seven in other districts.
In December, a total of 702 dengue positive cases surfaced throughout the province out of which 631 were confirmed from Karachi and 71 from other districts.
In 2019, a total of 16,120 dengue cases were detected in Sindh province so far out of them, 14,977 happened in Karachi and 1143 in other districts.


Landing Page
Special Projects
This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.
MEAGAN HALL
09.07.17
Ohio University President Duane Nellis has made it his goal to be accessible to people at OU and in Athens, and there are several ways people can take advantage of that.
Nellis took office in June. Before the beginning of Fall Semester, he worked to connect with students around town and on campus.
“I have interacted with many students as I walked around campus, sat in on classes, dined uptown, or visited various departments where students have held summer employment,” Nellis said in an email. “I want our students to know I enjoy talking to them; they should feel comfortable coming up to me and saying ‘hello’ when they see me.”
Forums are one way Nellis is working toward communicating with students and making them more comfortable around him. He is also planning to meet regularly with Student Senate and hopes students can bring concerns there.
Meagan Hall | FILE
President Duane Nellis greeting a family on campus during his first day as Ohio University's president on June 12, 2017.
Students can also voice concerns by calling or emailing his office. The office’s phone number is<PHONE_NUMBER>, and its email is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If his office is not the right one to address their issues, the office will get the student in touch with the right one.
“I have already been getting email from students and I try to be responsive,” Nellis said in an email. “I intend to be very open to dialogue.”
“I want our students to know I enjoy talking to them; they should feel comfortable coming up to me and saying ‘hello’ when they see me.”Duane Nellis, 21st president of OU
If students are interested in talking to Nellis in person, they can schedule a meeting with him through the Office of the President.
Nellis had a reputation for being people-oriented during his time his time as president of Texas Tech University, according to a report by The Daily Toreador, the student newspaper at Texas Tech.
“He’s very people oriented and has an impressive scholarly and administrative record,” Lance Nail, dean of the Jerry S. Rawls College of Business Administration at Texas Tech, told the publication in 2013.
Tim Traxler, an Athens County resident, noticed Nellis’ focus on community during one of the January presidential search forums. It gave him the impression Nellis would be receptive to university-community relations.
“We’d probably see him more in the community, more than we’ve seen President McDavis,” Traxler said in a previous Post report. “He just seemed to be someone who’s interested in the community and engaging with solving problems in the community as well as the university.”
McDavis was a self-proclaimed “external president,” according to a previous Post report. He focused more on connecting to people outside the university during the second half of his presidency because he felt “very good about the people that are in place to make sure that the internal functions of the university operate effectively and efficiently.”
As Nellis adjusts to his new role, he hopes students will feel comfortable enough to connect with him.
“I think I’m a pretty approachable person, so I want students to feel like they can come up to me and ask me questions,” Nellis said.
Landing Page
This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.


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is true
is false
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{{last.a.label}} === {{last.b.label}}
would be
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Embarking on your web crawl, please wait...
Starting Website for Crawl
Type of Traversal
Depth-First
Breadth-First
Number of Levels for Traversal
Choose a limit between 0 and 25 for depth-first traversal and between 0 and 3 for breadth-first traversal.
Web crawls involving many sites or starting at smaller websites without much site traffic may take several minutes to load.
Keyword to Stop Traversal
OPTIONAL - Web crawl will stop if keyword is encountered on a website.
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The timepicker module contains directives for selecting times. To use as a SKY UX-themed replacement for the HTML input
element with type="time"
.
The value that is selected is driven through the ngModel
attribute
specified on the input
element.
Specifies 12-hour hh
or 24-hour HH
format.
Specifies a custom time format. See the momentjs docs for examples.
When this attribute is placed on an input element and wrapped in a sky-timepicker
component, the input and time dropdown are created. This attribute must be set to the instance of the sky-timepicker
. This directive will use NgModel
for binding data.


