Advanced Visualization: Graphics
This short protocol reviews how to add graphics to nodes.
Adding Graphics to Nodes
Sometimes, we want to add graphics to nodes. This should be done very sparingly, using Cytoscape's built-in charts. This example uses the Yeast Perturbation example session file.
- Remove the Node Fill Color mapping and set the default node color to grey.
- In the Node tab of the Style panel, select Properties→Paint→Custom Paint 1→Image/Chart 1.
- To add a graphic to all nodes, click the Def. (default) column of the Image/Chart 1 property. To add a graphic to only selected nodes, select the nodes first and then click the Byp (bypass) column for Image/Chart 1 property.
- Select Charts at the top. This will bring up the Graphics panel:
Adding Graphics to Nodes
- Select the type of chart at the top, in this example we are using the Bar Chart.
- For bar charts, select the type of chart using the radio buttons. For this example, we are choosing Up-Down.
- Using the Add Selected and Remove Selected arrows, move the data columns you want to use for your chart to the Selected Columns list. In this example, we are using gal1RGExp and gal80RExp.
- Click the Customize tab, and in the Color Palette drop-down, select the ColorBrewer Diverging red-blue color palette.
Adding Graphics to Nodes
- To add axis to the chart, check the three buttons for Show Domain Axis, Show Range Axis and Show Zero Baseline.
- For Separation, enter 0.05. Click Apply.
Adding Graphics to Nodes
By default, the charts are placed in the middle of the node. We can adjust the placement of the chart using the Image/Chart potision 1 property.
Adding Graphics to Nodes
- Add the Image/Chart position 1 property to the list by selecting it in the Properties drop-down under Paint→Custom Paint 1→Image/Chart Position 1.
- Click the Def. (default) column and set the chart position to the right of the node.
enhancedGraphics
enhancedGraphics was implemented before Cytoscape charts were added to Cytoscape core. The format is not nearly as convenient, but allows for greater flexibility and specificity. Briefly, adding a chart using enhancedGraphics is done as follows:
- Create a new text column in the node table.
- Add the chart instructions to the new column, see the manual for details on chart instructions.
- Set up a visual style that uses the column you created as a passthrough mapping for one of the CustomGraphics styles.
For a detailed exmaple of enhancedGraphics, see the Custom Graphics and Labels protocol.


