package dynamics
The dynamics
package contains classes, traits and objects for
system dynamics simulations using Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs).
- Alphabetic
- By Inheritance
- dynamics
- AnyRef
- Any
- Hide All
- Show All
- Public
- All
Type Members
-
trait
Integrator
extends Error
The
Integrator
trait provides a template for writing numerical integrators (e.g., Runge-Kutta 'RK4' or Dormand-Prince 'DOPRI') to produce trajectories for first-order Ordinary Differential Equations 'ODE's.The
Integrator
trait provides a template for writing numerical integrators (e.g., Runge-Kutta 'RK4' or Dormand-Prince 'DOPRI') to produce trajectories for first-order Ordinary Differential Equations 'ODE's. The ODE is of the form:d/dt y(t) = f(t, y) with initial condition y0 = y(t0)
If 'f' is a linear function of the form 'a(t) * y(t) + b(t)', then the ODE is linear, if 'a(t) = a' (i.e., a constant) the ODE has constant coefficients and if 'b(t) = 0' the ODE is homogeneous. Note this package provides a solver (not an integrator) as an option for linear, constant coefficient, homogeneous, first-order ODE.
- See also
scalation.dynamics.LinearDiffEq.scala
-
class
LinearDiffEq
extends Error
The
LinearDiffEq
class may be used for solving a system of linear differential equations that are ordinary and first-order with constant coefficients of the formThe
LinearDiffEq
class may be used for solving a system of linear differential equations that are ordinary and first-order with constant coefficients of the formd/dt y(t) = a * y(t)
'y(t)' is the vector function of time and 'a' is the coefficient matrix. The initial value vector 'y0 = y(0)' must also be given. Note, higher-order differential equations may be converted to first-order by introducing additional variables. The above equation is the homogeneous case. Caveats: the following cases are not currently handled: (1) The non-homogeneous equation: 'd/dt y(t) = a * y(t) + f(t)'. (2) Complex or repeated eigenvalues.
-
class
NLS_ODE
extends Predictor with Error
Given an Ordinary Differential Equation 'ODE' parameterized using the vector 'b' with Initial Value 'IV' 'y0', estimate the parameter values 'b' for the ODE using weighted Non-linear Least Squares 'NLS'.
Given an Ordinary Differential Equation 'ODE' parameterized using the vector 'b' with Initial Value 'IV' 'y0', estimate the parameter values 'b' for the ODE using weighted Non-linear Least Squares 'NLS'.
ODE: dy/dt = f(t, y) IV: y(t0) = y0
Times series data: z(t0), z(t1), ... z(tn)
-
class
SSA
extends Error
The
SSA
class implements the Gillespie Stochastic Simulation Algorithm 'SSA'.
Value Members
-
object
Derivatives
The
Derivatives
object is used to define types of time derivative functions. -
object
DormandPrince
extends Integrator
The
DormandPrince
object provides a state-of-the-art numerical ODE solver.The
DormandPrince
object provides a state-of-the-art numerical ODE solver. Given an unknown, time-dependent function 'y(t)' governed by an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) of the formd/dt y(t) = f(t, y)
compute 'y(t)' using a (4,5)-order Dormand-Prince Integrator 'DOPRI'. Note: the 'integrateV' method for a system of separable ODEs is mixed in from the
Integrator
trait.- See also
http://adorio-research.org/wordpress/?p=6565
-
object
DormandPrinceTest
extends App
The
DormandPrinceTest
object is used to test theDormandPrince
object. -
object
LinearDiffEqTest
extends App
The
LinearDiffEqTest
object to test theLinearDiffEq
class using example atThe
LinearDiffEqTest
object to test theLinearDiffEq
class using example at- See also
biomed.tamu.edu/faculty/wu/BMEN_452/Eigenvalue%20Problems.doc The eigenvalues should be (-3, -1) The constant matrix should be [ (.375, .625), (-.75, 1.25) ]
-
object
NLS_ODETest
extends App
The
VectorDTest
object tests the operations provided byVectorD
.The
VectorDTest
object tests the operations provided byVectorD
. > run-main scalation.dynamics.NLS_ODETest -
object
Radau
extends Integrator
The
Radau
object implements Radau IIA, which is a simple Ordinary Differential Equation 'ODE' solver for moderately stiff systems.The
Radau
object implements Radau IIA, which is a simple Ordinary Differential Equation 'ODE' solver for moderately stiff systems. Solve for 'y' givend/dt y = f(t, y).
-
object
RadauTest
extends App
This object is used to test the Radau5 object.
-
object
RungeKutta
extends Integrator
The
RungeKutta
object provides an implementation of a classical numerical ODE solver.The
RungeKutta
object provides an implementation of a classical numerical ODE solver. Given an unknown, time-dependent function 'y(t)' governed by an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) of the form:d/dt y(t) = f(t, y)
Compute 'y(t)' using a 4th-order Runge-Kutta Integrator 'RK4'. Note: the 'integrateV' method for a system of separable ODEs is mixed in from the
Integrator
trait. -
object
RungeKuttaTest
extends App
The
RungeKuttaTest
object is used to test theRungeKutta
object. -
object
SSATest
extends App
The
SSATest
object tests theSSA
class.


