Country
1. Country
{{document.government|term}}
No country selected
2. General information
Title of this national report
{{document.title | lstring:locale}}
Contact person
No Contact provided
Institutional structures for the implementation of the Protocol
3. Has your country made the information available to the ABS Clearing-House as provided in Article 14.2?
{{booleanToText(document.question3.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered and answer all the following questions.
{{document.question3.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
4. Has your country taken legislative, administrative and policy measures on ABS?
{{conditionalBooleanToText((document.question3.answer===undefined || document.question3.answer),document.question4.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question4.additionalInfo | lstring:locale}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered in setting up these measures
{{document.question4.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
5. Has your country designated a national focal point as provided in Article 13?
{{conditionalBooleanToText((document.question3.answer===undefined || document.question3.answer),document.question5.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered for designating a national focal point
{{document.question5.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question5.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
6. Has your country designated one or more competent national authorities as provided in Article 13?
{{conditionalBooleanToText((document.question3.answer===undefined || document.question3.answer),document.question6.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered for designating one or more competent national authority
{{document.question6.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question6.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
7. Has your country made available to the ABS Clearing-House permits or their equivalent issued at the time of access as evidence of the decision to grant prior informed consent (PIC) and of the establishment of mutually agreed terms (MAT)?
Not applicable, since no access requirements are in place
{{conditionalBooleanToText((document.question3.answer===undefined || document.question3.answer),document.question7.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered for making this information available
{{document.question7.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information.
{{document.question7.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
8. Has your country made available to the ABS Clearing-House permits or their equivalent for the constitution of an internationally recognized certificate of compliance in accordance with Article 17.2?
Not applicable, since no access requirements are in place
{{booleanToText(document.question8.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question8.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
9. Has your country designated one or more checkpoints as provided in Article 17?
{{booleanToText(document.question9.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered for designating one or more checkpoints
{{document.question9.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question9.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
10. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question10.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Legislative, administrative or policy measures on access and benefit-sharing (ABS measures)
Access to genetic resources (Article 6)
11. Is access to genetic resources subject to PIC as provided in Article 6.1?
{{booleanToText(document.question11.answer)}}
Please provide further information including indicating if there is any other system in place in relation to access to genetic resources
{{document.question11.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question11.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
12. Does your country have fair and non-arbitrary rules and procedures on accessing genetic resources as provided in Article 6.3 (b)?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question11.answer,document.question12.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question12.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
13. Does your country provide information on how to apply for PIC as provided in Article 6.3(c)?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question11.answer,document.question13.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question13.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
14. Does your country provide for a clear and transparent written decision by a competent national authority as provided in Article 6.3 (d)?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question11.answer,document.question14.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information.
{{document.question14.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
15. Does your country provide for the issuance at the time of access of a permit or its equivalent as provided in Article 6.3 (e)?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question11.answer,document.question15.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question15.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
16. Please provide the number of permits or their equivalents made available through the ABS-Clearing-House since the entry into force of the Protocol for your country.
{{document.question11.answer? ((document.question16.hasOwnProperty('permitsOnAbsCh')&&document.question16.permitsOnAbsCh!=null)? document.question16.permitsOnAbsCh: "No answer provided") : "Not applicable"}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question16.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
17. Does your country have rules and procedures for requiring and establishing MAT as provided in Article 6.3 (g)?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question11.answer,document.question17.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question17.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
18. Benefits received since entry into force of the Protocol for your country from the utilization of:
19. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question19.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Fair and equitable benefit-sharing (Article 5)
20. Has your country taken legislative, administrative or policy measures to implement Article 5.1 that provides that benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources as well as subsequent applications and commercialization are shared with the Party providing such resources that is the country of origin of such resources or a Party that has acquired the genetic resources in accordance with the Convention as provided in Article 5.3?
{{booleanToText(document.question20.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question20.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
21. Has your country taken legislative, administrative or policy measures with the aim of ensuring that the benefits from the utilization of genetic resources held by indigenous and local communities, in accordance with domestic legislation regarding the established rights of these indigenous and local communities over these genetic resources, are shared with the indigenous and local communities concerned as provided in Article 5.2?
{{booleanToText(document.question21.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question21.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
22. Has your country taken legislative, administrative or policy measures in order that benefits arising from the utilization of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources are shared with indigenous and local communities holding such knowledge as provided in Article 5.5?
{{booleanToText(document.question22.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question22.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
23. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges for putting measures in place
{{document.question23.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Compliance with domestic legislation or regulatory requirements on ABS (Article 15 and Article 16) and monitoring the utilization of genetic resources (Article 17)
24. Has your country taken appropriate, effective and proportionate legislative, administrative or policy measures to provide that genetic resources utilized within your jurisdiction have been accessed in accordance with PIC and that MAT have been established as required by the domestic ABS legislation or regulatory requirements of the other Party as provided in Article 15.1?
{{booleanToText(document.question24.answer)}}
Please indicate whether your country has taken measures to address situations of non-compliance with those measures as provided in Article 15.2?
{{booleanToText(document.question24.measures.answer)}}
Please provide further information on the measures taken, including when they entered into force
{{document.question24.measures.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
Please provide further information on cases of non-compliance
{{document.question24.measures.complianceInfo | lstring:locale}}
Have there been specific cases in which your country cooperated with other Parties in cases of alleged violation of ABS measures as provided in Article 15.3?
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question24.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
25. Has your country taken appropriate, effective and proportionate legislative, administrative or policy measures to provide that traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources utilized within your jurisdiction has been accessed in accordance with PIC or approval and involvement of indigenous and local communities and that MAT have been established as required by the domestic ABS legislation or regulatory requirements of the other Party where such indigenous and local communities are located as provided in Article 16.1?
{{booleanToText(document.question25.answer)}}
Please indicate whether your country has taken measures to address situations of non-compliance with those measures as provided in Article 16.2?
Has your country cooperated in specific cases of alleged violation of ABS measures as provided in Article 16.3?
{{booleanToText(document.question25.violation.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question25.violation.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question25.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
26. Does your country require users of genetic resources to provide information related to PIC, to the source of the genetic resource, to the establishment of MAT and/or utilization of genetic resources at a designated checkpoint, as appropriate, as provided in Article 17.1 (a)(i) and (ii))?
{{booleanToText(document.question26.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question26.additionalInfo | lstring:locale}}
Has your country taken measures to address situations of non-compliance?
{{booleanToText(document.question26.violation.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question26.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
27. Has your country provided the information referred to in Article 17.1 (a)(i) to relevant national authorities, to the Party providing PIC and to the ABS Clearing-House as provided in Article 17.1 (a)(iii)?
{{booleanToText(document.question27.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question27.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Please provide number of checkpoint communiques available in the ABS Clearing-House, if applicable
{{document.question27.hasOwnProperty('cpcsOnAbsChCount')&&document.question27.cpcsOnAbsChCount!=null? document.question27.cpcsOnAbsChCount:"No value is entered"}}
Any other relevant documents
28. Has your country taken measures to encourage users and providers to include provisions in MAT to share information on the implementation of such terms as provided in Article 17.1(b)?
{{booleanToText(document.question28.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question28.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
29. Is your country encouraging the use of cost-effective communication tools and systems as provided in Article 17.1 (c)?
{{booleanToText(document.question29.answer)}}
Please provide further information on how your country is encouraging the use of cost-effective communication tools and systems
{{document.question29.additionalInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question29.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
30. Additional information:
No addtional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges for putting measures in place
{{document.question30.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Compliance with mutually agreed terms (MAT) (Article 18)
31. Is your country encouraging the inclusion of provisions in MAT to cover dispute resolution as provided in Article 18.1 (a) (b) and (c)?
Not applicable, since no access requirements are in place
{{booleanToText(document.question31.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question31.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
32. Does your country ensure that opportunity to seek recourse is available under your legal systems in cases of disputes arising from MAT as provided in Article 18.2?
{{booleanToText(document.question32.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question32.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
33. Has your country taken measures regarding the following points as provided in Article 18.3?
Access to justice?
{{booleanToText(document.question33.justice.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question33.justice.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
Utilization of mechanisms regarding mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements and arbitral awards?
{{booleanToText(document.question33.mechanisms.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question33.mechanisms.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
34. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question34.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Special considerations (Article 8)
35. In the development and implementation of ABS legislation or regulatory requirements has your country:
Created conditions to promote and encourage research which contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity including through simplified measures on access for non-commercial research purposes, taking into account the need to address a change of intent for such research as provided in Article 8(a)?