SPLICE:
Standards, Protocols, and Learning Infrastructure for Computing Education
Welcome to the home of the SPLICE project. Our mission is to help the CS Education community by supplying documentation and infrastructure to help with adopting shared standards, protocols, and tools.
Resources
- GitHub organization
- Repository for LTI examples and support
- SPICE Google group
- Some links for data analysis tools


Policies.Posterior.Gauss module¶
Manipulate a posterior of Gaussian experiments, which happens to also be a Gaussian distribution if the prior is Gaussian. Easy peasy!
Warning
TODO I have to test it!
Reference: [[Further optimal regret bounds for Thompson sampling, S. Agrawal and N. Goyal, In Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, pages 99–107, 2013.](http://proceedings.mlr.press/v31/agrawal13a.pdf)]
-
Policies.Posterior.Gauss.
normalvariate
()¶ normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, size=None)
Draw random samples from a normal (Gaussian) distribution.
The probability density function of the normal distribution, first derived by De Moivre and 200 years later by both Gauss and Laplace independently 2, is often called the bell curve because of its characteristic shape (see the example below).
The normal distributions occurs often in nature. For example, it describes the commonly occurring distribution of samples influenced by a large number of tiny, random disturbances, each with its own unique distribution 2.
- locfloat or array_like of floats
Mean (“centre”) of the distribution.
- scalefloat or array_like of floats
Standard deviation (spread or “width”) of the distribution. Must be non-negative.
- sizeint or tuple of ints, optional
Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g.,
(m, n, k)
, thenm * n * k
samples are drawn. If size isNone
(default), a single value is returned ifloc
andscale
are both scalars. Otherwise,np.broadcast(loc, scale).size
samples are drawn.
- outndarray or scalar
Drawn samples from the parameterized normal distribution.
- scipy.stats.normprobability density function, distribution or
cumulative density function, etc.
The probability density for the Gaussian distribution is
\[p(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{ 2 \pi \sigma^2 }} e^{ - \frac{ (x - \mu)^2 } {2 \sigma^2} },\]where \(\mu\) is the mean and \(\sigma\) the standard deviation. The square of the standard deviation, \(\sigma^2\), is called the variance.
The function has its peak at the mean, and its “spread” increases with the standard deviation (the function reaches 0.607 times its maximum at \(x + \sigma\) and \(x - \sigma\) 2). This implies that numpy.random.normal is more likely to return samples lying close to the mean, rather than those far away.
- 1
Wikipedia, “Normal distribution”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution
- 2(1,2,3)
P. R. Peebles Jr., “Central Limit Theorem” in “Probability, Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”, 4th ed., 2001, pp. 51, 51, 125.
Draw samples from the distribution:
>>> mu, sigma = 0, 0.1 # mean and standard deviation >>> s = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 1000)
Verify the mean and the variance:
>>> abs(mu - np.mean(s)) 0.0 # may vary
>>> abs(sigma - np.std(s, ddof=1)) 0.1 # may vary
Display the histogram of the samples, along with the probability density function:
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> count, bins, ignored = plt.hist(s, 30, density=True) >>> plt.plot(bins, 1/(sigma * np.sqrt(2 * np.pi)) * ... np.exp( - (bins - mu)**2 / (2 * sigma**2) ), ... linewidth=2, color='r') >>> plt.show()
Two-by-four array of samples from N(3, 6.25):
>>> np.random.normal(3, 2.5, size=(2, 4)) array([[-4.49401501, 4.00950034, -1.81814867, 7.29718677], # random [ 0.39924804, 4.68456316, 4.99394529, 4.84057254]]) # random
-
class
Policies.Posterior.Gauss.
Gauss
(mu=0.0)[source]¶ Bases:
Policies.Posterior.Posterior.Posterior
Manipulate a posterior of Gaussian experiments, which happens to also be a Gaussian distribution if the prior is Gaussian.
The posterior distribution is a \(\mathcal{N}(\hat{\mu_k}(t), \hat{\sigma_k}^2(t))\), where
\[\hat{\mu_k}(t) &= \frac{X_k(t)}{N_k(t)}, \hat{\sigma_k}^2(t) &= \frac{1}{N_k(t)}.\]Warning
This works only for prior with a variance \(\sigma^2=1\) !
-
__init__
(mu=0.0)[source]¶ Create a posterior assuming the prior is \(\mathcal{N}(\mu, 1)\).
The prior is centered (\(\mu=1\)) by default, but parameter
mu
can be used to change this default.
-
mu
= None¶ Parameter \(\mu\) of the posterior
-
sigma
= None¶ The parameter \(\sigma\) of the posterior
-
reset
(mu=None)[source]¶ Reset the for parameters \(\mu, \sigma\), as when creating a new Gauss posterior.
-
sample
()[source]¶ Get a random sample \((x, \sigma^2)\) from the Gaussian posterior (using
scipy.stats.invgamma()
for the variance \(\sigma^2\) parameter andnumpy.random.normal()
for the mean \(x\)).Used only by
Thompson
Sampling andAdBandits
so far.
-
quantile
(p)[source]¶ Return the p-quantile of the Gauss posterior.
Note
It now works fine with
Policies.BayesUCB
with Gauss posteriors, even if it is MUCH SLOWER than the Bernoulli posterior (Gamma
).
-
update
(obs)[source]¶ Add an observation \(x\) or a vector of observations, assumed to be drawn from an unknown normal distribution.
-
__module__
= 'Policies.Posterior.Gauss'¶
-