| Previous | Table of Contents | Next |
In this section, we'll be going over the basic syntax of Rust. You'll learn about variable declarations and mutability, how to work with functions, and some basic control structures including loops, conditionals, and matching. Finally, we will analyze a simple program to find Collatz numbers that employs the topics in this section.
1 | let foo = 5; |
There are several things you should notice about this.
First, the keyword
let
.
let
is used to declare local variables in Rust, and must preface every such declaration.
Second, if you're accustomed to other statically-typed languages, you've probably noticed that there is no explicit statement of type here; instead, the compiler infers that
foo
should be an int.
Rust's compiler is typically very good at correctly inferring types for variables. However, there are times that it draws an incorrect conclusion, usually when the type a variable could be is in some manner ambiguous. We can circumvent this by explicitly telling the compiler what type you want the variable to be, as so:
1 | let foo: int = 5; |
Rust's primitive types are similar to those in other C-like languages. There are more details at the official tutorial; look for "Primitive types and literals".
Finally, you should notice that the above declaration uses =, as you would expect, for assignment, and terminates the statement with a semicolon. Operators in Rust are essentially all the same as in languages with which you're familiar, and we'll discuss the difference between statements and expressions (which are not terminated by a semicolon) later in this section. To summarize, declarations of local variables in Rust follow the form:
let name[: type] [= value];
1 2 | let foo = 5; foo = 6; |
The above code is invalid Rust; it will not compile. Instead, you'll get:
test.rs:3:2: 3:5 error: re-assignment of immutable variable `foo`
test.rs:3 foo = 6;
^~~
test.rs:2:6: 2:9 note: prior assignment occurs here
test.rs:2 let foo = 5;
^~~
error: aborting due to previous error
This is because all Rust local variables are,
by default, immutable - meaning that you cannot change their assigned value once given.
In other words, variables are not actually variable by default. This will be familiar if
you have experience with functional programming. In order
to make a mutable local variable, you must introduce another keyword -
mut
. The following code will work:
1 2 | let mut foo = 5; foo = 6; |
Rust features an additional type named a tuple. Tuples are groupings of values, similar in appearance but different in function to a list of variables.
Making a tuple is easy. The values to be included are enclosed in parentheses and separated by commas. One nice feature is that tuples are heterogeneous; we can mix field types.
1 | let tup = (4, 5.0, false, "hello"); |
There are a few caveats that we need to be wary of:
Rust’s conditionals are very similar to what you’ve probably seen in Java or another
C-family language, with two slight exceptions. The associated keywords are
if
,
else if
, and
else
, and are followed by a boolean expression (it must be of type
bool
; no type conversion will take place automatically) in the case of
if
and
else if
. The boolean expressions need not be in parentheses, but the body of the conditional
block must be enclosed in braces. That is, whereas in Java, you could have something like:
1 2 | if(foo == 5) System.out.println("it worked"); |
the equivalent in Rust of
1 2 | if foo == 5 println("it worked"); |
is illegal. The following is a legal conditional block. Note that the else and else if are optional for validity.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | if foo == 5 { println("it’s five"); } else if foo == 6 { println("it’s six"); } else { println("it’s not five or six"); } |
Rather than using a “switch” statement, as you may have seen in other
languages, Rust uses the
match
statement.
match
is like a significantly more powerful and useful switch, and is used fairly
extensively in a lot of Rust code. You'll run into it frequently, particularly
in the error handling section. Here's an example:
1 2 3 4 | match isOdd(x) { true => println("Odd"), // Notice the comma false => println("Even") } |
A
match
statement evaluates the first branch with a matching pattern. The pattern is an expression
with the same type as the object being matched. If the object has the same value as one that the pattern
accepts (see below for accepting multiple values with a single match arm), then the corresponding arm
will be evaluated.
If we want to include more than one statement in a branch of the
match
, we have to surround the code in braces. With braces, we don't need a comma,
but they're allowed.
1 2 3 4 | match isOdd(x) { true => { println("Odd"); 0 } false => { println("Even"); 1 } } |
The compiler checks that at least one pattern of the
match
expression will always match. When a variable is matched, the patterns must
completely represent the possible values the variable could hold. This is easy
for booleans; there's just
true
and
false
. For other types, listing every possible value would be tedious and awful.
To prevent insanity, Rust includes a _
that matches everything.
1 2 3 4 5 6 | let x = 4; match x { 0 => { ; } // Do nothing 4 => { foo(); } _ => { bar(); } // Matches every integer value } |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | int x = 4; switch (x) { case 0: break; case 4: foo(); break; default: bar(); break; } |
match
can also use simple logical expressions in its arms. For example,
1 2 3 4 5 | match x { 3|5|6 => { println("First arm!"); } 10..16 => { println("Second arm!"); } _ => { println("Default arm!"); } } |
will print "First arm!" if x is 3, 5, or 6, "Second arm!" if x is between 10 and 16, and "Default arm!" otherwise.
Pattern matching is used to access tuple values. If we don't care about a value,
we can use _
to ignore it.
1 2 | let tup = (4, 5.0, false, "hello"); let (a, b, c, _) = tup; |
The _
is handy for
match
statements too.
1 2 3 4 5 | match status { (0, true) => println("Success"), (_, true) => println("Pyrrhic victory"), // Any first value matches (_, _) => println("Complete loss") // Any pair of values will match } |
(note that in this case status
would need to be of type
(int, bool)
)
match
also allows for "pattern guards" - logical expressions that can be used to further
narrow down what a particular arm selects. For example:
1 2 3 4 5 | match x { (x,y) if x > y => { println("Decreasing"); } (x,y) if y > x => { println("Increasing"); } _ => { println("Equal")} } |
will print correctly the relation between x
and y
.
To quickly test your comprehension of what you've learned so far, try writing a simple program to do the following:
Given a tuple containing an int and a bool, use a match statement to determine (a) if the bool is true and the int is
between 20 and 26, (b) if the bool is true and the aforementioned condition isn't true for the int,
(c) if the int is between 40 and 49 (where the value of the bool doesn't matter), and (d), wherein none of the previous
conditions are true. Print out an appropriate message using println
for each case (e.g. for (a), you could print
"True and in range", or something of the sort). Since you haven't learned how to get input yet, just define a variable like this:
1 | let x = (51, true); |
match on it, and manually change its value to test the different branches.
Put your code inside a block of this form, and run "rustc
1 2 3 | fn main() { // Code goes here } |
Rust provides several choices of looping structure, similar to those in C and Java.
In Rust loops, we can use
break
to get out of the loop and
continue
to skip to the next iteration.
while
:while
loop iterates until its condition is false. Its condition must be of type bool.
1 2 3 4 5 | let mut i = 0; while i < 10 { println("Hi there"); i += 1; // Rust doesn't support ++ or -- } |
1 2 3 4 5 | int i = 0; while (i < 10) { System.out.println("Hi there"); i++; } |
Its syntax is
while condition { code }
loop
:loop
is syntactic sugar for
while true
.
For completeness, its syntax is
loop { code }
for
: range(start, end)
, which creates a set of integers, [start, end)
.
1 2 3 4 | // Calls foo with 0, 1, ..., 9 for i in range(0, 10) { foo(i); } |
1 2 3 4 | // Calls foo with 0, 1, ..., 9 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { foo(i); } |
Rust’s use of the semicolon may seem confusing when first encountered, but, once learned is intuitive and remarkably useful. Essentially, everything that doesn’t end with a semicolon is an expression, and everything that does is a statement. Expressions have an associated value, whereas statements do not (technically, they have a value of nil or void, but for our purposes this is the same as having none.) You can think of the semicolon in Rust as suppressing the value of an expression, turning it into a statement.
Almost everything in Rust can be an expression - the only exceptions are declarations.
This allows Rust code to be very nicely concise. For example, an explicit return from a function is not necessary in most cases.
In general, this use of expressions makes the
return
keyword necessary only when you want to leave a function early. Another common use of Rust's
expressions is easy conditional assignment of variables, as a conditional block will have the
value of its last expression:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | let foo = if x == 5 { "five" } else if x == 6 { "six" } else { "neither" } |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | String foo; if (x == 5) { foo = "five"; } else if (x == 6) { foo = "six"; } else { foo = "neither"; } |
The same can be done with pattern matching, as, again, the block will have the value of its last expression:
1 2 3 4 | let x = match y { 0..9 => { "Less than 10" } _ => { "Greater than 10" } } |
Functions are created by using
fn
. Like loops, their bodies must be surrounded
by braces.
Here’s the syntax for a function that accepts no parameters and doesn't return
anything:
fn name() { code }
And here is an example:
1 2 3 | fn foo() { println("foo"); } |
1 2 3 | void foo() { System.out.println("foo"); } |
As expected, this function can be called with
foo()
Functions can be declared inside other functions. This means that the following is valid Rust:
1 2 3 4 | fn foo() { fn bar() { println("bar"); } bar(); } |
When parameters are given to a function, their types must be specified using
the same syntax that specifies a type during variable declaration,
name :type
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 | fn rprime_sum(x: int, y: int, m: int) { match (x+y)%m { 0 => println("Multiple"), _ => println("Relatively prime") } } |
1 2 3 4 5 6 | void rprime_sum(int x, int y, int m) { if ((x+y)%m == 0) System.out.println("Multiple"); else System.out.println("Relatively prime"); } |
A return value is specified using -> type
after the parameter
list. To actually return a value, we use Rust's expressions.
1 2 3 | fn square(x: int) -> int { x*x } |
1 2 3 | int square(int x) { return x*x; } |
As another check to make sure you're good to go so far, try to implement Fizz Buzz, as specified on that page. Remember that you'll need to put your code in a main function, as shown above.
The conjecture is currently unproven, although it has been shown to hold for numbers up to<PHONE_NUMBER>882523136.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | fn collatz(N: int) -> int { if N == 1 { return 0; } match N % 2 { 0 => { 1 + collatz(N/2) } _ => { 1 + collatz(N*3+1) } } } |
We can use this code in the following program to find the number of Collatz steps for a user-input number:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | use std::os; fn main() { if os::args().len() < 2 { println("Error: Please provide a number as argument."); return; } let i = from_str::<int>(os::args()[1]).unwrap(); println!("{:d} has {:d} Collatz steps", i, collatz(i)); } fn collatz(N: int) -> int { if N == 1 { return 0; } match N % 2 { 0 => { 1 + collatz(N/2) } _ => { 1 + collatz(N*3+1) } } } |
First, let's look at the main function. There are a couple of things at the beginning which you haven't seen thus far in the tutorial, namely the contents of the first conditional block:
1 2 3 4 | if os::args().len() < 2 { println("Error: Please provide a number as argument."); return; } |
We aren't going to worry about the meaning of the os::
in the boolean expression of the conditional block just yet;
for now, just know that
os::args().len()
gets the number of command-line arguments passed in.
println
, as you've probably guessed based on your use of other languages, prints the string argument passed in.
The conditional block ends with a return statement, which, as we discussed earlier, is being used to prematurely exit the function.
There's only one other thing to notice in the main function (we're ignoring line 9 - just know that it gets the first command line argument, changes it from a string to an int, and assigns that to a variable), and that's the slight variation in line 10's
println
statement. Specifically, notice the !, and the arguments being passed in. The ! specifies that the call is to a macro, which
is a kind of language extension in Rust. We'll be going over them in more detail later. In particular, this macro is like printf
in C, and takes as its first argument a format string, with the remaining arguments being used to fill the slots of the format string. The syntax Rust uses for its format strings is similar to that of
Python.
Moving into the collatz
routine, we see the function declaration syntax we discussed above.
collatz
takes in an int and returns an int:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | fn collatz(N: int) -> int { if N == 1 { return 0; } match N % 2 { 0 => { 1 + collatz(N/2) } _ => { 1 + collatz(N*3+1) } } } |
The main takeaway from this code is the use of a match block to carry out the actual Collatz conjecture algorithm.
Notice that we have to have the
_
arm of the block in order for it to be comprehensive; given this, it makes sense to only have
one other arm (as opposed to two other arms, one for 0 and one for 1).
Finally, notice again that, by not putting semicolons at the end of the calls in each arm of the match
block, we are able to use the value of whichever arm of the block is selected as our return value without
an explicit return statement.
To finish off this section, we have a small programming problem for you to solve. Starting with the above code (also available in a file
here
), make a program that takes as command-line input a single number, representing a number of Collatz steps
(steps required to reach 1 by following the Collatz procedure), and computes the lowest number (starting from 1) which requires this
number of Collatz steps. For example, if the number input was 949, your program should output 63,728,127; similarly, if you input 1132, it should output 9,780,657,630 as the lowest number requiring 1132 Collatz steps.
Since these are fairly large numbers, and it might take your code a very long time to reach them
(unless you use a more advanced technique, such as in some manner memoizing previous results and
efficiently checking to see if you've already found the number of steps remaining from a given number - but I digress)
you can use the following smaller test cases: For an input of 6, your code should output 10. For an input of 45, it should
output 361. Finally, for an input of 260, it should print 18514.
Bonus points if you can do it using each type of loop in Rust, as well as if you can do it recursively.
N.B.: Trying to call
collatz(0)
will result in a stack overflow, as the Collatz sequence is only defined for positive integers.
Ready for more Rust? Head to the next section.
| Previous | Table of Contents | Next |


Your browser does not support the audio element.
Your browser does not support the audio element.
French


The author of the quote is {{quote.author}}
The quote was submitted by {{ quote.submittedBy }} on {{quote.dateCreation|date}} upvotes {{quote.upvotes}} downvotes {{quote.downvotes}}