#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) 2012 - 2015, Anaconda, Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# Powered by the Bokeh Development Team.
#
# The full license is in the file LICENSE.txt, distributed with this software.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
''' Functions for configuring Bokeh output.
'''
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Imports
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
from __future__ import absolute_import
# Stdlib imports
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
import io
import json
import os
import warnings
import tempfile
import uuid
# Bokeh imports
from .core.state import State
from .document import Document
from .embed import autoload_server, notebook_div, file_html
from .layouts import gridplot, GridSpec ; gridplot, GridSpec
from .resources import INLINE
import bokeh.util.browser as browserlib # full import needed for test mocking to work
from .util.dependencies import import_required, detect_phantomjs
from .util.deprecation import deprecated
from .util.notebook import get_comms, load_notebook, publish_display_data, watch_server_cells
from .util.string import decode_utf8
from .util.serialization import make_id
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Globals and constants
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
_new_param = {'tab': 2, 'window': 1}
_state = State()
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Local utilities
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Classes and functions
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class _CommsHandle(object):
_json = {}
def __init__(self, comms, doc, json):
self._cellno = None
try:
from IPython import get_ipython
ip = get_ipython()
hm = ip.history_manager
p_prompt = list(hm.get_tail(1, include_latest=True))[0][1]
self._cellno = p_prompt
except Exception as e:
logger.debug("Could not get Notebook cell number, reason: %s", e)
self._comms = comms
self._doc = doc
self._json[doc] = json
def _repr_html_(self):
if self._cellno is not None:
return "
<Bokeh Notebook handle for In[%s]>
" % str(self._cellno)
else:
return "
<Bokeh Notebook handle>
"
@property
def comms(self):
return self._comms
@property
def doc(self):
return self._doc
@property
def json(self):
return self._json[self._doc]
def update(self, doc, json):
self._doc = doc
self._json[doc] = json
[docs]def output_file(filename, title="Bokeh Plot", mode="cdn", root_dir=None):
'''Configure the default output state to generate output saved
to a file when :func:`show` is called.
Does not change the current Document from curdoc(). File and notebook
output may be active at the same time, so e.g., this does not clear the
effects of ``output_notebook()``.
Args:
filename (str) : a filename for saving the HTML document
title (str, optional) : a title for the HTML document (default: "Bokeh Plot")
mode (str, optional) : how to include BokehJS (default: ``'cdn'``)
One of: ``'inline'``, ``'cdn'``, ``'relative(-dev)'`` or
``'absolute(-dev)'``. See :class:`bokeh.resources.Resources` for more details.
root_dir (str, optional) : root directory to use for 'absolute' resources. (default: None)
This value is ignored for other resource types, e.g. ``INLINE`` or
``CDN``.
Returns:
None
.. note::
Generally, this should be called at the beginning of an interactive
session or the top of a script.
.. warning::
This output file will be overwritten on every save, e.g., each time
show() or save() is invoked.
'''
_state.output_file(
filename,
title=title,
mode=mode,
root_dir=root_dir
)
[docs]def output_notebook(resources=None, verbose=False, hide_banner=False, load_timeout=5000, notebook_type='jupyter'):
''' Configure the default output state to generate output in
Jupyter/Zeppelin notebook cells when :func:`show` is called.
Args:
resources (Resource, optional) :
How and where to load BokehJS from (default: CDN)
verbose (bool, optional) :
whether to display detailed BokehJS banner (default: False)
hide_banner (bool, optional):
whether to hide the Bokeh banner (default: False)
load_timeout (int, optional) :
Timeout in milliseconds when plots assume load timed out (default: 5000)
notebook_type (string, optional):
Notebook type (default: jupyter)
Returns:
None
.. note::
Generally, this should be called at the beginning of an interactive
session or the top of a script.
'''
# verify notebook_type first in _state.output_notebook
_state.output_notebook(notebook_type)
load_notebook(resources, verbose, hide_banner, load_timeout, notebook_type)
[docs]def set_curdoc(doc):
'''Configure the current document (returned by curdoc()).
Args:
doc (Document) : Document we will output.
Returns:
None
.. warning::
Calling this function will replace any existing document.
'''
_state.document = doc
[docs]def curdoc():
''' Return the document for the current default state.
Returns:
Document : the current default document object.
'''
return _state.document
[docs]def curstate():
''' Return the current State object
Returns:
State : the current default State object
'''
return _state
[docs]def show(obj, browser=None, new="tab", notebook_handle=False, notebook_url="localhost:8888"):
''' Immediately display a Bokeh object or application.
Args:
obj (LayoutDOM or Application) :
A Bokeh object to display.
Bokeh plots, widgets, layouts (i.e. rows and columns) may be
passed to ``show`` in order to display them. When ``output_file``
has been called, the output will be to an HTML file, which is also
opened in a new browser window or tab. When ``output_notebook``
has been called in a Jupyter notebook, the output will be inline
in the associated notebook output cell.
In a Jupyter notebook, a Bokeh application may also be passed.
The application will be run and displayed inline in the associated
notebook output cell.
browser (str, optional) :
Specify the browser to use to open output files(default: None)
For file output, the **browser** argument allows for specifying
which browser to display in, e.g. "safari", "firefox", "opera",
"windows-default". Not all platforms may support this option, see
the documentation for the standard library webbrowser_ module for
more information
new (str, optional) :
Specify the browser mode to use for output files (default: "tab")
For file output, opens or raises the browser window showing the
current output file. If **new** is 'tab', then opens a new tab.
If **new** is 'window', then opens a new window.
notebook_handle (bool, optional) :
Whether to create a notebook interaction handle (default: False)
For notebook output, toggles whether a handle which can be used
with ``push_notebook`` is returned. Note that notebook handles
only apply to standalone plots, layouts, etc. They do not apply
when showing Applications in the notebook.
notebook_url (URL, optional) :
Location of the Jupyter notebook page (default: "localhost:8888")
When showing Bokeh applications, the Bokeh server must be
explicitly configured to allow connections originating from
different URLs. This parameter defaults to the standard notebook
host and port. If you are running on a differnet location, you
will need to supply this value for the application to display
properly.
It is also possible to pass ``notebook_url="*"`` to disable the
standard checks, so that applications will display regardless of
the current notebook location, however a warning will appear.
Some parameters are only useful when certain output modes are active:
* The ``browser`` and ``new`` parameters only apply when ``output_file``
is active.
* The ``notebook_handle`` parameter only applies when ``output_notebook``
is active, and non-Application objects are being shown. It is only supported to Jupyter notebook,
raise exception for other notebook types when it is True.
* The ``notebook_url`` parameter only applies when showing Bokeh
Applications in a Jupyter notebook.
Returns:
When in a Jupyter notebook (with ``output_notebook`` enabled)
and ``notebook_handle=True``, returns a handle that can be used by
``push_notebook``, None otherwise.
.. _webbrowser: https://docs.python.org/2/library/webbrowser.html
'''
# This ugliness is to prevent importing bokeh.application (which would bring
# in Tornado) just in order to show a non-server object
if getattr(obj, '_is_a_bokeh_application_class', False):
return _show_notebook_app_with_state(obj, _state, "/", notebook_url)
if obj not in _state.document.roots:
_state.document.add_root(obj)
return _show_with_state(obj, _state, browser, new, notebook_handle=notebook_handle)
def _show_notebook_app_with_state(app, state, app_path, notebook_url):
if state.notebook_type == 'zeppelin':
raise ValueError("Zeppelin doesn't support show bokeh app.")
if not state.watching_cells:
watch_server_cells(_destroy_server_js)
state.watching_cells = True
logging.basicConfig()
from IPython.display import HTML, display
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from .server.server import Server
loop = IOLoop.current()
server = Server({app_path: app}, io_loop=loop, port=0, allow_websocket_origin=[notebook_url])
server.start()
script = autoload_server(url='http://<IP_ADDRESS>:%d%s' % (server.port, app_path))
display(HTML(_server_cell(server, script)))
def _show_with_state(obj, state, browser, new, notebook_handle=False):
controller = browserlib.get_browser_controller(browser=browser)
comms_handle = None
shown = False
if state.notebook:
if state.notebook_type == 'jupyter':
comms_handle = _show_jupyter_with_state(obj, state, notebook_handle)
else:
comms_handle = _show_zeppelin_with_state(obj, state, notebook_handle)
shown = True
if state.file or not shown:
_show_file_with_state(obj, state, new, controller)
return comms_handle
def _show_file_with_state(obj, state, new, controller):
filename = save(obj, state=state)
controller.open("file://" + filename, new=_new_param[new])
def _show_jupyter_with_state(obj, state, notebook_handle):
comms_target = make_id() if notebook_handle else None
publish_display_data({'text/html': notebook_div(obj, comms_target)})
if comms_target:
handle = _CommsHandle(get_comms(comms_target), state.document,
state.document.to_json())
state.last_comms_handle = handle
return handle
def _show_zeppelin_with_state(obj, state, notebook_handle):
if notebook_handle:
raise ValueError("Zeppelin doesn't support notebook_handle.")
print("%html " + notebook_div(obj))
return None
[docs]def save(obj, filename=None, resources=None, title=None, state=None, **kwargs):
''' Save an HTML file with the data for the current document.
Will fall back to the default output state (or an explicitly provided
:class:`State` object) for ``filename``, ``resources``, or ``title`` if they
are not provided. If the filename is not given and not provided via output state,
it is derived from the script name (e.g. ``/foo/myplot.py`` will create
``/foo/myplot.html``)
Args:
obj (LayoutDOM object) : a Layout (Row/Column), Plot or Widget object to display
filename (str, optional) : filename to save document under (default: None)
If None, use the default state configuration.
resources (Resources, optional) : A Resources config to use (default: None)
If None, use the default state configuration, if there is one.
otherwise use ``resources.INLINE``.
title (str, optional) : a title for the HTML document (default: None)
If None, use the default state title value, if there is one.
Otherwise, use "Bokeh Plot"
state (State, optional) :
A :class:`State` object. If None, then the current default
implicit state is used. (default: None).
Returns:
str: the filename where the HTML file is saved.
'''
if 'validate' in kwargs:
deprecated((0, 12, 5), 'The `validate` keyword argument', 'None', """
The keyword argument has been removed and the document will always be validated.""")
if state is None:
state = _state
filename, resources, title = _get_save_args(state, filename, resources, title)
_save_helper(obj, filename, resources, title)
return os.path.abspath(filename)
def _detect_filename(ext):
""" Detect filename from the name of the script being run. Returns
temporary file if the script could not be found or the location of the
script does not have write permission (e.g. interactive mode).
"""
import inspect
from os.path import dirname, basename, splitext, join, curdir
frame = inspect.currentframe()
while frame.f_back and frame.f_globals.get('name') != '__main__':
frame = frame.f_back
filename = frame.f_globals.get('__file__')
if filename is None or not os.access(dirname(filename) or curdir, os.W_OK | os.X_OK):
return tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix="." + ext).name
name, _ = splitext(basename(filename))
return join(dirname(filename), name + "." + ext)
def _get_save_args(state, filename, resources, title):
warn = True
if filename is None and state.file:
filename = state.file['filename']
if filename is None:
warn = False
filename = _detect_filename("html")
if resources is None and state.file:
resources = state.file['resources']
if resources is None:
if warn:
warnings.warn("save() called but no resources were supplied and output_file(...) was never called, defaulting to resources.CDN")
from .resources import CDN
resources = CDN
if title is None and state.file:
title = state.file['title']
if title is None:
if warn:
warnings.warn("save() called but no title was supplied and output_file(...) was never called, using default title 'Bokeh Plot'")
title = "Bokeh Plot"
return filename, resources, title
def _save_helper(obj, filename, resources, title):
html = file_html(obj, resources, title=title)
with io.open(filename, mode="w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(decode_utf8(html))
[docs]def push_notebook(document=None, state=None, handle=None):
''' Update Bokeh plots in a Jupyter notebook output cells with new data
or property values.
When working the the notebook, the ``show`` function can be passed the
argument ``notebook_handle=True``, which will cause it to return a
handle object that can be used to update the Bokeh output later. When
``push_notebook`` is called, any property updates (e.g. plot titles or
data source values, etc.) since the last call to ``push_notebook`` or
the original ``show`` call are applied to the Bokeh output in the
previously rendered Jupyter output cell.
Several example notebooks can be found in the GitHub repository in
the :bokeh-tree:`examples/howto/notebook_comms` directory.
Args:
document (Document, optional) :
A :class:`~bokeh.document.Document` to push from. If None,
uses ``curdoc()``. (default: None)
state (State, optional) :
A :class:`State` object. If None, then the current default
state (set by ``output_file``, etc.) is used. (default: None)
Returns:
None
Examples:
Typical usage is typically similar to this:
.. code-block:: python
from bokeh.plotting import figure
from bokeh.io import output_notebook, push_notebook, show
output_notebook()
plot = figure()
plot.circle([1,2,3], [4,6,5])
handle = show(plot, notebook_handle=True)
# Update the plot title in the earlier cell
plot.title = "New Title"
push_notebook(handle=handle)
'''
if state is None:
state = _state
if not document:
document = state.document
if not document:
warnings.warn("No document to push")
return
if handle is None:
handle = state.last_comms_handle
if not handle:
warnings.warn("Cannot find a last shown plot to update. Call output_notebook() and show(..., notebook_handle=True) before push_notebook()")
return
to_json = document.to_json()
if handle.doc is not document:
msg = dict(doc=to_json)
else:
msg = Document._compute_patch_between_json(handle.json, to_json)
handle.comms.send(json.dumps(msg))
handle.update(document, to_json)
[docs]def reset_output(state=None):
''' Clear the default state of all output modes.
Returns:
None
'''
_state.reset()
def _remove_roots(subplots):
doc = _state.document
for sub in subplots:
if sub in doc.roots:
doc.remove_root(sub)
def _server_cell(server, script):
''' Wrap a script returned by ``autoload_server`` in a div that allows cell
destruction/replacement to be detected.
'''
divid = uuid.uuid4().hex
_state.uuid_to_server[divid] = server
div_html = "
{script}
"
return div_html.format(script=script, divid=divid)
_destroy_server_js = """
var cmd = "from bokeh import io; io._destroy_server('<%= destroyed_id %>')";
var command = _.template(cmd)({destroyed_id:destroyed_id});
Jupyter.notebook.kernel.execute(command);
"""
def _destroy_server(div_id):
''' Given a UUID id of a div removed or replaced in the Jupyter
notebook, destroy the corresponding server sessions and stop it.
'''
server = _state.uuid_to_server.get(div_id, None)
if server is None:
logger.debug("No server instance found for uuid: %r" % div_id)
return
try:
for session in server.get_sessions():
session.destroy()
except Exception as e:
logger.debug("Could not destroy server for id %r: %s" % (div_id, e))
def _wait_until_render_complete(driver):
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
script = """
// add private window prop to check that render is complete
window._bokeh_render_complete = false;
function done() {
window._bokeh_render_complete = true;
}
var doc = window.Bokeh.documents[0];
if (doc.is_idle)
done();
else
doc.idle.connect(done);
"""
driver.execute_script(script)
def is_bokeh_render_complete(driver):
return driver.execute_script('return window._bokeh_render_complete;')
try:
WebDriverWait(driver, 5, poll_frequency=0.1).until(is_bokeh_render_complete)
except TimeoutException:
logger.warn("The webdriver raised a TimeoutException while waiting for \
a 'bokeh:idle' event to signify that the layout has rendered. \
Something may have gone wrong.")
finally:
browser_logs = driver.get_log('browser')
severe_errors = [l for l in browser_logs if l.get('level') == 'SEVERE']
if len(severe_errors) > 0:
logger.warn("There were severe browser errors that may have affected your export: {}".format(severe_errors))
def _crop_image(image, left=0, top=0, right=0, bottom=0, **kwargs):
'''Crop the border from the layout'''
cropped_image = image.crop((left, top, right, bottom))
return cropped_image
def _get_screenshot_as_png(obj):
webdriver = import_required('selenium.webdriver',
'To use bokeh.io.export_png you need selenium ' +
'("conda install -c bokeh selenium" or "pip install selenium")')
Image = import_required('PIL.Image',
'To use bokeh.io.export_png you need pillow ' +
'("conda install pillow" or "pip install pillow")')
# assert that phantomjs is in path for webdriver
detect_phantomjs()
html_path = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".html").name
save(obj, filename=html_path, resources=INLINE, title="")
driver = webdriver.PhantomJS()
driver.get("file:///" + html_path)
## resize for PhantomJS compat
driver.execute_script("document.body.style.width = '100%';")
_wait_until_render_complete(driver)
png = driver.get_screenshot_as_png()
bounding_rect_script = "return document.getElementsByClassName('bk-root')[0].children[0].getBoundingClientRect()"
b_rect = driver.execute_script(bounding_rect_script)
driver.quit()
image = Image.open(io.BytesIO(png))
cropped_image = _crop_image(image, **b_rect)
return cropped_image
[docs]def export_png(obj, filename=None):
''' Export the LayoutDOM object as a PNG.
If the filename is not given, it is derived from the script name
(e.g. ``/foo/myplot.py`` will create ``/foo/myplot.png``)
Args:
obj (LayoutDOM object) : a Layout (Row/Column), Plot or Widget object to display
filename (str, optional) : filename to save document under (default: None)
If None, infer from the filename.
Returns:
filename (str) : the filename where the static file is saved.
.. warning::
Responsive sizing_modes may generate layouts with unexpected size and
aspect ratios. It is recommended to use the default ``fixed`` sizing mode.
.. warning::
Glyphs that are rendered via webgl won't be included in the generated PNG.
'''
image = _get_screenshot_as_png(obj)
if filename is None:
filename = _detect_filename("png")
image.save(filename)
return os.path.abspath(filename)
def _get_svgs(obj):
webdriver = import_required('selenium.webdriver',
'To use bokeh.io.export_svgs you need selenium ' +
'("conda install -c bokeh selenium" or "pip install selenium")')
# assert that phantomjs is in path for webdriver
detect_phantomjs()
html_path = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".html").name
save(obj, filename=html_path, resources=INLINE, title="")
driver = webdriver.PhantomJS()
driver.get("file:///" + html_path)
_wait_until_render_complete(driver)
svg_script = """
var serialized_svgs = [];
var svgs = document.getElementsByClassName('bk-root')[0].getElementsByTagName("svg");
for (var i = 0; i < svgs.length; i++) {
var source = (new XMLSerializer()).serializeToString(svgs[i]);
serialized_svgs.push(source);
};
return serialized_svgs
"""
svgs = driver.execute_script(svg_script)
driver.quit()
return svgs
[docs]def export_svgs(obj, filename=None):
''' Export the SVG-enabled plots within a layout. Each plot will result
in a distinct SVG file.
If the filename is not given, it is derived from the script name
(e.g. ``/foo/myplot.py`` will create ``/foo/myplot.svg``)
Args:
obj (LayoutDOM object) : a Layout (Row/Column), Plot or Widget object to display
filename (str, optional) : filename to save document under (default: None)
If None, infer from the filename.
Returns:
filenames (list(str)) : the list of filenames where the SVGs files
are saved.
.. warning::
Responsive sizing_modes may generate layouts with unexpected size and
aspect ratios. It is recommended to use the default ``fixed`` sizing mode.
'''
svgs = _get_svgs(obj)
if len(svgs) == 0:
logger.warn("No SVG Plots were found.")
return
if filename is None:
filename = _detect_filename("svg")
filenames = []
for i, svg in enumerate(svgs):
if i == 0:
filename = filename
else:
idx = filename.find(".svg")
filename = filename[:idx] + "_{}".format(i) + filename[idx:]
with io.open(filename, mode="w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
f.write(svg)
filenames.append(filename)
return filenames


