Web-based Trade and Market
Information Platform
Empowering East Africa's women-led SMEs to trade legally, safely, and profitably across borders
Empowering East Africa's women-led SMEs to trade legally, safely, and profitably across borders
African Marketplace provides trade and market inforamtion services that empower cross-border traders to trade legally, profitably, and safely.
African Marketplace's latest development is our web-based platform. Now any trader can access real-time market prices, exchange rates and trade procedures online. Our platform not only leverages the ubiquity of mobile phones, but also deploys web-based options to enhance delivery channels of the information necessary for East Africa's cross-border traders.
“With African Marketplace now, at the comfort of my couch or kitchen, I can get all the business and customs information I need right in my cheap old phone. I’m now more confident to pass through the gazetted route and not scared of personally clearing my goods".
“African Marketplace is like a secret partner in my business – it’s there to give me information before I go to the market and help me estimate my profit. Before I even leave my house I know the price of groundnuts in Gulu and Lira, the current exchange rate and the amount of tax I will pay”.


I found my calling after taking an intro to GIS course in college. As a kid, maps and geography had always fascinated me, and I had developed an interest in programming during my time at the University of Minnesota. GIS turned out to be a great way to mix those two worlds and the combination of both can be applied to almost every industry.
Get in touchArcGIS, QGIS, & Spatial Statistics
Web Maps, Websites, and More.
Python Applications, ArcPy, Standalone Scripts, & ArcGIS Tools
SQL, PostGIS/PostgreSQL, & ArcGIS Server
Others inlcude: Remote Sensing, AutoCAD, Excel, Google Earth, and Adobe Illustrator


User Registration
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Sample 'Restaurant'
Responsive Website
A colorful & welcoming restaurant sample website created using HTML, CSS, and JS. The focus was on interactiveness, responsiveness, & modern layout.
As a former Digital Art (Adobe CC) Teacher and Traditional Oil Painter, I found my home in Code & Design.
I specialize in Full-Stack Web Applications using HTML, CSS, JS, React, Node.js, Express.js, PostgreSQL & MongoDB.
Freelance experience in building easy-to-use dynamic sites and web apps for clients.
See my most recent works below.
A colorful & welcoming restaurant sample website created using HTML, CSS, and JS. The focus was on interactiveness, responsiveness, & modern layout.
A formal, balanced, nuetral, & responsive design that was created using HTML & CSS with a focus on the simplicity of flexbox.
A fun interactive application that uses Javascript. Skills reinforced on this project were to add eventListeners, querySelectors, & classList to coordinate actions.
This is a simple calculator functionality achieved using Javascript. The logic is very simple with the minimum lines of code possible.
Participating in the design and creation of scalable software. Writing clean, functional code
on the front- and back-end. Testing and fixing bugs or other coding issues.
Freelancing that involves providing businesses in my community that lack an online presence & technical expertise. I take pride in the experience, providing technical depth, a passion for what I can create, & my ability to get things done.
Experience teaching the Adobe CC Suite, photography, editing, graphic design and visual communication strategies. Proficient with both MAC and PC platforms. Experience with web-based content management systems, LMS, video optimization and archival techniques. Design, implemented, & maintained a physical & digital rigorous curriculum that aligns with Florida Department of Education Standards Measurement Criteria for Visual & Performing Arts.
Designed & developed full-stack applications acroos multiple platforms. Collaborated with a team of developers to build using best practices. Maintained detailed git history for all projects. Client work. Complex & Simple APIs
Designed new digital tools and methods to improve instruction. Some of these methods include the use of tools like Apple’s professional media creation applications and other digital media concepts – in addition to fundamental techniques like storytelling and game strategy. Explored theories about how people learn and become motivated and how to create compelling and inspirational content for online curricula.
Developed in each student an interest in and the ability for creative expression in visual terms, using skills and techniques of artistic expression consistent with school guidelines; to develop aesthetic understandings and appreciations; to discover and develop talents of students in the field of art.
Sponsor & Instructor of two community/school-based clubs: "Geek Club" & "Girls Who Club" where students are provided a safe place to meet or code.
Send me an email or connect with me below:


For audio speakers, which output analogue sound, the solution from the computer's point of view is to take the internal audio data and "sample it" using a technique known as pulse code modulation; typically 48,000 samples per second AKA 48kHz.
However, this by itself only allows us to play a single sound, which is not that interesting. We can play more sounds by summing the waves of all of the output signals. Hence...
audio output = sum(all signal waves)
In order to get this to a sound card and actually play the sound, we need to use a specific structure called a circular buffer which will store the data stream for use with the constant audio input/output that might occur in a game; e.g. from sound effects and music.
A well designed circular buffer must guarantee; that it will allow any given value stored to be returned in less than the buffer length; that it can always finish processing the whole buffer; that the output contains valid audio data and with no exceptions or errors.
In order to obtain the above requirements, this means the buffer must be implemented as a "mixer thread" that is spawned or declared by the program or an audio library. To create a proper mixer, it typically needs the following:
Since video games are real-time applications, this means that processor and memory and how they are used is very important. Yet there are a number of known options for dealing with this:
In most modern game design, typically some sort of middleware is provided to assist with the creation and playing of sounds or music during in-game events. Examples include; FMOD, AudioKinetic Wwise, CRI ADX2, while other game engines like Unity and Unreal feature their own middleware.
Sounds that are currently playing are read from the buffer into elements called channels and in most middleware they offer features to check whether or not they are still playing sounds or if they are paused, as well as the ability to set the 3D position of the channel; i.e. sound emission origin.
A good sound engine will be built as a finite state machine where it will be only in a single state at any given time and often have a variety of helpful features such as fadeouts, async loads, and virtual sounds. Such a state machine could have the following:
If the above are implemented into an audio engine, then the developers have quite a lot of functionality to utilize and this can allow the creation of effects, such as a low-pass-filter.


The following alphabetical index lists the functions, procedures, macros, and variables in the Arc language, with links to more information.


MailTo
Replaces obscured element with a mailto link
Install
npm install @threespot/mailto
Mailto uses the data-email
attribute of an element and converts them to mailto links. It uses the value of that attribute as the email address. Inner HTML is preserved and any occurrences of [at]
are converted to @
.
Exmaple:
Contact Us
Becomes:
<a<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Us
Works with inner HTML
Exmaple:

hello[at]threespot.com

Becomes:
<a<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Usage
html
Contact Us
js
import MailToLink from "@threespot/mailto";
const linkElem = document.getElementById("mailtoLink");
new MailToLink(linkElem);
License
Mailto is free software, and may be redistributed under the terms of the MIT license.
About Threespot
Threespot is a design and development agency from Washington, DC. We work for organizations that we believe are making a positive change in the world. Find out more about us, our projects or hire us!