Ford Focus ST Line X long-term test | FordPass app highlights connectivity
by Andrew RyanBIK List Price
£24,420
BIK Percentage
26%
CO2
114g/km
Combined MPG
49.6 (WLTP)
Review
A new feature on our Ford Focus sprang into life in the past month – the FordPass Connect app and modem. An in-car notification alerted me that this function was available so, following the prompts on the infotainment system, I downloaded the app and signed in.
This was a simple process involving entering a few details such as the car’s VIN. Now, using the app, I can lock or unlock the Focus, locate where it’s parked and see a range of vehicle data. Sitting at my desk, I can see that it’s done 8,550 miles, it has 435 miles of fuel in the tank, and its oil life is at 56%.
It also allows you to view the owner’s manual, a weather report and local points of interest, as well as call for emergency help, book a service or hire a Hertz 24/7 Ford Transit. It also provides live vehicle data.
It may sound a little gimmicky, but the app has so far proved interesting and useful: perhaps its best moment was when it notified me that the Focus’s tyre pressures had dropped and the tyres needed to be pumped up, which I duly did.
Our Focus is also fitted with a FordPass Connect modem feature which turns the car into a mobile hotspot, allowing up to 10 devices to be connected, with wireless speeds of up to 4G LTE.
This is a subscription service, but at the moment Vodafone is offering a three month or 3GB free trial period, which I intend to sign up to and test before my next long term report.
Ford has also launched a version of the app targeted at small business operators and owners – the FordPass Pro app - which allows businesses to manage up to five vehicles.
Infotainment screen attracts criticism - September 2019
Our long-term Ford Focus has come in for some criticism in the past couple of weeks.
Not from me – I’m still very much smitten by the ownership experience – but from a friend.
His criticism? That the eight-inch infotainment touchscreen at the top of the centre console “looks stuck on”.
I can understand where he’s coming from.
However, I disagree with him. Looks-wise, its modern appearance fits in with the rest of the cabin, while from a practical point of view it’s ideally positioned – it means you can see information such as sat-nav directions quickly and easily, taking your eyes off the road for the absolute minimum amount of time.
The ‘stuck on’ appearance also enhances the airy feel of the cabin: if the screen was in the same position but had the dashboard built up behind it, then this extra mass of black plastic could add a claustrophobic feel to the interior.
The screen display is sharp with all text and graphics easy to read, making the Sync 3 infotainment system, which includes digital radio, Bluetooth, Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, simple to operate.
The screen is also used by the rear wide-view camera, which is fitted to our test car as part of the optional convenience pack (£500).
All-round visibility in the Focus is pretty good anyway, but the camera, which gives an impressively detailed view in both the light and dark of what’s behind the car, makes parking a much simpler task.
This is fitted to our ST-Line X model as part of the optional convenient pack (£500) which also includes edge protectors and active park assist.
Our test car also features the optional blind-spot monitor with cross traffic alert and braking (£400), which monitors the road behind and either side of the car while reversing out of a parking space.
This has also been valuable, warning of any traffic coming from either side of the car before the driver could see it.
Spacious Focus proves its worth - August 2019
Two months and almost 4,000 miles into our long-term test of the new Ford Focus, and the traditional, new car ‘feelgood factor’ has not dimmed in the slightest: if anything, I’m a bigger fan of it now than when I first took the keys.
It’s continued to be a joy to drive – our ST-Line X model offers a great balance between comfort and sportiness, with the weight and accuracy of both its steering and gearshift particularly impressive.
Its sporty character is further enhanced by the revvy nature and power delivery of its 1.0 EcoBoost 125PS petrol engine.
The three-cylinder unit is also proving to be efficient. So far I’m averaging 48.7mpg, which sits in the middle of the WLTP fuel economy figures of 46.3mpg-49.6mpg.
The past month has also seen the Focus’s credentials as a family car put to the test. My brother and his family came over from Ireland for a week, so it was constantly on the move, ferrying children and adults on various daytrips. All were very complimentary about the amount of head and legroom they had.
The short spell of sunny weather also saw me place greater-than-usual demands on the Focus’s cargo-carrying ability.
One trip saw me take a bike to Thetford Forest for a spot of cycling on the woodland trails, while the Focus also swallowed two golf bags and trolleys when I hit the local links with a friend.
Both occasions saw me fold the rear seats down – a simple procedure, initiated through a lever positioned at the top of the rear seats. The only gripe would be that the slightly high boot lid made loading and unloading trickier than it could have been.
However, this is only a minor point with the Focus continuing to prove that it was a worthy winner of the best lower medium car honour at this year’s Fleet News Awards.
We welcome a Ford Focus 1.0T ST Line X to our fleet - July 2019
After a very enjoyable spell in Ford’s excellent Fiesta supermini, I’ve recently taken delivery of its bigger brother – the Focus – as my new long-termer.
And it’s already made a big impression. Our model is in sporty ST-Line X trim level, and its optional Shadow Black paint (£550), standard 18-inch wheels, ST-Line bodystyling kit, twin exhaust tailpipes and red brake calipers gives it a purposeful, striking look.
This sporty image continues in the cabin, with dark headliner, red stitching on partial leather trim and alloy pedals complementing the exterior.
Fortunately from a fleet and company car driver’s point of view, it’s also efficient. Powered by a 1.0-litre Ecoboost engine producing 125PS, our Focus offers official WLTP fuel economy of 46.3mpg-49.6mpg. Over the first 1,000 miles of its time with me, it has averaged 48.9mpg.
Its CO2 emissions of 114g/km put it in the 26% benefit-in-kind tax band for 2019/20, and its P11D price of £24,420 means a 20% taxpayer will pay a monthly bill of £106.
So far there’s been plenty to commend our Focus for – I’m looking forward to finding out if this continues for the next six months.
Top Speed
124mph
VED band
G
Fuel Type
Petrol
Residual Value
3 Year 60k : £9,075
4 Year 80k : £7,125
Running Cost (ppm)
3 Year 60k : 40.31
4 Year 80k : 37.13
CO2 emissions and fuel consumption data correct at time of writing. The latest figures are available in the Fleet News fuel cost calculator and the company car tax calculator.


{% extends "app/layout.html" %}
{% block content %}
This site was created by me in order to get the message out about my services on offer. It is intended for people to be able to read about what I do and have done already in order to gauge the possibility of getting in contact with me to develop a relationship in developing custom software. I have an extreme passion for Software development. I use the latest Microsoft techonologies to develop software based off client requirements. I always do intensive research and choose the best framework(s) necessary for the task at hand in order to get the best possible result.
Web Developer - Mobile Developer - E-Commerce Developer
About
Contact Me


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4
Firstly, prepare all the ingredients.
Heat a large wok to a high heat. Add a little of the oil and the chicken. Stir fry the chicken for one minute, then add the honey and continue cooking until the chicken is fully cooked and a rich golden colour. Remove from the wok and set to one side.
Add the remaining oil to the re-heated wok and fry the garlic, ginger and chilli for about 20 seconds. Add the rest of the vegetables, keeping the heat high, stir-fry until they are just tender, but still retain some bite.
Add the pre-cooked noodles and saute for a minute or so before returning the chicken to the pan.
Mix well, add the chopped coriander, adjust the seasoning - adding soy sauce sesame oil and the lime zest and juice.
Serve with a scattering of cashews over the top.


(function(){
window.codeMirrorReadOnly = true;
}())
What does the following function do?
"It finds the largest value in x and leaves x unchanged."
- "It finds the smallest value in x and leaves x unchanged."
- "It sorts x in ascending order and returns the largest value in x."
- "It sorts x in descending order and returns the largest value in x."
- "It returns x[0] or x[n-1] whichever is larger."
Have you seen any changes done to the x array?
Are the comparisons keep the largest or the smallest emlement?


Home
About
Contact
Download
DeltaOS
DeltaOS is a Forth based General Purpose lightweight operating system written by Trevor Payne.


Pixel 4 XL survives a torture test, but suffers some structural cracks [Video]
by Ben SchoonWith every new flagship smartphone that hits the market, YouTuber JerryRigEverything puts the device through a torture test that includes knives, scratches, and literal flames too. As one might hope, Google’s Pixel 4 XL survived that torture test, but it came out with some concerning cracks.
From the start Google’s Pixel 4 XL actually holds up fairly well in this test. The device and its Gorilla Glass 5 coating held up just as well as any other flagship smartphone. The “matte” border along the side rails of the device was easy to remove with a knife, but it showed the metal frame hidden underneath. Plus, the device held up to the YouTuber’s constant mocking too.
However, where it failed was actually somewhat unexpected. In the usual bend test, the Pixel 4’s frame cracked. On the first bend, the frame cracked just below the camera housing and following that, it cracked in three other locations around the frame. The device did continue to function despite the damage, though.
What’s the cause of these cracks on the Pixel 4? Scraping off some of the black paint reveals the device’s antenna lines which, presumably, aren’t reinforced inside of the device. It’s certainly an oversight, but it’s hard to imagine most people are going to run into this problem in general usage.
More on Google Pixel 4:
- Google Pixel 4 Review: A truly stellar Android experience… while it lasts
- Early reports confirm Pixel 4’s 90Hz refresh rate now works in more conditions
- How to edit Pixel 4’s astrophotography pictures to get even better results
FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.


{extends<EMAIL_ADDRESS><{block name=head}> <{/block}> <{block name=body}> <{if $this->beginCache('title')}>


This manual explains the scope and the usage of the Software Pack for CMSIS-Driver Validation.
CMSIS-Driver specifies the software API for peripheral driver interfaces that connect microcontroller peripherals with middleware or the user application.
The CMSIS-Driver Validation is used to validate the driver implementation compliance to the CMSIS-Driver specification.
The CMSIS-Driver Validation provides:
- Configurable validation tests for various CMSIS-Driver interfaces
- Example projects that show the usage of the CMSIS-Driver Validation
- Various Servers used for testing
The CMSIS-Driver Validation tests and verifies:
- API interface using the driver capabilities as well as valid and invalid parameters
- Data communication with various transfer sizes and communication parameters:
- Loopback testing (for some interfaces) for testing of the underlying hardware with usage of a local loopback
- Server testing (for some interfaces) for extensive testing of the underlying hardware with usage of a dedicated Server
- Transfer speed of the data communication with time measurement of data transfer duration
- Event signaling
The CMSIS-Driver Validation requires CMSIS-RTOS2 functionality and can be used to verify the setup and configuration of the CMSIS-Driver interfaces in a user system.
The diagram below shows an overview of the CMSIS-Driver Validation configuration.
This manual contains the following chapters:
- Setup - Describes the general setup of the CMSIS-Driver Validation test and how to generate test report.
- Report - Describes the reports produced by the CMSIS-Driver Validation.
- Debugging - Describes procedure for debugging of the interface drivers using the CMSIS-Driver Validation.
- Resource Requirements - Lists memory and CMSIS-RTOS2 requirements.
- Examples - Contains information about several example projects including the required hardware setup.
- Reference - Explains the configuration and tests for the various CMSIS-Driver interfaces.
The CMSIS-Driver Validation provides validation for the following interfaces:
- CAN - Controller Area Network (CAN) interface driver.
- Ethernet - Ethernet MAC and PHY peripheral interface driver.
- I2C - Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) multi-master serial single-ended bus interface driver.
- MCI - Memory Card Interface driver for SD/MMC memory.
- SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) driver.
- USART - Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART) interface driver.
- USB Device - Universal Serial Bus (USB) Device interface driver.
- USB Host - Universal Serial Bus (USB) Host interface driver.
- WiFi - WiFi (Wireless Fidelity Interface) module/shield driver.
- Note
- Extensive testing using dedicated Server is available for SPI and USART drivers.
This manual assumes that you are familiar with MDK. Refer to MDK Version 5 - Getting Started for additional information.
Revision History
| Version | Description
|
| V3.0.0 |
- Rework USART driver validation (introduced USART_Server)
- Add USART_Server application for Keil MCBSTM32F400 evaluation board
- Add USART_Server application for STM32F429I-DISC1 board
- Update to SPI_Server application (improved robustness, use software controlled Slave Select in Master mode)
- Update to SPI driver validation (improved robustness, enable Data Bits tests in loopback mode, align data buffers to 32 bytes)
- Add SPI_Server application for STM32F429I-DISC1 board
- Add WiFi Driver tests (socket functions in non-blocking mode)
- Minor update to WiFi driver validation (less strict SocketAccept and SocektSend tests)
- Add SockServer application for IMXRT1050-EVKB
- Add pack version information in Test Report
- Add support for Arm Cortex-M85 processor based devices
- Add support for Arm China Star-MC1 processor based devices
- Update examples
- Update documentation
|
| V2.0.0 |
- Remove bundle from components
- Change configuration from single file to a file per component
- Rework SPI Driver testing (introduced SPI_Server)
- Add SPI_Server application for Keil MCBSTM32F400 evaluation board
- Update WiFi Driver tests (support for WiFi Driver API V1.1.0)
- Update all examples
- Deprecate CMSIS-RTOS1
|
| V1.4.0 |
- Updated conditions to support all Cortex-M devices
- Introduced test groups (each driver is organized in a group)
- Improved XSL for XML display
- Updated all examples
- Removed example for Atmel board
- WiFi Driver Testing: Added SockServer application for PC running Microsoft Windows
- WiFi Driver Testing: Added upstream and downstream bandwidth testing
- WiFi Driver Testing: Added example for Inventek ISM43362 WiFi Driver testing on STMicroelectronics B-L475E-IOT01A1 board
- WiFi Driver Testing: Added example for Inventek ISM43362 WiFi Driver testing using ISMART43362-E WiFi shield mounted on NXP LPCXpresso55S69 board
- WiFi Driver Testing: Added examples for Espressif ESP8266 and ESP32 WiFi Driver testing with NXP MIMXRT1064-EVK board
- WiFi Driver Testing: Added example for WIZnet WizFi360 WiFi Driver testing with NXP MIMXRT1064-EVK board
|
| V1.3.0 |
|
| V1.2.0 |
- Added CMSIS-RTOS2 and Arm Compiler 6 compatibility
|
| V1.1.0 |
- Added USB Host, CAN and Ethernet Precision Time Protocol tests
|
| V1.0.0 |
- Initial release for CMSIS-Driver API V2.0
|