Welcome to the GREAT number game!
I am thinking of a number between 1 and 100
Take a guess!
{{session['tooHigh']}}
{{session['tooLow']}}
{{session['correct']}} was the number!
Play Again!


Dr. Posture
Home
Train
Loading Model...
Start predicting!
Clear all classes
Save Dataset
Training
Class
Correct
Posture:
0
Add Example
Reset
Class
Incorrect
Posture:
0
Add Example
Reset


Sam Knowledge Quiz
2 + 2 =
6 / 3
What is the square root of 16?
Who is the President?
How old was Albert Einsten when he died?
What was Stephen Hawkings iq?
5 x 5
How tall was the tallest person on earth?
What do you do at a red light?
Who was our first president?


Half-Life: Alyx is Valve’s VR-exclusive, full-length prequel to Half-Life 2
Follow Polygon online:
by Michael McWhertorAs promised, Valve officially unveiled a new Half-Life game on Thursday: Half-Life: Alyx, a full-length game designed for virtual reality. Set between the events of Half-Life and Half-Life 2, the VR exclusive will tell the story of Alyx Vance and her father Eli as they form a resistance to take on the invasion of the alien force known as the Combine.
In other words, Half-Life: Alyx will not move the Half-Life story forward after Episode Two, but will fill a gap in the story during which protagonist Gordon Freeman was in stasis.
Half-Life: Alyx will be released March 2020 on Steam. The game is powered by Valve’s SteamVR software and is compatible with all PC-based VR headsets, including Valve Index, Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, and Windows Mixed Reality. Half-Life: Alyx is priced at $59.99, but will be free for owners of Valve’s Index VR headset.
Half-Life: Alyx was “designed from the ground up” for VR, Valve said in an announcement, “and features all of the hallmarks of a classic Half-Life game: world exploration, puzzle solving, visceral combat, and an intricately woven story that connects it all with the characters iconic to the Half-Life universe.”
Images released for Half-Life: Alyx show off environments that will be familiar to anyone who has played Half-Life 2. Alyx will explore the dilapidated Eastern European city known as City 17, which has been overtaken by Combine forces. Environments shown by Valve include rundown City 17 apartment blocks, Combine-infested sewers, and the makeshift labs of resistance allies.
Alyx herself will also sport some Half-Life 2-inspired weaponry in the form of Gravity Gloves. In screenshots, the gloves appear to be both a tool for battle — a la Gordon Freeman’s iconic Gravity Gun — and a helpful bit of user interface.
Check out the first images of Half-Life: Alyx in the gallery below.


For more information about the campaign, you may get in touch through:
Save Our Schools Network Secretariat c/o Salinlahi Alliance for Children’s Concerns
2F 90 J Bugallon St., Brgy. Bagumbuhay, Project 4 Quezon City, Philippines 1109
Tel no.: (+632) 263-7789


Banner Printing Online
Order your banner here!
Type:
Vinyl Banners(outdoor)
Fabric banners(indoor)
Height:
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Approximate banner size comparison
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This post introduces some notes to help understand yarn internals.
During startup, RM starts several services, such as
Dispatcher
, it dispatches events to registered even handlers based on event types. This includes a lot of handlers for all sorts of events. Including container, task, nodemanager, containermanager, application events. See more in RM Events
section.AdminService
, this server talks to RM via ResourceManagerAdministrationProtocol. This service exposes some admin commandline utilities, such as refreshQueues.EmbeddedElector
for active master electionRMApplicationHistoryWriter
which writes information of RMApp, RMAppAttempt, RMContainer to history serverRMTimelineCollectorManager
, so system metrics publisher can bind to it| Event Listener | Duty | Events |
|---|---|---|
| ContainerLauncher | handles container luanch events | REMOTE_LUNCH, COMPLETE, CLEANUP |
| TaskAttemptImpl | handles the lifecycle events of a task | ASSIGNED, KILL, COMPLETE |
| NodeManager | handles node manager lifecycle events | SHUTDOWN, RESYNC |
| ContainerManager | handles container events | FINISH_APPS, FINISH_CONTAINERS, UPDATE_CONTAINERS, SIGNAL_CONTAINERS |
| Application | handles application events | APPCONTAINER_INIT, APPCONTAINER_FINISHED, CONTAINER_INIT, APPLICATION_FINISHED, APPLICATION_INIT(INITED) |
| Container | handles container events | INIT, DIAGNOSISTIC_UPDATE, EXIT, KILL, PUASE, REINIT, RESOURCE, RESOURCEFAILED, RESOURCELOCALIZED, RESUME, UPDATE/_TOKEN |
| ContainerLauncher | handles container launch events | LAUNCH_CONTAINER, RELAUNCH_CONTAINER, RECOVER_CONTAINER, RECOVER_PAUSED_CONTAINER, CLEANUP_CONTAINER, CLEANUP_CONTAINER_FOR_REINIT, SIGNAL_CONTAINER, PAUSE_CONTAINER, RESUME_CONTAINER |
| LocalizedResource | handles resource localization events | FAILED_LOCALIZATION, LOCALIZED, RECOVERED, RELEASE, REQUEST |
| LocalResourceTracker | tracks localization status | LOCALIZED, REQUEST, RELEASE, LOCALIZATION_FAILED, RECOVERED |
| ResourceLocalizationService | handles localization events | INIT_APPLICATION_RESOURCES, LOCALIZE_CONTAINER_RESOURCES, CONTAINER_RESOURCES_LOCALIZED, CACHE_CLEANUP, CLEANUP_CONTAINER_RESOURCES, DESTROY_APPLICATION_RESOURCES |
| … | … | … |
ApplicationMasterProtocol
which is the protocol between ApplicationMaster
and ResourceManager
. This handles AM registration, allocate resources to the end of the AM lifecycle.


Raterhood provides families a powerful neighbourhood search and comparison tool responsively designed for any platform that can be customized to their specific needs seamlessly integrating several of the internet’s most powerful APIs. Raterhood calculates and displays ratings of neighbourhoods close to your work using a proprietary Raterhood Score equation. Raterhood is great for soon-to-be home buyers, or even people that are just looking for a change of scenery. Raterhood has been designed from the ground-up with the family in mind, providing an intuitive user interface and data explorer.
Liberty Mutual's homescore calculates the safetly and quietness of your neighbourhood.
We analyze crime trends in your area!
We take into account your daily commute.
A good education can go a long way!
This project was created by four undergraduates at the University of New Hampshire at the Liberty Mutual Hackathon.