-
1
-
DESCRIPTIVE
TRANSITION
METAL
CHEMISTRY
Titanium
Occurrence
–
This
element
occurs
mainly
as
oxides,
TiO2
(rutile)
and
Perovskite
(CaTiO3).
In
these,
the
Ti
occupies
octahedral
holes.
E
xtraction
–
Add
Cl2
over
Carbon
with
TiO2
to
get
TiCl4.
Ti
metal
can
be
obtained
from
TiCl4
by
adding
Mg
with
a
lack
of
air
(both
N2
and
O2
will
react
by
reduction).
T
he
Element
–
Radius
=
147pm.
Silver
metal
with
high
melting
point,
indicative
of
some
metal-metal
bonding
(1667oC).
[Ar]3d24s2.
Reacts
with
non-metals
after
heating.
T
i(II)
is
a
strong
reducing
agent,
and
the
low
ionisation
energy
here
typifies
this.
As
anticipated,
the
M/H2
couple
will
get
more
and
more
oxidising
across
the
period,
as
the
ionisation
energy
increases.
C
ompounds
–
Oxidation
State
of
+4
is
the
most
pronounced,
which
indicates
covalent
character
(a
+4
ion
would
be
unstable).
It
can
have
lower
oxidation
states
though,
but
these
are
readily
oxidised.
T
i
has
a
high
affinity
for
Oxygen
(sulphide
ores
are
rare,
unlike
other
TM’s).
Ti-O
bonds
are
short
and
strong,
which
implies
d(π)-p(π)
bonding
(vacant
d
orbitals
on
Ti).
As
a
result,
the
metal
often
has
an
oxide
film
(so
resists
corrosion).
TiO2
is
a
white
pigment
and
fairly
unreactive.
It
occupies
the
rutile
structure
predominantly
(distorted
HCP
with
half
Octahedral
holes
occupied
by
Ti).
However,
other
oxides
can
be
formed,
e.g.
Ti2O3
and
TiO.
TiCl4
forms
adducts
with
ethers,
esters,
ketones,
etc.
A
ll
tetrahalides
are
known.
As
the
halide
changes
the
colour
changes,
i.e.
the
charge-transfer
band
is
moved
to
steadily
lower
energies
(more
absorption
in
the
visible
region).
Note
that
the
tetrahalide
is
most
stable
(as
in
the
extraction
process).
There
is
now
highly
covalent
bonding.
All
trihalides
are
known.
Hard
to
make
since
tetrahalides
so
stable,
which
are
difficult
to
reduce.
Also,
TiX2
can
be
formed
by
reduction
of
TiX4
with
Ti.
There
is
extensive
Metal-Metal
bonding
here
(as
shown
by
a
low
magnetic
dipole
moment).
These
are
strongly
reducing.
C
ompounds
with
oxoanions
are
not
really
favoured,
due
to
high
ratio
of
ionic
charge
to
radius
of
Ti(IV).
M
etal-Metal
Bonding
will
occur.
It
is
favoured
due
to
large
d-orbital
overlap
(it
is
relative
to
other
TM’s
a
large
metal
ion).
There
is
only
1
d
electron
present
in
Ti3+
though.
Due
to
the
small
M-M
distance,
anions
must
be
small
to
interact,
therefore
ions
of
O,
X.
The
consequence
of
this
is
higher
enthalpies
(e.g.
of
atomization).
E
xamples:
β-TiCl3
has
an
unusual
structure
and
dark
colour,
with
Ti-Ti
bonds.
Low
magnetism
for
a
d1
ion.
[TiIII(acac)2Cl]2,
d1
diamagnet.
TiO
metallic
conductor,
black.
Compare
other
transition
metal
oxides.
C
omplexing
–
Titanium
is
just
about
large
enough
to
reach
coordinate
8
ligands,
but
this
is
rare.
Octahedral
is
the
most
common
arrangement
with
halides
and
water,
while
tetrahedral
is
adopted
by
halides.
Basically
there
is
a
wide
range
of
stereochemistry
due
to
the
d0
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
2
-
configuration
which
is
spherically
symmetrical.
Hence,
Square
Planar
only
for
bulky
ligands
with
strong
π-effects,
e.g.
N(SiMe3)2.
C
omplexes
hydrolyse
in
water
easily,
particularly
octahedral
ones.
Results
in
OH
and
O
bridging
between
the
Ti.
O
xidation
State
IV
(d=0)
gives
diamagnetic
complexes.
O
xygen
affinity
again
seen:
(cid:131)
(cid:131)
(cid:131)
Ammines
hydrolyse.
Potential
for
TiO
double
bonds,
e.g.
[TiOCl4]2-
and
KTiOPO4
(KTP
–
non-linear
optic
material,
doubles
laser
frequencies).
2+
(yellow).
Stable
peroxides
–
Ti(IV)
+
H2O2
to
form
TiO2
H
igh
coordination
number:
Ti(NO3)4
has
8
coordinate
O.
TiCl4(diars)2
has
4Cl+4As.
O
rganometallics
–
M-C
σ
bonds
are
weak
due
to
few
d
electrons
to
strengthen
it.
Ti
often
electron
deficient.
This
is
because
6
ligands
is
still
not
enough
to
attain
18e.
This
is
important
in
polymerisation
catalysis
(C=C
electron
rich).
Ziegler-Natta
catalysts
–
industrial,
very
crystalline,
high
RMM,
stereospecific
–
polyethene
and
polypropene.
U
ses
–
Properties
of
BaTiO3
–
ferroelectricity
and
applications
(transducers,
capacitors).
Z
irconium
+
Hafnium
Occurrence
–
As
oxides
and
silicates.
E
xtraction
–
Difficult
to
extract
due
to
affinity
for
oxygen.
Use
the
iodide
decomposition
process
and
then
reduction
with
sodium.
The
two
elements
are
separated
by
the
sodium,
i.e.
an
ion
exchange
resin
–
otherwise
difficult.
S
tructure
–
These
elements
have
virtually
identical
radii.
Only
things
that
differ
are
densities,
transition
temperatures
and
neutron-absorbing
abilities.
Zr
=
[Kr]4d25s2.
Hf
=
[Xe]4f145d26s2.
There
melting
points
are
1857oC
&
2222oC
respectively,
showing
that
increased
metal-metal
bonding
is
observed
down
the
Group
due
to
the
increase
in
size
(overlap)
such
that
transition
temperatures
and
enthalpies
of
atomisation
increase.
Their
size
also
explains
why
they
occur
as
more
basic
oxides
(more
aqueous
chemistry).
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
More
stable
in
higher
states.
Lower
states
tend
to
be
reducing,
and
are
not
stable
in
water
(no
aquocation
complexes).
+4
tends
to
dominate.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Only
stable
oxides
are
MO2.
These
are
7-coordinate.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Zr
&
Hf
halides
are
all
white
(they
are
less
polarizing
to
the
halide
compared
to
Ti).
They
are
typically
tetrahedral,
although
this
can
vary
in
the
solid
state,
where
octahedral
coordination
can
occur
to
give
zigzag
polymer
chains
which
edge-share.
All
tetrahalides
are
known,
and
also
all
trihalides
except
HfF3.
Any
lower
halides
will
form
clusters.
C
omplexing
–
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
3
-
4-,
ZrF7
3-,
etc.
Zr
tends
Will
favour
much
higher
coordination
numbers
such
as
7
&
8,
e.g.
ZrF8
to
favour
8.
There
size
allows
them
to
coordinate
more
ligands
without
steric
repulsions,
and
this
is
advantageous
electrostatically.
Lower
oxidation
states
are
usually
hydrolysed,
as
these
element
favour
O-donor
ligands
strongly
like
Titanium.
U
ses
–
Zr
is
a
useful
structural
metal
(like
Ti).
Low
neutron
capture
cross-section,
use
for
nuclear
fuel
cans.
Must
separate
Hf
fully
for
this.
ZrO2
is
as
hard
as
diamond
–
used
as
a
cutting
tool.
Reacts
with
steam
to
form
H2,
as
at
Chernobyl!
S
ummary
–
(cid:131)
High
oxidation
states
predominate.
(cid:131)
Very
electropositive
elements,
difficult
to
extract.
(cid:131)
Empty
d-orbitals
encourages
oxygen
ligands.
(cid:131)
High
charge,
extensive
hydrolysis
and
polymerisation
in
water.
(cid:131)
High
charge,
and
size,
several
examples
of
coordination
number
>
6.
(cid:131)
Lower
oxidation
states
with
large
d-orbital
radius,
many
examples
of
M-M
bonds.
V
anadium
Occurrence
–
VO4
and
VS4
compounds.
E
xtraction
–
Add
NaCl
or
Na2CO3
at
high
temperatures
to
give
NaVO3.
Leached
out
with
water.
Al
used
as
reductant.
VCl5
reduced
with
H2
or
Mg.
S
tructure
–
Metallic
BCC.
Shiny
silver
metals.
Additive
to
steel
–
V4C3
formed
with
any
carbon
present,
which
disperses
to
make
the
steel
more
resistant
to
wear
and
stronger.
P
roperties
–
Radius
has
contracted
compared
to
Ti,
showing
that
the
extra
d
electron
does
not
compensate
sufficiently
for
the
extra
nuclear
charge
(higher
Zeff).
Highest
melting
point
of
the
1st
row
(1915oC)
since
Vanadium
is
the
last
element
before
some
of
the
(n-1)d
electrons
begin
to
enter
the
inert
electron
core
of
the
atom
(hence
not
available
for
bonding).
For
the
same
reason,
it
is
also
last
element
that
is
not
strongly
oxidising
in
the
Group
oxidation
state.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
+4
state
is
most
stable,
but
+3
and
+2
are
stable
(although
reducing).
Vanadium
is
the
most
stable
Transition
Metal
in
lower
oxidation
states.
Only
pentahalide
is
with
fluoride
(since
it
is
so
oxidising),
otherwise
Vanadium(V)
forms
pentoxides
and
oxohalides.
VO2+
is
a
very
stable
ion
(vanadyl).
C
oordination
Numbers
–
+4
state
can
reach
8
(which
would
be
good
with
low
steric
repulsions,
because
M-L
bonds
maximise
the
energy
of
the
complex),
but
not
+5
unless
bidentate
ligands,
because
the
metal
is
too
small,
and
steric
effects
become
limiting.
Tends
to
form
octahedral
complexes
(typical
of
1st
row
TM’s).
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Most
stable
oxide
is
V2O5.
Complicated
arrangement
of
trigonal
bipyramids.
It
dissolves
in
acid
to
produce
the
pale
yellow
VO2
+
ion.
3-
In
alkali
it
forms
VO4
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
4
-
Intermediate
pHs
give
hydrolysis
/
polymerisation
reactions
to
form
isopolyvanadates.
This
oxide
can
also
be
reduced
to
VO2
(deep
blue,
rutile
distorted
by
M-M
bonding).
Magneli
phases
(see
later
metals)
can
be
formed
by
reduction
with
H2,
CO
or
C.
V2O3
is
highly
basic
(V(III)
ions
formed)
and
is
conductive
above
170K
but
insulating
below
this.
VO
can
also
be
formed
(grey).
Thus,
wide
range
of
oxides
possible.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Vanadium
V
forms
only
the
fluoride.
This
forms
a
polymer
chain.
Vanadium
IV
does
not
form
the
iodide.
All
halides
of
V(III)
and
V(II)
are
known.
Hydrolysis
of
VCl4
gives
oxovanadium(IV)
chloride
(similarly
for
VBr4).
Dihalides
have
simplistic
structure.
I
n
Aqueous
–
VO5
gives
polymerised
vanadates.
C
omplexing
–
Vanadium(V)
binds
to
oxygen
very
strongly,
like
titanium.
Means
that
complexes
not
containing
V-O
bonds
are
susceptible
to
hydrolysis.
Tetrahalides
of
oxidation
state
+4
are
Lewis
acids,
and
end
up
coordinating
6.
VO2
+
stable,
vanadium(IV).
Is
type
a
(hard),
binds
very
strongly
to
F
in
particular.
Usually
5-
coordinate
square
pyramidal.
Vanadium(III)
is
similar
to
Titanium(III)
and
favours
octahedral
coordination
(d2).
M-C
sigma
bond
is
very
weak
–
limited
chemistry,
but
more
stable
than
Titanium
version.
Will
form
a
hexacarbonyl,
for
example.
Mostly
octahedral
and
tetrahedral
compounds
(since
low
spin
always,
no
reason
for
Square
Planar).
N
iobium
+
Tantalum
Occurrence
–
(Fe,Mn)M2O6
E
xtraction
–
Dissolve
in
acid,
then
separate
by
solvent
extraction
(one
more
soluble
than
the
other),
then
reduce
with
Na
or
C.
S
tructure
–
Metallic
BCC.
Shiny
silver
metals.
Nb
used
with
Zr
in
superconductors.
Ta
very
resistant
to
corrosion
–
tough
oxide
layer.
Also
is
an
insulator.
P
roperties
–
Unlike
V,
the
entry
of
(n-1)d
electrons
does
not
occur,
and
they
are
not
of
the
highest
melting
points.
However,
they
are
higher
than
V,
indicating
more
metal-metal
bonding
is
occurring.
Tend
to
oxidise,
as
for
Vanadium.
The
two
elements
are
virtually
identical
in
size
(due
to
Lanthanide
Contraction
–
addition
f-
electron
shell
is
weakly
shielding
and
allows
d-electrons
to
penetrate
just
as
well
for
Ta
as
for
Nb).
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Mostly
+5.
Note
that
highest
oxidation
state
of
V
is
the
most
favoured
of
the
triad
below.
Other
oxidation
states
rarely
found.
This
is
because
the
4d
and
5d
orbitals
are
less
influenced
by
the
formal
charge
of
the
metal
as
they
penetrate
further
into
the
core.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
+5
state
gives
coordination
number
of
8
even
with
monodentate
ligands.
This
is
due
to
these
elements
being
larger
than
V,
so
they
can
coordinate
more
ligands
without
the
interference
of
steric
repulsion
between
them.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
5
-
+3/+2
chemistry
not
known.
Instead,
form
cluster
compounds
based
on
octahedral
M6X12
units.
This
indicates
strong
metal-metal
bonding
due
to
greater
overlap
of
orbitals
(as
shown
by
high
enthalpies
of
atomisation).
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Pentoxides
are
much
more
stable
for
Nb
and
Ta
than
for
V,
so
hard
to
reduce.
Hence
there
is
less
of
a
range
of
oxides
found.
Nb
more
easily
forms
lower
oxides
than
Ta.
More
extensive
metal-metal
bonding
is
observed
here
due
to
greater
overlap.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
All
halides
known
for
Nb
and
Ta
in
the
high
oxidation
state
(unique
in
this
respect).
MF3
and
TaF4
not
known.
Clustering
occurs
in
lower
oxidation
states.
MF5
are
tetramers,
MCl5
and
MBr5
are
dimers
(contrast
VF5
polymers).
Tetrahalides
are
easily
hydrolysed.
Structures
reflect
increased
metal-metal
bonding
tendencies.
Dihalides
do
not
exist.
Instead
forms
clusters.
These
are
diamagnetic,
indicating
metal-metal
bonding.
C
omplexing
–
Nb(V)
and
Ta(V)
are
often
pentahalides.
Concentrations
of
HF
can
be
varied
to
increase
coordination
to
6,
7
and
8
(more
easily
for
Ta).
In
aqueous
solutions,
X=Cl,
Br
will
give
oxochloro-
or
oxobromo-
complexes
instead.
Forms
octahedral
and
tetrahedral
complexes
on
the
whole.
Can
coordinate
more
ligands
than
V
though,
due
to
size
(sterics).
Nb
and
Ta
are
generally
classed
as
type
a
(hard,
O
&
N)
but
will
bind
to
S
readily,
as
well
as
P.
Nb(III)
and
Ta(III)
chemistry
does
exist,
particularly
with
S
and
P
donor
ligands.
Not
very
stable
though.
C
hromium
Occurrence
–
Ore
is
chromite,
Fe(II)Cr(II)
2O4,
a
normal
spinel.
E
xtraction
–
Add
NaOH
+
O2
to
oxidise,
then
add
C
to
give
Cr2O3.
Cr2O3
can
be
converted
to
Cr
by
adding
Al.
S
tructure
–
Metallic
BCC,
silver,
fairly
soft.
[Ar]3d54s2.
Metal-Metal
bonding
can
occur.
Lower
melting
point
and
enthalpy
of
atomisation
than
Vanadium
(1900oC),
due
to
more
electrons
entering
the
inert
electron
core
(less
readily
delocalised
by
metal-metal
bonds).
Ionisation
Energy
has
also
increased,
and
successive
ionisation
energies
are
difficult
because
(as
for
all
1st
row
TM’s)
the
3d
orbital
is
sensitive
to
charge.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
2-.
+6
is
highly
oxidising,
so
can
only
support
O
and
F
ligands,
e.g.
Cr2O4
+5
is
unstable.
+3
is
the
dominant
oxidation
state
(d=3).
It
forms
very
stable
complexes,
which
do
not
substitute
ligands
easily.
Drop
from
+4
being
most
stable
in
Vanadium
because
of
more
electrons
in
inert
core.
+2
is
Jahn-Teller
distorted.
It
is
strongly
reducing.
The
ethanoate
can
be
isolated
and
dimerises,
indicating
metal-metal
bonding
occurs.
This
compound
is
also
diamagnetic.
Cr(0)
is
stable,
e.g.
Cr(CO)6.
This
fulfils
the
18e
rule.
There
is
a
wide
range
of
low
oxidation
state
organometallic
compounds.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
As
typifies
most
1st
row
transition
metals,
octahedral
is
favoured
for
most
complexes.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
6
-
CrO3
has
low
melting
point,
since
it
has
a
high
degree
of
covalency.
Forms
corner
sharing
tetrahedra.
Also
strongly
acidic.
This
converts
to
Cr2O3
under
heating
–
stable.
CrO2
–
rutile.
Intermediate
of
CrO3
decomposition.
Has
a
less
wide
range
of
poly
oxoanions,
unlike
Vanadium
and
Molybdenum.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
+6
oxidation
state
can
support
Fluoride
only.
Iodides
not
stable
in
+5/+4.
Halides
implies
fluorides
for
stable
chemistry
in
higher
oxidation
states.
Lower