app4
IT202
Walden1995
About
API Endpoint
Card Example
Repository Link
Tawshif Ahsan Khan
Tawshif is a web designer living in Bangladesh.


Top title/track of the week
'Thanks for the Killer Game of Crisco Twister', by Minus the Bear. Not a bad track, actually.
Now that's my idea of a party!
About this entry
You"re currently reading "Top title/track of the week," an entry on ♥♥♥ OMG!!1! PONIES!!! ♥♥♥
- Published:
- 01.08.07 / 1pm
- Category:
- Circular File


Company
HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT PAGE
Average salary: 1100
List of employees
Myrtle
Conley
Birthday: 2000-10-12
Salary: 1100
Edit
|
Delete
|
More...
+
Delete employee
Please, confirm removing
Yes
Cancel


Integrated, Incremental, and Agile Transformation for Your Front Office
Main principles
Avoid the "not-invented-here" syndrome, but stay curious about new technologies.
Product management
New components should be thought through and useful from a business perspective. Unnecessary functions should
disappear and periodic reviews should be maintained to ensure that Kyma is
still on the right track.
Strive to have central, core concepts. For example, labels for event providers. Every concept must have
an owner.
New product design is not only based on a feel for the industry, but requires extensive research. Product
decisions are based on a specific business need using real qualitative and quantitative data received
from user testing, and feedback.
Don't keep unused features. Based on proper data analytics, identify unused features and evaluate whether
you can deprecate them.
Perform frequent roadmap reviews and adjustments so as not to fall behind. Don't get stuck in implementations
that do not make sense.
Every entity must have a defined lifecycle. From the very beginning, there must be a design. For example,
the proper removal of data for inactive, or trial and demo users.
Documentation is important at every production level, both detailed and more general.
Cost control, efficiency and simplification
How we run? Fast, simple, efficient.
Create more with less. Resource and component efficiency is crucial. Minimize impact on the infrastructure
by keeping resource consumption to the minimum when you work toward any goal.
Delivering features is easy, but keep in mind the recommended limits on memory usage (not more than 64MB),
startup time (not more then 3 seconds), and resource consumption. For example, consider the size
of the logs you produce.
When choosing technology, consider the cost of the onboarding process, the size of the community behind
it, and the adoption rate.
Have a fast and reliable deployment pipeline.
The whole Kyma cluster must be easy to deploy and easy to remove afterwards. This
gives you a good way to handle and test the presentation environment. For example, this lets you
test upgrades to the whole environment.
Use logical over physical separation. For example, leverage Kubernetes namespaces to separate environments.
Developer experience
To increase the comfort of the programmer's work, quick configuration of any component is required.
Think not only about low operation costs, but also about quick setup in any environment, even a local
environment. Remember that you must be able to run every component out of the box on Minikube.
Build and use native Kubernetes functionality. For example, leverage your solutions with Kubernetes CustomResources.
Flexible architecture
Architecture of the whole Kyma should be flexible enough not to cause bottle necks. So
don't depend on projects which creates more problems than they fix.
Avoid technical dependencies on non-Kyma teams. Also keep a clear separation of concerns,
and never split functionalities across teams. Scale teams based on current team members. For example,
the setup of the Gopher and Gorilla teams.
Strive for event-oriented architecture. Achieve full independence to make it simple to exchange components.
Make clear the separation between the technical and commercial aspects. Whatever we do, we should not
depend on external commercial implementations. For example, do not depend on external marketplace
implementations; we should write our own.
Avoid components that make the whole solution dependent on them.
Operational responsibility
Kyma focuses on quality. Analytics, logs, tests are a priority for every component
as well as integration between them.
Focus on integration first to avoid hiccups later. You don't want to wake up in the middle of the night
to acknowledge your component is down because your integration point failed.
Have unified, easy, and built-in monitoring.
Analytics must be sewn into any tool that we provide, whether API, UI, or CLI. Meter everything to easily
understand what is happening in Kyma.
Have fast and easy access to logs and metrics, to react to incidents and not waste time troubleshooting.
Create automated tests of the entire functionality, not just including components, but also integrations.
Security and data privacy built-in by design
Customer focus
The product must be, not only easy to use, but also consistent and of good quality. Build tools and solutions
with the understanding that they should be available for everybody in the same way.
Treat CLI as a first-level citizen.
Whatever tools you build for yourself should also be available for our customers and Kyma
users.
Be transparent with customers and Kyma users by exposing SLA fulfillments, not
only from the data point of view, but also applying the measurement rules.
Every solution exposed to customers and Kyma users should be usable in no more
than three steps.
The UX should keep customers and Kyma users focused on the tasks they want to perform.
Build tools and solutions with the understanding that they should be available for everybody in the same
way, with no exceptions or internal hacks.
Batteries included. Customers and Kyma users should have everything enabled by
default so they can use our features out of the box. Customers and Kyma users
should not only get some basic roles, but also sample applications, lambdas, and anything that will
help them learn from the very beginning.
Basic things, like SSL certificates and JWSK, should be available out of the box.
Quality matters. The product must be, not only easy to use, but also consistent and of good quality.
Validate every part of the product that faces the customer against standards and guidelines, in the
most automated way possible.
For any suggestions or change requests please go to
issues tab.


{% load staticfiles %} {% load thumbnail %} {% load user_agents %}
Sub Total : {{tcost}}
Send your message in the form below and we will get back to you as early as possible.


In Ruby classes are used to describe objects. This is what gives Ruby it's object-oriented categorization. Instance variables are used to describe the object while instance methods are used to show the object's behavior.
Classes are defined with the class keyword follwed by the class name. By convention, the class name is capitalized, and if longer than one word CamelCase is used. Ex:
Classes are composed of variables and methods. Because these variables and methods belong to every instance of the class, we call them instance variables and instance methods. To distinguish local variables from instance variables an @ symbol is used before the variable name. Ex:
Instance methods use the same structure as methods defined outside of a class. If we want to populate instance variables upon a class instantiation, we use the initialize method. When we create a new instance of a class, the initialize method runs and any arguments passed in are then assigned to an instance variable. Ex:
Class variables have very specific properties. They can be writer, reader, or both. Writer variables allow you to modify the value of the variable. Reader variables allow you to retrieve the value of the variable. The attribute method allows you to declare what type of variable to ensure that your variables behave in the manner you want. Ex:
Combining all of the pieces together our class will look like this. Ex:


What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number one has the highest priority:
So, an inline style (inside a specific HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or a browser default value.


 In 2000, Larson's time was adjusted from 3:08:28 (reason unknown).
04 Jun
2017
3:03:22
Gary Krugger (AZ/USA)
5:15:00
Melissa Dawson (CO/USA)
05 Jun
2016
3:58:41
Charles Spelina (CT/USA)
3:58:40
Kate Nicewicz (TN/USA)
not held
not held
2013
cancelled
cancelled
Nick Wilson (NM/USA)
Desiree Ficker (TX/USA)
not held
not held
Steve Clarke (NM/USA)
Jennifer Lueck-Wheeler (CO/USA)
Eric Clifton-2
Tammy Ross (CO/USA)
Eric Clifton (MD/USA)
Maggie Santiago (USA)
Michael Kappler (USA)
Yolanda Hoppling (USA)
Steve Bremner (CO/USA)
Erica Larson (NM/USA)
Thorn Santa Maria (CO/USA)
Becky Swartz-3
Eric Peters (NM/USA)
Sherry Peterson (NM/USA)
Ken Wilson (NM/USA)
Becky Swartz-2
Steve Warshawer (NM/USA)
Becky Swartz (CO/USA)
Rob Nye (MO/USA)
Darlene Barreras (NM/USA)
Rafael Colmenares (VEN)
Anissa Dorschner (CO/USA)
Jeff Peterson (USA)
Taz Schurman (NM/USA)
Ernest Garcia, Jr (NM/USA)
Janine Aiello (NM/USA)
Larry Cawthorn (FL/USA)
.
Charlie Sanchez-2
Carol Wildman-2
n/a
n/a
Jerry Martinez-2
.
Charlie Sanchez (NM/USA)
Carol Wildman (NM/USA)
Danny Bustos (USA)
Eleanor Smith (USA)
Tom Tshudy (NM/USA)
.
Jerry Martinez (NM/USA)
Leslie Coon (NM/USA)
Wesley Smith (NM/USA)
Lorraine Lester (USA)
Most Wins
(1983/2004)
Men
2
Jerry Martinez (NM/USA)
1984,1988
.
Charlie Sanchez (NM/USA)
1987,1990
.
Eric Clifton (MD/USA)
2002-03
Women
3
Becky Swartz (CO/USA)
1997-97,1999
Prize Money
(ADR qualified runners)
No information on prize money has been received for this race.
Race Time Bias
(sec/km)
Insufficient data to calculate the race time bias.
Competitive Level
(1990-date)
Insufficient data to calculate the competitive level.
Quality Performances
Men No man has run under 2:20 Women No woman has run under 2:50
Last Updated on 12 Jun 2017
Contributor: Klaas Loonstra (13 points)