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red
blue
green
8.3.3.c value element with inline content
When you pick a value from the Select A Color select1 control you must see the same value as the
output for the Your Color output control.
Select A Color:
red
red
blue
blue
green
green
Your Color :


---
layout: wide
title: Xpress Electric Rickshaw.
code : xpress
description : The environment needs conservation and people need development. We focus on achieving both by building machines that run on environment friendly technology.
image : erickshaw_w500.png
highlight1 : Max Speed - 60 Kmph
highlight2 : Battery - 60/72v
highlight3 : Power - 800w
highlight4 : Loading capacity - 300 Kg
highlight5 : Certification - CE
---
{% include product-display-head.html %}
{% include xpress-spec-sheet.html %}


Panama
Why People are Hairy
There once was a little old man who was known here on the island as Old Grandfather. Every morning at dawn he would set out in his canoe and paddle to the mainland, where his fields were. Old Grandfather always kept to himself and wouldn't allow anyone to come within a mile of his land. No one caught sight of him until evening, when he paddled back to the island with his canoe so loaded with bananas, corn, squash, yams, and coconuts that he almost sank straight down to the ocean floor. All the people scratched their heads. How could little Old Grandfather harvest so much every day? No one could figure it out. His nephews wondered most of all. They begged Old Grandfather to take them with him to his fields. But the old man shook his head, saying, "No, I work alone. You boys make too much noise." Now, the nephews weren't the type to just sit still and take "no" as the final word. They decided to follow Old Grandfather to the mainland and find out his secret. The next day, Old Grandfather got up at dawn and walked down to his canoe. His nephews were wide awake, but lay quietly in the dark, listening to the old man's every move. As soon as they heard his paddle hit the water, they jumped up, ran to their canoe, and headed out behind him. Old Grandfather paddled to the mainland with his nephews hot on his trail, keeping their heads down low in the canoe and trying hard to keep from talking. Old Grandfather turned into a bend where the river meets the ocean and began paddling upstream. The nephews didn't have a clue where they were, so they kept bobbing their heads up from the floor of the canoe to make sure they didn't lose sight of Old Grandfather up ahead. They passed through mango and coconut groves, which looked really tempting to the nephews since they didn't have it in their plan to pack some food. Just as the nephews were about to jump up and grab breakfast, Old Grandfather pulled his canoe onto a patch of land and took out his machete and bag. Then he walked off into the jungle. The nephews held their breath, waiting under the cool shade of the mango groves for Old Grandfather to clear out of sight. Then, oh-so-quietly, they pulled up their canoe alongside the old man's and followed him. They climbed over weeds and thorns and rocks and streams. Seeing that they were coming to a clearing up ahead, the nephews crept behind a bush and peered out through the leaves. There in front of them was Old Grandfather, lying down against a tree and snoring as if he had a horn blowing through his nose. And he was bald! All the hairs from Old Grandfather's head were strutting across the ground. One hair was swinging the machete, another was planting new yams. A third hair was carrying bananas. Other hairs were harvesting squash and hauling coconuts. And all the while, bald Old Grandfather kept on snoring under the tree, sound asleep. Seeing all these hairs marching around Old Grandfather's fields scared the living daylight out of the nephews. They might have kept still, but the hair with the machete started swinging it in their direction. The two nephews let out one big walloping yell! Old Grandfather jumped up and started shouting, "Oh no, little hairs! They've found our secret! Come, quick! Come, quick!" The little hairs dropped their machetes and seeds and bananas and came leaping back toward Old Grandfather.  So that's why, today, people have hair all over their bodies—because of crazy Old Grandfather.
Source: Here


Passengers and crew safely off plane at Schiphol: military police
AMSTERDAM (Reuters) - The passengers and crew of an airplane at Amsterdam Schiphol airport were safely evacuated on Wednesday after authorities said they were investigating “a suspicious situation.”
The military police said: “Passengers and crew are safely off the plane. An investigation is ongoing.”
No additional details were provided.


IYC urges Dickson, Diri, others to support Lyon - The Nation Newspaper
Mike Odiegwu, Yenagoa
The Ijaw Youth Council (IYC) Worldwide has called on Bayelsa State Governor, Seriake Dickson to support the Governor-elect of the state, Chief David Lyon.
IYC in a statement signed by its President, Eric Omare further appealed to the Candidate of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) to accept defeat and congratulate the winner.
Omare said: “We congratulate the Governor-elect of Bayelsa State, Chief David Lyon of the All Progressive Congress (APC) for coming out victorious in the keenly contested November 16, governorship elections. Your victory is a manifestation of the wishes of the people of Bayelsa State and by extension the Ijaw Nation.
“We call on other contestants, who lost out in the contest to join hands with the Governor-elect in the interest of the Ijaw nation. We also call on the outgoing Governor, Seriake Dickson, who is a strong advocate of the Ijaw interest to support the Governor-elect in the interest of the Ijaw nation.
“The Governor-elect, Chief Lyon, is a son of the Ijaw nation; hence we should all give him the needed support. The people of Bayelsa State have spoken through their votes and they have spoken loud and clear.
READ ALSO:Lyon’s win demonstrates gradual acceptance of party in S/South – APC
“Having come out successful in a keenly contested election, the IYC call on the Governor-elect to use his position to unite the Ijaw nation from Akwa Ibom State to Ondo State for a common purpose just as the Late Governor-General of the Ijaw Nation Chief D. S. P. Alamieyesiegha did.
“The Governor-elect must see himself as a leader of all Ijaw people with a pan-Ijaw mandate irrespective of political party affiliation. Chief Lyon must learn from the experience of the last years where the Ijaws have been so polarized including our struggle platforms: the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and the Ijaw Youth Council (IYC) worldwide.
“It is our strong believe that the Ijaw nation can rise again with the incoming Governor of Bayelsa State providing the right leadership. Let the Ijaw Nation rise again.”


Media player controls
Media players can have many different types of sub-components for customizing the playback behavior. Buttons might pause or play the media, switch to full screen mode, or mute the volume. Sliders might seek to a different time or change the volume. The SoundPlayer
and VideoPlayer
components may be customized with a number of these controls. Let's look at which ones are available in Feathers.
FullScreenToggleButton
The FullScreenToggleButton
class is a special toggle button component that controls whether a video player is displayed in full screen mode or not.
var button:FullScreenToggleButton = new FullScreenToggleButton();
videoPlayer.addChild( button );
MuteToggleButton
The MuteToggleButton
class is a special toggle button component that controls whether the media player's audio is muted or not.
var button:MuteToggleButton = new MuteToggleButton();
mediaPlayer.addChild( button );
PlayPauseToggleButton
The PlayPauseToggleButton
class is a special toggle button component that controls whether the media player's media is playing or paused.
var button:PlayPauseToggleButton = new PlayPauseToggleButton();
mediaPlayer.addChild( button );
SeekSlider
The SeekSlider
class is a special slider component that displays and changes the current time of the playing media.
var slider:SeekSlider = new SeekSlider();
mediaPlayer.addChild( slider );
TimeLabel
The TimeLabel
class is a special label component that displays the current time, the remaining time, or the total time of the playing media. It can also display the current time and the total time together.
var label:TimeLabel = new TimeLabel();
label.displayMode = TimeLabel.DISPLAY_MODE_CURRENT_TIME;
mediaPlayer.addChild( label );
VolumeSlider
The VolumeSlider
class is a special slider component that changes the current volume of the playing media.
var slider:VolumeSlider = new VolumeSlider();
mediaPlayer.addChild( slider );


ProtoCorners Visualization Test
This file tests all the availalble engines on the current browser.
Original image:
This file tests all the availalble engines on the current browser.


Tabs
Add quick, dynamic tab functionality to transition through panes of local content.
Text tabs
The simplest way to create a tab element.
But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness.
No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful.
Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it?
On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue; and equal blame belongs to those who fail in their duty through weakness of will, which is the same as saying through shrinking from toil and pain. These cases are perfectly simple and easy to distinguish.

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Add .text-center
or .text-right
to the ul.nav
to change the position of tabs.
But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness.
No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful.
Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it?
On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue; and equal blame belongs to those who fail in their duty through weakness of will, which is the same as saying through shrinking from toil and pain. These cases are perfectly simple and easy to distinguish.

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This element relies on the @lrnwebcomponents/glossary-service.
While
For instance, if you need to run multiple applications on multiple servers, it probably makes sense to use VMs. On the other hand, if you need to run many *copies* of a single application, Docker offers some compelling advantages.
Moreover, while containers allow you to break your application into more functional discrete parts to create a separation of concerns, it also means there’s a growing number of parts to manage, which can get unwieldy.
Security has also been an area of concern with Docker containers — since containers share the same kernel, the barrier between containers is thinner. While a full VM can only issue hypercalls to the host hypervisor, a Docker container can make syscalls to the host kernel, which creates a larger surface area for attack. When security is particularly important, developers are likely to pick VMs, which are isolated by abstracted hardware — making it much more difficult to interfere with each other.
Of course, issues like security and management are certain to evolve as containers get more exposure in production and further scrutiny from users. For now, the debate about containers vs. VMs is really best off to dev ops folks who live and breathe them everyday!
Source: https://medium.freecodecamp.org/a-beginner-friendly-introduction-to-containers-vms-and-docker-79a9e3e119b


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The marvelous-aurelia-forms
is an open source
component based on aurelia framework.
It creates forms using provided schemas and allows to get rid of extremely repetitive code like HTML form templates
and validation. Out of the box it provides simple controls, but more is about to come. It allows to create custom controls
and validators. It is also great to dynamically create a form while application is already running (for instance based on user's input).
Please bear in mind that this library is still in the beta and some features (like translations support) might be missing.
Install the forms library using jspm:
jspm install marvelous-aurelia-forms
Then load the css file and let know aurelia about the forms plugin:
import 'marvelous-aurelia-forms/styles/default.css!';
// ...
export function configure(aurelia) {
let config = aurelia.use;
config
// ...
.plugin('marvelous-aurelia-forms');
aurelia.start().then(a => {
a.setRoot();
});
}
Currently only modern browsers are supported, but IE >= 9 support is on the TODO list.
MIT