oxidation
states
–
all
known.
Trihalides
have
octahedral
coordination.
Hexahalides
easily
hydrolysed.
Dihalides
are
Jahn-Teller
distorted
(d4).
C
omplexing
–
Oxidation
State
VI
tends
to
involve
oxohalides
not
halides.
|
|
|
3eg
1)
or
low
spin
(t2g
4).
Jahn-Teller
also
occurs.
Tends
to
|
form
dinuclear
compounds
with
multiple
metal-metal
bonds
+
bridging
groups.
Also
prefers
N-
donor
ligands.
O
rganometallics
–
6
ligands
will
satisfy
the
18e
rule,
so
there
is
plenty
of
scope
for
organometallic
Cr
compounds,
particularly
with
carbonyl
ligands.
M
olybdenum
+
Tungsten
Occurrence
–
Mo(IV)S2.
CaW(VI)O4
E
xtraction
–
Mo
extracted
by
adding
O2,
then
NH4OH
to
give
MoO3.
Mo(s)
by
adding
H2.
W
extracted
by
adding
NaOH
then
HCl,
then
H2.
S
tructure
–
Metallic
BCC,
silver,
fairly
soft.
Metal-Metal
bonding
is
more
prolific
in
these
elements
because
the
d-orbital
overlap
is
larger
and
the
electron-electron
repulsions
are
smaller.
In
fact,
Tungsten
is
the
last
element
in
the
3rd
row
to
have
all
5d
electrons
in
metal
bonding
(i.e.
it
forms
metal-metal
bonds
to
the
greatest
degree
of
all
TM’s).
T
he
M-M
bonds
do
not
occur
in
higher
oxidation
states
(e.g.
not
in
Mo2Cl10
–
paramagnetic).
This
is
due
to
orbital
contraction
reducing
its
effectiveness.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Higher
oxidation
states
are
more
stabilised
here
than
for
Cr,
as
expected
for
2nd/3rd
row.
R
edox
–
Mo(III)
is
reducing
(as
opposed
to
Cr(III)
being
neither).
This
is
due
to
stability
of
higher
oxidation
state.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
Both
can
reach
high
coordination
numbers.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
No
lower
oxides
unlike
Cr.
MoO2
and
MoO3
common,
as
are
Magneli
phases,
e.g.
Mo8O23
(mixed
valence).
This
is
where
rows
of
oxygen
atoms
have
been
removed
from
MO3,
and
M(VI)
and
M(V)
are
present.
WO3
is
a
typical
ionic
structure
with
WO6
octahedra.
Trioxides
are
insoluble
in
water
and
not
particularly
oxidising.
Heating
gives
MO2.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
7
-
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Dihalides
not
very
stable.
Tend
to
form
clusters
to
maximise
metal-metal
bonding.
Hexahalides
easily
hydrolysed.
Structure
of
Mo
&
W
trihalides
often
distorts
to
increase
metal-metal
contribution,
and
form
classic
cluster
compounds.
C
omplexing
–
Oxidation
State
V
is
more
stable
for
these
metals
than
Cr.
Oxidation
State
III
few
and
far
between,
especially
for
W
(metal-metal
triple
bonds
mostly).
Oxidation
State
II
shows
a
difference
between
Mo
and
W,
Mo
behaves
like
Cr
in
that
it
tends
to
form
dinuclear
metal-metal
bonded
compounds,
while
W
does
not.
O
rganometallics
–
Mo
is
important
in
nitrogen
fixation
(N2
isoelectronic
to
CO).
As
for
Cr,
18e
rule
easily
satisfied,
so
many
organometallic
compounds
possible.
M
anganese
Occurrence
–
Very
common.
Silicates.
Also
more
useful
as
oxides.
E
xtraction
–
Reduce
MnO2
in
blast
furnace
with
C.
Alternatively,
electrolysis
for
pure
sample.
S
tructure
–
4
allotropes
known,
most
common
in
BCC.
Hard
and
brittle.
Metal-metal
bonding
is
weak
because
3d
electrons
are
held
tightly
in
inert
electron
core.
Hence
lower
mp
(1244oC)
and
enthalpy
of
atomisation.
Change
in
the
common
trend
for
radii,
where
Mn
is
large
compared
to
the
expected
drop
across
the
period.
This
is
due
to
the
stability
of
the
free
d5
configuration,
and
also
explains
the
further
loss
of
metal-metal
bonding
that
is
seen.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Most
stable
is
+2
(high
spin
d5)
and
follows
the
trend
V(cid:198)Cr(cid:198)Mn).
This
great
stability
explains
why
the
redox
potential
in
moving
from
higher
oxidation
states
is
so
large.
+7
is
Group
Oxidation
state,
and
is
extremely
oxidising
(3d
electrons
held
tightly
by
nucleus).
Wide
range
of
states
possible
because
the
d-orbitals
have
not
yet
dropped
in
energy
into
the
inert
electron
core,
so
the
number
of
electrons
available
for
bonding
is
maximised.
R
edox
–
Highly
electropositive
compared
to
its
neighbours
in
Periodic
Table.
More
reactive.
Will
oxidise
in
air
but
not
on
a
large
scale.
Burns
in
air
if
finely
divided.
Dissolves
in
acid
to
form
Mn(II)
salts.
Not
particularly
reactive
at
room
temperature,
but
will
react
with
most
things
after
heating.
+2
state
very
stable
(high
spin
d5
–
symmetrical).
This
breaks
the
trend
–
more
resistant
to
oxidation
than
either
Cr
of
Fe.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Mn2O7
requires
prior
oxidation
to
+7
state.
MnO2
most
useful.
Corner-sharing
MnO4
tetrahedra
with
Mn-O-Mn
bridging.
Not
the
most
stable
though,
it
will
decompose
to
Mn2O3.
Mn3O4
has
spinel
structure
with
some
Jahn-Teller
distortion
(Mn(III)).
MnO
can
be
made
by
reduction
of
any
of
the
above
with
H2.
Basic
oxide.
Rock
salt
structure.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
MnF4
is
highest
halide
for
Manganese
(note
that
this
shows
Mn
is
less
able
to
reach
high
oxidation
states
than
Chromium).
MnF3
forms
octahedra
which
distort
due
to
Jahn-Teller
(d4).
Oxohalides
are
explosively
unstable.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
8
-
C
omplexing
–
Many
d-electrons
available
for
back-donation
from
metal
to
ligand,
stabilising
low
oxidation
states.
Oxidation
State
VII,
VI
&
V
–
not
really
any.
Oxidation
State
IV
highest
for
stable
complexes.
Mostly
dimeric
or
polymeric
(as
in
chlorophyll,
photosynthesis).
Oxidation
State
III
–
high
spin
d4.
Small
Jahn-Teller
distortions
also
observed.
Mn(III)
is
strongly
oxidising
and
tends
to
disproportionate,
but
is
stabilised
by
O-donor
ligands.
[Mn(CN)6]3-
is
low
spin
however
(good
ligand
–
π
bonding,
covalency.
Easily
oxidised).
Oxidation
State
II
–
MnSO4
very
important
complex.
Surprising
thermal
stability
(compared
to
Fe,
Co
and
Ni
which
all
decompose
quite
easily
under
heat).
3eg
2).
d5
configuration
gives
no
CFSE
so
In
water
this
forms
the
aquated
ion
with
high
spin
(t2g
stability
constants
are
low
compared
to
other
1st
row
M(II)
ions.
Also
indicates
why
a
wide
range
of
stereochemistry
is
observed
for
these
complexes
(no
really
advantage
to
any
of
|
them
if
no
CFSE).
|
|
|
O
rganometallics
–
|
|
Limited
to
low
Oxidation
States.
Carbonyl
is
quite
stable,
and
dimerises
(M-M
bond).
|
|
|
T
echnetium
+
Rhenium
|
|
Occurrence
–
|
Technetium
is
an
artificial
element.
Rhenium
concentrations
extremely
low
(last
natural
element
found).
Part
of
molybdenites.
E
xtraction
–
Tc
can
be
acquired
from
Uranium
fission
in
nuclear
power
plants.
Re
collects
as
Re2O7
after
roasting
molybdenites.
Reduced
by
H2.
S
tructure
–
HCP.
Typical
metallic
appearance.
Re
has
very
high
melting
point
(2nd
only
to
W).
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Do
not
tend
to
decrease
below
+4
state.
R
edox
–
Less
reactive
than
Mn.
Resist
oxidation
in
air.
Lower
oxidation
states
less
favoured,
particularly
Re,
where
+2
state
is
ignored
in
preference
of
Re(III)
clusters.
Tc
easily
converts
from
one
oxidation
state
to
another
(low
gradient
on
Frost
Diagram).
+7
state
less
oxidising
for
these
two
elements
–
more
stable
here.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Re2O7
is
most
stable
product
on
burning
in
oxygen.
Re
compound
has
a
different
structure
–
higher
mp
–
polymeric
double
layers.
Only
Re
forms
stable
trioxide
(reduction
of
Re2O7
with
CO).
Octahedral.
Will
disproportionate
if
boiled
in
alkali.
Re2O5
not
very
stable,
but
known.
Also
disproportionates.
TcO2
is
its
most
stable
oxide
(+4
state).
ReO2
also
known,
and
both
are
rutile.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
ReF7
is
only
stable
heptahalide
of
a
transition
metal.
ReCl4
forms
face-sharing
pairs
which
then
link
in
chains,
indicating
metal-metal
bonding
factors
(face
sharing
=
close
metal
nuclei).
TcF6
is
the
highest
for
Technetium.
TcCl4
only
stable
chloride
–
edge-sharing
octahedra.
Halides
tend
to
form
mixtures
and
convert
to
oxohalides
easily,
so
hard
to
separate
and
study.
Re(III)
forms
clusters,
e.g.
Re3Cl9.
Dissolves
in
water
then
hydrolyses
to
give
Re2O3.
These
elements
do
not
form
dihalides.
Oxohalides
here
are
more
stable
than
for
Mn,
but
do
hydrolyse
and
disproportionate
easily.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
9
-
Metal-Metal
bonding
especially
important
for
low
to
mid
oxidation
states.
This
is
observed
for
many
of
these
type
of
metals,
e.g.
Nb,
Ta,
Mo,
W,
(Tc),
Re.
C
omplexing
–
Oxidation
State
VII
–
limited
to
oxohalides
of
Re,
easily
hydrolysed.
Oxidation
State
VI
–
fluoro/oxo
complexes
dominate.
Oxidation
State
V
–
mainly
oxo
complexes
still.
Tc
forms
many
in
this
state
of
importance
biologically.
Can
be
8-coordinate.
Oxidation
State
IV
–
not
that
many
since
metal-metal
bonding
not
most
effective
and
oxo-
compounds
not
as
favoured
as
in
higher
states.
Oxidation
State
III
–
Tc
complexes
known
and
stabilised
by
back-bonding
ligands.
Usually
6
coordinate.
Re(III)
needs
to
be
stabilised
by
extensive
metal-metal
bonding
or
it
will
oxidise
to
IV
or
VII
easily.
Oxidation
State
II
–
very
limited
–
P/As
donors
only.
O
rganometallics
–
Re
has
wide
range
of
organometallic
compounds
possible.
It
can
extend
these
compounds
right
up
to
VII
Oxidation
State.
Carbonyls
are
less
stable
than
for
Mn
in
low
oxidation
states.
|
I
ron
|
|
Occurrence
–
|
|
Very
stable
nucleus,
hence
great
abundance.
Many
oxides
and
carbonates.
|
|
|
E
xtraction
–
|
Blast
furnace.
Reduction
over
C
/
CO.
S
tructure
–
Soft
metal.
BCC.
Turns
to
FCC
at
higher
temperatures
(and
eventually
back
to
BCC
at
really
high
temperatures).
[Ar]3d64s2.
Magnetic
(lots
of
unpaired
electrons
aligned).
(n-1)d
electrons
are
contributing
less
to
metallic
bonding
than
in
previous
groups,
although
Mn
is
anomalous.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
First
element
in
1st
row
that
does
not
reach
its
group
oxidation
state
of
+8.
Highest
known
is
+6
but
this
is
very
easily
reduced.
Most
common
states
are
+2
and
+3.
R
edox
–
Iron
much
more
reactive
than
Ru
or
Os.
Oxide
film
formed
by
oxidising
acids
protects
it
from
further
reaction.
Also,
iron
rusts.
Reacts
with
air
/
water.
Iron
has
the
widest
range
of
spin
states:
every
integer
and
half-integer
from
0
to
5/2.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
FeO
is
unstable
wrt
Fe
+
Fe3O4.
Fe3O4
is
a
mixture
of
Fe(II)
and
Fe(III).
Inverse
spinel.
Conducts
electricity
due
to
transfer
of
electrons
between
Fe(II)
and
Fe(III).
Fe2O3
is
the
Fe(III)
state
and
is
quite
stable.
They
all
interconvert
quite
easily
though
due
to
similar
structures,
except
the
stable
form
of
Fe2O3
which
has
a
HCP
lattice.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Iron
forms
only
trihalides
and
dihalides
Iron
(III)
iodide
not
stable
due
to
Fe(III)
being
oxidising
and
I-
being
reducing.
C
omplexing
–
Fe
has
extensive
aqueous
chemistry
in
lower
oxidation
states.
Oxidation
State
III
complexes
can
be
either
high
or
low
spin,
and
are
usually
(but
not
always)
octahedral.
The
aquo
ion
is
too
easily
hydrolysed
to
be
common.
Iron
in
this
state
greatly
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
10
-
prefers
O-donors
to
N-donors
(ammines
very
unstable,
even
chelating
ones
are)
(unlike
Cr(III)
which
is
otherwise
similar).
Down
the
halide
group,
the
complexes
with
iron
become
much
less
stable
such
that
Br-
and
I-
are
unknown
since
they
readily
reduce
iron
to
Fe(II).
Fe(III)
is
d5
and
thus
there
is
no
great
advantage
to
any
particular
stereochemistry,
so
a
range
is
observed.
Usually
high
spin
is
preferred
unless
ligand
is
very
strong.
Oxidation
State
II
will
bind
to
almost
any
anion.
Aquated
ion
is
stable
now.
Fe(II)
is
however
susceptible
to
oxidation
to
Fe(III).
The
complexes
are
often
less
stable
than
with
Fe(III)
due
to
lower
charge
of
central
metal
ion.
Most
are
octahedral
and
high
spin,
again
unless
the
ligand
is
very
strong,
in
which
case
low
spin
octahedral
is
preferred.
Lower
oxidation
state
complexes
can
be
achieved
with
carbonyls
and
phosphines.
O
rganometallics
–
d8
configuration
allows
for
18
electron
rule
to
be
satisfied
–
M(CO)5.
R
uthenium
+
Osmium
Occurrence
–
Metallic
state.
E
xtraction
–
Distillation
of
tetroxide.
S
tructure
–
Osmium
is
the
most
dense
element.
HCP,
not
very
malleable.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Both
these
metals
will
reach
the
group
oxidation
state
of
+8.
This
is
the
highest
oxidation
state
for
any
element.
Ru(VIII)
not
very
stable
though,
unlike
Os.
Thus,
2nd
row
and
3rd
row
not
quite
so
alike
as
earlier
in
transition
series.
Most
common
states
are
+3
for
Ru
and
+4
for
Os.
R
edox
–
Virtually
unaffected
by
non-oxidising
acids,
unlike
iron.
Hard
to
get
them
to
react
with
non-
metals
as
well
unless
powerful
oxidising
agents.
Resist
atmospheric
attack.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Do
not
compare
to
Iron
at
all.
Lowest
oxidation
state
of
oxides
is
+4.
RuO2
&
OsO2
–
rutile.
Tetroxides
are
volatile.
Tetrahedral
molecules.
OsO4
dissolves
in
alkali
and
oxidises
HCl
to
Cl2.
Oxidises
C=C
bonds
to
diols.
Very
volatile
and
very
toxic.
RuO4
not
as
stable
and
can
explode
at
100oC
or
if
brought
into
contact
with
oxidisable
organic
solvents.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Heptafluoride
of
Os
exists,
but
very
unstable.
OsF6
is
comparatively
stable
next
to
other
hexafluorides.
Ru
doesn’t
form
Chlorides
above
+3
state,
which
is
surprising
when
compared
to
Os.
C
omplexing
–
Ru
has
some
aqueous
chemistry,
while
Os
has
none.
Osmium
can
form
complexes
based
on
OsO4
in
the
Oxidation
State
of
VIII.
Fluorides
of
Ru
and
Os
exist
in
VII
state.
Oxidation
State
IV
(d4)
most
stable
for
Osmium.
Ruthenium
complexes
tend
to
reduce
to
Ru(III).
They
are
always
low
spin
octahedral
with
2
unpaired
electrons.
Oxidation
State
III
gives
octahedral
low
spin
again
here
with
now
1
unpaired
electron.
Best
state
for
Ru
to
be
in.
Os(III)
rarely
found,
since
it
is
either
oxidised
to
IV,
or
if
strong
pi-
acceptor
ligands
are
present,
reduced
to
Os(II).
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
11
-
Cobalt
Occurrence
&
Extraction
–
Arsenides
and
sulphides.
By-product
of
nickel
extraction.
S
tructure
–
Lustrous
and
silvery
with
bluish
tinge.
Less
hard
than
others
in
triad,
but
harder
than
iron.
HCP
unless
heated
(FCC).
Melting
point
and
enthalpy
of
atomisation
lower
than
previous
group
due
to
more
d
electrons
in
the
inert
core.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Lower
range
of
oxidation
states
here
due
to
stability
of
(n-1)d
electrons
–
attraction
to
nucleus
is
now
sufficient
to
prevent
the
elements
attaining
the
highest
oxidation
states.
No
Group
Oxidation
State.
+5
is
highest
oxidation
state,
but
rare,
as
is
+4.
+2
and
+3
most
common.
+3
is
a
strong
oxidising
agent,
and
will
oxidise
water
with
evolution
of
oxygen.
Thus,
Co(III)
produces
few
simple
salts,
and
they
are
unstable.
Is
a
very
good
6
produces
very