Learning Plan
What is your long term goal and or career pathway?
I would like to become a junior web developer after graduating from Dev Academy, and to one day have enough skills and experience to be able to work remotely. My dream would be to be able to work remotely so that I could easily travel to visit family - my family is very international and with my previous career getting any amount of time to go overseas was difficult.
What skills (non-technical - human skills) would you like to see developed in yourself while at EDA?
I would like to be able to better manage my own time and ability to plan out and see through the tasks I set - time management. To better take both positive and negative feedback and turn it into something contructive. Also to learn how to work as a part of a team of developers through pair-coding challenges and the like.
A description of your own strengths and limitations
My main strength are my determination, and awareness. I can be very determined to complete whatever it is I set my mind to, and I have a good awareness of other I work with. My limitations would be that I stuggle to confront issues a times, and I don't have the best time management skills.
Based on the above description, a commitment to how you will manage your workload in this programme. This should include - an explanation of how you will manage yourself to work productively and sustainably with other learners, facilitators and industry/community representatives.
I will plan out my days and stick to the plan as best I can. Where i cannot, I will make up for ths the following day. I will make sure I use the toggl app to track my time and make improvements on my effiencies. Where I find or have any issues I will do my best to speak up and seek advice fo¥rom my peers and facilitator.
A commitment as to how and where you will seek help in a timely way.
I will reach out on slack to my facilitator or peers depending on what it is I need help for, and will make sure to do it on the same day that I need the assistance.
A description of what you expect from the facilitation team
Support when required, I suppose. Someone to reach out to for advice and any tips on working through the foundations course, and perhaps just someone to vocalise thoughts outloud to about the course to during catchups.
Any scheduling information such as block-out times when you are committed to other things. For example, you might have whanau commitments such as school drop-offs. It’s important to plan these in.
I have classes blocked out on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday for Jiu Jitsu. Additionally two hour minimum each night to spend relaxing with my fiance.


|
SimpleITK
1.1.0
|
binary morphological closing of an image. More...
#include <sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h>
Public Types | |
| enum | KernelType { Annulus =sitkAnnulus, Ball =sitkBall, Box =sitkBox, Cross =sitkCross } |
| typedef IntegerPixelIDTypeList | PixelIDTypeList |
| typedef BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter | Self |
| Public Types inherited from itk::simple::ImageFilter< 1 > | |
| typedef ImageFilter | Self |
| Public Types inherited from itk::simple::ProcessObject | |
| typedef ProcessObject | Self |
Public Member Functions | |
| BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter () | |
| Image | Execute (const Image &image1) |
| Image | Execute (const Image &image1, double foregroundValue, bool safeBorder) |
| double | GetForegroundValue () const |
| std::vector< uint32_t > | GetKernelRadius () const |
| KernelEnum | GetKernelType () const |
| std::string | GetName () const |
| bool | GetSafeBorder () const |
| Self & | SafeBorderOff () |
| Self & | SafeBorderOn () |
| Self & | SetForegroundValue (double ForegroundValue) |
| Self & | SetKernelRadius (const std::vector< uint32_t > &r) |
| Self & | SetKernelRadius (uint32_t r) |
| Self & | SetKernelType (KernelEnum t) |
| Self & | SetKernelType (KernelType t) |
| Self & | SetSafeBorder (bool SafeBorder) |
| std::string | ToString () const |
| virtual | ~BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter () |
| Public Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::ImageFilter< 1 > | |
| ImageFilter () | |
| virtual | ~ImageFilter ()=0 |
| Public Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::ProcessObject | |
| virtual void | Abort () |
| virtual int | AddCommand (itk::simple::EventEnum event, itk::simple::Command &cmd) |
| Add a Command Object to observer the event. More... | |
| virtual float | GetProgress () const |
| An Active Measurement of the progress of execution. More... | |
| virtual bool | HasCommand (itk::simple::EventEnum event) const |
| Query of this object has any registered commands for event. More... | |
| ProcessObject () | |
| virtual void | RemoveAllCommands () |
| Remove all registered commands. More... | |
| virtual | ~ProcessObject () |
| virtual void | DebugOn () |
| virtual void | DebugOff () |
| virtual bool | GetDebug () const |
| virtual void | SetDebug (bool debugFlag) |
| virtual void | SetNumberOfThreads (unsigned int n) |
| virtual unsigned int | GetNumberOfThreads () const |
Private Types | |
| typedef Image(Self::* | MemberFunctionType) (const Image &image1) |
Private Member Functions | |
| template<class TImageType > | |
| Image | ExecuteInternal (const Image &image1) |
Private Attributes | |
| double | m_ForegroundValue |
| std::vector< uint32_t > | m_KernelRadius |
| KernelEnum | m_KernelType |
| nsstd::auto_ptr< detail::MemberFunctionFactory< MemberFunctionType > > | m_MemberFactory |
| bool | m_SafeBorder |
Friends | |
| struct | detail::MemberFunctionAddressor< MemberFunctionType > |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::ProcessObject | |
| static bool | GetGlobalDefaultDebug () |
| static void | GlobalDefaultDebugOff () |
| static void | GlobalDefaultDebugOn () |
| static void | SetGlobalDefaultDebug (bool debugFlag) |
| static void | GlobalWarningDisplayOn () |
| static void | GlobalWarningDisplayOff () |
| static void | SetGlobalWarningDisplay (bool flag) |
| static bool | GetGlobalWarningDisplay () |
| static void | SetGlobalDefaultNumberOfThreads (unsigned int n) |
| static unsigned int | GetGlobalDefaultNumberOfThreads () |
| static double | GetGlobalDefaultCoordinateTolerance () |
| Access the global tolerance to determine congruent spaces. More... | |
| static void | SetGlobalDefaultCoordinateTolerance (double) |
| Access the global tolerance to determine congruent spaces. More... | |
| static double | GetGlobalDefaultDirectionTolerance () |
| Access the global tolerance to determine congruent spaces. More... | |
| static void | SetGlobalDefaultDirectionTolerance (double) |
| Access the global tolerance to determine congruent spaces. More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::ProcessObject | |
| virtual unsigned long | AddITKObserver (const itk::EventObject &, itk::Command *) |
| virtual itk::ProcessObject * | GetActiveProcess () |
| virtual void | OnActiveProcessDelete () |
| virtual void | onCommandDelete (const itk::simple::Command *cmd) SITK_NOEXCEPT |
| virtual void | PreUpdate (itk::ProcessObject *p) |
| virtual void | RemoveITKObserver (EventCommand &e) |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::NonCopyable | |
| NonCopyable () | |
| Static Protected Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::ImageFilter< 1 > | |
| static void | FixNonZeroIndex (TImageType *img) |
| Static Protected Member Functions inherited from itk::simple::ProcessObject | |
| template<class TImageType > | |
| static TImageType::ConstPointer | CastImageToITK (const Image &img) |
| template<class TPixelType , unsigned int VImageDimension, unsigned int VLength, template< typename, unsigned int > class TVector> | |
| static Image | CastITKToImage (itk::Image< TVector< TPixelType, VLength >, VImageDimension > *img) |
| template<class TImageType > | |
| static Image | CastITKToImage (TImageType *img) |
| static const itk::EventObject & | GetITKEventObject (EventEnum e) |
| template<typename T > | |
| static std::ostream & | ToStringHelper (std::ostream &os, const T &v) |
| static std::ostream & | ToStringHelper (std::ostream &os, const char &v) |
| static std::ostream & | ToStringHelper (std::ostream &os, const signed char &v) |
| static std::ostream & | ToStringHelper (std::ostream &os, const unsigned char &v) |
binary morphological closing of an image.
This filter removes small (i.e., smaller than the structuring element) holes and tube like structures in the interior or at the boundaries of the image. The morphological closing of an image "f" is defined as: Closing(f) = Erosion(Dilation(f)).
The structuring element is assumed to be composed of binary values (zero or one). Only elements of the structuring element having values > 0 are candidates for affecting the center pixel.
This code was contributed in the Insight Journal paper: "Binary morphological closing and opening image filters" by Lehmann G. https://hdl.handle.net/1926/141 http://www.insight-journal.org/browse/publication/58
Definition at line 51 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
private |
Setup for member function dispatching
Definition at line 133 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
Define the pixels types supported by this filter
Definition at line 63 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
| typedef BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::Self |
Definition at line 53 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
Kernel type enumeration
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| Annulus | |
| Ball | |
| Box | |
| Cross |
Definition at line 66 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
virtual |
Destructor
| itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter | ( | ) |
Default Constructor that takes no arguments and initializes default parameters
Execute the filter on the input image
| Image itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::Execute | ( | const Image & | image1, |
| double | foregroundValue, | ||
| bool | safeBorder | ||
| ) |
Execute the filter on the input image with the given parameters
|
private |
|
inline |
Get the value in the image considered as "foreground". Defaults to maximum value of InputPixelType.
Definition at line 78 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
| std::vector<uint32_t> itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::GetKernelRadius | ( | ) | const |
| KernelEnum itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::GetKernelType | ( | ) | const |
|
inlinevirtual |
Name of this class
Implements itk::simple::ProcessObject.
Definition at line 115 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
inline |
A safe border is added to input image to avoid borders effects and remove it once the closing is done
Definition at line 92 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 87 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
inline |
Set the value of SafeBorder to true or false respectfully.
Definition at line 86 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
inline |
Set the value in the image to consider as "foreground". Defaults to maximum value of InputPixelType.
Definition at line 73 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
| Self& itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::SetKernelRadius | ( | const std::vector< uint32_t > & | r | ) |
Set/Get the radius of the kernel structuring element as a vector.
If the dimension of the image is greater then the length of r, then the radius will be padded. If it is less the r will be truncated.
Kernel radius as a scale for isotropic structures
| Self& itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::SetKernelType | ( | KernelEnum | t | ) |
Set/Get the kernel or structuring elemenent used for the morphology
| Self& itk::simple::BinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter::SetKernelType | ( | KernelType | t | ) |
|
inline |
A safe border is added to input image to avoid borders effects and remove it once the closing is done
Definition at line 83 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
virtual |
Print ourselves out
Reimplemented from itk::simple::ProcessObject.
|
friend |
Definition at line 137 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
private |
Definition at line 142 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
private |
Definition at line 147 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
private |
KernelType
Definition at line 150 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
private |
Definition at line 139 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.
|
private |
Definition at line 144 of file sitkBinaryMorphologicalClosingImageFilter.h.