NAME
zip_file_add,
zip_file_replace —
add file to zip archive or replace file in zip archive
LIBRARY
libzip (-lzip)
SYNOPSIS
#include <zip.h>
zip_int64_t
zip_file_add(
zip_t
*archive,
const char
*name,
zip_source_t
*source,
zip_flags_t
flags);
int
zip_file_replace(
zip_t
*archive,
zip_uint64_t
index,
zip_source_t
*source,
zip_flags_t
flags);
DESCRIPTION
The function
zip_file_add() adds a file to a zip archive,
while
zip_file_replace() replaces an existing file in a zip
archive. The argument
archive specifies the zip archive
to which the file should be added.
name is the file's
name in the zip archive (for
zip_file_add()), while
index specifies which file should be replaced (for
zip_file_replace()). The
flags
argument can be any combination of
ZIP_FL_OVERWRITE
with one of
ZIP_FL_ENC_*
:
-
-
ZIP_FL_OVERWRITE
- Overwrite any existing file of the same name. For
zip_file_add only.
-
-
ZIP_FL_ENC_GUESS
- Guess encoding of name
(default).
-
-
ZIP_FL_ENC_UTF_8
- Interpret name as UTF-8.
-
-
ZIP_FL_ENC_CP437
- Interpret name as code page 437
(CP-437).
The data is obtained from the
source argument, see
zip_source(3).
NOTE:
zip_source_free(3) should not be
called on a
source after it was used successfully in a
zip_file_add or
zip_file_replace call.
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion,
zip_file_add() returns the index
of the new file in the archive, and
zip_file_replace()
returns 0. Otherwise, -1 is returned and the error code in
archive is set to indicate the error.
EXAMPLES
zip_source_t *s;
const char buf="teststring";
if ((s=zip_source_buffer(archive, buffer, sizeof(buf), 0)) == NULL ||
zip_file_add(archive, name, s, ZIP_FL_ENC_UTF_8) < 0) {
zip_source_free(s);
printf("error adding file: %s\n", zip_strerror(archive));
}
ERRORS
zip_file_add() and
zip_file_replace() fail
if:
-
-
- [
ZIP_ER_EXISTS
]
- There is already a file called name
in the archive. (Only applies to zip_file_add(), and
only if
ZIP_FL_OVERWRITE
is not provided).
-
-
- [
ZIP_ER_INVAL
]
- source or name
are
NULL
, or index is
invalid.
-
-
- [
ZIP_ER_MEMORY
]
- Required memory could not be allocated.
-
-
- [
ZIP_ER_RDONLY
]
- Archive was opened in read-only mode.
SEE ALSO
libzip(3),
zip_source(3)
HISTORY
zip_file_add() and
zip_file_replace() were
added in libzip 0.11.
AUTHORS
Dieter Baron
<
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and
Thomas Klausner
<
tk@giga.or.at>


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 Howard Pigeon (Jeff Goldblum) is a 40-year-old mineral water salesman who is married for 13 years to a wife constantly nagging him, Elizabeth (Mimi Rogers). After a surprise birthday party for him, where his wife bawls him out for coming late to his surprise party, he confides to his best friend that he can't stand it anymore, and then tells him his plan to kill her while vacationing in the same Barcelona hotel where they spent their honeymoon.
Jeff is going through a severe mid-life crises, worried that he looks older than his age. He incessantly talks to himself, mostly agonizing over his bitter marriage and chastising himself why he went out with Elizabeth for a second time, and then why he married her just because she laughed at his jokes and was attractive. He stutters and acts like a man who has lost his confidence.
Things change on their vacation, as Elizabeth makes an effort to be nice while Jeff now becomes the grouch. He nervously rehearses his murder plan in the hotel room. By accident the gun goes off and into the pillow where he imagined Elizabeth would be sitting. When other hotel guests and staff come to check about the gunshot, he nervously explains that it was the TV. Realizing how unworkable his plan is, he places the gun in the shattered pillow and throws it into the ocean while he waits for Elizabeth. But Elizabeth found his behavior odd during the entire trip, and when after a great deal of effort to get a reservation at the hotel's 5 star restaurant he insists on eating in the room, she decides she had enough of him and checks out without telling him. As a result, he goes to the police to report her missing.
While with the police, a telegram comes from his wife saying she left him and is going away because she wants to be alone. His boss and all those he works with are sympathetic to him, and he gets a job promotion. But soon the pillow with the gun is fished out of the water, giving the police cause to arrest him and search his home. There they find letters he has written incriminating him to the murder. The police also find out from the hotel staff about the gunshot heard in his room.
In jail, things look bad for him. No one believes him, including his friends and lawyer. His boss fires him and the papers have a field day with the headline story: Pigeon: A Jailbird. Out on bail, he realizes that his only hope is to track down his wife.
Through a call placed on his credit card, he tracks her down to a mountain resort. Once there he learns that she took a hike up the steep mountain, so he gets a priest to be his mountain guide to take him to her, after telling the priest the true story.
The film is watchable just for the antics of the Jeff Goldblum comic performance. He is someone coming apart by the seams, while Mimi Rogers is his perfect foil. It was mostly pantomine humor, with the comedy antics noticed in the changing facial expressions of the characters and the absurdity of the situation. A very minor farce that might appeal to the sitcom crowd. The film just didn't take its situation seriously and the story had too many gaps in it, so it had no chance for black humor to develop. It instead played its set-up of the henpecked husband acting out his fantasy strictly for entertainment value to see how many chuckles it could draw.
REVIEWED ON 5/22/99 GRADE: C-
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DENNIS SCHWARTZ
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Requests is an elegant and simple HTTP library for Python, built for human beings.
Fundraising goal: $5,000.
Amount raised: $253.00.
One time donations are also very welcome.
Receive updates on new releases and upcoming projects.
More Kenneth Reitz projects:


[ all classes ]
[ org.dashbuilder.renderer.google.client ]
Coverage Summary for Package: org.dashbuilder.renderer.google.client
| Package | Class, % | Method, % | Line, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| org.dashbuilder.renderer.google.client | 25.6% (10/ 39) | 19.4% (49/ 252) | 38% (452/ 1191) |
| Class | Class, % | Method, % | Line, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| PieChartOptionsWrapper | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 25) | 0% (0/ 26) |
| GoogleAreaChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 22) |
| GoogleTableDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 26) | 0% (0/ 110) |
| GoogleBubbleChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 8) | 0% (0/ 24) |
| GoogleMeterChartDisplayer | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 5) | 0% (0/ 32) |
| GoogleBarChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 7) | 0% (0/ 43) |
| GoogleBubbleChartDisplayer | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 31) |
| GoogleAreaChartDisplayer | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 6) | 0% (0/ 33) |
| GoogleLineChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 3) | 0% (0/ 21) |
| GoogleRenderer | 0% (0/ 3) | 0% (0/ 12) | 0% (0/ 84) |
| GoogleMeterChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 9) | 0% (0/ 32) |
| GoogleMapDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 8) | 0% (0/ 18) |
| GooglePieChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 13) |
| GooglePieChartDisplayer | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 30) |
| GoogleMapDisplayer | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 25) |
| GoogleCategoriesDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 3) | 0% (0/ 25) | 0% (0/ 55) |
| GoogleLegendWrapper | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 3) | 0% (0/ 3) |
| GoogleDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 2) | 0% (0/ 23) | 0% (0/ 55) |
| GoogleLineChartDisplayer | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 4) | 0% (0/ 30) |
| GoogleChartDisplayerView | 0% (0/ 2) | 0% (0/ 12) | 0% (0/ 31) |
| GoogleTableDisplayer | 100% (1/ 1) | 70.6% (12/ 17) | 84.8% (84/ 99) |
| GoogleDisplayer | 100% (1/ 1) | 85.7% (6/ 7) | 94.6% (53/ 56) |
| GoogleBarChartDisplayer | 100% (1/ 1) | 85.7% (6/ 7) | 95.1% (39/ 41) |
| GoogleCategoriesDisplayer | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (7/ 7) | 97.3% (36/ 37) |
| GoogleDisplayerDataTest | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (3/ 3) | 100% (36/ 36) |
| GoogleDisplayerFilterTest | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (2/ 2) | 100% (32/ 32) |
| GoogleDisplayerDrawTest | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (3/ 3) | 100% (71/ 71) |
| GoogleChartDisplayer | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (2/ 2) | 100% (11/ 11) |
| GoogleDisplayerTest | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (3/ 3) | 100% (3/ 3) |
| GoogleTableDisplayerTest | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (5/ 5) | 100% (87/ 87) |


Overview
“Deep Cover: The Real Donnie Brasco” is a true-crime podcast produced by Jam Street Media. Joe Pistone – retired undercover FBI agent who infiltrated the NY Mafia in the late 1970s – shares front-line stories of his time with the mob. Actor and host, Leo Rossi joins him, asking hard-hitting questions aboutPistone’s deep cover work as Donnie Brasco.
Our job was to test the market viability for the podcast, and the results were phenomenal. We discovered a niche audience, and the campaign we ran broke paid ad records for podcasting. Throughtrial and error, we created a successful model for podcast marketing.
Here are the steps we took and what we discovered.
STEP 1: MARKET RESEARCH
We used Facebook’s Audience Insights to search for people interested in content related to law enforcement or the mafia. We created filters for mob-related movies, basing our selection specifically on 90s mafia movies.
Audience
Likes: Donnie Brasco (film), Goodfellas, Blow (film) or Casino (film)
And Must Also Match: Interests: Podcast
Detailed Targeting Expansion: Off
STEP 2: CHOOSING THE ASSETS
Choosing the right assets in this campaign was tricky. Recently, Facebook has denied a lot of “sensational” content. Our IP had drugs, gambling, and murders, so we had to be careful. We identified the most provocative clips we could find that Facebook would approve.
Clips We Used
STEP 4: MEASURING KPIs
Our primary metric was cost per listen.
FINAL RESULTS
In our 12 years in digital marketing, we haven’t seen results like these – not to mention at this speed.
- We found a target audience for “Deep Cover” and can create lookalike audiences after maxing it out.
- We found several powerful assets that scaled sustainably.
- Our cost per listen was only $0.08.
READY TO SCALE YOUR PODCAST MARKETING?
If you want phenomenal results like these, we’d love to work with you! Papi Digital can help you scale from thousands to hundreds of thousands of podcast listeners.
Reach out to us today.