{{booleanToText(document.question35.research.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question35.research.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Paid due regard to cases of present or imminent emergencies that threaten or damage human, animal or plant health as provided in Article 8(b)?
{{booleanToText(document.question35.emergencies.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question35.emergencies.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Taken into consideration the need for expeditious access to genetic resources and expeditious fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of such genetic resources, including access to affordable treatments by those in need, especially, in developing countries as provided in Article 8(b)?
{{booleanToText(document.question35.access.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question35.access.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Considered the importance of genetic resources for food and agriculture and their special role for food security as provided in Article 8 (c)?
{{booleanToText(document.question35.importance.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question35.importance.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
36. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges for putting measures in place
{{document.question36.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Provisions related to indigenous and local communities (Articles 6, 7 and 12)
37. Does your country have indigenous and local communities?
{{booleanToText(document.question37.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question37.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
38. Do indigenous and local communities have the established right to grant access to genetic resources according to your domestic law? (Article 6.2)
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question38.answer)}}
Please provide further information and reference to the domestic law establishing rights of indigenous and local communities to grant access to genetic resources
{{document.question38.law.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Does your country have measures in place with the aim of ensuring that the prior informed consent or approval and involvement of indigenous and local communities is obtained as provided in Article 6.2?
{{booleanToText(document.question38.measures.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question38.measures.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
Has your country set out criteria and/or process for obtaining prior informed consent or approval and involvement of indigenous and local communities for access to genetic resources in Article 6.3(f)?
{{booleanToText(document.question38.pic.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question38.pic.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question38.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
39. In accordance with domestic law has your country taken measures with the aim of ensuring that traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources that is held by indigenous and local communities within your country is accessed with the PIC or approval and involvement of these indigenous and local communities and that MAT have been established as provided in Article 7?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question39.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question39.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
40. In implementing the Protocol and in accordance with your domestic law, is your country taking into consideration indigenous and local communities’ customary laws, community protocols and procedures with respect to traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources as provided in Article 12.1?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question40.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question40.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
41. Has your country established mechanisms to inform potential users of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources about their obligations as provided in Article 12.2?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question41.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question41.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
42. Is your country supporting the development by indigenous and local communities of the following tools as provided in Article 12.3?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question42.answer)}}
Community protocols
{{q42BooleanToText(document.question42.community.answer)}}
Please provide further information on how your country is supporting the development of community protocols
{{document.question42.community.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Minimum requirements for mutually agreed terms
{{q42BooleanToText(document.question42.mat.answer)}}
Please provide further information on how your country is supporting the development of minimum requirements mutually agreed terms
{{document.question42.mat.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Model contractual clauses
{{q42BooleanToText(document.question42.mcc.answer)}}
Please provide further information on how your country is supporting the development of model contractual clauses
{{document.question42.mcc.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
43. Has your country endeavoured not to restrict the customary use and exchange of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge within and among indigenous and local communities as provided in Article 12.4?
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question43.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question43.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
44. Additional information:
{{conditionalBooleanToText(!document.question37.answer,document.question44.answer)}}
No additional information provided.
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges for putting measures in place in relation to traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
{{document.question44.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Contribution to conservation and sustainable use (Article 9)
45. Is your country encouraging users and providers to direct benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources towards the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of its components as provided in Article 9?
{{booleanToText(document.question45.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question45.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
46. Please indicate how the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol has contributed to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in your country:
47. Additional information:
No additional information provided.
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question47.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Transboundary cooperation (Article 11)
48. Is your country endeavouring to cooperate, with the involvement of indigenous and local communities concerned, with a view to implementing the Protocol in instances where the same genetic resources are found in situ within the territory of more than one Party as provided in Article 11.1?
{{booleanToText(document.question48.answer)}}
If your country has indigenous and local communities, please provide further detail of their involvement
{{document.question48.ilcInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question48.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
49. Is your country endeavouring to cooperate with a view to implementing the Protocol in instances where the same traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is shared by one or more indigenous and local communities in several Parties as provided in Article 11.2?
Not applicable, since there are no indigenous and local communities in my country
{{booleanToText(document.question49.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question49.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
50. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question50.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Model contractual clauses, codes of conduct, guidelines and best practices and/or standards (Article 19 and 20)
51. Is your country encouraging the development, update and use of model contractual clauses for MAT as provided in Article 19?
{{booleanToText(document.question51.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question51.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
52. Is your country encouraging the development, update and use of codes of conduct, guidelines and best practices or standards as provided in Article 20?
{{booleanToText(document.question52.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question52.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
53. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question53.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Awareness-raising and capacity (Article 21 and 22)
54. Has your country taken measures to raise awareness of the importance of genetic resources and traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources and related access and benefit-sharing issues as provided in Article 21?
{{booleanToText(document.question54.answer)}}
Has your country taken measures to implement the awareness-raising strategy for the Nagoya Protocol on ABS?
{{document.question54.measures.answer | yesno}}
Please provide a summary of the measures taken
{{document.question54.measures.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question54.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
55. Has your country taken measures to build and develop capacity and strengthening of human resources and institutional capacities to effectively implement the Protocol as provided in Article 22?
{{booleanToText(document.question55.answer)}}
Has your country taken measures to implement the strategic framework for capacity-building and development to support effective implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on ABS?
{{document.question55.measures.answer | yesno}}
Please provide a summary of the measures taken
{{document.question55.measures.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question55.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
56. Has your country received external support for building and developing capacity for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol?
{{booleanToText(document.question56.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question56.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
57. Has your country provided external support for building and developing capacity for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol?
{{booleanToText(document.question57.answer)}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question57.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
58. Additional information:
No additional information provided
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges
{{document.question58.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Any other relevant documents
Technology transfer, collaboration and cooperation (Article 23)
59. Is your country collaborating and cooperating in technical and scientific research and development programmes as a means to achieve the objective of the Protocol as provided in Article 23?
{{booleanToText(document.question59.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the measures taken
{{document.question59.additionalInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question59.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
Optional additional information
60. Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered for becoming a Party to the Nagoya Protocol.
No additional information provided
{{document.question60.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
61. Has your country established a mechanism for budgetary allocations of funds for the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol?
{{booleanToText(document.question61.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question61.additionalInfo | lstring:locale}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered
{{document.question61.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information. including on experiences gained in relation to mobilization of resources to support the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol and the status of funds mobilized (level of domestic expenditures, or the amount of and trends in funding allocated, for the implementation of the Protocol and the funding gap)
{{document.question61.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
62. Has your country made financial resources available to other Parties or received financial resources from other Parties or financial institutions for the purposes of implementation of the Protocol as provided in Article 25?
Financial resources have been made available
{{booleanToText(document.question62.donor.answer)}}
Please provide further information
{{document.question62.donor.additionalInfo | lstring:locale}}
Financial resources have been received
Use the text entry to provide further information, .including on the status of financial resources (total amount) mobilized donated or received for the purposes of implementation of the Protocol
{{document.question62.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
63. Please provide information on experiences related to the mobilization of resources in support of the implementation of the Protocol.
{{document.question62new.relevantInformation | lstring:locale}}
64. Please provide information on the status of funds mobilized in support of the implementation of the Protocol.
{{document.question63new.relevantInformation | lstring:locale}}
65. Does your country have specific staff to administer functions directly related to the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol?
{{booleanToText(document.question63.answer)}}
Please provide a summary of the main difficulties and challenges encountered
{{document.question63.challengesInfo | lstring:locale}}
Use the text entry to provide further information
{{document.question63.furtherInfo | lstring:locale}}
The ABS Clearing-House unique ID containing relevant information
66. Any other relevant information:
Comments in the reporting format
67. Please provide any comment that you may have regarding the format of this report:


