How to identify the source of backpressure?
July 7, 2021 - Piotr Nowojski (@PiotrNowojski)Backpressure monitoring in the web UI
The backpressure topic was tackled from different angles over the last couple of years. However, when it comes to identifying and analyzing sources of backpressure, things have changed quite a bit in the recent Flink releases (especially with new additions to metrics and the web UI in Flink 1.13). This post will try to clarify some of these changes and go into more detail about how to track down the source of backpressure, but first…
What is backpressure? #
This has been explained very well in an old, but still accurate, post by Ufuk Celebi. I highly recommend reading it if you are not familiar with this concept. For a much deeper and low-level understanding of the topic and how Flink’s network stack works, there is a more advanced explanation available here.
At a high level, backpressure happens if some operator(s) in the Job Graph cannot process records at the same rate as they are received. This fills up the input buffers of the subtask that is running this slow operator. Once the input buffers are full, backpressure propagates to the output buffers of the upstream subtasks. Once those are filled up, the upstream subtasks are also forced to slow down their records’ processing rate to match the processing rate of the operator causing this bottleneck down the stream. Backpressure further propagates up the stream until it reaches the source operators.
As long as the load and available resources are static and none of the operators produce short bursts of data (like windowing operators), those input/output buffers should only be in one of two states: almost empty or almost full. If the downstream operator or subtask is able to keep up with the influx of data, the buffers will be empty. If not, then the buffers will be full [1]. In fact, checking the buffers’ usage metrics was the basis of the previously recommended way on how to detect and analyze backpressure described a couple of years back by Nico Kruber. As I mentioned in the beginning, Flink now offers much better tools to do the same job, but before we get to that, there are two questions worth asking.
Why should I care about backpressure? #
Backpressure is an indicator that your machines or operators are overloaded. The buildup of backpressure directly affects the end-to-end latency of the system, as records are waiting longer in the queues before being processed. Secondly, aligned checkpointing takes longer with backpressure, while unaligned checkpoints will be larger (you can read more about aligned and unaligned checkpoints in the documentation. If you are struggling with checkpoint barriers propagation times, taking care of backpressure would most likely help to solve the problem. Lastly, you might just want to optimize your job in order to reduce the costs of running the job.
In order to address the problem for all cases, one needs to be aware of it, then locate and analyze it.
Why shouldn’t I care about backpressure? #
Frankly, you do not always have to care about the presence of backpressure. Almost by definition, lack of backpressure means that your cluster is at least ever so slightly underutilized and over-provisioned. If you want to minimize idling resources, you probably can not avoid incurring some backpressure. This is especially true for batch processing.
How to detect and track down the source of backpressure? #
One way to detect backpressure is to use metrics, however, in Flink 1.13 it’s no longer necessary to dig so deep. In most cases, it should be enough to just look at the job graph in the Web UI.
The first thing to note in the example above is that different tasks have different colors. Those colors represent a combination of two factors: under how much backpressure this task is and how busy it is. Idling tasks will be blue, fully busy tasks will be red hot, and fully backpressured tasks will be black. Anything in between will be a combination/shade of those three colors. With this knowledge, one can easily spot the backpressured tasks (black). The busiest (red) task downstream of the backpressured tasks will most likely be the source of the backpressure (the bottleneck).
If you click on one particular task and go into the “BackPressure” tab you will be able to further dissect the problem and check what is the busy/backpressured/idle status of every subtask in that task. For example, this is especially handy if there is a data skew and not all subtasks are equally utilized.
Backpressure among subtasks
In the above example, we can clearly see which subtasks are idling, which are backpressured, and that none of them are busy. And frankly, in a nutshell, that should be enough to quickly understand what is happening with your Job :) However, there are a couple of more details worth explaining.
What are those numbers? #
If you are curious how it works underneath, we can go a little deeper. At the base of this new mechanism we have three new metrics that are exposed and calculated by each subtask:
idleTimeMsPerSecond
busyTimeMsPerSecond
backPressuredTimeMsPerSecond
Each of them measures the average time in milliseconds per second that the subtask spent being idle, busy, or backpressured respectively. Apart from some rounding errors they should complement each other and add up to 1000ms/s. In essence, they are quite similar to, for example, CPU usage metrics.
Another important detail is that they are being averaged over a short period of time (a couple of seconds)
and they take into account everything that is happening inside the subtask’s thread: operators, functions,
timers, checkpointing, records serialization/deserialization, network stack, and other Flink internal
overheads. A WindowOperator
that is busy firing timers and producing results will be reported as busy or backpressured.
A function doing some expensive computation in CheckpointedFunction#snapshotState
call, for instance flushing
internal buffers, will also be reported as busy.
One limitation, however, is that busyTimeMsPerSecond
and idleTimeMsPerSecond
metrics are oblivious
to anything that is happening in separate threads, outside of the main subtask’s execution loop.
Fortunately, this is only relevant for two cases:
- Custom threads that you manually spawn in your operators (a discouraged practice).
- Old-style sources that implement the deprecated
SourceFunction
interface. Such sources will reportNaN
/N/A
as the value for busyTimeMsPerSecond. For more information on the topic of Data Sources please take a look here.
Old-style sources do not report busy time
In order to present those raw numbers in the web UI, those metrics need to be aggregated from all subtasks (on the job graph we are showing only tasks). This is why the web UI presents the maximal value from all subtasks of a given task and why the aggregated maximal values of busy and backpressured may not add up to 100%. One subtask can be backpressured at 60%, while another can be busy at 60%. This can result in a task that is both backpressured and busy at 60%.
Varying load #
There is one more thing. Do you remember that those metrics are measured and averaged over a couple of seconds?
Keep this in mind when analyzing jobs or tasks with varying load, such as (sub)tasks containing a WindowOperator
that is firing periodically. Both the subtask with a constant load of 50% and the subtask that alternates every
second between being fully busy and fully idle will be reporting the same value of busyTimeMsPerSecond
of 500ms/s.
Furthermore, varying load and especially firing windows can move the bottleneck to a different place in the job graph:
Bottleneck alternating between two tasks
SlidingWindowOperator
In this particular example, SlidingWindowOperator
was the bottleneck as long as it was accumulating records.
However, as soon as it starts to fire its windows (once every 10 seconds), the downstream task
SlidingWindowCheckMapper -> Sink: SlidingWindowCheckPrintSink
becomes the bottleneck and SlidingWindowOperator
gets backpressured. As those busy/backpressured/idle metrics are averaging time over a couple of seconds,
this subtlety is not immediately visible and has to be read between the lines. On top of that, the web UI
is updating its state only once every 10 seconds, which makes spotting more frequent changes a bit more difficult.
What can I do with backpressure? #
In general this is a complex topic that is worthy of a dedicated blog post. It was, to a certain extent, addressed in previous blog posts. In short, there are two high-level ways of dealing with backpressure. Either add more resources (more machines, faster CPU, more RAM, better network, using SSDs…) or optimize usage of the resources you already have (optimize the code, tune the configuration, avoid data skew). In either case, you first need to analyze what is causing backpressure by:
- Identifying the presence of backpressure.
- Locating which subtask(s) or machines are causing it.
- Digging deeper into what part of the code is causing it and which resource is scarce.
Backpressure monitoring improvements and metrics can help you with the first two points. To tackle the last one, profiling the code can be the way to go. To help with profiling, also starting from Flink 1.13, Flame Graphs are integrated into Flink’s web UI. Flame Graphs is a well known profiling tool and visualization technique and I encourage you to give it a try.
But keep in mind that after locating where the bottleneck is, you can analyze it the same way you would any other non-distributed application (by checking resource utilization, attaching a profiler, etc). Usually there is no silver bullet for problems like this. You can try to scale up but sometimes it might not be easy or practical to do.
Anyway… The aforementioned improvements to backpressure monitoring allow us to easily detect the source of backpressure, and Flame Graphs can help us to analyze why a particular subtask is causing problems. Together those two features should make the previously quite tedious process of debugging and performance analysis of Flink jobs that much easier! Please upgrade to Flink 1.13.x and try them out!
[1] There is a third possibility. In a rare case when network exchange is actually the bottleneck in your job, the downstream task will have empty input buffers, while upstream output buffers will be full.