high
CFSE.
complexing
metal
though
–
low
spin
t2g
R
edox
–
Less
reactive
than
iron.
Stable
to
atmospheric
oxygen
unless
heated.
Dissolves
to
give
Co(II).
Unreactive
to
H2
and
N2.
Reacts
with
C,
P,
S,
X
on
heating.
Oxoanion
compounds
are
rare
since
binding
oxygen
will
donate
pi-electrons,
and
the
Co
shell
is
already
rather
full.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
Rarely
above
6,
reflecting
trend
to
decrease
in
coordination
across
period.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Only
two
forms
–
CoO
and
Co3O4.
CoO
is
stable
in
air
up
to
600-700oC.
Co(II)Co(III)2O4
has
normal
spinel
structure.
Expected
since
d6
favours
octahedral
sites
–
low
spin
implies
favourable
CFSE.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Co
forms
dihalides
predominantly,
and
also
CoF3
(highly
oxidising).
Co
is
always
octahedrally
coordinated.
C
omplexing
–
Oxidation
State
III
–
large
range
of
complexes,
due
to
low
spin
octahedral
arrangement
giving
6
(12/5∆o).
Binds
very
strong
to
N-donors.
large
CFSE
with
t2g
Co(III)
complexes
are
kinetically
inert,
so
are
made
by
oxidising
Co(II)
in
presence
of
ligands.
O-donor
ligands
are
less
stable
than
N-donors.
Forms
bridged
superoxide
states
though
(dimer).
Class
a
metal
–
doesn’t
bind
to
heavier
atoms
of
Groups
15
&
16.
Oxidation
State
II
–
one
of
the
most
stable
oxidation
states.
Not
nearly
as
common
as
Co(III)
6
stable.
Most
commonly
high
spin
octahedral,
unless
CN-
or
similar
ligand.
since
no
longer
t2g
Tetrahedral
geometry
is
very
favoured
here
compared
to
other
transition
metals
(CFSE
reasoning
–
d7).
[Co(H2O)6]2+
is
stable
now.
Oxidation
State
I
–
requires
π-accepting
stabilisation
–
organic
ligands.
O
rganometallics
–
M-M
bonds
required
to
satisfy
18e
rule,
so
less
common.
Co(CO)4
-
(Co-1)
is
known
(18e
compound).
R
hodium
+
Iridium
Occurrence
–
Metallic
state.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
12
-
Structure
–
Lustrous
and
silvery.
Both
are
hard
metals.
FCC
–
more
stable
than
BCC/HCP
when
outer
d
orbitals
are
nearly
full
(first
elements
to
do
so).
Melting
points
and
enthalpy
of
atomisation
lower
than
previous
group
due
to
more
d
electrons
in
the
inert
core.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Lower
range
of
oxidation
states
here
due
to
stability
of
(n-1)d
electrons
–
attraction
to
nucleus
is
now
sufficient
to
prevent
the
elements
attaining
the
highest
oxidation
states.
No
Group
Oxidation
State.
Effect
of
CFSE
for
Co
is
greater
for
heavier
elements
because
field
splittings
are
much
greater.
+3
is
the
most
important
state
for
Rh
and
Ir
and
only
forms
[M(H2O)6]3+
aquo
cation.
With
strong
π-accepting
ligands,
+1
oxidation
state
is
known.
Significant
differences
however
between
Rh
and
Ir
(e.g.
+4
state
for
Ir),
unlike
most
of
the
earlier
triads.
Trend
as
you
move
across
2nd
row.
R
edox
–
React
slowly
on
heating
with
oxygen.
Very
resistant
to
acids.
Oxoanion
complexes
are
rare
since
binding
oxygen
will
donate
pi-electrons,
and
the
M
shell
is
already
rather
full.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
Rarely
above
6,
reflecting
trend
to
decrease
in
coordination
across
period.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Rh
forms
only
Rh2O3
(the
stable
one)
and
RhO2
(rutile),
while
Ir
forms
only
IrO2
(rutile).
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Ir
and
Rh
can
form
higher
fluorides,
but
mostly
form
the
stable
trihalides.
RhF6
is
very
unstable.
Dihalides
not
known
conclusively.
C
omplexing
–
Ir(IV)
is
the
only
element
in
this
triad
capable
of
forming
stable
complexes
in
this
oxidation
state.
Rh(III)
and
Ir(III)
are
low
spin
and
diamagnetic.
Mostly
octahedral.
Similarly
to
Co(III),
they
bind
to
N-donors
preferentially.
M-C
bond
strength
increases
in
the
order
Co
<
Rh
<
Ir.
Rh
will
form
bridged
superoxides
like
Co.
Class
b
metals,
unlike
Co.
Bind
to
P,
As
and
S
donor
ligands.
Transition
from
hard
to
soft
occurs
at
Rhodium.
Oxidation
State
II
–
not
stable,
unlike
Co(II).
O
rganometallics
–
M-M
bonds
required
to
satisfy
18e
rule
–
no
mononuclear
carbonyl
complexes.
N
ickel
Occurrence
–
NiS.
Note
sulphide
not
oxide,
reflects
high
covalency
of
metal-sulphide
bond.
This
is
because
as
Zeff
increases
across
the
period,
the
energy
of
the
accepting
orbitals
is
lowered.
Thus,
sulphides
are
less
soluble.
Also,
Ni-Ni
bond
length
is
as
short
as
possible.
E
xtraction
–
Heat
in
air.
NiO
+
C
(cid:198)
Ni.
Purified
by
adding
carbonyl.
S
tructure
–
Silvery-white,
lustrous.
Malleable
and
ductile.
FCC
–
nearly
filled
d-shells
predicts
this.
I
onisation
Energy
–
+2
has
high
ionisation
energy,
hence
small
heat
of
formation
(easily
reduced
to
metal).
Ni
=
737
kJ
mol-1.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
13
-
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
+2
is
the
most
stable
state,
with
0
and
+4
also
known.
+4
has
low
thermal
stability.
+3
is
very
rare,
and
needs
highly
stabilising
ligands.
Note
decrease
in
maximum
oxidation
state
trend
starting
with
Mn.
R
edox
–
Not
particularly
reactive,
though
will
tarnish
when
heated
in
air.
React
with
P,
S
more
readily,
so
“soft”.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
Octahedral
with
small
uncharged
ligands.
Tetrahedral
with
large
charged
ligands.
Square
Planar
with
strong
field
ligands
(normally
π-acceptors).
More
reluctant
to
form
compounds
with
high
coordination
numbers
(rarely
above
6).
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Only
really
forms
NiO.
Greater
range
of
nickel
sulphides
possible,
with
the
NiAs
structure.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Trihalides
not
really
known
–
impure
mixtures
of
oxidation
states.
Dihalides
dissolve
in
water
to
give
the
aquated
ion
easily.
C
omplexing
–
6
configuration.
Oxidation
State
IV
–
Octahedral,
diamagnetic.
Low
spin
t2g
Oxidation
State
III
–
more
numerous
for
Ni
than
for
Pd/Pt.
Jahn-Teller
distortion
will
occur
6eg
1).
here
(t2g
Oxidation
State
II
–
easily
the
most
stable
state.
Thus,
resists
redox
reactions.
Ni(II)
will
bind
to
a
wide
range
of
ligands.
Mostly
octahedral
and
square
planar,
except
[NiX4]2-
which
are
tetrahedral
(ligand
not
strong
enough
to
support
Square
Planar
arrangement).
d8
configuration
favours
octahedral
over
tetrahedral.
Also,
for
square
planar,
all
8
electrons
can
be
in
4
lower
orbitals,
thus
low
symmetry
or
strong
ligands
split
the
d-orbitals
enough
to
offset
the
energy
required
to
pair
up
2
electrons.
Favoured
for
strong
field
ligands.
O
rganometallics
–
[Ni(CO)4]
conforms
to
18
electron
rule.
P
alladium
+
Platinum
Occurrence
–
As
metals.
E
xtraction
–
Dissolve
in
aqua
regia
(conc.
HNO3
for
oxidation,
conc.
HCl
for
chloride
complexing,
aquo
complexes
unstable
wrt
metal
(cid:206)
as
metals).
S
tructure
–
Silvery-white,
lustrous.
Malleable
and
ductile.
FCC
I
onisation
Energy
–
Pd
=
804
kJ
mol-1
and
Pt
=
965
kJ
mol-1.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Only
even
numbered
oxidation
states
dominant.
Can
reach
+6
(PtF6).
R
edox
–
Fairly
unreactive.
Strongly
prefer
class-b
type
ligands
(“soft”).
C
oordination
Numbers
–
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
14
-
All
complexes
in
the
(II)
state
are
square
planar,
as
in
halides.
Anything
not
4-coordinate
form
chains
or
clusters
(apart
from
PtF2
–
rutile.
Loss
of
LE
is
largest
with
small
anion.
Poor
ligand
doesn’t
yield
much
gain
from
LFSE).
Reasons
for
this
–
ligand
field
splitting
effect
increases
with
increased
d-orbital
radius,
steric
factors
are
reduced
as
metal
gets
bigger,
as
is
electron-electron
repulsion.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Only
PdO
and
PtO2
formed.
Note
that
chemistry
of
Pd
and
Pt
is
varied,
showing
breaking
of
trend
of
2nd
=
3rd
row
as
the
period
continues.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
No
PtF2.
Pt
is
only
element
that
reaches
hexa-
and
pentahalides.
Not
too
stable
though
–
one
of
the
most
potent
oxidising
agents.
All
Tetrahalides
known
for
Pt.
Pd
doesn’t
even
form
trihalides
convincingly,
they
tend
to
be
impure
mixtures
like
Nickel.
Dihalides
adopt
chains
which
involve
square
planar
geometry,
which
is
always
preferred
by
these
two
metals.
C
omplexing
–
6
configuration.
Pd
less
common
Oxidation
State
IV
–
Octahedral,
diamagnetic.
Low
spin
t2g
than
Pt
in
this
state.
Oxidation
State
II
ligand
binding
causes
very
large
splitting
of
these
orbitals
–
planar
and
diamagnetic.
In
lower
oxidation
states,
phosphines
are
required
to
stabilise
carbonyl
ligands.
Something
to
do
with
sigma
bonding
role
and
ionisation
energies
of
Pd/Pt
being
higher.
Pt(IV)
complexes
stable
and
inert.
Tends
to
favour
harder
ligands,
while
soft
ligands
prefer
Pt(II).
2+.
No
aquated
ion,
Pt(H2O)4
Sulphur
and
Phosphorus
donors
are
preferred
to
O
and
N
donors
–
“type
b”
or
“soft”
metals.
Reason
–
M-O
bond
is
weak.
Unlike
the
Ti-O
bond
where
π-bonding
helped
strengthen
this
bond,
now
the
d
orbitals
are
filled
with
electrons
so
putting
more
electrons
in
destabilises
the
bond
(this
also
explains
why
not
PtF2).
Bonding
dominated
by
sigma-bonds.
O
rganometallics
–
π-acceptor
ligands
can
bind
to
Pd
and
Pt,
e.g.
ethane.
Extensive
chemistry
due
to
them
being
“soft”.
C
opper
O
ccurrence
–
Common.
Ores
of
sulphide,
oxide
and
carbonate.
E
xtraction
–
Can
reduce
oxides
with
carbon,
but
usually
start
with
sulphides
in
blast
furnace.
S
tructure
–
Low
mp,
soft
and
very
malleable.
FCC.
Conduct
electricity
and
heat
extremely
well
due
to
d10s1
configuration.
I
onisation
Energy
–
1st
ionisation
energies
are
far
higher
than
Group
1
alkali
metals
due
to
d
electrons
being
very
poor
shielders.
However,
2nd
and
3rd
ionisation
energies
are
much
lower
because
a
filled
d
shell
is
more
easily
disrupted
than
a
p
shell.
Thus,
they
can
reach
oxidation
states
above
+1.
T
rends
in
Radii
–
Ionic
radii
are
far
smaller
than
Group
1
alkali
metals
due
to
d
electrons
being
very
poor
shielders.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
15
-
Trends
in
Oxidation
States
–
IV
can
be
reached
only
very
rarely.
Favoured
oxidation
state
is
+2
(lowest
total
of
IE1+IE2
of
the
3
metals).
Exists
in
aqueous
in
this
state.
R
edox
–
Will
react
with
air
under
heating,
and
sulphur
and
halides
at
room
temp.
C
oordination
Numbers
–
Rarely
above
6.
2
is
surprisingly
well
favoured
for
transition
metals.
Cu(II)
favours
4,
5
and
6.
Geometry
is
hard
to
establish
due
to
Jahn-Teller
effect
–
distorted
octahedral
or
square
planar.
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
Cu2O
and
CuO
exist.
Cu2O
is
favoured
by
high
temperatures.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Cu
will
form
dihalides
but
not
trihalides.
CuF2
has
distorted
rutile
structure.
CuBr2
tends
to
be
more
of
a
polymeric
chain
structure,
reflecting
the
increased
covalency
with
larger
halides.
CuI2
does
not
exist,
as
Iodide
reduces
the
Cu(II)
to
Cu(I).
CuF
not
stable
–
F
too
electronegative.
C
omplexing
–
In
water,
Cu(II)
more
stable
than
Cu(I).
Reason
–
smaller
ion
with
higher
charge
interacts
more
strongly
with
solvent
water.
Difference
here
outweighs
the
2nd
IE
and
is
in
spite
of
Cu(I)
d10
configuration
being
very
stable.
Oxidation
State
III
–
low
spin,
square
planar,
diamagnetic
(d8).
Oxidation
State
II
–
most
common
for
Cu,
and
most
ligands
bind
in
this
state
(except
CN-
and
I-,
which
reduce
it
to
Cu(I)).
Strong
Jahn-Teller
effect
of
d9.
Oxidation
State
I
–
diamagnetic.
Colourless
unless
easily
polarised
ligand.
Forms
stable
complexes
with
low
solubility
or
strong
π-accepting
character.
Usually
tetrahedral.
O
rganometallics
–
Compounds
in
neutral
oxidation
state
are
not
very
stable.
Cu(I)
will
form
complexes
with
alkenes
etc.
S
ilver
+
Gold
Occurrence
–
Fairly
common.
Silver
sulphides.
Gold
often
elemental.
S
tructure
–
Conduct
electricity
and
heat
extremely
well
due
to
d10s1
configuration.
Low
mp,
soft
and
very
malleable.
FCC.
Form
a
range
of
alloys.
I
onisation
Energy
–
1st
ionisation
energies
are
far
higher
than
Group
1
alkali
metals
due
to
d
electrons
being
very
poor
shielders.
However,
2nd
and
3rd
ionisation
energies
are
much
lower
because
a
filled
d
shell
is
more
easily
disrupted
than
a
p
shell.
Thus,
they
can
reach
oxidation
states
above
+1.
T
rends
in
Radii
–
Ionic
radii
are
far
smaller
than
Group
1
alkali
metals
due
to
d
electrons
being
very
poor
shielders.
T
rends
in
Oxidation
States
–
Au(V)
is
known
for
fluorides,
but
also
rare.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org
-
16
-
Ag
favours
+1
(due
to
having
lowest
ionisation
energy
of
the
3
metals),
Au
favours
+3
(lowest
total
of
IE1+IE2+IE3).
Indicative
of
the
fact
that
the
three
metals
are
not
very
closely
related
in
properties.
R
edox
–
Gold
is
the
most
electronegative
metal.
Can
be
reacted
with
group
1
metals
and
behave
like
a
salt.
Near
the
bottom
of
the
electrochemical
series
(unlike
Group
1).
Very
stable
to
reaction
with
air
(close
to
platinum
in
their
inertness).
Silver
tarnishes
due
to
|
sulphide
reaction.
Gold
does
not.
|
|
|
C
oordination
Numbers
–
|
|
Rarely
above
6.
2
is
surprisingly
well
favoured
for
transition
metals.
|
|
|
S
tructure
of
Oxides
–
|
|
Ag
and
Au
do
not
bind
to
O
as
strongly
as
Cu,
so
they
are
less
thermally
stable.
|
AgO
is
not
Ag(II),
but
in
fact
Ag(I)Ag(III)O2
–
diamagnetic.
Reason
is
that
it
prefers
the
square
planar
arrangement
with
Ag(III).
Will
also
form
Ag2O3
and
Ag3O4
for
similar
reasons.
Gold
readily
forms
stable
Tellurides.
S
tructure
of
Halides
–
Only
pentahalide
is
AuF5.
Not
too
stable.
AuF3
more
stable.
Only
dihalide
is
AgF2.
Silver(I)
forms
all
four
monohalides
with
rock
salt
structure.
Insolubility.
Covalency.
C
omplexing
–
For
Silver,
Ag(I)
is
more
stable
than
Ag(II).
Silver
is
much
larger
than
Cu
so
difference
in
hydration
energies
is
reduced,
does
not
outweigh
the
d10
/
+1
factors.
Au
is
stable
+3
because
of
the
CFSE
associated
with
square
planar
d8
configuration.
Au(V)
exists
with
Fluoride
ligand,
octahedral
anions.
Ag(III)
is
quite
stable
with
periodates
and
tellurate
complexes.
Au(III)
is
most
stable
for
gold,
and
isoelectronic
to
Pt(II).
Usually
square
planar
(orbitals
easily
split).
Au(II)
rare
–
usually
a
mix
of
Au(I)
and
Au(III).
Ag(II)
are
usually
square
planar
and
paramagnetic.
High
CFSE
with
4d
electrons.
Ag(I)
is
favoured.
Doesn’t
bind
well
to
oxygen
(insoluble
compounds)
therefore
soft
(type
b)
metal.
Prefers
2
coordinate
linear
complexes
in
this
state
as
opposed
to
tetrahedra
like
Cu(I).
This
effect
is
also
true
for
Au(I).
Au
will
form
a
range
of
cluster
compounds
in
preference
to
polymeric
complexes.
M-M
bonding
favoured.
O
rganometallics
–
Ag-C
bond
is
very
weak
–
highest
stretching
frequency
of
any
metal
carbonyl.
Compounds
in
neutral
oxidation
state
are
not
very
stable.
Ag(I)
will
form
complexes
with
alkenes
etc.
These
Notes
are
copyright
Alex
Moss
2003.
They
may
be
reproduced
without
need
for
permission.
www.alchemyst.f2o.org