Receiving an Event
Developers must extend the org.societies.api.osgi.event.EventListener abstract class to react to the receiving of a given event type. As there may be multiple events occuring within the same class, you should check which eventsType has raised this event by calling the getEventType() method of the InternalEvent. You can then extract your payload using the getEventInfo() method.
public class SpringEventTest extends EventListener {
@Override
public void handleInternalEvent(InternalEvent event) {
LOG.info("*** internal event received *****");
LOG.info("*** event name : "+ event.geteventName());
LOG.info("*** event source : "+ event.geteventSource());
LOG.info("*** event type : "+ event.geteventType());
TestObject payload = (TestObject)event.geteventInfo();
LOG.info("*** event name : "+ payload.getName());
}


GeometryBase¶
-
class
rhino3dm.
GeometryBase
¶ -
ObjectType
¶ ObjectType: Useful for switch statements that need to differentiate between basic object types like points, curves, surfaces, and so on.
-
IsDeformable
¶ bool: True if object can be accurately modified with “squishy” transformations like projections, shears, and non-uniform scaling.
-
HasBrepForm
¶ bool: Returns True if the Brep.TryConvertBrep function will be successful for this object
-
Transform
(xform)¶ Transforms the geometry. If the input Transform has a SimilarityType of OrientationReversing, you may want to consider flipping the transformed geometry after calling this function when it makes sense. For example, you may want to call Flip() on a Brep after transforming it.
Parameters: xform (Transform) – Transformation to apply to geometry. Returns: True if geometry successfully transformed. Return type: bool
-
Translate
(translationVector)¶ Translates the object along the specified vector.
Parameters: translationVector (rhino3dm.Vector3d) – A moving vector. Returns: True if geometry successfully translated. Return type: bool
-
Scale
(scaleFactor)¶ Scales the object by the specified factor. The scale is centered at the origin.
Parameters: scaleFactor (float) – The uniform scaling factor. Returns: True if geometry successfully scaled. Return type: bool
-
Rotate
(rotationAngle, rotationAxis, rotationCenter)¶ Rotates the object about the specified axis. A positive rotation angle results in a counter-clockwise rotation about the axis (right hand rule).
Parameters: - angleRadians (float) – Angle of rotation in radians.
- rotationAxis (rhino3dm.Vector3d) – Direction of the axis of rotation.
- rotationCenter (rhino3dm.Point3d) – Point on the axis of rotation.
Returns: True if geometry successfully rotated.
Return type: bool
-
GetBoundingBox
()¶ Bounding box solver. Gets the world axis aligned bounding box for the geometry.
Parameters: accurate (bool) – If true, a physically accurate bounding box will be computed. If not, a bounding box estimate will be computed. For some geometry types there is no difference between the estimate and the accurate bounding box. Estimated bounding boxes can be computed much (much) faster than accurate (or “tight”) bounding boxes. Estimated bounding boxes are always similar to or larger than accurate bounding boxes. Returns: The bounding box of the geometry in world coordinates or BoundingBox.Empty if not bounding box could be found. Return type: rhino3dm.BoundingBox
-
MakeDeformable
()¶ If possible, converts the object into a form that can be accurately modified with “squishy” transformations like projections, shears, an non-uniform scaling.
Returns: False if object cannot be converted to a deformable object. True if object was already deformable or was converted into a deformable object. Return type: bool
-
Duplicate
()¶ Constructs a deep (full) copy of this object.
Returns: An object of the same type as this, with the same properties and behavior. Return type: rhino3dm.GeometryBase
-


Namespaces
Namespaces
| Name | Interfaces | Classes | Traits |
|---|---|---|---|
| \ | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| \FF\Controllers | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| \FF\Events | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| \FF\Events\Dispatching | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| \FF\Events\Runtime | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| \FF\Events\Templating | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| \FF\Factories | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| \FF\Services | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Dispatching | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Dispatching\Exceptions | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Events | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Exceptions | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Runtime | 1 | 3 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Templating | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Templating\Exceptions | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| \FF\Services\Traits | 0 | 0 | 2 |


+++ categories = ["micro"] date = "2007-09-24T11:24:31" tags = ["tumblr, art"] title = "Olafur Eliasson: Thinking Glacially, Acting Artfully" +++
Mr. Eliasson, a former Scandinavian break-dancing champion, is no stranger to situations involving physical challenge or public spectacle. But the performances behind his photography trips are of a more intimate, meditative nature.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load ratings widget_tweaks sorting_tags pagination_tags scribbler_tags %} {% block title %}Request Public Data{% endblock %} {% block body_id %}suggestions-list{% endblock body_id %} {% block body_class %}suggestions{% endblock body_class %} {% block content %} {% scribble "request-data" %}
Is there a public data set that a state, county, city or other government agency has created but that isn't publicly available online? Tell us about it here and we'll try to collect it and add it to the Open N.C. catalog for the public's use.
Maybe you've seen a data set, but not in a format that follows the 8 Principles of Open Government Data. Or maybe you think an agency must be collecting and storing data on a topic, but you've not been able to get a copy of it. The best way to help make North Carolina government data more useful is to ask the government agency for help and then submit the data to our catalog after you receive it.
In the meanwhile, let us know what you're looking for. Other citizens are probably looking for the same thing. Once we approve each request we will make them public so that we can help connect you with other people looking for similar information in their hometowns.
{% endscribble %}


| Module | FacebookLogin |
| In: |
facebook_bot/login.rb
|
Handles all login-related functionality to Facebook. This is a staple. Can‘t do much on facebook without logging in!
Tests whether we have logged in successfully or not via cookies. And love.
if !fb.logged_in? raise 'you dunce!' end
# File facebook_bot/login.rb, line 74 74: def logged_in? 75: @opts[:headers]['Cookie'] =~ /login/i 76: end
Login to facebook. Doesn‘t take any arguments and is generally not supposed to be called directly. When you create a new Facebook object, it will automatically try_try_again to login. It reads the username and password straight from @opts. Probably is pretty insecure, since it uses SSL to send your request. Will update session cookie upon successful login, to be used throughout the rest of the functions. You‘ll want to call this function a lot, it will only try to login if
fb.login
# File facebook_bot/login.rb, line 12 12: def login 13: connect # to reset any weird-o connections we might have done in the past. 14: if @opts[:cookie] 15: @opts[:headers]['Cookie'] = @opts[:cookie] 16: req = @http.get2('/', @opts[:headers]) 17: if req.code.to_i == 302 18: puts "Successfully used cookie to login!" 19: @default_host = URI.parse(req.response['location']).host 20: else 21: puts "Failed to login with cookie!" 22: log req 23: end 24: else 25: #only login if we haven't in the last minute 26: if @last_login.nil? || @last_login+60 < Time.now.to_i 27: #logout 28: connect 'www.facebook.com' #reconnect to basic address. 29: @opts[:headers]['Cookie'] = 'test_cookie=1' #clear cookies to logout 30: # get the login challenge 31: doc = hpricot_get_url '/' 32: challenge = doc.at("input[@name='challenge']").attributes['value'] 33: 34: #login ! 35: loginhttp = Net::HTTP.new('login.facebook.com', 443) 36: loginhttp.use_ssl = true 37: loginhttp.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE # disables pesky warnings 38: 39: login = loginhttp.post2('/login.php', "md5pass=&noerror=0&email=#{@opts[:email]}&pass=#{@opts[:password]}&doquicklogin=Login&challenge=#{challenge}", @opts[:headers]) 40: 41: #302 redirect == successful login! 42: if login.code.to_i == 302 43: @default_host = URI.parse(login.response['location']).host 44: connect @default_host 45: puts "Successfully logged in!" 46: @last_login = Time.now.to_i 47: update_session login.response['set-cookie'] 48: else 49: puts "Failed to login!" 50: log login 51: end 52: end 53: end 54: end
Update the login session with new cookies.
# File facebook_bot/login.rb, line 57 57: def update_session cookie 58: if !cookie.nil? 59: #sanatize cookie 60: cookie.gsub!(/path=\/; /,'') 61: cookie.gsub!(/httponly, /,'') 62: cookie.gsub!(/domain=\.facebook.com; /,'') 63: cookie.gsub!(/expires=[^;]+;/,'') 64: cookie.gsub!(/path=\//,'') 65: cookie.gsub!(/\s+/,' ') 66: @opts[:headers]['Cookie'] = cookie 67: end 68: end