For a given phylogenetic tree, calculates the Total Cophenetic Index. Reference - A. Mir, F. Rossello, L. A. Rotger, A new balance index for phylogenetic trees. Math. Biosci. 241, 125-136 (2013).
| Version: | 1.0.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0) |
| Suggests: | ape |
| Published: | 2017-11-30 |
| Author: | Martin R. Smith |
| Maintainer: | Martin R. Smith <martins at gmail.com> |
| License: | Unlimited |
| URL: | https://github.com/ms609/tci |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | TotalCopheneticIndex citation info |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | TotalCopheneticIndex results |
| Reference manual: | TotalCopheneticIndex.pdf |
| Package source: | TotalCopheneticIndex_1.0.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: TotalCopheneticIndex_1.0.0.zip, r-release: TotalCopheneticIndex_1.0.0.zip, r-oldrel: TotalCopheneticIndex_1.0.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: TotalCopheneticIndex_1.0.0.tgz, r-oldrel: TotalCopheneticIndex_1.0.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | TotalCopheneticIndex archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=TotalCopheneticIndex to link to this page.


Mastering Awk Programming
AWK is a special-purpose programming language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. It is a standard feature of most Unix-like operating systems.
Usually awk is used in combination with sed but awk unlike sed is a Turing Complete Programming Language and can be used for many different tasks.
Awk shines when used for pattern matching and can aid when used for reporting purposes.
Awk Downloading Instructions
Build awk from source
You can download gawk from ftp site at gawk gnu sources
We will download gawk version 5 with the following command:
wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gawk/gawk-5.0.0.tar.xz
You can then unpack this file with the following command:
# This command unpacks the tar ball into a folder called gawk-5.0.0
tar xvf gawk-5.0.0.tar.xz
# next change into this directory
cd gawk-5.0.0.tar.xz
When you build from source you will generally need to run the following commands:
./configure
make && make install
Configure explanation in README from gawk source
The
configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a
Makefile’ in each directory of the package. It may also create one or more.h' files containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script
config.status’ that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a fileconfig.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging
configure’).It can also use an optional file (typically called
config.cache' and enabled with
–cache-file=config.cache’ or simply `-C’) that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. Caching is disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale cache files.If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try to figure out how
configure' could check whether to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to the address given in the
README’ so they can be considered for the next release. If you are using the cache, and at some point `config.cache’ contains results you don’t want to keep, you may remove or edit it.
Building from source is generally not necessary anymore since you use package managers
Setup awk in Homebrew Package Manager in Mac OS X
Install Homebrew
You can install homebrew on Mac OS X using this script:
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
You can then simply run: brew install gawk
to install the latest gawk or awk.
Setup awk in Linux
You can use the following command to install gawk on GNU Linux variants
sudo apt-get update -y
sudo apt-get install gawk -y
If you have other linux distribution then please consult its documentation to install awk.
Awk Hello World Example
awk is a turing complete language but it is typically used in pattern matching
We will write a hello world equivalent program in awk like this:
awk 'BEGIN { print "Hello World" }'
This prints out “Hello World” to standard output in your terminal
awk workflow diagram
Read Operation:
In the read operation awk reads a line from the input stream (file, pipe, or stdin) and stores it in memory.
Execute OPERATION:
All AWK commands are applied sequentially on the input (records and fields). By default, AWK executes commands on each record/line. This behavior of AWK can be restricted by the use of patterns.
REPEAT OPERATION:
The process of read and execute is repeated until the end of the file is reached.
Basic actions in awk
Basic actions in awk consist of a pattern and an action
BEGIN {
printf "Hello World"
}
Executing awk in a Unix/Linux Pipeline
awk is useful in a unix pipeline is the following example illustrates:
In the following Unix Pipeline we print current processes into awk and print the lines 2 to the nth line using awk.
Regular expressions in awk
Awk is a pattern matching language but comes with strong regular expression support.
A regular expression is a set of characters used to describe a pattern.
A regular expression is generally used to match lines in a file that contain a particular pattern.
Many Unix utilities operate on plain text files line by line, such as grep, sed, and awk.
Regular expressions search for a pattern on a single line in a file.
Types of Regular Expressions
Remember that there are 3 different types of Regular Expressions:
Basic Regular Expressions (RE)
Extended Regular Expressions (ERE)
Simple Regular Expressions (Deprecated)
The 3rd type is deprecated and should not be used anymore.
Regular Expressions Wikipedia Post
Please read the Regular Expressions Wikipedia Post
A regular expression, often called a pattern, is an expression used to specify a set of strings required for a particular purpose. A simple way to specify a finite set of strings is to list its elements or members. However, there are often more concise ways to specify the desired set of strings. For example, the set containing the three strings “Handel”, “Händel”, and “Haendel” can be specified by the pattern H(ä|ae?)ndel; we say that this pattern matches each of the three strings. In most formalisms, if there exists at least one regular expression that matches a particular set then there exists an infinite number of other regular expressions that also match it—the specification is not unique. Most formalisms provide the following operations to construct regular expressions.
Boolean “or”
* A vertical bar separates alternatives. For example, gray|grey can match "gray" or "grey".
Grouping
* Parentheses are used to define the scope and precedence of the operators (among other uses). For example, gray|grey and gr(a|e)y are equivalent patterns which both describe the set of "gray" or "grey".
Quantification
* A quantifier after a token (such as a character) or group specifies how often that a preceding element is allowed to occur. The most common quantifiers are the question mark ?, the asterisk * (derived from the Kleene star), and the plus sign + (Kleene plus).
* `?` The question mark indicates zero or one occurrences of the preceding element. For example, colou?r matches both "color" and "colour".
* \* The asterisk indicates zero or more occurrences of the preceding element. For example, ab*c matches "ac", "abc", "abbc", "abbbc", and so on.
* \+ The plus sign indicates one or more occurrences of the preceding element. For example, ab+c matches "abc", "abbc", "abbbc", and so on, but not "ac".
* `{n}[18]` The preceding item is matched exactly n times.
* `{min,}[18]` The preceding item is matched min or more times.
* `{min,max}[18]` The preceding item is matched at least min times, but not more than max times.
Wildcard
The wildcard *.* matches any character. For example, a.b matches any string that contains an "a", then any other character and then a "b", a.*b matches any string that contains an "a" and a "b" at some later point.
These constructions can be combined to form arbitrarily complex expressions, much like one can construct arithmetical expressions from numbers and the operations +, −, ×, and ÷. For example, H(ae?|ä)ndel and H(a|ae|ä)ndel are both valid patterns which match the same strings as the earlier example, H(ä|ae?)ndel.
Differences between Basic and ERE Regular Expressions
ERE (Extended Regular Expressions) adds ?, +, and |, and EREs removes the need to escape the metacharacters ( ) and { }, which are required in BREs.
- The
?
operator matches on zero or 1 - The
+
operator matches on 1 or more - The
|
operator adds alternation, the or operator to regexes
Furthermore, as long as the POSIX standard syntax for regexes is adhered to, there can be, and often is, additional syntax to serve specific (yet POSIX compliant) applications
The meaning of metacharacters escaped with a backslash is reversed for some characters in the POSIX Extended Regular Expression (ERE) syntax.
With this syntax, a backslash causes the metacharacter to be treated as a literal character.
So, for example, ( ) is now ( ) and { } is now { }.
Additionally, support is removed for \n backreferences.
Using Regexes in Awk
Let us look at an example of matching on a regex pattern with awk.
We have the following text file with the following information:
emp.dat
Jack Jones<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>M hr 2000
Jane Kaur<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F hr 1800
Eva Bostick<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F lgs 2100
Amit Mendez<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>M lgs 2350
Julie Nicholson<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F Ops 2500
Ana Johnson<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F Ops 2700
Hari Jones<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>M Ops 2350
Victor Mendez<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>M Ops 2500
John Nicholson<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>M hr 2200
Billy Bostick<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>M lgs 1900
Sam Johnson<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F lgs 2300
Ginny Jones<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F hr 2250
Emily Kaur<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F Ops 2100
Amy Mendez<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F Ops 2500
Tina Jones<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>F lgs 2300
Now let us match on the following lines: Nicholson and Mendez
We can use alternation with awk and match on the lines like this:
Notice here that we enclosed our regex pattern in /<pattern>/
backslashes and that we used alternation and 4 lines were returned to standard output like expected.
Using Variables in awk
awk has some builtin variables that can be used like:
FS
- FS is the field separator variable which by default is the ‘ ’ (space) character
Let us look at an example awk command using it:
ifconfig en0 inet | awk -F ' ' '/inet/ { print }'
Here we use the command line option of -F
but we can also use it in an inline awk script like this:
ifconfig en0 inet | awk 'BEGIN { FS=" " } /inet/ { print $2 }'
Please read the following GNU docs for Predefined variables in Awk
Environment variables in awk
Let us pass some variables into our awk script we will just use the begin block in this example:
Let us look at the environ.awk awk script:
#! /usr/local/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
for ( i=0; i<ARGC; i++) {
print ARGV[i];
}
}
Notice that in this example we used the -f
command line option to specify a file.
We can also invoke the awk script like this:
You will need to change permissions to the script executable with the command:
chmod +x ./usage_scripts/environ.awk
String conversion in awk
The conversion to string and numeric values occurs automatically in AWK as per demand.
This means that if a numeric value appears in a string concatenation in awk it is automatically converted to a string.
Therefore if you want to treat a numeric value as a number you will need to do the following:
BEGIN {
num1 = 5;
num2 = 4;
print num1 num2;
print num1 + num2;
}
Look at the following terminal run:
Notice how the first line prints the string 45 and the second line prints out the value of 9.
Using arrays in awk
Please read the Awk GNU Documentation on Arrays
The awk language provides one-dimensional arrays for storing groups of related strings or numbers. Every awk array must have a name. Array names have the same syntax as variable names; any valid variable name would also be a valid array name. But one name cannot be used in both ways (as an array and as a variable) in the same awk program.
Arrays in awk superficially resemble arrays in other programming languages, but there are fundamental differences. In awk, it isn’t necessary to specify the size of an array before starting to use it. Additionally, any number or string, not just consecutive integers, may be used as an array index.
In most other languages, arrays must be declared before use, including a specification of how many elements or components they contain. In such languages, the declaration causes a contiguous block of memory to be allocated for that many elements. Usually, an index in the array must be a nonnegative integer. For example, the index zero specifies the first element in the array, which is actually stored at the beginning of the block of memory. Index one specifies the second element, which is stored in memory right after the first element, and so on. It is impossible to add more elements to the array, because it has room only for as many elements as given in the declaration. (Some languages allow arbitrary starting and ending indices—e.g., ‘15 .. 27’—but the size of the array is still fixed when the array is declared.)
Basically arrays in awk are like a dictionary in Python or map in Golang also known as associative arrays.
#! /usr/local/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
fruits[0] = "apples";
fruits[1] = "oranges";
fruits[2] = "strawberries";
fruits[3] = "bananas";
fruits[4] = "mangoes";
for (fruit in fruits)
print fruits[fruit];
}
Notice how we used the for … in operator with arrays in awk to print each value in the awk array.
Here is a sample run of the awk script:
Standard Output Formatting in Awk
You have seen how to use the print command with awk but you can also use the printf command.
Please read the printf format string Wikipedia post
printf format string refers to a control parameter used by a class of functions in the input/output libraries of C and many other programming languages. The string is written in a simple template language: characters are usually copied literally into the function’s output, but format specifiers, which start with a % character, indicate the location and method to translate a piece of data (such as a number) to characters.
The printf command in awk is very similar to the printf command in C and it has the following operators:
A format specifier starts with the character ‘%’ and ends with a format-control letter—it tells the printf statement how to output one item. The format-control letter specifies what kind of value to print. The rest of the format specifier is made up of optional modifiers that control how to print the value, such as the field width. Here is a list of the format-control letters:
%a, %A
A floating point number of the form [-]0xh.hhhhp+-dd (C99 hexadecimal floating point format). For %A, uppercase letters are used instead of lowercase ones.
NOTE: The current POSIX standard requires support for %a and %A in awk. As far as we know, besides gawk, the only other version of awk that actually implements it is BWK awk. It’s use is thus highly nonportable!
Furthermore, these formats are not available on any system where the underlying C library printf() function does not support them. As of this writing, among current systems, only OpenVMS is known to not support them.
%c
Print a number as a character; thus, ‘printf “%c”, 65’ outputs the letter ‘A’. The output for a string value is the first character of the string.
NOTE: The POSIX standard says the first character of a string is printed. In locales with multibyte characters, gawk attempts to convert the leading bytes of the string into a valid wide character and then to print the multibyte encoding of that character. Similarly, when printing a numeric value, gawk allows the value to be within the numeric range of values that can be held in a wide character. If the conversion to multibyte encoding fails, gawk uses the low eight bits of the value as the character to print.
Other awk versions generally restrict themselves to printing the first byte of a string or to numeric values within the range of a single byte (0–255). (d.c.)
Please read the awk printf control letters documentation
%d, %i
Print a decimal integer. The two control letters are equivalent. (The ‘%i’ specification is for compatibility with ISO C.)
%e, %E
Print a number in scientific (exponential) notation. For example:
printf “%4.3e\n”, 1950 prints ‘1.950e+03’, with a total of four significant figures, three of which follow the decimal point. (The ‘4.3’ represents two modifiers, discussed in the next subsection.) ‘%E’ uses ‘E’ instead of ‘e’ in the output.
%f
Print a number in floating-point notation. For example:
printf “%4.3f”, 1950 prints ‘1950.000’, with a minimum of four significant figures, three of which follow the decimal point. (The ‘4.3’ represents two modifiers, discussed in the next subsection.)
On systems supporting IEEE 754 floating-point format, values representing negative infinity are formatted as ‘-inf’ or ‘-infinity’, and positive infinity as ‘inf’ or ‘infinity’. The special “not a number” value formats as ‘-nan’ or ‘nan’ (see section Other Stuff to Know).
%F
Like ‘%f’, but the infinity and “not a number” values are spelled using uppercase letters.
The ‘%F’ format is a POSIX extension to ISO C; not all systems support it. On those that don’t, gawk uses ‘%f’ instead.
%g, %G
Print a number in either scientific notation or in floating-point notation, whichever uses fewer characters; if the result is printed in scientific notation, ‘%G’ uses ‘E’ instead of ‘e’.
%o
Print an unsigned octal integer (see section Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers).
%s
Print a string.
%u
Print an unsigned decimal integer. (This format is of marginal use, because all numbers in awk are floating point; it is provided primarily for compatibility with C.)
%x, %X
Print an unsigned hexadecimal integer; ‘%X’ uses the letters ‘A’ through ‘F’ instead of ‘a’ through ‘f’ (see section Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers).
%%
Print a single ‘%’. This does not consume an argument and it ignores any modifiers.
Format Modifiers in awk
Please read the following awk documentation on modifiers with printf
Awk printf example
Let us look at an example script using printf with awk
{
for ( i = 1; i < NF; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
printf "%-5s ", $i;
} else {
printf "%10s ", $i;
}
}
}
Notice here that we use the NF builtin variable that is the number of fields we also use the -
format modifier to left justify any even numbered fields 2, 4, 6, etc. and then use %10
to right justify strings
Here is a sample run of the script:
Control flow in awk
As you have seen with awk there is control flow operators such as for
, for ... in
, if
, else
, else if
and so on
We can use relational operators such as the and operator &&
and the or operator ||
in awk.
You can also use break and continue statements in awk and while loops.
Let us look at a sample script where we use a while loop and if statements.
{
i = 1;
while (i < NF) {
if (i % 2 == 0 ) {
print $i " Ding Dong";
} else {
print $i;
}
i++;
}
}
Here is a sample run of the script using a data file that looks like this:
honda civic 2005 60000 3
chevy silverado 2016 33000 2
chevy tavera 1999 10000 4
toyota corolla 1995 95000 2
ford escape 2012 80000 1
honda accord 2000 60000 2
fiat punto 2007 45000 3
Functions in awk
Awk has both builtin functions that you can utilize as well as user defined function that you can define yourself.
Please check out the gnu documentation on awk builtin functions
Here is a list of builtin functions:
Numeric Functions:
- Functions that work with numbers, including int(), sin() and rand().
String Functions:
- Functions for string manipulation, such as split(), match() and sprintf().
I/O Functions:
- Functions for files and shell commands.
Time Functions:
- Functions for dealing with timestamps.
Bitwise Functions:
- Functions for bitwise operations.
Type Functions:
- Functions for type information.
I18N Functions:
- Functions for string translation.
One thing of note is that some of the builtin functions only work for the GNU Implementation of awk and not BSD Awk or other awk variants.
Here is an example program using builtin functions in awk and user defined functions.
User Defined Awk functions
We can create functions in awk with the following syntax
function someFunc(arg1, argn) {
......
return someArg
}
Awk Builtin Function and User Defined Functions example
In the following example we use builtin awk functions and user defined ones
#! /usr/local/bin/awk -f
BEGIN {
# Numeric Functions examples
print sqrt(3);
print rand();
# String Functions examples
nums["one"] = "one";
nums["two"] = "two";
nums["three"] = "three";
asort(nums);
for (num in nums)
print nums[num];
for (i=1; i <= 10; i++) {
arr[i] = i+1;
}
}
{
# globally subsitute each record that matches on honda to mercury
gsub(/honda/, "mercury"); print;
split($6, strings, ":");
print strings[1];
}
function average(arr) {
sum = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= length(arr); i++) {
sum += i;
}
return sum / length(arr);
}
END {
avg = average(arr);
print avg;
}
Here is a sample run of our awk script notice that we used and END block here.
Startup and Cleanup Actions
You can use the BEGIN block in awk for any startup actions and the END block for any cleanup actions in awk.
the body block will operate on 1 or more records which consist of 1 or more fields in a record.
Notice that the BEGIN and END blocks will be done once although you can define multiple BEGIN and END blocks depending on how elaborate of an awk script you are writing.
Further reading
Please read the official awk guide on GNU Awk Guide
For a modern and current book on awk I would suggest reading this Packt Publishing Book Learning Awk Programming
Contact Information
If you like this post then please follow me at jbelmont @ github and jbelmont80 @ twitter for more related type posts.
Feel free to leave a comment if you like.
Until Next Time :)