Provides interfaces and classes for openid server.
OpenID Server
OpenID Authentication 1.1
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OpenID Simple Registration Extension 1.0
OpenID Attribute Exchange 1.0
Related Documentation
For overviews, tutorials, examples, guides, and tool documentation, please see:
Open ID


A responsive web page created for handling media files. This allows create, read, update, and delete abilities for persistent information. Here is the current running website for comparison, and here is the link to the project. Below are some pictures of what I worked on.


app/pages/advisor/advisor.module.ts
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';
import { AdvisorComponent } from './advisor.component';
import { Ng2SmartTableModule } from 'ng2-smart-table';
import { ThemeModule } from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>import { AdvisorRoutingModule, routedComponents } from './advisor-routing.module';
import { AllRequestsComponent } from './all-requests/all-requests.component';
import { AdvisorAppointmentsComponent } from './advisor-appointments/advisor-appointments.component';
import { CanActivateAdvisor } from '../../_shared/services/authentication.service';
import { StudentRequestComponent } from './student-requests/student-requests.component';
import { PreviousClassesComponent } from './student-requests/previous-classes/previous-classes.component';
import { CurrentClassesComponent } from './student-requests/current-classes/current-classes.component';
import { CoursesComponent } from './courses/courses.component';
import { GrowlModule } from 'primeng/growl';
import { AdvisorChatListComponent } from './advisor-chat-list/advisor-chat-list.component';
import { ServiceComponentModule } from '../../_shared/services/components/service-components.module';
@NgModule({
imports: [
CommonModule,
ThemeModule,
Ng2SmartTableModule,
AdvisorRoutingModule,
GrowlModule,
ServiceComponentModule,
],
declarations: [
...routedComponents,
StudentRequestComponent,
AdvisorChatListComponent,
CoursesComponent,
CurrentClassesComponent,
PreviousClassesComponent,
],
providers: [
CanActivateAdvisor,
],
})
export class AdvisorModule { }


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Human Computer Interation.
Integral Calculus
Social Networks: A Marketing Perspective
Introduction to Solid State Physics


The Content Viewer area is in the lower right area of the interface. This area is used to view a specific file in a variety of formats. There are different tabs for different viewers. Not all tabs support all file types, so only some of them will be enabled. To display data in this area, it must be selected from the Result Viewer window (upper right).
The Content Viewer area is part of a plug-in framework. You can install modules that will add more viewer types. This section describes the viewers that come by default with Autopsy.
Here's an example of a "Content Viewer" window:
Currently, there are 3 main tabs on "Content Viewer" window:


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Next: Valuator constructor, Previous: Advantages of step-driven valuation, Up: Value methods [Contents][Index]
This section discusses in detail the requirements for maintaining the stack. In some cases, such as implementation using a Perl array, fulfilling these requirements is trivial. Perl auto-extends its arrays, and initializes the element values, on every read or write. For the C programmer, things are not quite so easy.
In this section, we will assume a C89 standard-conformant C application. This assumption is convenient on two grounds. First, this will be the intended use for many readers. Second, standard-conformant C89 is a “worst case”. Any issue faced by a programmer in another environment is likely to also be one that must be solved by the C programmer.
Libmarpa often optimizes away unnecessary stack writes to stack locations. When it does so, it will not necessarily optimize away all reads to that stack location. This means that a location’s first access, as suggested by the Libmarpa step instructions, may be a read. This possibility requires a special awareness from the C programmer. See Sizing the stack.
| • Sizing the stack: |


Data Fields | |
| double | mintermsP |
| double | mintermsN |
| int | functionRef |
| short int | replace |
| short int | parity |
| DdNode * | resultP |
| DdNode * | resultN |
| double * | mintermPointer |
| int * | nodesPointer |
| int * | lightChildNodesPointer |
Definition at line 84 of file cuddApprox.c.
Definition at line 79 of file cuddSubsetHB.c.
| double* NodeData::mintermPointer |
| double NodeData::mintermsN |
| double NodeData::mintermsP |
Definition at line 78 of file cuddSubsetHB.c.
Referenced by SubsetCountMintermAux(), and SubsetCountNodesAux().
| short int NodeData::parity |
Definition at line 89 of file cuddApprox.c.
| short int NodeData::replace |
Definition at line 88 of file cuddApprox.c.
Definition at line 91 of file cuddApprox.c.
Definition at line 90 of file cuddApprox.c.


To Query the SDPC: 1. Connect to the Warehouse 2. Enter and Submit your criteria 3. View your results
To Subscribe to the SDC: 1. Connect to the Warehouse 2. Enter and Submit your criteria 3. View connection
To deposit messages: 1. Connect to the Warehouse 2. Enter and Submit your criteria 3. View results


A Graphical Trope common in Zany Cartoons. If someone swallows something large, his body will deform to accommodate it, taking the shape and size of the object.
  His head then deforms and becomes the exact same shape as the sandwich. He then swallows and the sandwich shape travels down his neck, until it reaches his stomach where it is then digested.
Alternatively, something may be thrown at Bob at sufficiently high speeds that it lodges itself in his mouth. His head again deforms to accommodate the object. He then reluctantly swallows, and the deformation travels down his throat.
Subtrope of Forcibly Formed Physique. Compare Balloon Belly, Traveling-Pipe Bulge and Impact Silhouette. Contrast with Hammerspace.
Examples:
- A classic Guinness advert◊ combines this with Traveling-Pipe Bulge: an ostrich has stolen a man's beer, leaving it with a bulge in its neck the size and shape of a pint glass.
- Used frequently in The Beano.
- Jughead almost always does this.
- In an early issue of Bone Phoney Bone tries to hide a purloined pie by stuffing it into Fone Bone's mouth. Fone Bone's head assumes the outline of the pie, complete with eaten slice.
- In Górsky & Butch, a police medium has the power to guess what the victim's last meal was... in this case he guessed that it was a a safe with a coded note.
- In the Spanish comic Mortadelo y Filemón, the thrown variant is often used.
- Used to horrible effect in Marvel Zombies. Zombie-Hulk gorges himself on human bodies, which satisfies his hunger enough that he turns back into Banner, and you can see feet trying to poke out of his stomach...
- In one FoxTrot strip series, Peter wasn't necessarily shown eating the pizzas in one gulp, but he came home with his stomach clearly showing several pizzas stacked inside of it.
- Zits: Jeremy once unhinged his jaw to eat a tall sandwich.
- Sometimes happens in Garfield when the title character swallows things whole. This◊ strip has Garfield swallow an entire candy cane, with his tail in a candy cane shape.
- Happens to Kevin the bird in Up when it tries to eat Carl's cane, and again when it swallows one of the balloons holding up Carl's house.
- Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has an interesting example. After chasing a bar of soap that was sliding across the floor, Dopey eventually swallows it by mistake. He immediately starts to hiccup bubbles, which provokes him to squeeze his stomach in various angles; he then sees a rectangular bulge inside him before going into a hiccuping frenzy for the rest of the scene.
- In Ratatouille, Emile is hiding from Linguini next to a bunch of grapes. He starts eating them one by one until his body looks like a bag full of grapes.
- Happens with the ostriches in Fantasia.
- Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare: Scooby's head takes the shape of a slice of watermelon during one musical number.
- The Mask: The title character swallows a bomb, and the resulting explosion only gives him a fiery belch.
- In Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Roger is hurled into an ironing board mouth first, and ends up stretched out over it.
- Played for horror in Deep Rising. A piece of the monster's tentacles is noticeably bulging before the heroes open fire on it. Then the half-digested, shrieking body of another character falls out.
- Also played for horror in Anaconda. At one point the titular snake is seen swimming away, and we see the outline of the person it just ate in its belly.
- The Little Prince opens with the narrator recalling how, as a child, he drew a picture of a snake who ate an elephant whole. The grown-ups think it's a hat and chastise him for wasting time drawing silly pictures.
- In the Harry Potter universe there are the normally Living Shadow-like lethifolds, which gain an inch or two in depth after feeding on sleeping humans.
- Discworld:
- In Unseen Academicals, Glenda, a woman who has the gargantuan task of cooking for Wizards, in not best pleased to see all the pies she has cooked and racked up to cool have been stolen; she tracks the crumbs back to the mysterious Mr Nutt, who is sleeping off a binge with his stomach swollen to a massively distended size. In a novel about football, she then has a chance to, absolutely deadpan, intone the words
Who ate all the pies?
- In the Ankh-Morpork Post Office Diary, the history section states that the Quirmian post office used to employ ostriches. Apparently, the only drawback to ostrich postmen was the tendency to swallow amusingly-shaped parcels and get them lodged in their necks. This is probably a reference to the Guinness advert above.
- In Unseen Academicals, Glenda, a woman who has the gargantuan task of cooking for Wizards, in not best pleased to see all the pies she has cooked and racked up to cool have been stolen; she tracks the crumbs back to the mysterious Mr Nutt, who is sleeping off a binge with his stomach swollen to a massively distended size. In a novel about football, she then has a chance to, absolutely deadpan, intone the words
- In an episode of Honey, I Shrunk the Kids spoofing Men in Black, Diane and the kids thwart the alien invaders by sneaking them shrunken van tires disguised as M&Ms, their Trademark Favorite Food. This is after Wayne has perfected automatic un-shrinking, so the tires grow back to regular size inside them. Thanks to apparent Bizarre Alien Biology, this results in this trope rather than killing them.
- Satiric French show Les Guignols de l'Info, after the infamous "pretzel" incident, showed a picture of the puppet for George W. Bush with his throat in the shape of a pretzel. Then they made a Running Gag of it with the game "guess what Bush accidentally ate this time", with the puppet sporting a throat in the shape of various objects (including a dog once).
- This happens to a snake that swallows Guybrush in The Curse of Monkey Island. We can see the outline of Guybrush standing inside the snake, and he's able to pick up things that the snake has also swallowed.
- Happens several times in Dragon's Lair 2, usually with giant snakes swallowing Dirk whole and, in one case, a Giant Spider.
- In the Dragon's Lair clone Brain Dead 13, a couple of the deaths result in this, such as a book getting stuck in Lance's throat or a huge stone football thrown into his mouth.
- Happens in The Sims 2 if a Cowplant eats a Sim. The Sim will bulge its neck until it goes down into the plant.
- This occurs twice to Carbuncle when he eats something in two animated Puyo Puyo shorts, the first one being Schezo's sword and the second one being an entire food stand.
- A disturbing example hails from Mystery Case Files: Madame Fate, as the crystal ball reveals that Fate's Carnival's sword swallower will inadvertantly eats a real sword. He is shown agonizing, the handles from the sword deforming his throat in a matter that can't possibly be survived.
- Happens to Shannon in the Bloody Urban strip "Neck Scar" when he eats an iPad for True Art. However, it gets stuck in his throat and it takes a trip to A&E to get it out.
- A variation shows up the Zero Punctuation review of Rise of the Triad, when Yahtzee says he wants to shove an "ocean liner piston, butt hole first" in the voice actor who plays the game's mission commander (who mocks the player every time they die.)
- Homestar Runner: In his big return from a five-and-a-half-year-long hiatus of checking his e-mail, Strong Bad commits April Fools pranks all across the land. One of these is somehow tricking the local vegan Marzipan into eating The Cheat, who gets caught in her neck, causing her to cough up some of his fur while asking "Are you sure this is gluten-free?"
- Used frequently on Tom and Jerry, usually when Jerry ate something bigger than he was.
- Often appears with Jerry's Big Eater nephew Nibbles.
- Tom has also been known to swallow whole Sandwich Towers in one sitting, stretching out his neck in the process.
- An episode of Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers has Monterey Jack unwittingly eating a piece of dehydrated cheese. When it rehydrates in his stomach, he's comically stretched out into a large brick shape.
- On The Simpsons, the school snake is seen crawling with some kid-shaped lumps, one of which is Milhouse (and according to the Springfield Elementary School charter, the school isn't responsible for Milhouse getting eaten by a snake — or Bart dying of appendicitis).
- In another episode, Bart gets a snake for a pet and brings it to school. One girl's pet rabbit escapes, and it's revealed the snake ate it. We see the rabbit hopping in the snake's body... until it quickly dissolves.
- The SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Squidtastic Voyage" ends with the shrunken sub growing inside Squidward.
- Another episode has Patrick eat a patty whole, then force it down. The patty is visible all the way (pictured).
- Squidward has also had the thrown version thrust upon him, as SpongeBob makes Krabby Patties too fast and they all end up flying down Squidward's gullet.
- Squidward also has his clarinet shoved into his mouth, and his head is stretched out to accomodate the instrument.
- He also once ate his paintings when he was homeless because nobody would buy them.
- In "Wormy", Sandy shows SpongeBob and Patrick her pet snake, which has a mouse-shaped bulge.
 The small, ball-obsessed dog swallows him.
- In the Tex Avery cartoon, Billy Boy, the little goat swallows a tire whole and takes its shape, including the hole in the center.
- In the cartoon Devil May Hare, Bugs feeds the Tasmanian Devil an inflatable raft disguised as a pig and inflates it inside him, causing him to take the shape of the raft.
- In Yankee Doodle Daffy, as Daffy enthusiastically pitches his young protege Sleepy La Goon to talent agent Porky, the junior genius sits on the couch, stuffing a huge lollypop into his face, distending his head...as he twirls it around in his mouth, his head shape follows it.
- In Steamboat Willie, Mickey can't get a cow strapped to a crane for loading because it's too skinny. He feeds it a whole haystack to fill it out, which also deforms the head and neck as it goes down.
- On The Ren & Stimpy Show, Ren eats dehydrated horse meat, which then rehydrates inside him into the shape of a whole horse.
- In the Darkwing Duck episode "In Like Blunt", one photo J. Gander shows Darkwing of an agent killed by whoever has the list has a snake with a suspiciously avian-looking series of bumps in it.
- In the Droopy cartoon Outfoxed, a fox gives Droop a bone with dynamite inside. The other dogs rush him and take it from him. As he asks each dog who has the bone, each one shakes his head no, including the dog who took it, who clearly has a bone-shaped lump in his mouth... until it explodes, leaving the dog with no mouth at all.
 He opens up his shirt, exposing a TV screen on his stomach. (Later we see the TV back in the pup's house, with Droopy telling the audience "Now don't ask us how we got the television back.")