Kilmarnock woman severely injured after being thrown into air by boyfriend's car
The court was shown the CCTV of the horrifying incident.
by Tara FitzpatrickA thug who severely injured his Kilmarnock partner by accelerating his car while she was leaning through the window has been told he could be sentenced at the High Court.
Lewis Reid drove his car away at speed while his girlfriend Codey Brown was speaking to him through the window.
As a result the 18-year-old was flung into the air, resulting in serious injuries, and was rushed to Crosshouse Hospital.
Reid appeared at Kilmarnock Sheriff Court after he pleaded guilty to the offence along with a further 21 charges. His not guilty pleas to another 26 charges were accepted by the Crown.
The 22-year-old drove off after a heated argument about Ms Brown’s friend.
The court heard Ms Brown took her own life in March following the incident, which took place on Danny Coffey Avenue, Kilmarnock, in August 2018.
CCTV footage of the horrifying incident was played for the court, showing Reid drive off in a bright red/orange Ford Fiesta.
The prosecutor said: “Neighbours saw the car speeding off and Codey in the air with her feet off the ground.”
Ms Brown was bleeding from her head and was rushed to hospital, where it was revealed she had a 2cm cut on the right of her head as well as abrasions to both knees and fractures to her rib and left wrist, which was put in a plaster.
Reid, of Bridge of Weir, Renfrewshire, also admitted a number of offences of handling stolen cars, drug dealing and dangerous driving across Ayrshire and Glasgow.
The prisoner of Barlinnie drove a stolen car at up to 120mph from Fenwick towards Kilmarnock Road on October 26 last year and was seen holding his mobile phone out the window to film police pursuing him with blue lights.
The prosecutor told how Reid was driving on the wrong side of the road and speeding at up to 85mph on the hard shoulder of the M77 in a bid to avoid the police.
He also handled stolen cars and broke a number of bail conditions imposed by Kilmarnock and Paisley Sheriff Courts.
On June 3 this year Reid took a woman on a date to a restaurant in Prestwick in a stolen Mercedes.
The prosecutor told the court Reid was seen to be constantly checking his phone during the meal and, when he was alerted to the police outside, “immediately asked for the bill even though the woman was still eating”.
Reid took his date up an alleyway outside the restaurant, where he told her to run when he saw police.
He then returned to his car and ignored police calls to switch off the engine.
Officers chased him through the streets of Prestwick towards Seaforth Road in Ayr.
It was also revealed to the court that Reid operated under the name Gucci in order to deal drugs via Snapchat and in July this year he sold MDMA crystals to an 18-year-old in Glasgow.
The prosecutor told the court the teenager and two others were later rushed to Glasgow Royal Infirmary because they were “unable to control their body temperature” after consuming the MDMA.
Among the teenagers was 16-year-old Chelsea Bruce, who died in hospital.
Reid also admitted another two acts of dangerous driving on July 13 and July 18 on the streets of Glasgow and the M77, including speeding through a red light and into oncoming traffic.
On July 18 he also intentionally reversed his car and collided with an unmarked police car and was found to be in the possession of cocaine and ketamine.
Sheriff Elizabeth McFarlane deferred sentencing until next month for reports to be prepared.  I’m not sure my powers are enough so prepare for that.”