Chapter 14: Recovery from Injury
Functional plasticity
Several mechanisms can be distinguished when discussing a change in synaptic weights. Many of these mechanisms are included in neural network simulators such as NEURON, GENESIS, NEST, BRIAN, or VERTEX.
Structural plasticity
Simulations for recovery after peripheral lesions are described in [1].
Functional compensation
The approach of predicting which remaining brain region(s) could compensate for the loss of other brain regions is shown in [2].
References
[1] Butz, M., and A. van Ooyen. 2013. A simple rule for dendritic spine and axonal bouton formation can account for cortical reorganization after focal retinal lesions. PLOS Comput Biol 9 (10): e1003259
[2] Kaiser, Marcus. 2020. Functional compensation after lesions: Predicting site and extent of recovery. arXiv:2005.03093


Structures
The following structures are available globally.
-
An access token. It is required for making API calls.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKAccessToken : Codable
-
The desired search type.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKSearchType : OptionSet
-
The scope of your client ID.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKScope : OptionSet, Codable
-
A struct represents pagination info of a list.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKPagingInfo : Codable
-
An overall summary for a list.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKSummary : Codable
-
A struct that represents an image.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKImageInfo : Codable
-
A struct that represents a user.
See moreDeclaration
Swift
public struct KKUserInfo : Codable
-
Represents the search results. See
See moreKKBOXOpenAPI.search(with:types:territory:offset:limit:callback:)
.Declaration
Swift
public struct KKSearchResults : Codable


Ghana to host 6th agrofood and plastprintpack West Africa Trade Show
Accra, Nov. 19, GNA - The sixth West Africa International Trade Show on Agriculture, Food Processing, Plastics, Printing and Packaging will be held in Ghana on 10th to 12th December, 2019 at the Accra International Conference Centre (AICC).
A statement from the organisers said the 2019 edition of the trade show would see a record seven country pavilions from China, Flanders/Belgium, Germany, Morocco, the Netherlands, Sri Lanka and Turkey.
Organized by the German trade show specialist fairtrade Messe, the show would be complemented by a high-level conference programme on the Food processing value chain, finance and packaging.
Strong institutions including AHK Delegation of German Industry and Commerce in Ghana, DLG German Agricultural Society, Embassies of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey, would be in Ghana to support the show.
Others are Flanders Investment and Trade, German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Hortifresh by the Netherlands Government, Morocco Foodex, Sri Lanka Tea Board and the Turkish Ministry of Trade and Ghana’s Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Agrofood & plastprintpack West Africa 2019 will also be supplemented by a two-day programme of presentations and conferences, organised jointly by fairtrade Messe and AHK Delegation of German Industry and Commerce in Ghana.
Among the key topics to be discussed by stakeholders are Food Processing Value Chain Market Analysis, African Continental Free Trade Agreement–Challenge or Opportunity for the Food and Packaging Sector? and Financing Your Business: Where to Go and Who to Approach?
Other areas are Agrofood and Packaging Facing the 21st Century: What Impact do Big Data and Digitalization have? Packaging:The Way Forward for Ghana and West Africa.
In addition, the agrofood and plastprintpack portals would allow exhibitors and visitors to communicate as well as arrange business meetings before, during and after the event, all year round.
GNA


 It stars River Phoenix, Keanu Reeves, William Reichert, and Udo Kier. It was written and directed by Van Sant, "with additional dialogue by William Shakespeare." Rated R, due to strong language and nudity.
MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO very much continues the themes of Gus Van Sant's two previous feature-length films, MALA NOCHE and DRUGSTORE COWBOY, that of the important lives of the marginalized in our society. MALA NOCHE was about a gay store clerk in Portland's Skid Road who falls in love with an illegal Mexican immigrant; the love is returned by exploitation, and in the end it is an open question of who was exploiting whom (among other open questions). DRUGSTORE COWBOY, something of a commercial success, profiled the lives of a three young junkies, people who liked to get high more than anything else.  These movies are odysseys, seedy road pictures. Unfortunately, I don't think MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO is as successful overall, as it predecessors, especially the miraculous MALA NOCHE.
This is not to say that MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO does not have some wonderful qualities, some memorable moments, but it also has lapses, and the whole movie fails to come together for me with the kind of cohesiveness of the other movies.
The casting is certainly strong. River Phoenix is truly wonderful as the gay hustler, Mike Waters, from whose point of view we mostly see the movie. Phoenix gives us a performance that is completely committed to his character. Waters is sweet, damaged, naive, funny, and sad; he's also a severe narcoleptic, who is seized by a irresistible sleep when he's under stress. He has to survive his affliction to hustle his johns (such Stanley Hainesworth and Udo Kier) and an occasional woman. She reminds him of his long lost mother (Grace Zabriskie) and zonks out before he can even strip. As his best friend, Scott Favor (Keanu Reeves) says: "Some hustler, huh?"
Reeves' Favor deserves a lengthier discussion than is appropriate for this brief notice. Favor has sex with men for the money; he says if you give it away you start to become a "fairy," a quality that would not fit into his long-term goals. His character is guarded, even as he is Waters' guardian.  Favor also is the subject some of the most audacious chance-taking I've seen for a long time in a movie. The movie draws a very direct comparison between Favor and Prince Hal of Shakespeare's HENRY IV Parts I and II. The Falstaff (cum Fagin), Bob Pigeon, is played by the director of WINTER KILLS, William Reichert. The two of them exchange dialog lifted from Shakespeare and updated to include references to leather and gay bars and such. It is this device, this conceit of Van Sant's, that makes or breaks MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO. I felt it broke it; for me it did not work, it never got above the level of a cute idea. To have Favor like Hal, to have Pigeon like Falstaff, would have been one thing, but to have them talk in blank verse in quite another.
Van Sant was daring throughout MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO and cannot be faulted for that. Better that he should try and occasionally stumble than never chance anything, like most directors.  He also gives us some plain, old-fashioned wonderful movie moments, such as Mike and Scott talking over a campfire, with Mike finally getting something off his chest that he's wanted to say for a long time, or the Udo Kier's wonderful dance with a table lamp. But with the Shakespearean dialog, I think he overreached his grasp, as the saying goes. It is also a story that is divided into at least three stories, all of which rambled picaresquely. We have the search for Water's mother, we have the story of Prince Hal/Scott Favor story, and we have the story of street hustlers centered around Pigeon qua Fagin. Any one of these could have been a movie by itself and the end result of such richness is not, unfortunately, greater richness for the audience but instead a scattered and unfocused movie experience.
Van Sant gives us an interesting looking movie, however, thanks to cinematographers Eric Alan Edwards and John Campbell, as well as interesting sounding movie due to composer Bill Stafford.
I can recommend MY OWN PRIVATE IDAHO mostly to fans who already know Van Sant. And to those fans, let me recommend the matinee prices. To those of you who haven't discovered Van Sant yet, there is a lot here and you will be rewarded for taking a chance, but look up his older work, too.
-- Frank Richard Aloysius Jude Maloney .
The review above was posted to the
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Amada
Battery Park 250 Vesey Street New York, NY 10281
Amada is an Andalusian tapas bar and restaurant in a contemporary
setting in the thriving neighborhood of Battery Park in Downtown New
York City. Chef Jose Garces embraces the rich traditions of Spanish
gastronomy while incorporating modern tapas.
Average Price Per Person: $31-$61
Here's the Menu~
Need More Info? Visit this page.


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PLAY LIST NUMA SEPTEMBRE 2014 by Rosa Bonheur Paris on Mixcloud
PLAY LIST NUMA SUMMER 2014 by Rosa Bonheur Paris on Mixcloud
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Aim and General Instructions
AstraX'20 is dedicated to providing a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age,
gender, sexual orientation, physical appearance, disability, race, religion or employment.
 We have zero tolerance on harassment of
participants in any form, including, but not limited to the activities mentioned here.
Participants asked to stop any harassing behavior are expected to comply immediately.
Where
This Code of Conduct applies to the venue of AstraX'20, pre-event & post-event informal
gatherings, related online forums and all event related events organized by STAC IIT Mandi.
Who
This is applicable to speakers, participants, sponsors, volunteers and organizers.
Be the best you can be
- Be kind, sensitive, understanding and respectful to other attendees.
- Listen with empathy when someone has a different perspective.
- Talk to the volunteers if you notice that something could be better.
- All communication should be appropriate for a professional audience, including people from many different backgrounds.
Please Refrain From
- Offensive verbal comments related to gender, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, body size, race, religion.
- Violent threats or language directed against another person.
- Swearing, insults or discriminatory/exclusionary/offensive jokes or language.
- Deliberate intimidation, stalking, following, harassing photography or recording
- Sustained disruption of talks or other events
- Using sexually explicit or violent material in presentations. Sexual language or imagery is inappropriate for all aspects of the festival, including talks and workshops.
- Unwelcome sexual attention or inappropriate physical contact.
- Advocating for, or encouraging, any of the above behavior.
- Repeated harassment of others. In general, if someone asks you to stop, then stop.
- Avoid use of sexualized clothing/uniforms/costumes, or otherwise create a sexualized environment.
We have zero tolerance on harassment of conference participants in any form, including,
but not limited to the activities mentioned here.
Participants asked to stop any harassing behavior are expected to comply immediately.
Reporting
If you are being harassed, notice that someone else is being harassed, or have any
other concerns, please contact a AstraX volunteer. Volunteers will be wearing
“AstraX Volunteer” badges. For detailed instructions on reporting of violations
and the steps for resolution, please get in touch with the convenor on site.
If the matter is especially urgent, you may also ask to be put in touch with
the Diversity Chair, Shreyas Bapat.
In case you are not able to locate a volunteer or you would prefer to report
directly to the Diversity Chair, he can be reached at the mobile no. +91-9131851172
and the email address<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Licence
This Code of Conduct is derived from:
- The Django Code of Conduct by the Django Software Foundation which is under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
- The PSF Code of Conduct by Python Software Foundation which is under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
- AstraX Code of Conduct is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.