- In "Little Ed Blue", Edd tries to cheer Ed up by having the latter blow the candle on, for some reason, a roasted chicken. Ed's response? He shoves the chicken into Edd, making his stomach shaped like it.
- In another episode, Eddy convinces Ed to eat his mattress. Edd walks in on Ed partway through the process, his entire body deformed around one half of the mattress.
- Ed is quite prone to this trope, as another episode sees him eating an entire log as tall as he is. He of course takes on its shape.
- Though he doesn't swallow it, Rolf gets Plank lodged in his mouth via the thrown variant. When he turns his head, it's shown to be the same length and shape as Plank.
- In "Don't Rain on My Ed", Eddy is running to the candy store so fast that he winds up running into Kevin and swallowing him and his bike whole.
Kevin: No, really, I'm pounding you, dork.  It then unfolds inside him until the entire screen is covered in pink.
- On Mike, Lu & Og, Lu swallows whole several jawbreaker-like candies called Jujubombs, homemade by Mike and Og to be jumbo-sized.
- Happens occasionally in Animaniacs when Wakko eats something.
 Cue wrench, hammer, and saw-shaped lumps in his throat dropping into his gut with appropriate tool sound effects and a jaunty "Happy Birthday To You".
- Mr. Bogus:
- The claymation short shown at the end of the episode "Class Clown Bogus" had Bogus devour an entire banana in one bite, taking on its shape.
- Happens in the third act of the episode "Et Tu, Brattus?" to a piranha after it eats the cocktail weenie that Bogus offers it, leaving its body in the shape of a cocktail weenie.
- Happens twice to Brattus in the second act of the episode "Beach Blanket Bogus", the first time when he eats an entire hamburger, and the second time when he eats an entire pretzel, which briefly leaves a pretzel-shaped bulge in Brattus's stomach.
- At the beginning of the second act of the episode "Bogus To The Rescue", Bogus, after coming up from one of the floor tiles in the bathroom, eats an entire chocolate ice cream cone in one bite, with the back of his head briefly taking the shape of the ice cream cone.
- Happens to Yoshi on a few occasions in the Super Mario World cartoon. He eats a wooden wheel in "The Wheel Thing" which creates a bulge in his throat as he swallows it.
- Perry the Platypus once ate a big wheel of cheese yet was still able to fight Dr. Doofenshmirtz while looking like this.
- A side effect of Jake's size/shape-shifting ability on Adventure Time. One notable incident had him grow huge so he could eat a broom in one bite (part of some wizard training), then shrink back down only to have the broom distend his whole torso, so he settles on growing just big enough to fit the broom in his stomach without it sticking out.
- This happens to Scooby in A Pup Named Scooby-Doo when in one episode, he eats an exceptionally large Scooby Snack.
- Boy Girl Dog Cat Mouse Cheese: Happens to Cat after she eats a stack of books in "The Cheesy Diary".
- My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic: In an attempt to get rid of a cursed spellbook before Rarity can notice, Spike swallows it, and struggles to pass the obvious book shape down his throat before Rarity looks in his direction.
- Fairly OddParents: In an episode parodying The Jetsons, Timmy decides to place a pill of dehydrated waffles in his mouth. It promptly becomes a stack of waffles as he swallows it.
- More or less Truth in Television for some types of snakes. Though you can't really tell what the snake ate, just how big it was. A snake that ate a rat wouldn't appear much different from a snake that ate a bird the same size as the rat.
- Certain deep-sea fishes play this trope straight, due to their highly-expandable guts. Not only that, but some have so little pigment in their own tissues that whatever prey they ingest is plainly visible through the distended belly wall.
- The Japanese Giant Salamander swallows its prey whole and alive. It can be seen moving around in its stomach. That's quite a way to die, digested alive in a stomach.