9:09 PM
2/25/2018
2/25/2018
УКР
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You got some legos! This is your master builders list, duh. Make sure you have everything you own listed, as it will help use determine what you can or can not build.


Today I was trying to install AWS cli and got this error when running the help command.
raise ValueError, 'unknown locale: %s' % localename
ValueError: unknown locale: UTF-8
The solution was to add some environment variables to my zsh environment. So I added this to my env-config
files.
export LANG="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_TIME="en_US.UTF-8"
export LC_ALL=
To test the code run:
python -c 'import locale; print(locale.getdefaultlocale());'
And you should see ('en_US', 'UTF-8')
as the output.
References for the post


KISS OF THE DRAGON Directed by Chris Nahon With Let Li, Bridget Fonda Jean Cocteau R 98 min.
Jet Li has played bad guys, and he has played good guys, and it isn't easy to tell the difference. Kiss of the Dragon begins with supercop Liu Jian (Li) arriving in France from Beijing to work with the French cops in busting a Chinese heroin ring.
Is this your first visit to Paris? asks the customs officer.
It is. And a good thing, too. Everywhere he goes devastation tags along like a pet Biblical plague. He doesn t seem to ask for trouble, but trouble doesn't wait to be asked. If Paris should be unlucky enough to host Kiss of the Dragon 2, there won t be a building or a body left standing, no tourists to insult and no Parisians to insult them.
There s not much plot to Dragon, and no suspense. That wouldn't be so bad nobody goes to a martial arts movie for plot or suspense but there's nothing much in the way of character or cleverness either. The sound is harsh, the music is strident, and the direction is inept. Worst of all, there's no soul. Li takes on all comers, singly, in pairs, by the dozens, with the same cold efficiency. He scarcely ever breaks a sweat, and never changes expression. Chop, wham, crunch, pop, slam! and off he goes, unsmiling, unwrinkled, and unconcerned.
Director Chris Nahon and his mentor, producer/screenwriter Luc Besson, seem to have understood the basic soullessness of their product, so they inserted a soulful character in the form of a whore with a heart of gold. Jessica (Bridget Fonda) is a nice girl from North Dakota who has somehow wound up in Paris, had a daughter out of wedlock, got hooked on drugs, and got her daughter kidnapped by the villainous Inspector Richard (Tcheky Karyo) of the Paris police.  This whoring is clearly against her will, but sometimes she seems better adjusted to it than others. The first time we see her she is so nauseated at the prospect of servicing a Chinese drug lord in a luxury hotel room along with another hooker that she flees to the bathroom and escapes the ensuing massacre by throwing up. Later on, though, she's more than willing to repay Li for his gift of a couple of bags of shrimp chips with the only coin she has at her disposal.
We meet Inspector Richard (this movie is shot in France with French people, but everybody speaks English, and the inspector isn t even Ree-shar , he s just plain Richard) in the act of pounding a helpless man to death with his fists in a hotel kitchen, so we are left with no doubts as to his badness. We quickly see where this badness is headed he plans to frame the Chinese cop for a few of his brutal killings, but Li escapes with a computer disc containing visual evidence of Richard s guilt. Boy, is he mad!
For the rest of the movie Richard has the entire Paris police force out after Li. The cops spend most of their time annihilating everything in sight with automatic weapons, Hong Kong movie style. Hotels, bridges, cars, bateaux mouches, sewers, shops, and police headquarters are reduced to powder. There s more broken glass than you'd find at a Russian New Year's Eve party. They do show a little restraint with the gunfire when they get the drop on Li at a girl s orphanage, which I thought showed a nice touch of delicacy. Li fights back with hands, feet, the occasional firearm, and a wrist band of little acupuncture needles that he uses expertly for good or ill and never for more ill than in the forbidden Kiss of the Dragon.
Li moves through it all with the look of a jaded Puritan minister, black-clad and joyless. His martial arts moves are phenomenal, but without a story or a sense of style to give them purpose they lose their power to entertain.
========== X-RAMR-ID: 28713 X-RT-AuthorID: 2779 X-RT-TitleID: 1108747
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| Name | Total Lines | Lines of Code | Total Coverage | Code Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| app/models/subpartition.rb | 70 | 50 | 58.57%
|
44.00%
|
Code reported as executed by Ruby looks like this...and this: this line is also marked as covered.Lines considered as run by rcov, but not reported by Ruby, look like this,and this: these lines were inferred by rcov (using simple heuristics).Finally, here's a line marked as not executed.
1 class Subpartition < ActiveRecord::Base |
2 belongs_to :partition |
3 has_many :forum_perms, :dependent => :destroy |
4 # has_one :forum_perm |
5 has_many :topics, :foreign_key => 'subpartition_id', :dependent => :destroy |
6 has_many :reports |
7 has_and_belongs_to_many :users |
8 |
9 validates_existence_of :partition |
10 validates_length_of :title, :maximum => 255, :allow_blank => false, :allow_nil => false, :message => 'Title field have improper length' |
11 validates_numericality_of :part_pos, :integer_only => true, :message => 'It is not numerical value' |
12 |
13 validates_each :title do |record, name, value| |
14 if record.id.nil? |
15 if Subpartition.exists?(["partition_id = ? and title = ?", record.partition_id, value]) |
16 record.errors.add(name, 'You have already subpartition with such title') |
17 end |
18 else |
19 if Subpartition.exists?(["partition_id = ? and title = ? and id <> ?", record.partition_id, value, record.id]) |
20 record.errors.add(name, 'You have already subpartition with such title') |
21 end |
22 end |
23 end |
24 |
25 validates_each :part_pos do |record, name, value| |
26 if record.id.nil? |
27 if Subpartition.exists?(["partition_id = ? and part_pos = ?", record.partition_id, value]) |
28 record.errors.add(name, 'You already have subpartition with such position') |
29 end |
30 else |
31 if Subpartition.exists?(["partition_id = ? and part_pos = ? and id <> ?", record.partition_id, value, record.id]) |
32 record.errors.add(name, 'You already have subpartition with such position') |
33 end |
34 end |
35 end |
36 |
37 # def topics(par="") |
38 # if par[:conditions].nil? |
39 # Topic.find_all_by_subpartition_id(self.id) |
40 # else |
41 # Topic.find(:all, :conditions => par[:conditions]) & Topic.find_all_by_subpartition_id(self.id) |
42 # end |
43 # end |
44 |
45 def num_posts_inc |
46 self.increment!(:num_posts) |
47 end |
48 |
49 def num_topics_inc |
50 self.increment!(:num_topics) |
51 end |
52 |
53 def new_topic_inc |
54 self.num_posts_inc |
55 self.num_topics_inc |
56 end |
57 |
58 def self.last_post subpartition_id |
59 Topic.find(:all, :conditions => ["subpartition_id = ?", subpartition_id], :order => "last_post asc") && Topic.find(:all, :conditions => ["subpartition_id = ?", subpartition_id], :order => "last_post asc").last |
60 end |
61 |
62 #it is used in Admin#manage_subpartition to create a new subpartition |
63 #with same user privilegies as they defined in Group |
64 def set_default_perms |
65 Group.all.each do |group| |
66 self.forum_perms.create(:group_id => group.id, :read_forum => group.g_read_board, :post_replies => group.g_post_replies, :post_topics => group.g_post_topics) |
67 end |
68 end |
69 |
70 end |
Generated on Mon Oct 17 20:04:32 +0300 2011 with rcov 0.9.11


Templates for the position and background of a ggplot inset.
inset_position(type = "default", size = 0.2, margin = 0.025) inset_background(type = "default") inset_templates(type)
| type | character, name of template. |
|---|---|
| size | numeric, width (length-1) or width and height (length-2) of inset. See details. |
| margin | numeric, x-axis margin (length-1) or x- and y-axis margins (length-2) around corner insets. See details. |
a list of arguments passed to either inset_pos
or inset_bg
in meme
.
inset_position
and inset_background
assist with some basic options for position and background of the optional ggplot inset graphic.
inset_templates
can be used to view the available templates. See examples.
If a template is not available to suit your needs, provide your own argument list to meme
in the form of, e.g., inset_pos = list(w = 0.95, h = 0.6, x = 0.5, y = 0.325)
.
The coordinate system for the meme plot ranges from zero to one in x and y.
The width, height and (x,y) center defined by inset_position
arguments therefore take values between zero and one.
The default position is for an inset plot that takes up 95% of the width and 60% of the height of the meme plot,
with 2.5% margins on the sides and bottom. Other templates include four corner thumbnails.
To use these, set type
equal to "tl"
, "tr"
, "br"
or "bl"
,
for top right, top left, bottom right and bottom left, respectively.
There is also a "center"
type.
When specifying the corner or center inset types, the inset is a square thumbnail with width and height of 0.2 units (20%)
and 0.025 (2.5%) margins from the edges of the plot. However, these templates are not absolute.
You can further adjust the size and distance from the edges using size
and margin
.
These arguments can be scalar, in which case the inset remains square and the margins are equal.
If a length-2 vector, size
can provide unique width and height for a rectangular inset.
Similarly, margin
can provide different margins for the distance to a side vs. the top or bottom edge of the meme plot.
For type = "center"
, size
is used but margin
is ignored, giving you control over the thumbnail size.
Appending the letter q
to a corner thumbnail template ID, e.g. type = "blq"
, yields a quadrant plot.
In contrast to type = "center"
, these types allow for user control over margins for plots of fixed coverage area.
Specifying the right combination of size
and margin
with a corner thumbnail template can be used to create a
quadrant plot, but using a quadrant template simplifies this.
size
and margin
are provided for convenience, adding more control over the position templates.
If you require more specific size and position control, simply pass your own 4-argument list as described above.
This is the structure generated by inset_position
for any type
and expected by meme
.
For inset_background
, the few templates all revolve around the type = "default"
template.
type = "sq"
simply removes the rounded corners. "op"
provides a fully opaque white background instead of the default 50% transparency.
"opsq"
does both. "blank"
hides the background panel.
There is no substantial need to provide many templates because, as with inset_position
,
inset_background
generates a simple list of a few arguments that can be easily provided to meme
explicitly
without the use of inset_background
.
inset_templates("position")#> [1] "default" "tl" "tr" "br" "bl" "tlq" "trq" #> [8] "brq" "blq" "center"inset_templates("background")#> [1] "default" "op" "sq" "opsq" "blank"inset_position()#> $w #> [1] 0.95 #> #> $h #> [1] 0.6 #> #> $x #> [1] 0.5 #> #> $y #> [1] 0.325 #>inset_position("br")#> $w #> [1] 0.2 #> #> $h #> [1] 0.2 #> #> $x #> [1] 0.875 #> #> $y #> [1] 0.125 #>inset_position("brq", margin = 0.05)#> $w #> [1] 0.4 #> #> $h #> [1] 0.4 #> #> $x #> [1] 0.75 #> #> $y #> [1] 0.25 #>inset_position("br", size = 0.4, margin = 0)#> $w #> [1] 0.4 #> #> $h #> [1] 0.4 #> #> $x #> [1] 0.8 #> #> $y #> [1] 0.2 #>inset_background()#> $fill #> [1] "#FFFFFF50" #> #> $col #> [1] NA #> #> $r #> [1] 0.025snpc #>inset_background("opsq")#> $fill #> [1] "#FFFFFF" #> #> $col #> [1] NA #> #> $r #> [1] 0snpc #>inset_background("blank")#> $fill #> [1] NA #> #> $col #> [1] NA #> #> $r #> [1] 0snpc #>