Local Application Settings
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The Happy Bastard's Quick Movie Review
AUSTIN POWERS: THE SPY WHO SHAGGED ME
"I'm dead sexy!" yells an enormously large Scottish man, hellbent on catching Dr. Evil's notoriously evil (and midget-like) twin Mini-Me for a quick snack. "Get in my belly!!" he bellows, and Mini-Me quickly scampers back to Dr. Evil, who's hesitant on letting the guy (Fat Bastard is his name) use his crapper.
It's moments like this absolutely ridiculous one that make Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me just as much a fun romp as the original. Mike Myers shows he hasn't lost any creativity, and, through lots of comic timing, comes up a winner with a hilarious, if slightly overwrought, sequel.
Basically, the story begins roughly where the first one left off. The honeymoon ends quickly for Austin and his new bride Vanessa (Elizabeth Hurley in a funny cameo), and soon Austin is thwarted by the efforts of his nemesis Dr. Evil, who's making it personal- this time, he's after Austin's "life force", his mojo.
That leads Austin to travel back to 1969 to try and retrieve his mojo, before Dr. Evil gets any bright ideas and uses it himself. (Of course, a scene where he gets a taste of the mojo is funny as hell.) There, Austin teams up with Felicity Shagwell (a very sexy Heather Graham), who's just as horny as he is...er, was. Along the way, we're introduced to many characters, including the aforementioned Fat Bastard and Mini-Me, as well as a younger Number Two (Rob Lowe), the ill-fated Mustafa (Will Ferrell), and Dr. Evil's sarcastic son Scott (Seth Green).
Sure, the movie has some slight dull spots, and I think the gags involving product placement were a slight bit overrun (Fat Bastard's take on the Chili's song was pretty funny, though), but a lot of the movie has inspiration, something a sequel usually lacks. There's some great new gags here, a gaggle of cool cameos (from Tim Robbins to Woody Harrelson to...you guessed it...Jerry Springer), and, of course, more "evil" than you can shake a stick at. It's all in fun, and the overall product is very shagadelic.
RATING: 8 (out of 10)
The Happy Bastard (no relation to Fat)
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Aug 15, 2012 Rick Ross on the cover of Rolling Stone as the rapper hustled from radio interviews to strip-club bashes in the buildup to the album release Aug 15, 2012. A topless Rick Ross graces the cover of the. latest issue of Rolling Stone magazine Speaking on the matter for the first time. in an interview, the Teflon Don Officer. Ricky do people really not realize that law enforcement is
Jul 21, 2008 Despite denials, records show rap star. worked as corrections officer affiliation with law enforcement, the. rapper Rick Ross has recently denounced. In a recent videotaped interview, Ross replied, "No, that's not true" when
One battle Rick Ross may have to prepare for is taking down Gucci Mane after. Sure, we've known about his battles and he's done some great interviews over the. Corrections Officer, apparently tired of the Florida gangster rapper faking
Aug 16, 2012 Not everyone is celebrating the success of rapper Rick Ross and is this The answers by Rozay to being a correctional officer in this Rolling Feb 29, 2012 While Hip-Hop's Rick Ross, who at the moment has Miami police looking I think he's a complete idiot, said Freeway Ricky Ross in the interview I bet this ex correction officer is in police. custody right now working with the
Aug 15, 2012. Rolling Stone's cover displays a shirtless Rick Ross, who dishes on everything from his former job as a corrections officer to his thoughts on Chick-Fil-A in a lighter note, he continued his recent run of food-centric interviews,
A documentary about wounded veterans that Roger championed gets a screening at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and screenings in New York and Los Angeles…
Oct 7, 2008 Rick Ross tells Don Diva he was a correctional officer, but he's still "rich off cocaine. In subsequent interviews, Ross would go on to blame the
Feb 28, 2013 Ex-Officer Rick Ross Now Protected. By Actual Police Force The SPIN Interview. : Lou Reed. chris brown, arrested, police report typo Dec 12, 2012 Did a member of Maybach Music camp recently run to Chicago cops to report the Gangster Rick Ross Validates Correctional Officer Past In his most recent interview, he bragged about. walking off stage by his self, he didnt
Mar 12, 2009 This comes almost a year after Rick Ross's correctional officer. of Ross in an officerâs uniform, but in a video interview Ross yet still denied Diploma Photo of Rick Ross in Correctional. Officer Uniform at Police Academy
Feb 12, 2009 NOVEMBER 2008- In an interview with. TRUE Magazine, Rick Ross is rick ross hes a fraud plus u cant trust no body that was a police officer
Aug 8, 2008 One of Rick Ross' own sisters has confirmed. the allegations that her brother he built for himself, that he really might believe he wasn't a corrections officer. AND EVEN WHILE WORKING AS A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER BE Celebrity interview, Celebrity Justice, Celebrity Kids, Celebrity News


|
Pentagramaka Pentangle, PentacleLately it's been besmirched as a sigil of Satanism, but the pentagram is a versatile totem, and it's been around since long before anyone got around to inventing Satan.The design is an equidistant five-pointed star drawn with a single continuous motion of the pen. Sometimes the design is enclosed in a circle. The symbol goes back to 4,000 B.C. at least, where it surfaced in the earliest form of writing, pictographic languages used in ancient Mesopotamia, whose alphabet consisted of little pictures that represented whole words. No one knows what the pentagram meant to the Sumerians (despite what you might hear to the contrary), but most of the stone tablets of this period consist of really simple, pragmatic lists -- such as tax records, inventories and genealogies. The odds are quite good that the original meaning of the pentagram was something extremely boring, like "cow". It might have meant "person", since the shape famously corresponds to a head, two outstretched arms, and two legs, or it might have meant "hand", with its five points representing five fingers. But all this is sheer guesswork. Whatever its original context, it didn't take long for the shape to absorb a more elevated status. Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher who basically invented formal geometry, believed that the world was made of math and that everything in life could be numerically quantified and represented. His premise isn't too far from what a physicist would tell you today, but some of his direct conclusions were naive (in a manner appropriate to the time). Pythagoras was fascinated with the pentagram, as well as the six-pointed hexagram, and spent a lot of energy analyzing its properties, as well as its relation to other shapes. Pythagoras made several observations about the pentagram, such as that there's a pentagon inside it, and that if you draw a pentagon from the points of the star, it's inverted compared to the inside one, and that you can draw a pentagram with one continuous stroke. In other words, Pythagoras had little interesting to say about the topic, but he considered the design important enough that his followers used it as their insignia. They believed it symbolized health or perfection. Pentagrams were also used by Jewish mystical artists dating back to an unknown period of antiquity. The oldest documented examples were in synagogues with a few centuries of the start of the Christian era, but later legend has it that the pentagram was also associated with King Solomon, as part of his seal and as a symbol prominently featured in his Temple. Pentagrams were frequently used in pagan, Jewish, Eastern and even Christian mystical contexts as a symbol of just about anything that came in fives. Frequently, it was taken as a symbol of the four alchemical elements -- earth, air, fire and water -- plus a fifth point that meant different things to different people, most often either divine power or the human soul. Because humans all over the world have five fingers, the number five carries significance in virtually every culture, and the pentagram was a convenient carrier of that number. There are examples of the pentagram being used in Taoism and other Chinese systems as a symbol of the five elements used in Eastern cosmology -- wood, metal, earth, fire and water. In some early Christian traditions, including Gnosticism, the five points of the star represented the five wounds of Christ. Eventually other traditions used pentagram-derived stars as a representation of a star from the sky, likely an effort to artistically represent the twinkling effect caused by atmospheric distortion. During the middle ages, however, the pentagram underwent an major transformation, which would permanently shape its image for centuries to come. Probably the most important document in pentagramology is the Seal of Solomon, perhaps the most influential of the many medieval grimoires that offered believers a chance to grab the brass ring of cosmic superpowers. The Seal of Solomon inspired a lot of derivative magickal texts, which spread the pentagram far and wide. The status of the symbol took a giant leap forward when it was adopted by the occult-influenced Freemasonry movement, and related sects like the Eastern Star, the Golden Dawn, and the O.T.O. The Masons may have taken their cue from the Knights Templar, who are perhaps posthumously the sect most responsible for the pentagram's association with Satanic beliefs. When the Templars were destroyed in the early 1300s, they were accused of many Satanic atrocities, including the worship of an unspecified object that resembled a cat or a head, known as Baphomet. While some have theorized that the object in question may have been the Shroud of Turin folded to display the head of the Christ figure on the cloth, the popular conception of the Baphomet was later influenced by occultist Eliphas Levi, and subsequently by Aleister Crowley and some of his cronies. Levi put forward a Baphomet design that featured an image of a goat's head inside an inverted pentagram, with the horns extending up into the points of the star. The goat symbolizes Satan, and the symbol was later adopted by Satanists of the Anton LaVey school. The symbol was then retroactively "discovered" to have an extensive occultist history by revisionist New Age and occult historians, who claimed it was an ancient symbol in virtually every magic tradition, including traditional and Wiccan witchcraft, pseudo-Egyptian occultist, etc., etc. By the time this association had been firmly established, the pentagram or its filled-in variant had been institutionalized all over the world in a whole lot of different contexts -- including religions, secret societies and many others -- for instance, in the flag of the United States and the crescent and star symbol of Islam. The retroactive -- and largely inaccurate -- association of the pentagram with all things devilish has provided ample fodder for those loonies whose lives are devoted to seeking to chart the dark influence of Satan all over the world. The pentagram has also become a mainstay of the New World Order conspiracy craze, where it is seen as a link between the lords of the military-industrial complex and the Masonic-Illuminati-whatever plot to rule the world. As if they needed more encouragement.
|