This page allows you to change global options relating to file and editing commands.
Background: Searching
When the current search text is changed (either in the Find Tool or the Find dialog) a background search is started for all other occurrences of the same text. The search is done using low-priority background thread(s), so that you should not notice any difference to your normal use of HexEdit. (The search is done using a background thread with PRIORITY_LOWEST in the active file and even lower-priority (PRIORITY_IDLE) threads for any other open files.)
When the background search is finished the found occurrences are highlighted with a light-green background. Also when the background search is finished subsequent searches for the same search text are much faster – this is particularly noticeable for a large file. While the search is in progress a progress bar is shown in the Status Bar and a count of the number of occurrences is shown when it is complete.
You would normally leave this option on unless you had reason not to. You might turn it off if you do not need the facility and you are working with large files on a network and the file access is slowing down the network (but see option below to exclude network files). Or perhaps you have another background task that is CPU intensive, so you want to give CPU time to that instead of the background searches.
Background: Statistics
When this option is selected a low-priority thread is used to scan all the bytes of the file and analyze them. The results are shown in the graph in Counts (Statistics) Page, and the CRC and message digest values in Checksum Page.
CRC32 - calculates the CRC32 of the whole file
MD5 - calculates the MD5 digest of the whole file
SHA - calculates the SHA 1 digest of the whole file
SHA 256 - calculates the SHA 2 (256 bit) digest of the whole file
SHA 512 - calculates the SHA 2 (512 bit) digest of the whole file
Exclude the from background processing
You may want to exclude some types of files from background processing. This is usually done for performance reasons - for example performing background processing on a large network file may result in excessive network traffic.


What are you looking for today?