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Name | E-mail Id | Group | Date Of Registration | Action | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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{{customelist.firstName}} {{customelist.lastName}}
social login |
{{customelist.email}} | Default | {{customelist.createdDate | date : "dd/MM/yyyy"}} |
Do you want to Delete? |
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Items not found


| | Class | Description |
| | AggregateExpression |
Base class representing an aggregate query operator. |
| | And |
Expression operator that computes the logical "and" of sub-expression
clauses. |
| | Arithmetic |
Expression operator for arithmetic operations. |
| | Average |
Aggregate operator for computing the average of a set of values. |
| | BinaryExpression |
Base class for binary expression operators. |
| | Comparison |
Expression operator for comparing sub-expression values. |
| | CompositeExpression |
Base class for expressions with an arbitrary number of sub-expressions. |
| | Count |
Aggregate operator for counting the number of items in a set of values. |
| | DateUtil |
Utility class providing functions for manipulating Date
objects. |
| | Distinct |
Aggregate (group-by) operator for counting the number of distinct
values in a set of values. |
| | Expression |
Base class for query expression operators. |
| | ExpressionIterator |
The ExpressionIterator simplifies the process of traversing an
expression tree. |
| | Fn |
Expression operator that performs function invocation. |
| | If |
Expression operator for an if statement that performs conditional
execution. |
| | IsA |
Expression operator that type checks a sub-expression. |
| | Literal |
Expression operator for a literal value. |
| | Match |
Expression operator for text matching operations. |
| | Maximum |
Aggregate operator for computing the maximum of a set of values. |
| | Minimum |
Aggregate operator for computing the minimum of a set of values. |
| | Not |
Expression operator that returns the logical "not" of a sub-expression. |
| | NullOnAggregate |
Aggregate operator for aggregating strings or nonnumberic objects. |
| | Or |
Expression operator that computes the logical "or" of sub-expression
clauses. |
| | Query |
Performs query processing over a collection of ActionScript objects. |
| | Range |
Expression operator that tests if a value is within a given range. |
| | StringUtil |
Utility class providing functions for manipulating String
objects. |
| | Sum |
Aggregate operator for computing the sum of a set of values. |
| | Variable |
Expression operator that retrieves a value from an object property. |
| | Variance |
Aggregate operator for computing variance or standard deviation. |
| | WeightedAverage |
Aggregate operator for computing the weighted average of a set of values. |
| | Xor |
Expression operator that computes the exclusive-or ("xor") of
sub-expression clauses. |


Vafa Amirkia is a 4th year Physiology and Chinese Major at the University of Washington. This academic year he has been studying abroad with the University of Washington Worldwide Sichuan University Exchange Program doing developmental research in urban and rural areas. He is fluent in English and Persian (Farsi) and has studied two years of Mandarin Chinese. He is currently serving on China Earthquake Aid’s (CEA) Board of Directors and is the liaison between TWB, CEA, and University of Washington. In addition, Vafa is providing technology support and training to rural areas in Sichuan province China. He will be returning to Seattle to complete his degrees in late September 2009 and plans to attend medical school.


| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static PlayerData |
SkillAPI.getPlayerData(org.bukkit.OfflinePlayer player)
Retrieves the active class data for the player.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack |
RPGClass.getIcon(PlayerData data)
Retrieves the icon representing this class for menus
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
PlayerData |
PlayerAccountChangeEvent.getNewAccount() |
PlayerData |
PlayerCastSkillEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerClassChangeEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerComboFinishEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerExperienceGainEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerExperienceLostEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerGainSkillPointsEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerLevelUpEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerManaGainEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerManaLossEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerPreClassChangeEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerRefundAttributeEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerSkillCastFailedEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerSkillDowngradeEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerSkillUnlockEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerSkillUpgradeEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerUpAttributeEvent.getPlayerData() |
PlayerData |
PlayerAccountChangeEvent.getPreviousAccount() |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
PlayerCastSkillEvent(PlayerData playerData,
PlayerSkill skill,
org.bukkit.entity.Player player) |
PlayerComboFinishEvent(PlayerData player,
int combo,
String skill) |
PlayerManaGainEvent(PlayerData player,
double amount,
ManaSource source)
Constructor
|
PlayerManaLossEvent(PlayerData player,
double amount,
ManaCost source)
Constructor
|
PlayerPreClassChangeEvent(PlayerData playerData,
PlayerClass playerClass,
RPGClass previousClass,
RPGClass newClass)
Constructor
|
PlayerRefundAttributeEvent(PlayerData playerData,
String attribute)
Constructor
|
PlayerSkillDowngradeEvent(PlayerData playerData,
PlayerSkill downgradedSkill,
int refund)
Constructor
|
PlayerSkillUnlockEvent(PlayerData playerData,
PlayerSkill unlockedSkill)
Constructor
|
PlayerSkillUpgradeEvent(PlayerData playerData,
PlayerSkill upgradedSkill,
int cost)
Constructor
|
PlayerUpAttributeEvent(PlayerData playerData,
String attribute)
Constructor
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
PlayerData |
PlayerAccounts.getActiveData()
Retrieves the active account data for the player
|
PlayerData |
PlayerAccounts.getData(int id)
Gets the account data by ID for the owner
|
PlayerData |
PlayerAccounts.getData(int id,
org.bukkit.OfflinePlayer player,
boolean init)
Gets the account data by ID for the owner.
|
PlayerData |
PlayerClass.getPlayerData()
Retrieves the data of the player owning this class.
|
PlayerData |
PlayerCombos.getPlayerData()
Retrieves the data of the owning player
|
PlayerData |
PlayerSkill.getPlayerData()
Retrieves the owning player's data.
|
PlayerData |
PlayerSkillBar.getPlayerData()
Retrieves the owner of the skill bar represented as a VersionPlayer
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
HashMap<Integer,PlayerData> |
PlayerAccounts.getAllData()
Retrieves all of the data for the owner.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
PlayerSkillSlot.init(PlayerData data)
Initializes the skill slot for the given player
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
PlayerClass(PlayerData player,
RPGClass classData)
Initializes a new PlayerClass.
|
PlayerCombos(PlayerData data)
Initializes a new empty combo set
|
PlayerSkill(PlayerData player,
Skill skill,
PlayerClass parent)
Constructs a new PlayerSkill.
|
PlayerSkillBar(PlayerData player)
Initial constructor
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack |
Skill.getIcon(PlayerData data)
Fetches the icon for the skill for the player
|
boolean |
Skill.hasDependency(PlayerData playerData) |
boolean |
Skill.hasInvestedEnough(PlayerData playerData) |
boolean |
Skill.isCompatible(PlayerData playerData) |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
PlayerCastBars(PlayerData data) |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
PlayerEquips(PlayerData player) |
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
protected PlayerData |
GUIHolder.player |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack |
IconHolder.getIcon(PlayerData player) |
org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack[] |
GUIPage.instance(PlayerData player,
HashMap<String,? extends IconHolder> data) |
void |
GUIHolder.set(GUIData gui,
PlayerData player,
org.bukkit.inventory.Inventory inv,
HashMap<String,T> data) |
void |
GUIData.show(GUIHolder handler,
PlayerData player,
String title,
HashMap<String,? extends IconHolder> data) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static void |
AttributeListener.updatePlayer(PlayerData data)
Updates the stats of a player based on their current attributes
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack |
AttributeManager.Attribute.getIcon(PlayerData data)
Retrieves the icon for the attribute
|
static void |
ClassBoardManager.update(PlayerData player,
String prefix,
org.bukkit.ChatColor braceColor)
Updates scoreboard information for the player data
|
static void |
ClassBoardManager.updateLevel(PlayerData data)
Updates the player's level in the scoreboards
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
ScoreboardTask(PlayerData data)
Prepares the task
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
org.bukkit.inventory.Inventory |
InventoryTree.getInventory(PlayerData player)
Generates a new skill tree inventory
|
void |
InventoryTree.update(PlayerData player)
Updates a skill in the view
|
Copyright © 2021. All rights reserved.


{% extends "main/base.html" %} {% import "main/form_macro.html" as form_macro %} {% import "bootstrap/wtf.html" as wtf %} {% block main_body %}
{{error}}


Main Window - Debug Console
The Debug Console could be used to generate virtual locking system events
without having a real setup. Thus, giving the ability to the user to validate
the project setup within the EventMessenger application.
The EventMessenger is capable of handling three different types of locking
system events:
- "Unlocking Events"
- A transponder has been used on a lock with a "WaveNet" connection to
the LSM.Basic.Online Software. This could be either result in an "access
granted" or "access denied" by the lock. The virtual transponder and
lock will always have a fixed name and serial number.
- "Input Events"
- A "WaveNetManager RouterNode with IO functions" has three physical
inputs. The EventMessenger software could be used to determine if there
were changes on the potentials of these inputs.
- "Door Monitoring Events"
- A special kind of SimonsVoss Lock called "DoorMonitoring Lock" has
abilities to determine if there were chages on the doorstatus itself.
That means the Lock could inform wether the door is in an opened, closed
or locked state.
BE
AWARE: The EventMessenger won't be able to retrieve events from the Locking
Management System Software as long as the Console Window will be opened at
application start. Please disable the console and restart the application to
retrieve messages from the locking system software.