 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERVICE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SERVICE.
{% endblock %}


{# HTML email framing Based on a template by Lee Munroe * https://github.com/leemunroe/responsive-html-email-template #}


| GRUB-REBOOT(8) | System Administration Utilities | GRUB-REBOOT(8) |
MENU_ENTRY is a number, a menu item title or a menu item identifier. Please note that menu items in submenus or sub-submenus require specifying the submenu components and then the menu item component. The titles should be separated using the greater-than character (>) with no extra spaces. Depending on your shell some characters including > may need escaping. More information about this is available in the GRUB Manual in the section about the 'default' command.
NOTE: In cases where GRUB cannot write to the environment block, such as when it is stored on an MDRAID or LVM device, the chosen boot menu entry will remain the default even after reboot.
The full documentation for grub-reboot is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and grub-reboot programs are properly installed at your site, the command
should give you access to the complete manual.
| June 2020 | grub-reboot 2.04 |


RT @elnoelle: Related: in a week I’ll be looking for work. If your team is looking for a well-rounded jr dev, get in touch! daleynoelle at …
8/30/2015, 3:49:32 PM
Favs: 0
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link--- layout: tweet ---
RT @elnoelle: Related: in a week I’ll be looking for work. If your team is looking for a well-rounded jr dev, get in touch! daleynoelle at …
8/30/2015, 3:49:32 PM
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link


<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Studio address:
Factory B, 9F
Block 1, Kingley Industrial Building
35 Yip Kan Street, Hong Kong
--- layout: empty permalink: /thumbs.php?cat=99999.html ---
Factory B, 9F
Block 1, Kingley Industrial Building
35 Yip Kan Street, Hong Kong


Back to all open positions
Market Research Intern
We are looking for someone who is passionate about market research and motivated by a fast-paced and challenging work environment. This is an excellent entry-level opportunity for someone who is interested in starting a career in market research.
Responsibilities
- Manage the launching and ongoing maintenance of research studies
- Creation and maintenance of technical specifications in proprietary software for study questionnaires
- Quality check study questionnaires & perform in-depth quality checks at every stage of the process
- Liaising with our internal data collection teams, coding & data processing teams.
- Perform data verification
- Prepare client presentations
- Identify and solve project issues as they arise
Qualifications
- Completed Bachelors Degree
- Relevant project management and/or market research experience an asset
- Outstanding verbal and written communication skills
- Excellent problem solving, critical thinking and analytical skills
- Proactive, “can do” attitude
- High attention to detail: ability to balance overall project goal with key milestones and tasks
- Advanced proficiency with MS Office Suite; specifically, PowerPoint and Excel
- Self-starter with superior organization skills who thrives in a deadline driven environment
- Ability to juggle multiple projects and diplomatically respond to conflicting needs


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Hello, most people call me Mo and I am new to programming. I hope to complete this Flatiron School course so I may be able to get a job in programming and after gaining some experience I would like to work remotely from a new country! Long live Texas.


| Id: | hg38/hg38tohg19 |
| Type: | liftover_chain |
| Summary: | N/A |
| Description: | N/A |
| Labels: |
Format:
Deletes chrom prefix chr from variants after performing liftover.
| Filename | Size | md5 |
|---|---|---|
| genomic_resource.yaml | 114.0 B | 015277958aceaece752333016fa82695 |
| hg38ToHg19.over.chain.gz | 1.19 MB | ff3031d93792f4cbb86af44055efd903 |
| statistics/ |


For more information about requestVideoFrameCallback, see Perform efficient per-video-frame operations on video with requestVideoFrameCallback().


Poor air quality closes schools in eastern Pakistan
LAHORE, Pakistan (AP) - Dangerously poor air quality has forced Pakistan’s government to close all schools in Lahore, the capital of eastern Punjab province and home to 11 million people.
A thick smog is hanging over the city, caused in part by widespread crop burning in the surrounding province. It’s a popular practice among poor farmers, who set fire to remnants of the previous season’s crop to prepare the land for their next planting. Punjab is considered Pakistan’s breadbasket.
Heavy traffic, open fires for cooking and warmth as well as years of cutting down trees have all contributed to the city’s poor air quality.
Lahore’s air quality index was 114 on Thursday morning, which is considered hazardous, particularly for sensitive groups like children.
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{% extends "disease/base.html" %} {% block content %}
nearest hospitals here based on the pincode location.


FEATURED
On the best lot at Phuket is situated the Kailua Residence. It features Ipe hardwood flooring on the interior and granite stone flooring on the lanais, high vaulted cedar ceilings.
Quiet Neighbourhood
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We provide consumers with a content-rich listings in a handy format.
Price estimates and sales histories for property, updating information.
Our managers will keep you informed and you can act with certainty.
All our marketing researchers today have a tough job multitasking.
MOBILE
The European languages are members of the same family. Their separate existence is a myth. For science, music, sport, etc, Europe uses the same vocabulary.


new Column(index, nodeCount)
represents a column on the connect four board
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
index |
Number | the position of the column in the board |
nodeCount |
Number | the number of nodes to create for this column |
Properties:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
index |
Number | the position of the column in the board |
nodeCount |
Number | the number of nodes to create for this column |
nodes |
Array.<C4.Node> | the nodes in this column |
freeIndex |
Number | the topMost unoccupied row position |
Members
colClick :CustomEvent
an Event triggered when the domElement is clicked
Type:
- CustomEvent
domElement :d3.svg
DOM element representing the column
Type:
- d3.svg
Methods
addNode(node)
adds a node to the nodes array
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
node |
C4.Node | new node |
decrementIndex()
decreases the index of the available node by 1
initializeNodes()
initializes nodes based on nodeCount
isAvailable() → {Boolean}
checks if any of the nodes are unoccupied
Returns:
availability
- Type
- Boolean
placeToken(token)
places a token in the topmost available node
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
token |
C4.Token |
setVerticalNeighbors()
assigns center-top(CT) and center-bottom relationships for each node


---
layout: post
title: troubleshooting basic POTS calls on a router
date: '2008-03-14T15:44:00.001-06:00'
author: Jay Swan
tags:
- IOS
- debug
- voice
- router
- VoIP
modified_time: '2008-03-14T15:54:04.798-06:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5029689981158113588.post-7949889310633045626
blogger_orig_url: http://unroutable.blogspot.com/2008/03/troubleshooting-basic-pots-calls-on.html
---
We get calls fairly regularly from users at sites with router-based VoIP systems (whether UCM Express or distributed UCM, it doesn't matter) saying that callers to their outside lines are getting ring-no-answer behavior.
The first thing I want to do is see if the calls are actually getting to the router. So I access the CLI and do the following:
Router#terminal monitor
Router#debug vpm signal
Then I place a test call to one of their outside lines. If the router just sits there and produces no output, then the problem is almost certainly either in the PSTN, or somebody has unplugged the cable from the FXO port.
If the router produces a bunch of barely comprehensible output, then the line is ringing and you've got further troubleshooting to do. Don't forget to turn off debugging when you're done!


Provides a collection of functions for conducting meta-analyses under Bayesian context in R. The package includes functions for computing various effect size or outcome measures (e.g. odds ratios, mean difference and incidence rate ratio) for different types of data based on MCMC simulations. Users are allowed to fit fixed- and random-effects models with different priors to the data. Meta-regression can be carried out if effects of additional covariates are observed. Furthermore, the package provides functions for creating posterior distribution plots and forest plot to display main model output. Traceplots and some other diagnostic plots are also available for assessing model fit and performance.
| Version: | 0.1.2 |
| Depends: | R2jags, forestplot |
| Published: | 2016-01-08 |
| Author: | Tao Ding, Gianluca Baio |
| Maintainer: | Gianluca Baio <gianluca at stats.ucl.ac.uk> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | http://www.statistica.it/gianluca/bmeta, http://www.statistica.it/gianluca |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| In views: | MetaAnalysis |
| CRAN checks: | bmeta results |
| Reference manual: | bmeta.pdf |
| Package source: | bmeta_0.1.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: bmeta_0.1.2.zip, r-release: bmeta_0.1.2.zip, r-oldrel: bmeta_0.1.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: bmeta_0.1.2.tgz, r-oldrel: bmeta_0.1.2.tgz |
| Old sources: | bmeta archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bmeta to link to this page.