HEAD:source/_posts/2011-11-14-c-note-1.html --- layout: post title: C++ note 1 categories: - C++ - Programming tags: - C++ - HOWTO - Note - Programming published: true comments: true ---
可读性差，只留着自己用
=======
>>>>>>> d80cd8fa3e1fb5461144707ba04f7385ec6726a7:category/c-plus-plus/atom.xml
[cpp]
// my first program in C++
/* my second program in C++
with more comments */
#include
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
cout << "Hello World!";
return 0;
}
[/cpp]
| Name | Description | Size* | Range* |
|---|---|---|---|
char |
Character or small integer. | 1byte | signed: -128 to 127 unsigned: 0 to 255 |
short int (short ) |
Short Integer. | 2bytes | signed: -32768 to 32767 unsigned: 0 to 65535 |
int |
Integer. | 4bytes | signed: -2147483648 to<PHONE_NUMBER> unsigned: 0 to<PHONE_NUMBER> |
long int (long ) |
Long integer. | 4bytes | signed: -2147483648 to<PHONE_NUMBER> unsigned: 0 to<PHONE_NUMBER> |
bool |
Boolean value. It can take one of two values: true or false. | 1byte | true or false |
float |
Floating point number. | 4bytes | +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits) |
double |
Double precision floating point number. | 8bytes | +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits) |
long double |
Long double precision floating point number. | 8bytes | +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits) |
wchar_t |
Wide character. | 2 or 4 bytes | 1 wide character |
\n |
newline |
\r |
carriage return |
\t |
tab |
\v |
vertical tab |
\b |
backspace |
\f |
form feed (page feed) |
\a |
alert (beep) |
\' |
single quote (’) |
\" |
double quote (”) |
\? |
question mark (?) |
\\ |
backslash (\) |
[cpp]
// In order to use a variable in C++
// we must first declare it specifying which data type we want it to be.
int a, b, c;
// Signed types can represent both positive and negative values
// whereas unsigned types can only represent positive values (and zero).
unsigned short int NumberOfSisters;
signed int MyAccountBalance;
int a = 0;
int a (0);
string mystring = "This is a string";
string mystring ("This is a string");
// String literals can extend to more than a single line of code by
// putting a backslash sign (\) at the end of each unfinished line.
"string expressed in \
two lines"
//does not require a semicolon (;)
#define PI 3.14159
<<<<<<< HEAD:source/_posts/2011-11-14-c-note-1.html
#define NEWLINE '\n'
const int pathwidth = 100;
const char tabulator = '\t';
const int pathwidth = 100;
const char tabulator = ‘\t’;
// +, -, *, /, %
// +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=
// ++, –
// ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
7==5 ? 4 : 3 // returns 3, since 7 is not equal to 5.
7==5+2 ? 4 : 3 // returns 4, since 7 is equal to 5+2.
5>3 ? a : b // returns the value of a, since 5 is greater than 3.
a>b ? a : b // returns whichever is greater, a or b.
a = (b=3, b+2);
// Would first assign the value 3 to b, and then assign b+2 to variable a.
// variable a would contain the value 5 while variable b would contain value 3.
// Bitwise Operators ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> )
int i;
float f = 3.14;
i = (int) f;
i = int ( f );
// returns the size in bytes of that type or object:
a = sizeof (char);
cout << "Hello, I am " << age << " years old and my zipcode is " << zipcode;
// Hello, I am 24 years old and my zipcode is 90064
cout << "First sentence.\n";
cout << "First sentence." << endl;
// Standard Input (cin).
int age;
cin >> age;
// to request more than one datum input from the user:
cin >> a >> b;
// In order to get entire lines, we can use the function getline,
// which is the more recommendable way to get user input with cin
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string mystr;
cout << "What’s your name? ";
getline (cin, mystr);
cout << "Hello " << mystr << ".\n";
cout << "What is your favorite team? ";
getline (cin, mystr);
cout << "I like " << mystr << " too!\n";
return 0;
}
// The standard header file <sstream> defines a class called stringstrea
// that allows a string-based object to be treated as a stream.
// This way we can perform extraction or insertion operations from/to strings,
// which is especially useful to convert strings to numerical values and vice versa.
// For example, if we want to extract an integer from a string we can write:
string mystr ("1204");
int myint;
stringstream(mystr) >> myint;
// stringstreams
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string mystr;
float price=0;
int quantity=0;
cout << "Enter price: ";
getline (cin,mystr);
stringstream(mystr) >> price;
cout << "Enter quantity: ";
getline (cin,mystr);
stringstream(mystr) >> quantity;
cout << "Total price: " << price*quantity << endl;
return 0;
}
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
if (x == 100)
{
cout << "x is ";
cout << x;
}
if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";
if (x > 0)
cout << "x is positive";
else if (x < 0)
cout << "x is negative";
else
cout << "x is 0";
while (n>0) {
cout << n << ", ";
–n;
}
do {
cout << "Enter number (0 to end): ";
cin >> n;
cout << "You entered: " << n << "\n";
} while (n != 0);
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
cout << n << ", ";
}
for ( n=0, i=100 ; n!=i ; n++, i-- )
=======
for (int n=10; n>0; n–) {
cout << n << ", ";
}
for ( n=0, i=100 ; n!=i ; n++, i– )
>>>>>>> d80cd8fa3e1fb5461144707ba04f7385ec6726a7:category/c-plus-plus/atom.xml
{
// whatever here…
}
for (n=10; n>0; n--)
=======
for (n=10; n>0; n–)
>>>>>>> d80cd8fa3e1fb5461144707ba04f7385ec6726a7:category/c-plus-plus/atom.xml
{
cout << n << ", ";
if (n==3)
{
cout << "countdown aborted!";
break;
}
}
for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
=======
for (int n=10; n>0; n–) {
>>>>>>> d80cd8fa3e1fb5461144707ba04f7385ec6726a7:category/c-plus-plus/atom.xml
if (n==5) continue;
cout << n << ", ";
}
int n=10;
loop:
cout << n << ", ";
n–;
if (n>0) goto loop;
// exit is a function defined in the cstdlib library.
// to terminate the current program with a specific exit code.
void exit (int exitcode);
// Functions
int addition (int a, int b)
{
int r;
r=a+b;
return (r);
}
int main ()
{
int z;
z = addition (5,3);
cout << "The result is " << z;
return 0;
}
// void function example
void printmessage ()
{
cout << "I’m a function!";
}
int main ()
{
printmessage ();
// printmessage; wrong!!!
return 0;
}
[/cpp]
<<<<<<< HEAD:source/_posts/2011-11-14-c-note-1.html ======= ]]>“` cpp hello.cpp
// my first program in C++
using namespace std;
int main () { cout « “Hello World!”; return 0; }
“`
compile:
g++ -o hello hello.cpp]]>


Behind the Scenes
Building the robot
Tools: Robot base (breadboard etc.), speaker, lights, and camera.
Preparation: Wireframing, scrum, and walkthrough.
Testing: Each code is individually run through the robot to check for mistakes. Once completion of each code is confirmed we combine all the parts into one code.
Coding
Initial steps
Motions - when sensor hits an obstacle move backwards and turn directions. Create functions for left, right, forward, and back.
Morse Code - when sensor continues to be interrupted flash HELP. Create functions for H, E,L, and P.
Alarm - when whiskers are touched sound alarm between intervals of help.
Sound - (crikets)


2013-06-01 to currently on Madrid , Spain
Working at the Invest and Development Department of the Zed Group Companies, as Pyro Studios, Ilion Animation Studios, U-Tad university... means a developer dream came true.
Co-working with people from "Commandos" video game or "Planet 51" film is a big opportunity to learn from the best and a great responsibility too.
My two main project here, have been:
-Kuasars: a framework to build apps and mobile games on an easier way.
My role here was to build the console that developers will use to login and manage their apps, consuming the framework on an interactive way. Also developing some node.js developer tools.
-Graph Insight: this a big data web tool to analize Graphs, where I was also responsible to build a console to consume the data with the best user experience.
2012-11-01 to 2013-05-01 on Madrid, Spain
Adesis is a company with offices in Spain and Mexico, focus on SEO, SEM, Usability, Online Marketing, and Web solutions since 1999.
I have learned most the actual fron end technologies with them, as: sass, jade, angular, node...
Developing websites, intranet websites, and custom frameworks to built html templates.
Also I have treated with some of the most important Spanish companies as Repsol, Mapfre, Europac..
2011-04-01 to 2012-11-01 on London, UK
Currently my job is a mix of code and customer side.
>Developing bespoke apps for ipads, using Java script libraries with CSS3 and HTML5.
>And going on site to the events, to dealing with last minute client changes.
Base in London I have been travelling around and working in our 3 offices: NYC, London and Hong Kong, expecially in the NYC one doing the 90% of the jobs.
As the same time I’m still working as web developer during my free time.
2010-12-01 to 2011-04-01 on London, UK
As my first job in London, I joined Gemini-I to developed a Wordpress theme for one of his charity projects as volunteer. It was a complex theme where I used CSS3, HTML5, PHP and Java Scripts doing the frontend and backend of the project.
2006-01-01 to 2010-12-01 on Valladolid, Spain
When I was thirteen I made my first web with composer. Now and I have a long experience with cms like drupal, joomla, forophpbb, zencart.. and especially wordpress.
I can manage: CSS3, HTML5, PHP, Java Scripts (Jquery, JQuery Mobile..) and Flash.
As the same time I was working in CAMPRUVA during the mornings.
2007-10-01 to 2010-10-01 on Valladolid, Spain
Layout designer of the magazine “Articulo 20” during two years, working with Quark, and Photoshop.
As the same time I was working in CAMPRUVA during the mornings.
2007-07-01 to 2010-10-01
I was the responsible of the correct work on of the computers, and built the network (Windows and Linux servers) of our three offices to share staff and work online.
Managing the databases of the programs and develop new software for our requirements. Aswell I was the responsable of email marketing and develop websites.


Welcome!¶
Welcome to the 2017 Orbis Challenge! This year’s Orbis Challenge will involve creating an AI for Luminis, a two-player territory expansion strategy game where you grow and manoeuvre your own species of fireflies to compete for territory against your opponent on a tile-based board.
Note
Even if you are familiar with Java or Python, you should still read the documentation. The documents contain important information about the game, grading and competition rules.


You won't be hearing anythiing more about the Influencers Corner. I get it, you don't have a freelance business that you want to take to the next level. Things might be a little quiet on my end from here - but I look forward to talking again soon!
See you in your inbox!


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EPUB 3 Validator
Validate an EPUB
Job status: Completed
Settings
- Input HTMLfile:///Users/marisa/dev/file.html
- Style sheets value
- Style sheet parameters value
- Braille code value
- Transformer features value
- Include preview value
- Include PEF value
- Include OBFL value
- Output file format value
- ASCII braille table for HTML preview value
- Page layout: Page width value
- Page layout: Page height value
- Page layout: Duplex value
- Headers/footers: Levels in footer value
- Translation/formatting of text: Hyphenation value
- Translation/formatting of text: Hyphenation at page boundaries value
- Translation/formatting of text: Line spacing value
- Translation/formatting of text: Capital letters value
- Block elements: Include captions value
- Block elements: Include images value
- Block elements: Include line groups value
- Inline elements: Include production notes value
- Page numbers: Show braille page numbers value
- Page numbers: Show print page numbers value
- Page numbers: Force braille page break value
- Table of contents: Table of contents depth value
- Table of contents: Exclude headings value
- Volumes: Maximum number of sheets value
- Volumes: Allow breaks within sections. value
- Volumes: Prefer breaks at higher level sections. value
- Placement of content: Notes placement value
Results
- The output file
DAISY 2.02 to EPUB 3
Convert a blah to a blegh
Required information
-
The package file of the input DTB.file://path/to/file.xml
-
An audio file containing the narration.file://path/to/file.mp3
-
The package file of the input DTB.file://path/to/file.xml
-
An audio file containing the narration.file://path/to/file.mp3
-
The package file of the input DTB.file://path/to/file.xml
-
An audio file containing the narration.file://path/to/file.mp3
-
The package file of the input DTB.file://path/to/file.xml
-
An audio file containing the narration.file://path/to/file.mp3
Options
-
Creates an additional XYZ
-
Provide the results in a zip container