IP Peeper | IP:{{ipaddr}}
Welcome to IP Peeper!
Peep others IP address, Find the location
Enter IP Address
Your Current Location
Server
{{server}}
City
{{city}}
State
{{state}}
Country
{{country}}
ISP
{{isp}}
Organization
{{org}}
Time Zone
{{timezone}}


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About 236,000 results
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Beego Web is official blog and documentation website for beego app web
framework.
-
https://github.com/astaxie/beego
1 Mar 2015 ... beego is an open-source, high-performance web framework for the Go
programming language. http://beego.me · 1,522 commits · 3 branches ...
-
beeweb. An open source project for official documentation and blog website of
beego app framework. Updated 19 days ago.
-
www.sitepoint.com/go-building-web-applications-beego/
17 Jun 2014 ... Matthew Setter introduces Beego - a web application framework for the Go
language. Learn how to get started building web apps in Go.
-
blog.gopheracademy.com/advent-2013/day-05-beego/
5 Dec 2013 ... The goal of beego is to help you build and develop Go applications effectively in
the Go way. Beego integrates features belonging to Go and ...
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https://godoc.org/github.com/astaxie/beego
beego is an open-source, high-performance, modularity, full-stack web
framework.
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https://groups.google.com/d/forum/beego-framework
why beego 1.3 removed hot reload? Completed. By lost 2 posts 34 views ... Add
support for multi-column uniqueness constraints in Beego ORM? Completed.
-
https://gowalker.org/github.com/astaxie/beego
beego is an open-source, high-performance, modularity, full-stack web
framework package main import "github.com/astaxie/beego" func main() { beego.
-
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvXDgfoUKFY11 May 2014 - 22 min - Uploaded by Lei Cao Beego Framework Tutorials 1 Introduction to Beego http://go-talks.appspot.com/ github.com ...
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Should work in IE10, Firefox, and Chrome. If you have an older version of IE, the problem is YOU. Open both links in your browser: Reticle Settings


I havent found one so far, and thought a RDD class would be needed to make it, but how to go about making an elf which get the full advantage of a mighty bow, and still gets enough dex to be able to hit anyhting with it, any ideas on the build?
Please excuse any inconsistancies, I'm still working on it.
thanks looks good
on second thought Zyn, it doesnt look as good. If you try it out, you will find that there is no chance that you at lvl 5 can go RDD, earliest possible is 6th lvl, ill give you more info on the build problems as i encounter them the hard way, i tried this build out in a PW, so this is my first encounter with a problem, btw i chose another lvl of bard instead of the unavailible RDD, which isnt surprising i guess.
Ah yes, sorry about that. It was more of a typo than anything. Just push them all up a level and drop the Bard level at 32. Note that I haven't installed the new patch so this char is untested.
Edit: Mmm, on second thoughts, drop both Bard levels 27 and 32 and take a Bard level at 20th. That will avoid a drop in BAB. So level 20 will be 10AA/6Bard/4RDD with an AB of 17.
Edited By Zyn248 on 10/08/04 00:13
You were always able to take the Dev Crit and Overwhelming Crit feats for bows. They just had no effect - testing the build doesn't require the new patch.
I see. Testing something you know doesn't work. Good idea.
Testing in the sense of if it's buildable, yes. You can still physically take the devastating critical feats for bows. They just won't actually DO anything until the patch. So yes, you can in fact test out the build in the sense of making the thing. _________________ "Intelligence is knowing a tomato is a fruit; Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad."
Yeah I know. It did come with a disclaimer.
I usually chart out a char before testing it. If the build doesn't look that good on paper, I don't bother testing it. This particular build is borderline. On some Mods it might work very well.
This build will have only a 10% of getting a crit threat and most of the epic monsters on my PW will either only fail on a 1, or they are crit immune. That is a pretty small chance concidering all the useless feats you need to get it.
That said, the guy was looking for a dev crit bowyer build and I had this lying around. It's workable. I don't see a rush of alternate builds.
 Because of those changes, dev crit is not available till level 30.
Unless you want to drop 1 ab? Nah, you don't want to do that.
Quote: Posted 10/08/04 03:50:36 (GMT) -- Zyn248
That said, the guy was looking for a dev crit bowyer build and I had this lying around. It's workable. I don't see a rush of alternate builds.
Hey, just so ya know: a bowyer is a maker of bows. A craftsman as-it-were. Not the same thing as an archer (wielder of bows).
Thanks for putting your build up for him.
K.
I stand corrected.
Oh BTW, I've updated the char sheet. Dev crit is available at 29th (due to dev crit being an AA bonus feat).


STUART SAVES HIS FAMILY A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1995 James Berardinelli
RATING (0 TO 10): 4.2
U.S. Availability: general release 4/12/95 Running Length: 1:37 MPAA Classification: PG-13 (Language, mature themes)
Starring: Al Franken, Laura San Giacomo, Vincent D'Onofrio, Shirley Knight, Harris Yulin, Lesley Boone Director: Harold Ramis Producers: Lorne Michaels and Trevor Albert Screenplay: Al Franken based on his book Cinematography: Lauro Escorel Music: Marc Shaiman Released by Paramount Pictures
STUART SAVES HIS FAMILY is yet another feature spinoff of a SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE skit. Unfortunately, like the notable flops that preceded it (THE CONEHEADS, IT'S PAT), this one should have remained confined to television. Stretched out to an agonizing ninety-seven minutes, STUART goes from being passably amusing to tedious to virtually unwatchable. Of course, part of the problem is the script, which suffers from a bizarre case of split personality--this has to be the first SNL movie that attempts to deliver a drama-based denouement.
Since FORREST GUMP debuted to universal popular acclaim, the movie- going community has been awaiting the inevitable copycats. Odd that the first should come from the same production company that distributed GUMP (Paramount), and that it should emerge from under the SNL umbrella. While it wouldn't be unexpected for writer/star Al Franken to parody Robert Zemeckis' megahit, that's not the approach he chose. Instead, with only the barest hint of mockery, he has tapped into the mawkishness that made GUMP so well-loved. Stuart isn't necessarily a Forrest clone, but he's a socially-challenged individual who overcomes great adversity to attain fame and prosperity.
The film starts out with a light, satirical touch, showing us part of an episode of a cable access show called DAILY AFFIRMATION, which is hosted by Stuart Smalley (Al Franken). Stuart, a member of about half-a- dozen support groups, including Al-anon, Overeaters' Anonymous, and Debtors' Anonymous, lisps his way through the short program, dispensing pop psychological advice. His "fifteen minutes of fame" are in jeopardy, however, since the director of programming has moved DAILY AFFIRMATION from its customary 12:00 noon slot to 2:45 am, right after a hair replacement infomercial.
Stuart's family is as dysfunctional as they come. His father (Harris Yulin) and brother (Vincent D'Onofrio) are alcoholics, his sister (Leslie Boone) is angst-riddled and overweight, and his mother (Shirley Knight) is indecisive and insensitive. As Stuart puts it (in one of the film's wittiest lines), "Seeing my mother is like a trip to the dentist's before the advent of modern pain killer." Fortunately, Stuart lives in Chicago, where he has friends like the equally screwed up Julia (Laura San Giacomo), while his family is a long bus trip away in Minnesota. Nevertheless, a series of events, beginning with the death of an aunt, keeps Stuart shuttling back and forth between states.
It's difficult to say whether, given a chance, the movie could have succeeded as a uncompromising lampoon. The opening half-hour, which is played almost exclusively for laughs, has its moments (several of which are highlighted by Marc Shaiman's perfectly-toned score), but there's a feeling that the material is already being stretched beyond its natural limits. The film, however, decides to get serious. Instead of continuing its jokey, farcical tone, it turns almost grim as the storyline centers on the cancerous effects of alcoholism in Stuart's family. There's nothing humorous in the scenes where Stuart and his siblings confront their father about how his drinking has scarred their lives.
While on the surface it might seem laudable that Franken has decided to guide his film in this unexpected direction, the problem is that the drama doesn't work. It comes across as flat and heavy-handed. Since each member of Stuart's family is initially introduced as a stereotypical caricature, it's difficult to accept any of them in a situation where they're intended to be taken seriously. Franken doesn't seem to realize that his one-dimensional characters lack the depth necessary for believable drama. The result is a failed attempt to turn a SATURDAY NIGHT LIVE spinoff into a social commentary.
Like Forrest Gump, Stuart Smalley has his arsenal of pithy sayings, including "It's easier to put on slippers than to carpet the entire world." Such comments seek to put a lighter spin on a bleak topic, but they're offered up too late. By then, a heavy dose of gravity has already capsized the floundering ship. In the end, it's this movie that needs saving--but there's no life preserver.
- James Berardinelli<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