single_bubble_model.calculate_path¶
-
single_bubble_model.
calculate_path
(profile, particle, p, y0, delta_t)[source][source]¶ Calculate the trajectory of a particle
Calculate the trajectory of a particle by integrating its path using the
scipy.integrate.ode
object and associated methods.Parameters: profile :
ambient.Profile
objectAmbient CTD data for the model simulation
particle : LagrangianParticle object
Object describing the properties and behavior of the particle.
p :
ModelParams
objectCollection of model parameters passed to
derivs
.y0 : ndarray
Initial values of the state space (depth in m, masses in kg, and heat content in J of the particle) at the release point
delta_t : float
Maximum step size (s) to take in the integration
Notes
The differential equation in
derivs
is written with respect to time, so the independent variable in this simulation is time. The vertical coordinate; therefore, becomes a dependent variable, along with the masses of each component in the particle and the particle temperature. Thus, the state space is:y = np.hstack((z0, m0, H0))
where H0 is the initial heat content, m_p * cp * T0. The variables in the state space can be returned by:
>>> import seawater >>> z = y[2] >>> m = y[3:-1] >>> T = y[-1] / (np.sum(y[1:-1]) * particle.cp)


This element is draggable
File name is clickable.
You cannot delete this file.
Some description.
uploadState="Complete"
uploadState="Uploading"
uploadState="Uploading" with hidden terminate button
uploadState="Uploading" with hidden terminate button
uploadState="Error"
uploadState="Ready" (default)
Default, delete button always visible
Default, delete button hidden
uploadState="Error" with retry button visible by default
uploadState="Error" with hidden retry button
uploadState="Uploading" with terminate button visible by default
uploadState="Uploading" with hidden terminate button


Take cream cheese, Mascarpone, sour cream, and eggs out of
refrigerator 2-4 hours in advance, and bring to room temperature.
Preheat oven to 350 F, and line cheesecake pan with foil.
Crush Graham crackers in blender or food processor to fine crumbs.
Add melted butter and combine with hands or spoon until crumbs are
moist and hold together slightly.
Press the crumbs into the pan and about 1 inch up the sides, keeping
as even a thickness as possible. Bake for 10-15 minutes, until you
can smell the crust (toasty, but not burnt). Remove from oven and,
once cool enough, place in freezer while making filling.
Mix cream cheese, Mascarpone, sour cream, and sugar on low to medium
speed, until smooth.
Add vanilla and mix to combine. Add the eggs one at a time, mixing
on a very low speed to prevent bubbles from forming. At this point,
other flavorings would be added.
Remove crust from freezer, and pour filling into crust. Filling
should come up over the edge of the side crust, to prevent it from
getting soggy.
Pour 2 cups of water into Instant Pot/pressure cooker, and add
trivet. Set cheesecake pan on silicone sling, and lower onto trivet.
Close and lock lid.
Cook for 35 minutes on high pressure, and allow pot to do a natural
release.
Remove cheesecake using mitts, and set on trivet or wire rack to
cool to room temperature. Use paper towels to soak up any water that
has condensed on the surface of the cheesecake.
Keep cheesecake in pan or remove to a plate (but keep foil on) and
refrigerate overnight.
Remove cheesecake from pan, and carefully remove foil from sides and
base (use a large spatula to help). Add toppings if desired, then
slice and serve. Makes 8 large slices or 12 medium-small slices.


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Dorchester Prestige operates its businesses and luxury services in the heart
of Knightsbridge, one of the most desirable and executive districts in central London.
Dorchester Prestige a boutique agency specializing in marketing luxury properties for sale,
rental and property management. Dorchester Prestige offers an extensive portfolio of UK and international property.
The large collection of houses, apartments and mansions as well as luxury cars,
coupled with the assistance of our dedicated team, will offer you the freedom to
customize your own London’s life style.
All our residences were well tailored to meet with your expectations, from gorgeously
designed kitchens and receptions to the latest communication
and security technologies.
All our services are entirely confidential and modest to ensure positive outcomes.
With our deep knowledge and understanding of the market as well as with the aid of
our team of experts.
we can assure you achieve the best deals that fit with your
expectations.
Read more information about Dorchester Prestige


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---
layout: default
title: Global Day of MobRetreat Events
description: List of events around the world!
---
Facilitate a MobRetreat
GDMR events in 2020
{% assign events = site.data.events_gdmr2020 %}
{% assign countries = events | where_exp: 'event', 'event.location.country' | map: 'location' | map: 'country' | uniq | sort %}
{% assign sorted_events = events | where_exp: 'name', '1' | sort: 'location.city' | sort: 'location.country' %}
{% for event in sorted_events %}
{% if event.location.country %}
| {{ event.location.city }}, {{ event.location.country }}, {{ event.location.hosting }} |
{% else %}
{{ event.location.hosting }} |
{% endif %}
{% include event-table-row.html event=event %}
{% endfor %}
Register your event


|
M4521 BSP V3.01.000
The Board Support Package for M4521
|
M480 Series Debug Port and Semihost Setting Source File. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | __FILE |
Macros | |
| #define | DEBUG_PORT UART0 |
Enumerations | |
| enum | { r0 , r1 , r2 , r3 , r12 , lr , pc , psr } |
Functions | |
| static void | stackDump (uint32_t stack[]) |
| Helper function to dump register while hard fault occurred. More... | |
| void | Hard_Fault_Handler (uint32_t stack[]) |
| Hard fault handler. More... | |
| __asm int32_t | HardFault_Handler (void) |
| This HardFault handler is implemented to show r0, r1, r2, r3, r12, lr, pc, psr. More... | |
| void | SendChar_ToUART (int ch) |
| Routine to send a char. More... | |
| static void | SendChar (int ch) |
| Routine to send a char. More... | |
| char | GetChar (void) |
| Routine to get a char. More... | |
| int | kbhit (void) |
| Check any char input from UART. More... | |
| int | IsDebugFifoEmpty (void) |
| Check if debug message finished. More... | |
| void | _ttywrch (int ch) |
| C library retargetting. More... | |
| int | fputc (int ch, FILE *stream) |
| Write character to stream. More... | |
| int | fgetc (FILE *stream) |
| Get character from UART debug port or semihosting input. More... | |
| int | ferror (FILE *stream) |
| Check error indicator. More... | |
Variables | |
| FILE | __stdout |
| FILE | __stdin |
M480 Series Debug Port and Semihost Setting Source File.
SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
Definition in file retarget.c.
| #define DEBUG_PORT UART0 |
Definition at line 30 of file retarget.c.
| anonymous enum |
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| r0 | |
| r1 | |
| r2 | |
| r3 | |
| r12 | |
| lr | |
| pc | |
| psr |
Definition at line 51 of file retarget.c.
| void _ttywrch | ( | int | ch | ) |
C library retargetting.
| [in] | ch | Character to send to debug port. |
Check if message finished (FIFO empty of debug port)
Definition at line 647 of file retarget.c.
| int ferror | ( | FILE * | stream | ) |
Check error indicator.
| [in] | stream | Pointer to a FILE object that identifies the stream. |
Checks if the error indicator associated with stream is set, returning a value different from zero if it is. This indicator is generally set by a previous operation on the stream that failed.
Definition at line 742 of file retarget.c.
| int fgetc | ( | FILE * | stream | ) |
Get character from UART debug port or semihosting input.
| [in] | stream | Pointer to a FILE object that identifies the stream on which the operation is to be performed. |
For get message from debug port or semihosting.
Definition at line 722 of file retarget.c.
| int fputc | ( | int | ch, |
| FILE * | stream | ||
| ) |
Write character to stream.
| [in] | ch | Character to be written. The character is passed as its int promotion. |
| [in] | stream | Pointer to a FILE object that identifies the stream where the character is to be written. |
Writes a character to the stream and advances the position indicator.
The character is written at the current position of the stream as indicated
by the internal position indicator, which is then advanced one character.
Definition at line 672 of file retarget.c.
| char GetChar | ( | void | ) |
Routine to get a char.
| None |
Wait UART debug port or semihost to input a char.
Definition at line 561 of file retarget.c.
| void Hard_Fault_Handler | ( | uint32_t | stack[] | ) |
Hard fault handler.
| [in] | stack | pointer points to the dumped registers in SRAM |
Replace while(1) at the end of this function with chip reset if WDT is not enabled for end product
Definition at line 77 of file retarget.c.
| __asm int32_t HardFault_Handler | ( | void | ) |
This HardFault handler is implemented to show r0, r1, r2, r3, r12, lr, pc, psr.
| None |
The function extracts the location of stack frame and passes it to Hard_Fault_Handler function as a pointer
Definition at line 411 of file retarget.c.
| int IsDebugFifoEmpty | ( | void | ) |
Check if debug message finished.
| None |
| 1 | Message is finished |
| 0 | Message is transmitting. |
Check if message finished (FIFO empty of debug port)
Definition at line 628 of file retarget.c.
| int kbhit | ( | void | ) |
Check any char input from UART.
| None |
| 1 | No any char input |
| 0 | Have some char input |
Check UART RSR RX EMPTY or not to determine if any char input from UART
Definition at line 609 of file retarget.c.
|
static |
Routine to send a char.
| [in] | ch | Character to send to debug port. |
Send a target char to UART debug port or semihost.
Definition at line 521 of file retarget.c.
| void SendChar_ToUART | ( | int | ch | ) |
Routine to send a char.
| [in] | ch | Character to send to debug port. |
Send a target char to UART debug port .
Definition at line 442 of file retarget.c.
|
static |
Helper function to dump register while hard fault occurred.
| [in] | stack | pointer points to the dumped registers in SRAM |
This function is implement to print r0, r1, r2, r3, r12, lr, pc, psr
Definition at line 59 of file retarget.c.
| FILE __stdin |
Definition at line 48 of file retarget.c.
| FILE __stdout |
Definition at line 47 of file retarget.c.


| Source host | Source IP | Source Env | Destination host | Destination IP | Destination Env | Destination ports | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source host | Source IP | Source Env | Destination host | Destination IP | Destination Env | Destination ports |
| Source host | Source IP | Source Env | Destination host | Destination IP | Destination Env | Destination ports | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Source host | Source IP | Source Env | Destination host | Destination IP | Destination Env | Destination ports |