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WELCOME
TO DELANI STUDIO
AMAZING PEOPLE ARE MAKING AMAZING DESIGN IN A FUN ENVIRONMENT.
When you work with us, you are a team of committes collaborators. All aspects of our software development procces drvelopment are integrated,interactive and agile
Our approach unifies design, development and product management to create exceptional products. We start each project by understandin your business goals, the users need and the products requirements. Then we help tanslate them into effective and ellegant solutions.
Before we sign a contract or write a line of code, our team will spend the necessary time needed to understandinyour product vision.
The outcome of this scoping session or high level statement of work bases on your requirements, we can provide a complete offering or just the pieces you need.
Our design practice offers a full range of services uncluding brand strategy, interaction and visual design and users experience testing.
Through out your project, our designers create and implement visual design and workflows, solicit user feedback and work with you to make sure what gets built is what is needed.
All engineers in the latest enterprise mobile and web development technologies.
They colaborate with your team to write, and improve code on a daily basis, using proven practices such as test-driven development and proramming.
All engineers in the latest enterprise mobile and web development technologies.
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Changes from version 4.0 to 4.1¶
This release mostly adds the ability to compute jackknife and other estimates of the variance (or covariance matrix), which do a better job of capturing sample variance than the default (and previously only) method of computing just the shot noise component.
This requires dividing the input Catalog into patches, which can be done by:
Giving patch numbers explicitly for each galaxy.
Having TreeCorr split it into some number of patches for you automatically (using K-Means).
Giving the patch centers to use, which will assign each galaxy to the patch corresponding to the nearest center position.
For more details about making patches, see Patches
For details about using patches to compute better covariance matrices, see Covariance Estimates
Relevant PRs and Issues, whose issue numbers are listed below for the relevant items.
Output Format Changes¶
When writing an
NNCorrelation
to a file, ifNNCorrelation.calculateXi
has already been called, then the calculatedxi
andvarxi
will be written to the output file, even if you don’t provide the random catalog to theNNCorrelation.write
function. (#99)Similarly, if
NGCorrelation.calculateXi
orNKCorrelation.calculateXi
has been called using a random catalog, then thexi
andvarxi
columns in the output file will be the compensated statistics, rather than the raw ones. (#99)
Performance Improvements¶
Improved the speed of reading in FITS files, mostly by telling fitsio to read all of the columns at once rather than doing them one at a time. (#104)
Delayed the loading of Catalogs from files until the data is actually needed. Specifically, if the full catalog is never needed, and only patches are used, then this allows for a much reduced memory footprint with a new
low_mem
option forprocess
calls. (#103)Added OpenMP parallelization to the (ra,dec) -> (x,y,z) calculation to speed up that step during Catalog loading. (#104)
New features¶
Added
Field.run_kmeans
to run K-Means algorithm on a Field to determine a good set of patches to use. This will be run automatically simply by settingnpatch
when building aCatalog
. (#88)Added ability to input patch numbers from input file or input arrays using
patch_col
orpatch
respectively. (#96)Added ability to write patch centers to a file with
Catalog.write_patch_centers
. (#99)Added ability to define patch numbers from patch centers (either a file or the
patch_centers
attribute of another Catalog). (#99)Added the ability to compute jackknife, sample, bootstrap, and marked bootstrap variance and covariance estimates by dividing the full calculation into correlations across patches. Set
var_method
in the Correlation class or use theBinnedCorr2.estimate_cov
method. (#24, #50, #96)Added
estimate_multi_cov
function, which will the compute covariance matrix across multiple statistics that have been run using the same set of patches. (#96)Added
every_nth
option for Catalogs to read in a fraction of the rows. (#99)After calling
NNCorrelation.calculateXi
, the calculatedxi
,varxi
andcov
are available as attributes. (#99)Added
keep_zero_weight
option to include wpos=0 objects in the total npairs if you want. The default is to throw out wpos=0 objects at the start, but there may be reasons to keep them, so that’s now an option when building the Catalog. (#99)Added
allow_xyz
option to allow x,y,z columns be provided along with ra,dec columns. Normally this is not allowed, but if you know they are consistent, then this option allows them to be input directly to avoid recalculating them. (#103)Added
low_mem
option toprocess
calls to unload patches that aren’t being used, thus saving memory at the expense of some extra I/O time. (#103)Added
save_patch_dir
as an optional location to write patch catalogs for increased efficiency when usinglow_mem
option. (#103)Added
comm
option toprocess
calls to use MPI to split a job up over multiple machines. (#98, #104)
Deprecations¶
The
process_pairwise
functions have all been deprecated. I can’t remember anymore why I added this feature, and I don’t think anyone uses it (or the associatedSimpleFields
). If you need this functionality, please open an issue to let me know, and I can keep them. Otherwise, I’ll remove them as usesless cruft.
Bug Fixes¶
Fixed a bug in 3-point calculations that could cause “Failed Assert: kr < _nbins”.
Changes from version 4.1.0 to 4.1.1¶
Made sure ra,dec,r catalogs make patches using just ra,dec, not full 3D position.
Fixed a bug when using ra,dec,r catalog with
save_patch_dir
option.
Changes from version 4.1.1 to 4.1.2¶
Fixed a bug when reading ascii files with every_nth != 1.
Changes from version 4.1.2 to 4.1.3¶
Fixed the same every_nth bug when pandas is not installed.
Changes from version 4.1.3 to 4.1.4¶
Fixed a bug when using every_nth in conjunction with explicit numpy arrays.
Changes from version 4.1.4 to 4.1.5¶
Fixed read_catalogs to work properly with patches.
Changes from version 4.1.5 to 4.1.6¶
Fixed a bug in
GGGCorrelation.calculateMap3
, which could sometimes take the sqrt of negative numbers, resulting in nans.