{% block content %}
Cloud Genius is a web service that provides an easy to use sentiment analysis tool for anyone to use. Just paste a link to any song or article posted on genius.com and the tool will present a simple positive or negative sentiment analysis based on the words that are within the song or the article.
The sentiment analysis will be presented in a line chart and will show the polarity of the article or song, sentence by sentence.


| DOSE: |
1 hit |
|
AMT |
|
| |
2 joints/cigs |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
Me and my friends had a half and some AMT. We went down to my room, which was the basement. Briefly, the basement was: when you get to the end of the poster filled staircase, there is a carpet.  There was a pool table beyond the home entertainment center, and posters all over. There was also a second basement, which was more typical concrete creepy-ish.
We took the AMT at 7:55 and I rolled up two blunts, roughly an eigth ounce in each one, and started to blaze. As soon as we were done with the two, I started playing some video games while sitting in my La-Z-Boy. Then I started feeling it at around 8:30.
I decided to go outside, for at the time I was in my basement and I thought it slightly uncomfortable when dealing with the onset. I found this slightly like E, and when outside, I lost all control of reality. I would feel and percieve things in this earth, but there were some things that just could not have been real. I started seeing red and blue vision, yet the red and blue were moving across what was now what I called 'screen vision', because my vision was squared off. The red and blue were like sheets of silk, for I could see through them, but they clouded everything. They moved swiftly and interchangeably. It was quite great.
It was getting dark, so my and my friends decided to get a couple jars and get as many fire-flies and lightning-bugs as we could. Once we got them, we packed bowls with the roaches of the two blunts and blew smoke in the jars to knock em out. Once they were done, we put them on the table and ripped them open with one stick. We had the blood of several fire-flies and lightning bugs on the stick. It was glowing green with tints of red.
I decided to take a walk. We took a long walk around town, where I lost all control of time. When I got down to the end of my road, I could see a car come at me and transpire through me. I asked my friends about it, and they said it went around us. I decided to go home immediately.
Once we got back we went down into the basement and we all felt this sudden rush of energy. For about three hours we ran around the room doing all sorts of things.  During this entire time, I kept feeling like there was at least 20 people upstairs discussing what was happening right now. This scared me immensely, and therefor it slowed me down from the rest of the group, until we decided to put the la-z-boy on the pool table upside-down and fishbowl it. We smoked roughly an eigth in bowls. By the time we got out of it, it was an hour later. We spent an hour under a la-z-boy, on top of a pool table.
When we got out, we all sat down on the couch and watched some movies while smoking more. After the third movie, I asked what time it was, and my friend Eskimo picked up the digital clock/radio. It was flashing 666. We turned it on and then a boy started screaming 'Death, death is good'. We turned the channel and it was a news report '18 people dead in the horrible massacre'. We immediately changed the channel and it said 'Your flesh is mine to keep'. We turned it one last time and it was a man, saying 'Why dont you go play with your friends?' then a young boy answered 'They're all dead'. the last part echoed for about 2 minutes until we started screaming and we ran upstairs. This is where I completely forget every event after this. I remember coming down at around 8:00 the next morning, and Eskimo was gone.
This was one of the many experiences I had with AMT. After the AMT trips were done and our dealer was out of it, I had to move upstairs due to the high uncleanliness of my room. The basement is now being renovated after a long period of cleaning, and the ceiling (which was punched out and painted on sometime during this experience) is being re-done.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Mohammad Irfan becomes oldest pace bowler to play for Pakistan since Imran Khan in 1992
by ANISYDNEY: Pacer Mohammad Irfan on Sunday became the oldest pace bowler to play for Pakistan since Imran Khan in 1992.
He achieved the feat during the first T20I between Australia and Pakistan in Sydney.
Irfan is currently 37 years of age, while Imran Khan was 39 when he played for Pakistan during the 1992 Cricket World Cup.
Overall, Miran Bakhsh is the oldest player to play for Pakistan as he played a match against India at the age of 47 in 1955.


Dear {\{firstname\}},
Your PayPal account has been limited because we've noticed significatn changes in your account activity. As your payment processor, we need to understand these changes better.
This account limitation will affect your ability to:
Also, you won't be able to:
What to do next
Please log in to your PayPal account and provide the requested information before {\{DATE+7\}} through the Account Review. If we don't receive the information before this deadline or we notice additional significant changes in your account activity, your account access may be further limited. better.
Please do not reply to this email. Unfortunately, we are unable to respond to inquiries sent to this address. For immediate answers to your questions, simply visit our Help Center by clicking "Help & Contact" at the bottom of any PayPal page.
These legal agreements and notices provide terms and conditions related to specific PayPal services.
Copyright © PayPal. All rights reserved.


Job Description
Jobs
Sign Out
{{ job[1] }} - {{ job[0] }}
Date Posted: {{ job[2] }}
{{ job[4] }}
{{ job[3] }}
RESPONSIBILITIES:
{{ job[6][0] }}
{{ job[6][1] }}
{{ job[6][2] }}
{{ job[6][3] }}


Dear CP_FIRSTNAME,
Our cooking class is coming soon. Find below the link to join the Zoom meeting.
Date: CP_TZED_DATE
Time: CP_TZED_TIME
Zoom Meeting: CP_INVITATION
Don't hesitate to contact us if you have any issues with the ingredients or kitchenware. Also, check out your Class Handbook for Zoom tips.
See you soon, CP_COOK


Writing Python statements ("coding") is only one part of the process of developing a computer program. Here is one way to view the entire program development process:
This process is often actually expressed as a cycle, because it may be necessary at any point to backtrack to an earlier step and then move forward again. For example, testing may prove that the algorithm is incorrect, necessitating a fall back to the design stage. (Note that this description differs is some details from the one in Section 2.1 in your textbook. I encourage you to read both carefully. Together they may help you understand some of the details of the process.)
Let's take a closer look at each step in the process, especially as it applies to the work you will do this quarter.
The goal of the first step in the process is to fully understand the objectives of the program. Most projects begin as a specification from a 'customer'. In general, the initial specification may be incomplete, inconsistent, or even impossible -- or, the programmer may simply not understand what is needed. An initial specification is just a starting point, and must be interpreted, refined and completed by the programmer in consultation with the customer. Once both parties are in agreement about what the program will do, the project can continue.
Also in this step, the programmer needs to convert the narrative specification into a list of specific programming tasks -- outputs that need to be provided and inputs that need to be obtained from the user. In the next step, we will consider the processing steps (e.g. calculations) that need to be performed in order to produce the required outputs from the inputs provided.
In this course, a homework assignment serves as a specification and your instructor is the customer! Fortunately, this customer is very experienced at writing good specifications, so you should not have difficulties with 'inconsistent' or 'impossible' . Your primary objective will be to make sure you understand what the assignment requires. If you are uncertain about the requirements or have questions about some aspect of the specification (assignment), then you need to seek clarification (e.g. post a message in the Discussion Forum).
In order to program a computer to solve a problem, you need to have a plan -- a logical sequence of precise steps that solves the problem -- an algorithm! This may be as simple as a formula, or it may be a complex procedure involving decisions and repetition. Developing an algorithm that solves the problem is what the design step is all about!
For most of our programs, it will be useful to employ a general pattern that breaks the program down into 3 or 4 regions. The primary regions are
An additional region may be needed before any of these -- a section at the top of the Python program where values are assigned to constants for use throughout the program. A constant is simply a variable whose value is assigned one time and never changed. By giving the constant a meaningful name, and then using that name wherever the special value is needed, a program is made more reliable. The 'Boxes' sample program is an example that employs all four of these regions.
For programs with any level of complexity, and especially for programs that depart from a simple 'linear' flow (something that will be possible as soon as we study selection statements), it is sensible to use some kind of design tool to help visualize the 'flow' of the program as it is executed. One such tool is a flow chart (see example at right). A flow chart makes use of different kinds of boxes (or 'blocks') to represent each step in the execution of a program, and flow lines to show the flow of control between blocks. Program flow is always in the direction of the arrows, so steps are executed in a particular order. In general, if the steps of a program are executed out of order, the program will not produce the same results. Order matters! Flow charts help the programmer visualize the order of execution. Consider using a tool like this if it helps you visualize the operation of your program. Flow charts are more valuable when programs contain control structures like selection structures and loops, which we will cover later this quarter.
Another, more popular design tool is pseudocode: an outline for a program written in a form that can be easily converted into actual code. There are no syntax rules for pseudocode. Rather, think of it as a shorthand description of the program steps written in the order they will be performed. Writing out the steps in shorthand before actually writing code actually saves time, because corrections can be made without struggling with error messages. Once the pseudocode seems correct, it can be converted into actual code.
One popular and valuable technique is to write pseudocode in the form of a series of short comments. These comments then form a guide for writing the actual code, and can remain in place as a reminder of what the code is supposed to do. This is a great way to avoid the problem of accidentally skipping a step in a program!
No particular planning technique will be enforced in this course, but whichever approach you choose to use, be sure to plan your programs carefully before you begin writing code -- you'll be glad you did!
Coding is the process of translating the algorithm into a set of Python statements. Because of the possibility of introducing syntax errors, I recommend developing your programs progressively -- add just a few lines at a time, then test the program to make sure it still works. This means you are always working from a known-good program. If adding just one line causes the program to generate an error, you have a good idea where to look for the problem!
Every program needs to be tested! The purpose of testing is to prove that the program produces the correct results for given sets of input values. This means trying some inputs, then independently confirming that the results are correct (by performing calculations by hand, for example). When choosing input values to test, consider both 'typical' data and also any special cases. We will talk more about testing as we work with different kinds of programming problems.
Debugging is the process of locating and correcting any errors ("bugs") in the program. If testing turns up a problem, then the debugging process begins. One of the most important tools in debugging is the ability to observe the values of variables at different points in the program. Consider adding temporary statements that show the value of a variable at a place in the code where you suspect a problem. Once the problem is solved, these temporary statements can be removed (or maybe just 'commented out' so they can be used again in the future if needed).
The purpose of documentation is to provide a record of how the problem was solved and how the resulting program works. In this course, we will keep it simple. Your documentation should consist of the following:


"TRANCE "(Gr. ekstasis, from which the word “ecstasy” is derived) denotes the state of one who is “out of himself.” Such were the trances of Peter and Paul, Acts 10:10; 11:5; 22:17, ecstasies, “a preternatural, absorbed state of mind preparing for the reception of the vision”, (comp. 2 Corinthians 12:1-4). In Mark 5:42 and Luke 5:26 the Greek word is rendered “astonishment,” “amazement” (comp. Mark 16:8; Acts 3:10).
"TRANCE "(Gr. ekstasis, from which the word “ecstasy” is derived) denotes the state of one who is “out of himself.” Such were the trances of Peter and Paul, Acts 10:10; 11:5; 22:17, ecstasies, “a preternatural, absorbed state of mind preparing for the reception of the vision”, (comp. 2 Corinthians 12:1-4). In Mark 5:42 and Luke 5:26 the Greek word is rendered “astonishment,” “amazement” (comp. Mark 16:8; Acts 3:10).


Home Page
Company Wide Sales Table
Add Store to Table
Enter New Store Name
Minimum Customers Per Hour
Maximum Customers Per Hour
Average Purchase of Cookies Per Customer
Submit