Ruby methods
String method
.concat
.concat
Append—Concatenates the given object to str. If the object is an integer, it is considered as a codepoint, and is converted to a character before concatenation.
a = "hello"
a.concat(" world")
#=> "hello world"
a = "hello"
a.concat(" world")
#=> "hello world"
String method
.squeeze
.squeeze
Returns a new string where runs of the same character that occur in this set are replaced by a single character. If no arguments are given, all runs of identical characters are replaced by a single character.
"yellow moon and sun".squeeze
#=> "yelow mon and sun"
"yellow moon and sun".squeeze
#=> "yelow mon and sun"
Array method
.pop
.pop
Removes the last element from self and returns it, or nil if the array is empty. If a number n is given, returns an array of the last n elements.
a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
a.pop #=> "d"
a.pop(2) #=> ["d", "c"]
a #=> ["a"]
a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d" ]
a.pop #=> "d"
a.pop(2) #=> ["d", "c"]
a #=> ["a"]
Array method
.slice
.slice
Returns the element at an index, or returns a subarray starting at the start index and continuing for length elements, or returns a subarray specified by range of indices.
a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
a[2] + a[0] + a[1] #=> "cab"
a[1, 2] #=> [ "b", "c" ]
a[-3, 3] #=> [ "c", "d", "e" ]
a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
a[2] + a[0] + a[1] #=> "cab"
a[1, 2] #=> [ "b", "c" ]
a[-3, 3] #=> [ "c", "d", "e" ]
Enumerable method
.find_all
.find_all
Returns an array containing all elements of enum for which the given block returns a true value. If no block is given, an Enumerator is returned instead.
(1..10).find_all { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
#=> [3, 6, 9]
[1,2,3,4,5].find_all { |num| num.even? }
#=> [2, 4]
(1..10).find_all { |i| i % 3 == 0 }
#=> [3, 6, 9]
[1,2,3,4,5].find_all { |num| num.even? }
#=> [2, 4]
Enumerable method
.map
.map
Returns a new array with the results of running block once for every element in enum. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
(1..4).map { |i| i*i }
#=> [1, 4, 9, 16]
array = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
array.map {|elem| elem + "1"}
#=> ["a1", "b1", "c1", "d1"]
(1..4).map { |i| i*i }
#=> [1, 4, 9, 16]
array = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
array.map {|elem| elem + "1"}
#=> ["a1", "b1", "c1", "d1"]
JavaScript functions
Array function
.push()
.push()
The push() method adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length property of the object upon which the method was called.
var sports = ['apple', 'orange'];
sports.push('grape', 'blueberry');
#=> ["apple", "orange", "grape", "blueberry"]
var sports = ['apple', 'orange'];
sports.push('grape', 'blueberry');
#=> ["apple", "orange", "grape", "blueberry"]
Array function
.toString()
.toString()
The toString() method returns a string representing the specified array and its elements. For Array objects, the toString method joins the array and returns one string containing each array element separated by commas.
var array = ["me", "you", "he", "she"]
array.toString()
#=> "me,you,he,she"
var array = ["me", "you", "he", "she"]
array.toString()
#=> "me,you,he,she"
Math function
.floor()
.floor()
The Math.floor() function returns the largest integer less than or equal to a given number. Because floor() is a static method of Math, you always use it as Math.floor(), rather than as a method of a Math object you created (Math is not a constructor).
var int = 45.89
Math.floor(int)
#=> 45
var int = 45.89
Math.floor(int)
#=> 45
Math function
.max()
.max()
The Math.max() function returns the largest of zero or more numbers. max() is also a static method of Math, you always use it as Math.max(), rather than as a method of a Math object you created (Math is not a constructor).
c
Math.max(a, b)
#=> 50
c
Math.max(a, b)
#=> 50
String function
.toLowerCase()
.toLowerCase()
The toLowerCase() method returns the called string value converted to lowercase. toLowerCase() does not affect the value of the string variable str itself.
var str = "ALPHABET"
str.toLowerCase()
#=> "alphabet"
var str = "ALPHABET"
str.toLowerCase()
#=> "alphabet"
String function
.includes()
.includes()
The includes() method determines whether one string may be found within another string, returning true or false as appropriate.
var str = 'To be, or not to be, that is the question.';
str.includes('To be')
#=> true
var str = 'To be, or not to be, that is the question.';
str.includes('To be')
#=> true


.NET Foundation Campaign: Peter Mbanugo
Why I'm Running
My reason for joining the campaign is because I'd love to see a better welcoming .NET community with more contributions from underrepresented communities. My vision for that are:
- A community where beginners find it easy and with confidence to contribute to any open-source project of their choice. Issues that beginners can tackle can be left open for them to take on and also have mentors (or more experienced folks) guide them along the process of making their first commit/contribution.
- A community where not just people who are focused on coding contribute, but where writers can feel encouraged to contribute content that'll help onboard new and experienced people.
- Safe spaces/projects so students, parents, and people switching careers can get enthusiasm and courage to join, learn and contribute.
- To foster more contributions from underrepresented communities and support them also.
Those are similar reasons that made me join as a co-chair to Node.js Nigeria and I hope to accomplish them if being elected as part of the board.
My .NET Contributions
My .NET contributions are mostly around blog posts. You'll find some of them on Pluralsight guides, Telerik's blog, or my own blog. I also used to run a .NET study group.
Links
- My blog
- Projects I contribute to - - Node.js Nigeria - Hood.ie
Contact Information
- Twitter: @p_mbanugo
- GitHub: @pmbanugo


SportsLink is a leading sports recruitment agency, specialising in placing elite sports professionals into career advancing job roles worldwide.
After a 15 year professional football career, Jay Smith had a desire to create something new and innovative to offer the world of sport. Utilising his high quality contacts to work closely with elite players, premier league football clubs, the Professional Footballers' Association and the world's best luxury brands.
We concentrate on building long term relationships with the leading clubs, brands, associations, venues and unions worldwide.
We act as the connection between carefully selected clients and outstanding candidates.
We offer flexible, temporary and permanent recruitment solutions that will deliver results.
Our recruitment consultants offer in-depth industry knowledge and build strong, long term relationships with our clients.
Taking the time to source the best talent in the industry, each candidate is screened and vetted assuring only the best quality of candidates are presented to you.
We are the premier sports recruitment agency within the industry. Our large network of clients are looking for outstanding candidates and we are here to work closely with you and guide you on your recruitment journey.
You will receive a discreet and confidential service ensuring your next career move is dealt with professionally.
Upload your CV or contact us to find out how we can help you achieve your career aspirations and find you the perfect job.


| Month | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| August | 11-12 | Sleepover |
| September | 4 | Labor Day (no school) |
| October | 16 | Non-student day |
| October | 20 or 21 | Escape room |
| November | 10 | Trinity Cafe serviceproject; Veterans Day |
| November | 18-26 | Thanksgiving break |
| December | 23-1/8 | Winter break |
| January | 13 or 20 | Total teentakeover day |
| January | 15 | MLK Jr. Day (no school) |
| February | 9 | Fair Day (part of county) |
| March | 5 | Strawberry Festival Day(part of county) |
| March | 10-18 | Spring break |
| May | 25 | Last day of school |


| Date | Pic | A/C | Dep | Dest | T/O | Lan- dings |
Total Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2/26/18 | Felipe | PA-28 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.3 |
| 2/26/18 | Arun | C-172 | KBUF | KALB | 1 | 1 | 1.5 |
| 2/26/18 | Derrick | C-172 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.7 |
| 2/26/18 | John | PA-28 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.5 |
| 2/26/18 | John | C-172 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.5 |
| 2/26/18 | John | C-172 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 3.6 |
| 2/26/18 | John | C-172 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.5 |
| 2/26/18 | John | C-172 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.5 |
| 2/26/18 | John | PA-28 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.2 |
| 2/26/18 | John | C-172 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 1.3 |
| 2/26/18 | John | PA-28 | KBUF | KHPN | 1 | 1 | 2.6 |


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SIMP Developers Guide
Style Guide
See the style guide for details on layout consistency when developing modules.
Module API
All SIMP modules are now documented using the puppetdoc utility and inline documentation. If the API docs do not look correct for some reason, see the corresponding source code comments for full details.
SIMP API


Metroplex - Autobot City
-
Which mode do Trypticon and Metroplex minions start in? [Source: Aequitas]By default all characters start in the mode showing their star cost. So the minions, while not visible under Trypticon and Metroplex are in alt mode. Note that while Relentless Invasion card does provide a way for a Trypticon minion to be under Trypticon in bot mode, it will be deployed in Alt mode (per WotC FAQ).


(getter/setter) The a12 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a13 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a14 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a21 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a22 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a23 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a24 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a31 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a32 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a33 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a34 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a41 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a42 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a43 value of the matrix.
(getter/setter) The a44 value of the matrix.
(getter) Returns the basic array representation of this matrix.
Calculates the determinant of the mat4
determinant of a
Calculates the determinant function the mat4
determinant of a
Rotates a mat4 by the given angle around the given axis
the angle to rotate the matrix by
the axis to rotate around
output
Transforms the mat4 by a given amount
The amount to add to the matrixes transformation properties
output
Transforms the mat4 to a given position
The amount to add to the matrixes transformation properties
output
Translates the mat4 to a given position
The amount to add to the matrixes translation properties
output
Calculates a 4x4 matrix from the given quaternion
Quaternion to create matrix from
out
Creates a matrix from a quaternion rotation, vector translation and vector scale This is equivalent to (but much faster than):
mat4.identity(dest);
mat4.translate(dest, vec);
let quatMat = mat4.create();
quat4.toMat4(quat, quatMat);
mat4.multiply(dest, quatMat);
mat4.scale(dest, scale)
Rotation quaternion
Translation vector
Scaling vector
out
Creates a matrix from a quaternion rotation, vector translation and vector scale, rotating and scaling around the given origin This is equivalent to (but much faster than):
mat4.identity(dest);
mat4.translate(dest, vec);
mat4.translate(dest, origin);
let quatMat = mat4.create();
quat4.toMat4(quat, quatMat);
mat4.multiply(dest, quatMat);
mat4.scale(dest, scale)
mat4.translate(dest, negativeOrigin);
Rotation quaternion
Translation vector
Scaling vector
The origin vector around which to scale and rotate
out
Generates a frustum matrix with the given bounds
Left bound of the frustum
Right bound of the frustum
Bottom bound of the frustum
Top bound of the frustum
Near bound of the frustum
Far bound of the frustum
out
Generates a look-at matrix with the given eye position, focal point, and up axis. If you want a matrix that actually makes an object look at another object, you should use targetTo instead.
Position of the viewer
Point the viewer is looking at
vec3 pointing up
out
Generates a orthogonal projection matrix with the given bounds
Left bound of the frustum
Right bound of the frustum
Bottom bound of the frustum
Top bound of the frustum
Near bound of the frustum
Far bound of the frustum
out
Generates a perspective projection matrix with the given bounds. Passing null/undefined/no value for far will generate infinite projection matrix.
Vertical field of view in radians
Aspect ratio. typically viewport width/height
Near bound of the frustum
Far bound of the frustum, can be null or Infinity
out
Generates a matrix that makes something look at something else.
Position of the viewer
vec3 pointing up
out
Generated using TypeDoc
(getter/setter) The a11 value of the matrix.
0


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| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.clearNode(HierarchicalConfiguration.Node)
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.createAddPath(ConfigurationKey.KeyIterator, HierarchicalConfiguration.Node)
Adding new properties is now to a major part delegated to the
ExpressionEngine associated with this configuration instance.
This method will no longer be called. Developers who want to modify the
process of adding new properties should consider implementing their own
expression engine.
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.fetchAddNode(ConfigurationKey.KeyIterator, HierarchicalConfiguration.Node)
Adding new properties is now to a major part delegated to the
ExpressionEngine associated with this configuration instance.
This method will no longer be called. Developers who want to modify the
process of adding new properties should consider implementing their own
expression engine.
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.findLastPathNode(ConfigurationKey.KeyIterator, HierarchicalConfiguration.Node)
Adding new properties is now to a major part delegated to the
ExpressionEngine associated with this configuration instance.
This method will no longer be called. Developers who want to modify the
process of adding new properties should consider implementing their own
expression engine.
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.findPropertyNodes(ConfigurationKey.KeyIterator, HierarchicalConfiguration.Node, Collection)
Property keys are now evaluated by the expression engine
associated with the configuration; this method will no longer be called.
If you want to modify the way properties are looked up, consider
implementing you own ExpressionEngine implementation.
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.plist.SimpleCharStream.getColumn() |
| org.apache.commons.configuration.DatabaseConfiguration.getConnection()
Use a custom data source to change the connection used by the
class. To be removed in Commons Configuration 2.0
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.AbstractConfiguration.getDelimiter()
Use AbstractConfiguration.getDefaultListDelimiter() instead
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.PropertiesConfiguration.getIncludesAllowed()
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.plist.SimpleCharStream.getLine() |
org.apache.commons.configuration.AbstractConfiguration.interpolateHelper(String, List>)
Interpolation is now handled by
PropertyConverter ; this method will no longer be
called
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.nodeDefined(HierarchicalConfiguration.Node)
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration.removeNode(HierarchicalConfiguration.Node)
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.XMLConfiguration.resolveEntity(String, String)
Use getEntityResolver().resolveEntity()
|
| org.apache.commons.configuration.AbstractConfiguration.setDelimiter(char)
Use AbstractConfiguration.setDefaultListDelimiter(char)
instead
|