Afghan official: Kabul to probe Pakistan security complaint
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) - An Afghan official says the government hasn’t been officially informed of any security concerns that have prompted Pakistan to close its consular services in Kabul.
Pakistan’s Embassy in a statement announced the closure, citing unspecified security concerns. It says that consular services won’t be available from Monday on and until further information.
Islamabad has not disclosed any details on the security concerns but on Sunday, Pakistan’s foreign affairs ministry summoned the Afghan chargé d’affaires to convey concerns about the safety of its diplomats in Kabul.
Garan Miahen, spokesman for the Afghan foreign ministry, told The Associated Press on Monday that says authorities will investigate the issue.
Afghanistan and Pakistan have an uneasy relationship, with Kabul blaming Islamabad for supporting the Taliban in the country’s protracted war.
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In the case of competition, we saw that each species negatively influenced the other. In the case of prey-predator interactions, one species actually benefits from the interaction and the other species loses out!
Nearly all prey-predator models, even the most state-of-the-art, complex ones, share this common framework:
\(\Delta V = rV^* - f(V,P)*P\)
AND
\(\Delta P = g(V,P)*P - qP^*\)
Where
\(V\) is the total prey abundance (V for victims!), and
\(P\) is the total predator abundance, and
\(rV^*\) represents the growth of the prey population in the absence of predators – usually, this is some form of the standard single-species population growth models we have considered throughout most of this course (possibly density-dependent),
\(qP^*\) represents the growth of the predator population in the absence of prey – usually this is simply exponential decline!,
AND
\(f(V,P)\) is known as the functional response – that is, the rate of prey consumption per predator, usually a function of the prey and possibly predator densities.
AND
\(g(V,P)\) is known as the numerical response – that is, the per-capita rate of predator population growth, usually as a function of the prey and possibly predator densities.
There are many different types of possible functional response curves and numerical response curves. Let’s start simple!
Let’s look at predation mathematically, starting with the simplest possible model…
We will consider the prey, or “victims” first:
In the absence of predators, let’s assume that the victim population grows according to the basic equation of population ecology:
\(\Delta V = rV\)
We will assume that the intrinsic rate of growth, \(r\), is positive! In the absence of predators, the population grows exponentially.
If predators are present, the population growth rate of the victims will go down…
What expression could define the rate at which prey are consumed by predators?
First of all, let’s assume that predators and prey walk randomly through their common environment, bumping into each other randomly. Every time the predator bumps into a prey item, the predator has some chance of consuming that prey item.
This is analogous to molecules moving randomly in a solution, occasionally causing reactions whenever they bump into other molecule(s) in the right way.
Under such circumstances, the predators do NOT interfere with one another. Each predator consumes a constant amount of prey in a given time period, depending on prey availability.
Consider the case where there are \(V\) prey and only a single predator.
Q: Imagine there are 100 prey and a single predator, and 3 prey are consumed today. What is the constant rate of prey consumption in this example (\(\alpha\))?
Q what is the shape of the functional response in this case?
\(f(V)=\alpha \cdot V\)
LVfuncresp <- function(V,alpha){
alpha*V
}
curve(LVfuncresp(x,0.03),0,200,xlab="Victim abundance",ylab="Total prey eaten per predator",col="red",lwd=3)
Note the intercept- does the functional response need to have an intercept of zero?
…Of course, this alpha term has a different meaning from the alpha in the competition models!
Now consider the case where there is more than one predator – that is, there are \(P\) predators and there are \(V\) prey. Recall that each predator has no influence on the consumption rates of other predators. The predators are just randomly bumping into prey.
The total rate of predation now is:
\(f(V) \cdot P = \alpha VP\)
Does this make sense?
The term \(\alpha\) is also known as the capture efficiency. Does this make sense? Consider a case where every predator “bumps into” all prey in the landscape each time step, but only consumes 3% of those prey. Now consider a predator that consumes 50% of the available prey per time step? Which predator is more efficient?
Q what are the units of alpha?
Q Can alpha go above 1?
Q Can alpha go below 0?
Now, the (instantaneous) prey growth rate can be defined by the following equation:
\(\Delta V = rV - \alpha VP\)
This model is one half of what is known as the Lotka-Volterra prey-predator model.
The other half is the predator population growth model, of course!!
In the absence of prey, let’s assume that the predator population grows just how we might imagine it grows- BADLY!
\(\Delta P = -qP\)
In the absence of prey, the predator population declines exponentially.
If prey are present, the population growth rate of the predators will go up…
Recall that predators and prey walk randomly through their common environment, bumping into each other randomly. Each predator consumes a fixed percentage of the prey population. That is, the functional response is:
\(f(V) = \alpha V\)
The numerical response is the population-level response of the predators given the amount of prey that they have consumed.
We can think of this as a function of the total prey consumption per predator:
\(some.function(f(V))\)
The simplest numerical response is that for every increase in prey consumed per capita, predator population growth increases by a fixed amount, \(\beta\)
Q what is the shape of the numerical response in this case?
\(g(V)=\beta \cdot V\)
LVnumresp <- function(V,beta){
beta*V
}
curve(LVnumresp(x,0.001),0,200,xlab="Victim abundance",ylab="Increase in r for predator population",col="blue",lwd=3)
Note the intercept- does the numerical response need to have an intercept of zero?
The predator growth rate due to prey consumption now is:
\(g(V) \cdot P = \beta VP\)
Does this make sense?
The term \(\beta\) is also known as the conversion efficiency. Does this make sense? Consider a case where every predator consumes 100 prey per time step, but the predator population growth increases by only 0.01 relative to a scenario with no prey. Now consider a predator that consumes 1 prey per time step, and growth increases by 0.1… Which predator is more efficient at converting prey biomass into population growth?
Q what are the units of beta?
Q Can beta go above 1?
Q Can beta go below 0?
Now, the (instantaneous) PREDATOR growth rate can be defined by the following equation:
\(\Delta P = \beta VP - qP\)
This model is the other half of what is known as the Lotka-Volterra prey-predator model.
Taken together, the model can be described as follows:
\(\Delta P = \beta VP - qP\)
\(\Delta V = rV - \alpha VP\)
Before we go deeper into predation modeling, let’s simulate prey and predator population growth under the L-V predation model. As always, you can work in groups!
Step 1: First, clone this Insight, which provides the skeleton for a basic prey-predator model
Step 2: Correctly set up the equations for the variables “functional response”" and “numerical response”.
Step 3: Correctly set up the flow equations for “total prey consumed” and “predator mortality”, which refer to the the prey lost and the predators gained per time step, respectively.
Step 4: In the settings menu, change the simulation length to 200 and make sure that your analysis algorithm is set to “Accurate (RK4)”.
Step 5: Set the Initial abundance of prey and predators to 100 and 50, respectively. Set the alpha and beta terms to 0.001, and set the r_prey and q_pred terms to 0.1. Run the model and visualize the time series for prey and predators.
Step 6: Add a new display to represent state space: Choose the “scatter plot” type, and under “Data” select Prey first, then Predator. What does this system look like in phase space.
Q What happens if you change the initial abundances?
Q What happens if you change initial abundance of both species to 100? Is this an equilibrium? If so, is it stable?
Step 7: Try some other parameter values for alpha, beta, r, and q…
Q Does the prey or predator ever go extinct?
Q Can you find some settings that make very slow oscillations?
Q Can you find some settings that make very fast oscillations?
Q Can you find some settings that make very shallow oscillations?
##### LOTKA VOLTERRA PREDATION EXAMPLE
## Params
Alpha <- 0.001
Beta <- 0.001
InitPrey <- 100
InitPred <- 75
r <- 0.1
q <- 0.1
Nyears <- 100
step <- 0.1
System <- data.frame(prey = rep(InitPrey,(Nyears+1)*10),pred = InitPred)
doYear <- function(prevyear){
n1 <- prevyear[1] + r*prevyear[1]*step - Alpha*prevyear[1]*prevyear[2]*step
n2 <- prevyear[2] + Beta*prevyear[1]*prevyear[2]*step - q*prevyear[2]*step
return(c(n1,n2))
}
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System[1+i,] <- doYear(System[i,])
}
Now let’s visualize this basic L-V system in phase space:
plot(1,1,pch="",ylim=c(0,200),xlim=c(0,200),xlab="prey",ylab="predators")
points(System[seq(1,1000,10),],col="green",type="p",pch=20,cex=0.85)
points(System[1,],col="blue",pch=20,cex=3)
Okay, so as prey get more abundant, predators start increasing, but as predators increase, prey abundance goes down. And repeat!
Here is another example…
##### LOTKA VOLTERRA PREDATION EXAMPLE
## Params
Alpha <- 0.005
Beta <- 0.005
InitPrey <- 100
InitPred <- 75
r <- 0.2
q <- 0.1
Nyears <- 100
step <- 0.1
System <- data.frame(prey = rep(InitPrey,(Nyears+1)*10),pred = InitPred)
doYear <- function(prevyear){
n1 <- prevyear[1] + r*prevyear[1]*step - Alpha*prevyear[1]*prevyear[2]*step
n2 <- prevyear[2] + Beta*prevyear[1]*prevyear[2]*step - q*prevyear[2]*step
return(c(n1,n2))
}
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System[1+i,] <- doYear(System[i,])