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--- layout: post title: "Parametrised test primitive obsession code smell" description: "Watch out for this code smell with some unit testing frameworks." date: 2021-01-18 6:30 UTC tags: [Unit Testing, xUnit.net, Code] --- {% include JB/setup %}
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In a previous article you saw this state-based integration test:
[Theory] [InlineData(1049, 19, 00<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Julia Domna", 5)] [InlineData(1130, 18, 15<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Xenia Ng", 9)] [InlineData( 956, 16, 55<EMAIL_ADDRESS>null, 2)] [InlineData( 433, 17, 30<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Shanghai Li", 5)] public async Task PostValidReservationWhenDatabaseIsEmpty( int days, int hours, int minutes, string email, string name, int quantity) { var at = DateTime.Now.Date + new TimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, 0); var db = new FakeDatabase(); var sut = new ReservationsController( new SystemClock(), new InMemoryRestaurantDatabase(Grandfather.Restaurant), db); var dto = new ReservationDto { Id = "B50DF5B1-F484-4D99-88F9-1915087AF568", At = at.ToString("O"), Email = email, Name = name, Quantity = quantity }; await sut.Post(dto); var expected = new Reservation( Guid.Parse(dto.Id), DateTime.Parse(dto.At, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture), new Email(dto.Email), new Name(dto.Name ?? ""), dto.Quantity); Assert.Contains(expected, db.Grandfather); }
This was the test after I improved it. Still, I wasn't satisfied with it. It has several problems. Take a few moments to consider it. Can you identify any problems? Which ones?
The code shown here is part of the sample code base that accompanies my book Code That Fits in Your Head.
I know that you're not familiar with all the moving parts. You don't know how ReservationDto
or Reservation
are implemented. You don't know what InMemoryRestaurantDatabase
is, or how ReservationsController
behaves. Still, the issues I have in mind aren't specific to a particular code base.
I feel that the method is verging on being too big. Quantifiably, it doesn't fit in an 80x24 box, but that's just an arbitrary threshold anyway. Still, I think it's grown to a size that makes me uncomfortable.
If you aren't convinced, think of this code example as a stand-in for something larger. In the above test, a reservation contains five smaller values (Id
, At
, Email
, Name
, and Quantity
). How would a similar test look if the object in question contains ten or twenty values?
In the decades I've been programming and consulting, I've seen plenty of code bases. Data objects made from twenty fields are hardly unusual.
What would a similar test look like if the dto
and the expected
object required twenty smaller values?
The test would be too big.
A test like this one contains a mix of essential behaviour and implementation details. The behaviour that it verifies is that when you Post
a valid dto
, the data makes it all the way to the database.
Exactly how the dto
or the expected
value are constructed is less relevant for the test. Yet it's intermingled with the test of behaviour. The signal-to-noise ratio in the test isn't all that great. What can you do to improve things?
As given, it seems difficult to do much. The problem is primitive obsession. While this is a parametrised test, all the method parameters are primitives: integers and strings. The makes it hard to introduce useful abstractions.
In C# (and probably other languages as well) parametrised tests often suffer from primitive obsession. The most common data source is an attribute (AKA annotation), like xUnit.net's [InlineData]
attribute. This isn't a limitation of xUnit.net, but rather of .NET attributes. You can only create attributes with primitive values and arrays.
What is a limitation of xUnit.net (and the other mainstream .NET testing frameworks, as far as I know) is that tests aren't first-class values. In Haskell, by contrast, it's easy to write parametrised tests using the normal language constructs exactly because tests are first-class values. (I hope that the next version of xUnit.net will support tests as first-class values.)
Imagine that instead of only five constituent fields, you'd have to write a parametrised test for objects with twenty primitive values. As long as you stick with attribute-based data sources, you'll be stuck with primitive values.
 They lock me into primitive obsession, and I don't appreciate that.
While tests as first-class values aren't an option in xUnit.net, you can provide other data sources for the [Theory]
attribute than [InlineData]
. It's not as lightweight, but it breaks the primitive obsession and re-enables normal code design techniques. It enables you to reduce the test itself to its essence. You no longer have to think in primitives, but can instead express the test unshackled by constraints. As a first pass, I'd like the test to look like this:
[Theory] [ClassData(typeof(PostValidReservationWhenDatabaseIsEmptyTestCases))] public async Task PostValidReservationWhenDatabaseIsEmpty( ReservationDto validDto, Reservation expected) { var db = new FakeDatabase(); var sut = new ReservationsController( new SystemClock(), new InMemoryRestaurantDatabase(Grandfather.Restaurant), db); await sut.Post(validDto); Assert.Contains(expected, db.Grandfather); }
This version of the test eliminates the noise. How validDto
and expected
are constructed is an implementation detail that has little bearing on the behaviour being tested.
For a reader of the code, it's should now be clearer what's at stake here: If you Post
a validDto
the expected
reservation should appear in the database.
Reducing the test code to its essentials made me realise something that hitherto had escaped me: that I could name the DTO by role. Instead of just dto
, I could call the parameter validDto
.
Granted, I could also have done that previously, but I didn't think of it. There's was so much noise in that test that I didn't stop to consider whether dto
sufficiently communicated the role of that variable.
The less code, the easier it becomes to think such things through, I find.
In any case, the test code now much more succinctly expresses the essence of the desired behaviour. Notice how I started my refactoring by writing the desired test code. I've yet to implement the data source. Now that the data source expresses test data as full objects, I'm not so concerned with whether or not that's going to be possible. Of course it's possible.
You can define data sources for xUnit.net as classes or methods. In C# I usually reach for the [ClassData]
option, since an object (in C#, that is) gives me better options for further decomposition. For example, I can define a class and delegate the details to helper methods:
private class PostValidReservationWhenDatabaseIsEmptyTestCases : TheoryData<ReservationDto, Reservation> { public PostValidReservationWhenDatabaseIsEmptyTestCases() { AddWithName(1049, 19, 00<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Julia Domna", 5); AddWithName(1130, 18, 15<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Xenia Ng", 9); AddWithoutName(956, 16, 55<EMAIL_ADDRESS>2); AddWithName(433, 17, 30<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Shanghai Li", 5); } // More members here...
Here, I'm taking advantage of xUnit.net's built-in TheoryData<T1, T2>
base class, but that's just a convenience. All you have to do is to implement IEnumerable<object[]>
.
As you can see, the constructor adds the four test cases by calling two private helper methods. Here's the first of those:
private const string id = "B50DF5B1-F484-4D99-88F9-1915087AF568"; private void AddWithName( int days, int hours, int minutes, string email, string name, int quantity) { var at = DateTime.Now.Date + new TimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, 0); Add(new ReservationDto { Id = id, At = at.ToString("O"), Email = email, Name = name, Quantity = quantity }, new Reservation( Guid.Parse(id), at, new Email(email), new Name(name), quantity)); }
The other helper method is almost identical, although it has a slight variation when it comes to the reservation name:
private void AddWithoutName( int days, int hours, int minutes, string email, int quantity) { var at = DateTime.Now.Date + new TimeSpan(days, hours, minutes, 0); Add(new ReservationDto { Id = id, At = at.ToString("O"), Email = email, Quantity = quantity }, new Reservation( Guid.Parse(id), at, new Email(email), new Name(""), quantity)); }
In total, this refactoring results in more code, so how is this an improvement?
In object-oriented design, decomposition tends to lead to more code. If you want to isolate and make reusable a particular piece of behaviour, you'll usually introduce an interface or a base class. Even stateless functions need a static class to define them. (To be fair, functional programming isn't entirely devoid of such overhead associated with decomposition, but the cost tends to smaller.) This leads to more code, compared with the situation before decomposition.
This is a situation you may also encounter if you attempt to refactor to design patterns, or follow the SOLID principles. You'll have more code than when you started. This often leads to resistance to such 'code bloat'.
It's fine to resist code bloat. It's also fine to dislike 'complexity for complexity's sake'. Try to evaluate each potential code change based on advantages and disadvantages. I'm not insisting that the above refactoring is objectively better. I did feel, however, that I had a problem that I ought to address, and that this was a viable alternative. The result is more code, but each piece of code is smaller and simpler.
You can, conceivably, read the test method itself to get a feel for what it tests, even if you don't know all the implementation details. You can read the four statements in the PostValidReservationWhenDatabaseIsEmptyTestCases
constructor without, I hope, understanding all the details about the two helper methods. And you can read AddWithName
without understanding how AddWithoutName
works, and vice versa, because these two methods don't depend on each other.
In this article, I've described how the use of code annotations for parametrised tests tend to pull in the direction of primitive obsession. This is a force worth keeping an eye on, I think.
You saw how to refactor to class-based test data generation. This enables you to use objects instead of primitives, thus opening your design palette. You can now use all your usual object-oriented or functional design skills to factor the code in a way that's satisfactory.
Was it worth it in this case? Keep in mind that the original problem was already marginal. While the code didn't fit in a 80x24 box, it was only 33 lines of code (excluding the test data). Imagine, however, that instead of a five-field reservation, you'd be dealing with a twenty-field data class, and such a refactoring begins to look more compelling.
Is the code now perfect? It still isn't. I'm a little put off by the similarity of AddWithName
and AddWithoutName
. I'm also aware that there's a trace of production code duplicated in the test case, in the way that the test code duplicates how a valid ReservationDto
relates to a Reservation
. I'm on the fence whether I should do anything about this.
At the moment I'm inclined to heed the rule of three. The duplication is still too insubstantial to warrant refactoring, but it's worth keeping an eye on.
Comments
Hi Mark, fair point! Indeed, sometimes [InlineData] is too simple and having test data creation moved to a separate class with all its advantages is a valid approach (using f.e. [ClassData]).
I just wanted to clarify on TheoryData class, I noticed that it was added in xUnit v3. But I can't find this new version anywhere on NuGet - are you using it from some early adopter feed? Thanks!
Mateusz, thank you for writing. The code shown in this article uses xUnit.net 2.4.1, which (apparently) includes the
TheoryData
base classes. I must admit that I don't know exactly when they were added to the library.


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Before We start
This series is neither totally theoritical nor totally hands-on. It is amalgammation of both. Just the way I think. You will not become expert which should be implied.