- cancelRoom() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoom
-
- cancelRoom() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SRRInterface
-
Removes reserved status from room
post: customer's room number set to 0; name of reservation to null
- canReserve(Calendar, int) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Room
-
- canReserve(Calendar, int) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomInterface
-
- canReserveTestBAD() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomTest
-
- canReserveTestGood() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomTest
-
- CARD - edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Reservation.PaymentType
-
- CASH - edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Reservation.PaymentType
-
- checkChoiceInput(String, int, int) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUI
-
Takes in a string of input from the user, returning the user's choice input
if between given bounds, 0 otherwise
- checkChoiceInputTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUITest
-
- checkCustomer(String, String, String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Hotel
-
- checkCustomer(String, String, String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelInterface
-
- checkE_LoginID() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeIMPLTest
-
- checkE_LoginID(String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Employee
-
Checks if entered login ID is valid
- checkE_LoginID(String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeIMPL
-
- checkE_PWD() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeIMPLTest
-
- checkE_PWD(String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Employee
-
Checks if entered password is valid
- checkE_PWD(String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeIMPL
-
- checkedInMenu(CustomerInterface, Reservation) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUI
-
Displays options for customers to make once checked in; if checking out,
an option for a receipt and to take a survey is given
- checkEmployeeLogIn() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelTest
-
- checkEmployeeLogIn(String, String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI_Interface
-
Validates inputted employee login and password compared to employee
list; if login is accurate, save employee state
- checkEmployeeLogIn(String, String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI
-
- checkEmpReq() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI_Interface
-
Searches for employee's assigned requests to be fulfilled, if their ID
is associated with a request
- checkEmpReq() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI
-
- checkGuestID() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoom
-
- checkGuestID() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SRRInterface
-
Checks for valid guest/customer ID attached to selection
- checkGuestIDTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoomTest
-
Testing for non null Guest/customer ID
- checkIn() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerTest
-
- checkIn() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelTest
-
- checkIn() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomTest
-
- checkIn(int) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
- checkIn(int) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerInterface
-
Sets properties of customer to express they are checked in
- checkIn(int, CustomerInterface) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Hotel
-
Checks customer in if reservation date is today, comparing reservation
year, month, and day to current date
- checkIn(int, CustomerInterface) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelInterface
-
- checkIn(CustomerInterface) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Room
-
- checkIn(CustomerInterface) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomInterface
-
- checkOut() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerTest
-
- checkOut() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelTest
-
- checkOut() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomTest
-
- checkOut(int) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
- checkOut(int) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerInterface
-
Resets properties of customer to express they are checked out
- checkOut(int, CustomerInterface) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Hotel
-
Checks customer out of their room for their stay
- checkOut(int, CustomerInterface) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelInterface
-
- checkOut(CustomerInterface) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Room
-
- checkOut(CustomerInterface) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomInterface
-
- checkPwd(String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
- checkPwd(String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerInterface
-
Checks if inputted password matches the user customer's password
- checkRoomAvailable() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoom
-
- checkRoomAvailable() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SRRInterface
-
- checkRoomAvailableTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoomTest
-
Testing for room.available value
- checkRoomNum() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoom
-
- checkRoomNum() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SRRInterface
-
Checks for valid room number attached to room object passed in
- checkRoomNumTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoomTest
-
Testing for non null room number
- checkRooms() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelTest
-
- checkValidCust() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelTest
-
- checkValidCust(String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Hotel
-
checks to verify valid customer takes in a string for cust ID
- checkValidCust(String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelInterface
-
- checkValidRoom(int) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Hotel
-
checks to verify valid customer takes in a string for cust ID
- checkValidRoom(int) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelInterface
-
Checks for valid room number - used for loading reservations from saved file
- checkYorN(String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUI
-
Checks if input begins with a 'y' for 'Yes' or 'n' for 'No'
- checkYorNTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUITest
-
- clone() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Room
-
Cloning objects - this is used to ensure date pointer passed is not incremented
can be used for deep copying other objects
- closeUI() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI_Interface
-
Logs out employee; closes/ends employeeUI and returns to the main screen
menu, saving state of employee
- closeUI() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI
-
- closeUI() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUITest
-
- compare(Reservation, Reservation) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CompareReservationByDate
-
- CompareReservationByDate - Class in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
- CompareReservationByDate() - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CompareReservationByDate
-
- completeRequest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUITest
-
- completeRequest(int) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI_Interface
-
Fulfills a request associated with the employee and removes it from
list of active requests
- completeRequest(int) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeUI
-
- conflictingReservationDates() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.RoomTest
-
- constructorTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.EmployeeIMPLTest
-
- ConstructorTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.ReservationTest
-
- ConstructorTest2() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.ReservationTest
-
- createAccount() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelTest
-
- createAccount(String, String) - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Hotel
-
- createAccount(String, String) - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.HotelInterface
-
- createComments() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Rating
-
Gives customer option to provide verbal (written) feedback
that is then put in quotes to imply this is someone's words
- createHotel() - Static method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Main
-
- createReservationID() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoom
-
- createReservationID() - Method in interface edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SRRInterface
-
Creates reservation ID based on customer/guest ID and random characters
- createReservationIDTest() - Method in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoomTest
-
Testing to verify the reservation ID is not empty
- customer - Variable in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Reservation
-
- customer - Variable in class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.SelectReserveRoom
-
- Customer - Class in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
Created by Ben on 3/25/2018.
- Customer() - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
- Customer(String, String) - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
- Customer(String, String, int, boolean, boolean, boolean, String) - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
Alternate Customer constructor
- Customer(String, String, String, int, boolean) - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.Customer
-
Customer constructor
- CustomerInterface - Interface in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
Created by Ben on 3/25/2018.
- CustomerTest - Class in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
- CustomerTest() - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerTest
-
- CustomerUI - Class in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
- CustomerUI() - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUI
-
- CustomerUIInterface - Interface in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
- CustomerUITest - Class in edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel
-
- CustomerUITest() - Constructor for class edu.ithaca.bhamula1.hotel.CustomerUITest
-


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The first time I saw code, I thought "this is crazy, I could never do something like this!" However, driven by my love of video games and my dream of creating them myself, I decided to pursue software engineering anyway. I thrive in the face of a challenge because I love the satisfaction that comes from overcoming it.
An app using Ruby on Rails as the backend, and React.js as the frontend, that allows a signed in user to upload a sneaker of their choice which includes the brand, color, and style. They are able to click on the sneaker they uploaded and either update it if they would like, or delete it. The user is also able to see the sneakers that other users have uploaded.
Group project done with Express as the backend and Vanilla.js as the frontend in which you are capable of adding something in life you want to accomplish to a list that contains all other life events you want to accomplish. The user can either update that event, delete it, or decide to complete it.
FullStack project done using Ruby on Rails for backend, and Vanilla.js as frontend where a user can create a review for either a video game title, or a game console of their choice and upload it to a list of reviews. The user is able to update that review or delete it, along with being able to see reviews done by other users.


Responsive Website
Skills: CSS3 Flexbox and HTML
A landing page project using Responsive web design for an outdoor team building retreat, with icons and
google maps integration.
About Me
I was born in Miami, grew up in South America and England, and I'm currently living in a little town near Rome with an extended Italian family. My passion for computing started when I was at university and studied AI