}
plot(1,1,pch="",ylim=c(0,200),xlim=c(0,200),xlab="prey",ylab="predators")
points(System[seq(1,1000,10),],col="green",type="p",pch=20,cex=0.85)
points(System[1,],col="blue",pch=20,cex=3)
With some jittering, we can visualize the amount of time the system spends in various parts of phase space…
plot(1,1,pch="",ylim=c(0,200),xlim=c(0,200),xlab="species 1",ylab="species 2")
points(jitter(System[,1],200),jitter(System[,2],200),col="brown",pch=20,cex=0.3)
#abline(h=K2,v=K1,col="gray",lwd=2,lty=2)
You can see that this system spends much more time near the origin, where abundances are low for both prey and predator!
Finally, let’s consider multiple starting points and see how the system behaves!
##### LOTKA VOLTERRA PREDATION EXAMPLE
## Params
InitN1 <- 120
InitN2 <- 25
System1 <- data.frame(n1 = rep(InitN1,(Nyears*10+1)),n2 = InitN2)
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System1[1+i,] <- doYear(System1[i,])
}
InitN1 <- 200
InitN2 <- 100
System2 <- data.frame(n1 = rep(InitN1,(Nyears*10+1)),n2 = InitN2)
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System2[1+i,] <- doYear(System2[i,])
}
InitN1 <- 50
InitN2 <- 200
System3 <- data.frame(n1 = rep(InitN1,(Nyears*10+1)),n2 = InitN2)
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System3[1+i,] <- doYear(System3[i,])
}
Now, phase space looks like this (with jittering to indicate concentration of points:
plot(1,1,pch="",ylim=c(0,400),xlim=c(0,400),xlab="species 1",ylab="species 2")
points(jitter(System[,1],500),jitter(System[,2],500),col="brown",pch=20,cex=0.3)
points(jitter(System1[,1],500),jitter(System1[,2],500),col="green",pch=20,cex=0.3)
points(jitter(System2[,1],500),jitter(System2[,2],500),col="red",pch=20,cex=0.3)
points(jitter(System3[,1],500),jitter(System3[,2],500),col="blue",pch=20,cex=0.3)
#abline(h=K2,v=K1,col="gray",lwd=2,lty=2)
Q: Does this predator-prey system have a stable equilibrium?
Q: Does this predator-prey system have an equilibrium at all?
Q: How do these dynamics look like when visualized as time series?
plot(seq(1,100,length=nrow(System)), System[,1], xlab="Time", ylab="Abundance",type="l",col="orange",lwd=2,ylim=c(0,160),xlim=c(0,95))
points(seq(1,100,length=nrow(System)), System[,2], xlab="Time", ylab="Abundance",type="l",col="green",lwd=2,lty=2)
legend("top",lwd=c(2,2),lty=c(1,2),col=c("orange","green"),legend=c("prey","predator"),bty="n")
Just like before, let’s draw arrows throughout phase space, representing where the system would be expected to go from each point in phase space.
Are there any other possible outcomes of this simple L-V model?
Well, let’s plot out the isoclines then!!
Again, it can be helpful to plot out the isoclines in phase space – that is, the conditions under which the predator and prey populations do NOT grow!
If we set the L-V prey growth equation to zero, we find that the victim population is stable under the following conditions in phase space:
\(\hat{P} =\frac{r}{\alpha}\)
If we set the L-V predator equation to zero, we find that the victim population is stable under the following conditions in phase space:
\(\hat{V} =\frac{q}{\beta}\)
That is, the prey population is stable only if there are just enough predators to bump into (and subsequently eat up) any excess individuals produced each year
And the predator population is stable only if there are just enough prey to offset natural mortality.
Let’s visualize this in phase space.
plot(1,1,pch="",xlim=xlim,ylim=ylim,xlab="Prey",ylab="Predators")
phasearrows.draw(new)
abline(h=r/Alpha,col="red",lwd=3) # prey
abline(v=q/Beta,col="blue",lwd=3) # pred
Let’s see what happens if we relax some of these assumptions!
We can play around with these scenarios in InsightMaker. But it can be instructive to visualize in phase space first. For example, let’s incorporate a victim carrying capacity.
## Warning in arrows(c(x), c(y), c(x + dx * z1/((lens2) + 0.1)), c(y + dx * :
## zero-length arrow is of indeterminate angle and so skipped
Adding isoclines, it looks something like this:
plot(1,1,pch="",xlim=xlim,ylim=ylim,xlab="Prey",ylab="Predators")
phasearrows.draw(new)
## Warning in arrows(c(x), c(y), c(x + dx * z1/((lens2) + 0.1)), c(y + dx * :
## zero-length arrow is of indeterminate angle and so skipped
abline((r/Alpha),-(c/Alpha),col="red",lwd=3) # prey
abline(v=q/Beta,col="blue",lwd=3) # pred
Follow the arrows. What do you think the system dynamics will look like?
## Params
Alpha <- 0.001
Beta <- 0.005
r <- 0.2
q <- 0.1
c <- 0.008
InitPrey <- 100
InitPred <- 75
Nyears <- 100
step <- 0.1
System <- data.frame(prey = rep(InitPrey,(Nyears+1)*10),pred = InitPred)
doYear <- function(prevyear){
n1 <- prevyear[1] + r*prevyear[1]*step - Alpha*prevyear[1]*prevyear[2]*step - c*prevyear[1]^2*step
n2 <- prevyear[2] + Beta*prevyear[1]*prevyear[2]*step - q*prevyear[2]*step
return(c(n1,n2))
}
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System[1+i,] <- doYear(System[i,])
}
##### LOTKA VOLTERRA PREDATION EXAMPLE
## Params
InitN1 <- 100
InitN2 <- 200
System1 <- data.frame(n1 = rep(InitN1,(Nyears*10+1)),n2 = InitN2)
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System1[1+i,] <- doYear(System1[i,])
}
InitN1 <- 100
InitN2 <- 100
System2 <- data.frame(n1 = rep(InitN1,(Nyears*10+1)),n2 = InitN2)
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System2[1+i,] <- doYear(System2[i,])
}
InitN1 <- 50
InitN2 <- 20
System3 <- data.frame(n1 = rep(InitN1,(Nyears*10+1)),n2 = InitN2)
## Do simulation
for(i in 1:(Nyears*10+1)){
System3[1+i,] <- doYear(System3[i,])
}
plot(1,1,pch="",xlim=xlim,ylim=ylim,xlab="Prey",ylab="Predators")
phasearrows.draw(new)
## Warning in arrows(c(x), c(y), c(x + dx * z1/((lens2) + 0.1)), c(y + dx * :
## zero-length arrow is of indeterminate angle and so skipped
abline((r/Alpha),-(c/Alpha),col="red",lwd=3) # prey
abline(v=q/Beta,col="blue",lwd=3) # pred
points(jitter(System[,1],500),jitter(System[,2],500),col="brown",pch=20,cex=0.3)
points(jitter(System1[,1],500),jitter(System1[,2],500),col="green",pch=20,cex=0.3)
points(jitter(System2[,1],500),jitter(System2[,2],500),col="red",pch=20,cex=0.3)
points(jitter(System3[,1],500),jitter(System3[,2],500),col="blue",pch=20,cex=0.3)
Now, does the system have a stable equilibrium???
Let’s visualize as a time series!
plot(seq(1,100,length=nrow(System)), System[,1], xlab="Time", ylab="Abundance",type="l",col="orange",lwd=2,ylim=c(0,160),xlim=c(0,95))
points(seq(1,100,length=nrow(System)), System[,2], xlab="Time", ylab="Abundance",type="l",col="green",lwd=2,lty=2)
legend("top",lwd=c(2,2),lty=c(1,2),col=c("orange","green"),legend=c("prey","predator"),bty="n")
The L-V prey-predator model assumes that prey consumption per predator increases linearly with an increase in prey abundance. Following C.S. “Buzz” Holling, this is known as a “Type I” functional response.
The Type I functional response makes several unrealistic assumptions – for example, that predators never get full and stop eating!
As we have seen before, the type I functional response looks something like this!
\(f(V)=\alpha \cdot V\)
TypeIfuncresp <- function(V,alpha){
alpha*V
}
curve(TypeIfuncresp(x,0.1),0,500,xlab="Victim abundance",ylab="Total prey eaten per predator",col="red",lwd=3)
The Type II functional response takes prey saturation into account- the predators will consume more prey with increasing prey densities, but only up to a point!
The type II functional response is described mathematically as:
\(f(V,P) = \frac{\alpha V}{1+\alpha hV}\),
where f(V,P) is the functional response (prey consumed per predator).
Similar to the Type I functional response, \(\alpha\) is the “attack rate” (rate at which a predator-prey encounters increase as prey densities increase)
The new term, h, describes the handling time (average time a predator spends processing a single prey item).
The term h is probably best understood as the inverse of the maximum prey consumption rate!
Let’s visualize it!
TypeIIfuncresp <- function(V,alpha,h){
(alpha*V)/(1+alpha*h*V)
}
curve(TypeIIfuncresp(x,0.1,0.1),0,500,xlab="Victim abundance",ylab="Total prey eaten per predator",col="red",lwd=3)
The Type III functional response takes predator learning into account- as prey become more abundant (relative to other potential prey) the predators will develop a search image and the capture efficiency will increase with increasing prey abundance up to a certain point.
Conversely, as prey densities get really low, predators will stop even bothering to look for the prey, so capture efficiency will be depressed.
The type III functional response can be described mathematically as:
\(f(V,P) = \frac{\alpha V}{1+\alpha hV}\),
where f(V,P) is the functional response (prey consumed per predator).
Similar to the Type I functional response, \(\alpha\) is the “attack rate” (rate at which a predator-prey encounters increase as prey densities increase)
The new term, h, describes the handling time (average time a predator spends processing a single prey item).
The term h is probably best understood as the inverse of the maximum prey consumption rate!
Let’s visualize it!
TypeIIIfuncresp <- function(V,alpha,h,k){
(alpha*V^k)/(1+alpha*h*V^k)
}
curve(TypeIIIfuncresp(x,0.0005,0.1,1.6),0,1000,xlab="Victim abundance",ylab="Total prey eaten per predator",col="red",lwd=3)
Step 1 Add prey density-dependence to your basic predator-prey model, using the equations in the Gotelli book. Visualize the dynamics as time series and in phase space. Do you ever see oscillations with prey density dependence? Is this model more stable than the base L-V model?
Step 2 Change the functional response to a type-II functional response. Visualize the dynamics as time series and in phase space. Do you ever see oscillations with this model? Is this model more stable than the base L-V model?
Step 3 Change the model to account for prey refuges. That is, there is a segment of the prey population that is not accessible to predators. How does this change the system dynamics?
Step 4 Change the model to include a type II functional response AND prey density-dependence. How does this change the system dynamics? Is this system stable? Under what conditions?
Step 5 Evaluate the following statement (from the Gotelli Book):
“the more independent the predator and the prey are of one another, the more stable the interaction”