cavnessHR delivers great HR to every company with less than 50 employees in the U.S to assist in growing their business and to assist in decreasing the percentage of business failures.
At cavnessHR we are transforming how HR is delivered to companies with less than 50 employees. cavnessHR will deliver great HR to small business after they have obtained product/market fit. cavnessHR will deliver great HR to small companies at a cost that is not averse to them. cavnessHR will be the company every business with less than 50 employees in the U.S. uses for their HR.
Around 543,000 new businesses start in the U.S. each month. According to the Small Business Administration there are over 5 million small businesses in the U.S. These businesses account for the employment of over 31 million people and over 1,154,769,764 ($1,000) in annual payroll. To break this down further, businesses with less than 20 workers make up 89.6 percent of small businesses.
There is a misconception that most companies have HR. Either through a dedicated HR person or by using a HR Consultant. However, most small companies do not have anyone dedicated to conduct the HR Business function for them.
One reason for most small companies not having dedicated HR is the cost associated. The cost for an internal HR person can be from $50,000 to $100,000 or more per year. You then have HR Consultants who charge from $150 to $400 or more per hour. Both current options are cost prohibitive to small businesses. Which is one of the reasons why small business owners make the decision not to bring on HR. New businesses cannot afford the high cost of HR as it is currently delivered.
This places them at risk for various compliance challenges and places them at risk for not being able to scale when performance levels and efficiency are required by larger operational demands. This also places them at risk for not paying their employees correctly (either too high or too low). These are just some of the risks small companies take by not having HR.
Currently HR is now delivered to small businesses by high interaction and high touch points. We believe that great HR can be delivered to small businesses without a high interaction between the small business and cavnessHR while still providing great customer service. cavnessHR will deliver great HR through a cloud based system that will allow for the minimal amount of interaction possible.
cavnessHR delivers HR to Founders, new business owners and companies with less than 50 employees. cavnessHR makes HR easy and delivers high quality HR products and services. cavnessHR adds value by taking care of the HR business function while continuing to maintain their own values.


Qualtrics expansion includes on-site STEM-focused daycare
SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - The survey-software provider Qualtrics is planning to expand its Provo-based headquarters, add jobs and build an on-site daycare center that will focus on science, math, engineering and technology.
Qualtrics International Inc. said in a news release Thursday the expansion will double the size of the offices when it opens in the spring of 2021. The company plans to add 1,000 new jobs over five years.
The daycare facility is scheduled to open in the fall of 2020 across the street. It will offer a STEM-focused curriculum for children up to 5-years-old of employees who pay for the service.
A year ago, SAP paid $8 billion to acquire Qualtrics.
Qualtrics has announced plans for new office buildings in Seattle, Chicago and Dublin, Ireland.
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"To every man upon this earth
Death cometh soon or late.
And how can man die better
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his gods."
― Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome
"The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequities of the selfish
and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who, in the name of charity and good
will, shepherds the weak through the valley of the darkness. For he is truly his
brother’s keeper and the finder of lost children.  And you will know My name is the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon thee."
― Jules Winnfield, Ezekiel 25:17
"Here's a Bible verse I think about sometimes. Manytimes.
It goes: And I heard the voice of Lord saying: Whom shall I send and who will go for Us?
And...I said: Here am I , send me!"
― Boyd 'Bible' Swan, Isaiah 6:8


My Web Development starting point
"How you do anything is how you do everything"
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