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pwlf package contents¶
-
class
pwlf.
PiecewiseLinFit
(x, y, disp_res=False, sorted_data=False)¶ Bases:
object
Methods
calc_slopes
()Calculate the slopes of the lines after a piecewise linear function has been fitted. fit
(n_segments[, x_c, y_c])Fit a continuous piecewise linear function for a specified number of line segments. fit_force_points_opt
(var)The objective function to perform a continuous piecewise linear fit for a specified number of breakpoints. fit_with_breaks
(breaks)A function which fits a continuous piecewise linear function for specified breakpoint locations. fit_with_breaks_force_points
(breaks, x_c, y_c)A function which fits a continuous piecewise linear function for specified breakpoint locations, where you force the fit to go through the data points at x_c and y_c. fit_with_breaks_opt
(var)The objective function to perform a continuous piecewise linear fit for a specified number of breakpoints. fitfast
(n_segments[, pop])Uses multi start LBFGSB optimization to find the location of breakpoints for a given number of line segments by minimizing the sum of the square of the errors. p_values
()Calculate the p-values for each beta parameter. predict
(x[, sorted_data, beta, breaks])Evaluate the fitted continuous piecewise linear function at untested points. prediction_variance
(x[, sorted_data])Calculate the prediction variance for each specified x location. r_squared
()Calculate the coefficient of determination (“R squared”, R^2) value after a fit has been performed. standard_errors
()Calculate the standard errors for each beta parameter determined from the piecewise linear fit. use_custom_opt
(n_segments[, x_c, y_c])Provide the number of line segments you want to use with your custom optimization routine. -
calc_slopes
()¶ Calculate the slopes of the lines after a piecewise linear function has been fitted.
This will also calculate the y-intercept from each line in the form y = mx + b. The intercepts are stored at self.intercepts.
Returns: - slopes : ndarray(1-D)
The slope of each ling segment as a 1-D numpy array. This assumes that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n]. Thus, slopes[0] is the slope of the first line segment.
Examples
Calculate the slopes after performing a simple fit
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fit(3) >>> slopes = my_pwlf.slopes()
Attributes: - slopes : ndarray (1-D)
The slope of each ling segment as a 1-D numpy array. This assumes that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n]. Thus, slopes[0] is the slope of the first line segment.
- intercepts : ndarray (1-D)
The y-intercept of each line segment as a 1-D numpy array.
-
fit
(n_segments, x_c=None, y_c=None, **kwargs)¶ Fit a continuous piecewise linear function for a specified number of line segments. Uses differential evolution to finds the optimum location of breakpoints for a given number of line segments by minimizing the sum of the square error.
Parameters: - n_segments : int
The desired number of line segments.
- x_c : array_like, optional
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- y_c : array_like, optional
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- **kwargs : optional
Directly passed into scipy.optimize.differential_evolution(). This will override any pwlf defaults when provided. See Note for more information.
Returns: - fit_breaks : float
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
Raises: - ValueError
You probably provided x_c without y_c (or vice versa). You must provide both x_c and y_c if you plan to force the model through data point(s).
Notes
All **kwargs are passed into sicpy.optimize.differential_evolution. If any **kwargs is used, it will override my differential_evolution, defaults. This allows advanced users to tweak their own optimization. For me information see: https://github.com/cjekel/piecewise_linear_fit_py/issues/15#issuecomment-434717232
Examples
This example shows you how to fit three continuous piecewise lines to a dataset. This assumes that x is linearly spaced from [0, 1), and y is random.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fit(3)
Additionally you desired that the piecewise linear function go through the point (0.0, 0.0).
>>> x_c = [0.0] >>> y_c = [0.0] >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fit(3, x_c=x_c, y_c=y_c)
Additionally you desired that the piecewise linear function go through the points (0.0, 0.0) and (1.0, 1.0).
>>> x_c = [0.0, 1.0] >>> y_c = [0.0, 1.0] >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fit(3, x_c=x_c, y_c=y_c)
Attributes: - ssr : float
Optimal sum of square error.
- fit_breaks : ndarray (1-D)
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
- n_parameters : int
The number of model parameters. This is equivalent to the len(beta).
- n_segments : int
The number of line segments.
- nVar : int
The number of variables in the global optimization problem.
- beta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters for the continuous piecewise linear fit.
- zeta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters associated with the constraint function, if x_c and y_c is provided. Only created if x_c and y_c provided.
- slopes : ndarray (1-D)
The slope of each ling segment as a 1-D numpy array. This assumes that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n]. Thus, slopes[0] is the slope of the first line segment.
- intercepts : ndarray (1-D)
The y-intercept of each line segment as a 1-D numpy array.
- x_c : ndarray (1-D)
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through. Only created if x_c and y_c provided.
- y_c : ndarray (1-D)
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through. Only created if x_c and y_c provided.
- c_n : int
The number of constraint points. This is the same as len(x_c). Only created if x_c and y_c provided.
-
fit_force_points_opt
(var)¶ The objective function to perform a continuous piecewise linear fit for a specified number of breakpoints. This is to be used with a custom optimization routine, and after use_custom_opt has been called.
Use this function if you intend to be force the model through x_c and y_c, while performing a custom optimization.
This was intended for advanced users only.
See the following example https://github.com/cjekel/piecewise_linear_fit_py/blob/master/examples/useCustomOptimizationRoutine.py
Parameters: - var : array_like
The breakpoint locations, or variable, in a custom optimization routine.
Returns: - ssr : float
The sum of square of the residuals.
Raises: - LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Notes
You should run use_custom_opt to initialize necessary object attributes first.
Unlike fit_with_breaks_force_points, fit_force_points_opt automatically assumes that the first and last breakpoints occur at the min and max values of x.
-
fit_with_breaks
(breaks)¶ A function which fits a continuous piecewise linear function for specified breakpoint locations.
The function minimizes the sum of the square of the residuals for the x y data.
If you want to understand the math behind this read https://jekel.me/2018/Continous-piecewise-linear-regression/
Other useful resources: http://golovchenko.org/docs/ContinuousPiecewiseLinearFit.pdf https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/40913-piecewise-linear-least-square-fit http://www.regressionist.com/2018/02/07/continuous-piecewise-linear-fitting/
Parameters: - breaks : array_like
The x locations where each line segment terminates. These are referred to as breakpoints for each line segment. This should be structured as a 1-D numpy array.
Returns: - ssr : float
Returns the sum of squares of the residuals.
Raises: - LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Notes
The above attributes are added or modified while running this function.
Examples
If your x data exists from 0 <= x <= 1 and you want three piecewise linear lines where the lines terminate at x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0. This assumes that x is linearly spaced from [0, 1), and y is random.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = [0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0] >>> ssr = my_pwlf.fit_with_breaks(breaks)
Attributes: - fit_breaks : ndarray (1-D)
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
- n_parameters : int
The number of model parameters. This is equivalent to the len(beta).
- n_segments : int
The number of line segments.
- beta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters for the continuous piecewise linear fit.
- slopes : ndarray (1-D)
The slope of each ling segment as a 1-D numpy array. This assumes that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n]. Thus, slopes[0] is the slope of the first line segment.
- intercepts : ndarray (1-D)
The y-intercept of each line segment as a 1-D numpy array.
-
fit_with_breaks_force_points
(breaks, x_c, y_c)¶ A function which fits a continuous piecewise linear function for specified breakpoint locations, where you force the fit to go through the data points at x_c and y_c.
The function minimizes the sum of the square of the residuals for the pair of x, y data points.
If you want to understand the math behind this read https://jekel.me/2018/Force-piecwise-linear-fit-through-data/
Parameters: - breaks : array_like
The x locations where each line segment terminates. These are referred to as breakpoints for each line segment. This should be structured as a 1-D numpy array.
- x_c : array_like
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- y_c : array_like
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
Returns: - L : float
Returns the Lagrangian function value. This is the sum of squares of the residuals plus the constraint penalty.
Raises: - LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Notes
The above attributes are added or modified while running this function. Input:
If your x data exists from 0 <= x <= 1 and you want three piecewise linear lines where the lines terminate at x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0. This assumes that x is linearly spaced from [0, 1), and y is random. Additionally you desired that the piecewise linear function go through the point (0.0, 0.0)
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> x_c = [0.0] >>> y_c = [0.0] >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = [0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0] >>> L = my_pwlf.fit_with_breaks_force_points(breaks, x_c, y_c)
Attributes: - fit_breaks : ndarray (1-D)
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
- n_parameters : int
The number of model parameters. This is equivalent to the len(beta).
- n_segments : int
The number of line segments.
- beta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters for the continuous piecewise linear fit.
- zeta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters associated with the constraint function.
- slopes : ndarray (1-D)
The slope of each ling segment as a 1-D numpy array. This assumes that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n]. Thus, slopes[0] is the slope of the first line segment.
- intercepts : ndarray (1-D)
The y-intercept of each line segment as a 1-D numpy array.
- x_c : ndarray (1-D)
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- y_c : ndarray (1-D)
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- c_n : int
The number of constraint points. This is the same as len(x_c).
-
fit_with_breaks_opt
(var)¶ The objective function to perform a continuous piecewise linear fit for a specified number of breakpoints. This is to be used with a custom optimization routine, and after use_custom_opt has been called.
This was intended for advanced users only.
See the following example https://github.com/cjekel/piecewise_linear_fit_py/blob/master/examples/useCustomOptimizationRoutine.py
Parameters: - var : array_like
The breakpoint locations, or variable, in a custom optimization routine.
Returns: - ssr : float
The sum of square of the residuals.
Raises: - LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Notes
You should run use_custom_opt to initialize necessary object attributes first.
Unlike fit_with_breaks, fit_with_breaks_opt automatically assumes that the first and last breakpoints occur at the min and max values of x.
-
fitfast
(n_segments, pop=2, **kwargs)¶ Uses multi start LBFGSB optimization to find the location of breakpoints for a given number of line segments by minimizing the sum of the square of the errors.
The idea is that we generate n random latin hypercube samples and run LBFGSB optimization on each one. This isn’t guaranteed to find the global optimum. It’s suppose to be a reasonable compromise between speed and quality of fit. Let me know how it works.
Since this is based on random sampling, you might want to run it multiple times and save the best version… The best version will have the lowest self.ssr (sum of square of residuals).
There is no guarantee that this will be faster than fit(), however you may find it much faster sometimes.
Parameters: - n_segments : int
The desired number of line segments.
- pop : int, optional
The number of latin hypercube samples to generate. Default pop=2.
- **kwargs : optional
Directly passed into scipy.optimize.differential_evolution(). This will override any pwlf defaults when provided. See Note for more information.
Returns: - fit_breaks : float
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
Notes
- The default number of multi start optimizations is 2.
- Decreasing this number will result in a faster run time.
- Increasing this number will improve the likelihood of finding
- good results
- You can specify the number of starts using the following call
- Minimum value of pop is 2
All **kwargs are passed into sicpy.optimize.fmin_l_bfgs_b. If any **kwargs is used, it will override my defaults. This allows advanced users to tweak their own optimization. For me information see: https://github.com/cjekel/piecewise_linear_fit_py/issues/15#issuecomment-434717232
Examples
This example shows you how to fit three continuous piecewise lines to a dataset. This assumes that x is linearly spaced from [0, 1), and y is random.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fitfast(3)
You can change the number of latin hypercube samples (or starting point, locations) to use with pop. The following example will use 50 samples.
>>> breaks = my_pwlf.fitfast(3, pop=50)
Attributes: - ssr : float
Optimal sum of square error.
- fit_breaks : ndarray (1-D)
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
- n_parameters : int
The number of model parameters. This is equivalent to the len(beta).
- n_segments : int
The number of line segments.
- nVar : int
The number of variables in the global optimization problem.
- beta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters for the continuous piecewise linear fit.
- slopes : ndarray (1-D)
The slope of each ling segment as a 1-D numpy array. This assumes that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n]. Thus, slopes[0] is the slope of the first line segment.
- intercepts : ndarray (1-D)
The y-intercept of each line segment as a 1-D numpy array.
-
p_values
()¶ Calculate the p-values for each beta parameter.
This calculates the p-values for the beta parameters under the assumption that your breakpoint locations are known. Section 2.4.2 of [2] defines how to calculate the p-value of individual parameters. This is really a marginal test since each parameter is dependent upon the other parameters.
Returns: - p : ndarray (1-D)
p-values for each beta parameter where p-value[0] corresponds to beta[0] and so forth
Raises: - ValueError
You have probably not performed a fit yet.
Notes
This assumes that your breakpoint locations are exact! and does not consider the uncertainty with your breakpoint locations.
See https://github.com/cjekel/piecewise_linear_fit_py/issues/14
References
[2] (1, 2) Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Anderson-Cook CM. Response surface methodology . Hoboken. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009;20:38-44. Examples
After performing a fit, one can calculate the p-value for each beta parameter
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fitfast(3) >>> x_new = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 100) >>> p = my_pwlf.p_values(x_new)
see also examples/standard_errrors_and_p-values.py
-
predict
(x, sorted_data=False, beta=None, breaks=None)¶ Evaluate the fitted continuous piecewise linear function at untested points.
You can manfully specify the breakpoints and calculated values for beta if you want to quickly predict from different models and the same data set.
Parameters: - x : array_like
The x locations where you want to predict the output of the fitted continuous piecewise linear function.
- sorted_data : bool, optional
Data needs to be sorted such that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n-1]. This implentation takes advantage of sorted x data in order to speed up the assembly of the regression matrix. A processes that could be repeated several thousand times. If your data is not sorted, pwlf will use numpy to sort the data. Default is False.
- beta : none or ndarray (1-D), optional
The model parameters for the continuous piecewise linear fit. Default is None.
- breaks : none or array_like, optional
The x locations where each line segment terminates. These are referred to as breakpoints for each line segment. This should be structured as a 1-D numpy array. Default is None.
Returns: - y_hat : ndarray (1-D)
Returns the Lagrangian function value. This is the sum of squares of the residuals plus the constraint penalty.
Notes
The above attributes are added or modified if any optional parameter is specified.
Fits a simple model, then predict at x_new locations which are linearly spaced.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = [0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0] >>> ssr = my_pwlf.fit_with_breaks(breaks) >>> x_new = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 100) >>> yhat = my_pwlf.predict(x_new)
If the x data is already sorted you can add the sorted_data=True to avoid sorting already sorted data.
>>> yhat = my_pwlf.predict(x_new, sorted_data=False)
Attributes: - fit_breaks : ndarray (1-D)
breakpoint locations stored as a 1-D numpy array.
- n_parameters : int
The number of model parameters. This is equivalent to the len(beta).
- n_segments : int
The number of line segments.
- beta : ndarray (1-D)
The model parameters for the continuous piecewise linear fit.
-
prediction_variance
(x, sorted_data=False)¶ Calculate the prediction variance for each specified x location. The prediction variance is the uncertainty of the model due to the lack of data. This can be used to find a 95% confidence interval of possible piecewise linear models based on the current data. This would be done typically as y_hat +- 1.96*np.sqrt(pre_var). The prediction_variance needs to be calculated at various x locations. For more information see: www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/vvuq/lectures/Regression-accuracy.pptx
Parameters: - x : array_like
The x locations where you want the prediction variance from the fitted continuous piecewise linear function.
- sorted_data : bool, optional
Data needs to be sorted such that x[0] <= x[1] <= … <= x[n-1]. This implentation takes advantage of sorted x data in order to speed up the assembly of the regression matrix. A processes that could be repeated several thousand times. If your data is not sorted, pwlf will use numpy to sort the data. Default is False.
Returns: - pre_var : ndarray (1-D)
Numpy array (floats) of prediction variance at each x location.
Raises: - ValueError
You have probably not performed a fit yet.
- LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Notes
This assumes that your breakpoint locations are exact! and does not consider the uncertainty with your breakpoint locations.
Examples
Calculate the prediction variance at x_new after performing a simple fit.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fitfast(3) >>> x_new = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 100) >>> pre_var = my_pwlf.prediction_variance(x_new)
see also examples/prediction_variance.py
-
r_squared
()¶ Calculate the coefficient of determination (“R squared”, R^2) value after a fit has been performed. For more information see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_determination
Returns: - rsq : float
Coefficient of determination, or ‘R squared’ value.
Raises: - ValueError
You have probably not performed a fit yet.
- LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Examples
Calculate the R squared value after performing a simple fit.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fitfast(3) >>> rsq = PiecewiseLinFit.r_squared()
-
standard_errors
()¶ Calculate the standard errors for each beta parameter determined from the piecewise linear fit. Typically +- 1.96*se will yield the center of a 95% confidence region around your parameters. This assumes the parmaters follow a normal distribution. For more information see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_error
This calculation follows the derivation provided in [1]. A taylor- series expansion is not needed since this is linear regression.
Returns: - se : ndarray (1-D)
Standard errors associated with each beta parameter. Specifically se[0] correspounds to the standard error for beta[0], and so forth.
Raises: - ValueError
You have probably not performed a fit yet.
- LinAlgError
This typically means your regression problem is ill-conditioned.
Notes
Note, this assumes no uncertainty in breakpoint locations.
References
[1] (1, 2) Coppe, A., Haftka, R. T., and Kim, N. H., “Uncertainty Identification of Damage Growth Parameters Using Nonlinear Regression,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 49, No. 12, dec 2011, pp. 2818–2821. Examples
Calculate the standard errors after performing a simple fit.
>>> import pwlf >>> x = np.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 10) >>> y = np.random.random(10) >>> my_pwlf = pwlf.PiecewiseLinFit(x, y) >>> breaks = my_pwlf.fitfast(3) >>> se = my_pwlf.standard_errors()
-
use_custom_opt
(n_segments, x_c=None, y_c=None)¶ Provide the number of line segments you want to use with your custom optimization routine.
Run this function first to initialize necessary attributes!!!
This was intended for advanced users only.
See the following example https://github.com/cjekel/piecewise_linear_fit_py/blob/master/examples/useCustomOptimizationRoutine.py
Parameters: - n_segments : int
The x locations where each line segment terminates. These are referred to as breakpoints for each line segment. This should be structured as a 1-D numpy array.
- x_c : none or array_like, optional
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- y_c : none or array_like, optional
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
Notes
Optimize fit_with_breaks_opt(var) where var is a 1D array containing the x locations of your variables var has length n_segments - 1, because the two breakpoints are always defined (1. the min of x, 2. the max of x).
fit_with_breaks_opt(var) will return the sum of the square of the residuals which you’ll want to minimize with your optimization routine.
Attributes: - n_parameters : int
The number of model parameters. This is equivalent to the len(beta).
- nVar : int
The number of variables in the global optimization problem.
- n_segments : int
The number of line segments.
- x_c : ndarray (1-D)
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- y_c : ndarray (1-D)
The x locations of the data points that the piecewise linear function will be forced to go through.
- c_n : int
The number of constraint points. This is the same as len(x_c).
-


Players # Player May Your Aim Be True Pray For Your Fleet Game Pieces note: try "r" while dragging a piece to rotate Ready


MathJax can generate speech for math expressions, and can also provide the ability to natively interact with each expression and explore it (i.e. walk the expression tree). This makes it easier to understand complex expressions via speech. However, in order to do this, all screen reader commands must be turned off, and all keys must be available for the web application to use. THis is facilitated via the "application" aria role.
The issue is that NVDA, once in application mode, cannot escape from it. This means that one a math expression gains focus and application mode is engaged, you cannot do anything else with the document aside from tabbing from expression to expression; all text between expressions is unavailable. It is possible to explicitly non-math parts of the document with role="document", but you must tab to a focusable control where the document role applies. If that is far away from the math expression your currently reading, then you then need to get back to that expression via screen reader commands before you can read surrounding text.
In order to see this behavior, set up mathjax via the MathJax menu as described below.
Once the page has been refreshed (may need to do this a few times as you change the various options), each expression is now inside a container with role="application". When you tab among the expressions, you can enter exploration mode via the enter key, and move up and down the tree with up / down arrows, and move through each level via left / right arrows. Once you want to move on to the next expression, or read any text that might lie between expressions, the only way out is to tab to the "substitute role='tab'" button since that is in a container explicitly tagged with role="document".
However, if you click this button, now all application roles are now role="tab", with the additional aria-roledescription=" ". You could use aria-roledescription="math", but I found this too verbose.
The tab role also turns off screen reader commands like arrow keys and enter and spaceBar when inside the container, however it also allows you to escape and reenable browse mode via the escape key. NVDA used to have a function which allowed you to completely escape out of containers tagged with role="application" bound to nvdaKey+control+spaceBar, but this no longer seems to function, even though the binding seems to exist.
When `a != 0`, there are two solutions to `ax^2 + bx + c = 0` and they are


--- title: "Default" description: |
In Evolution UI, a standard form is wrapped by the evo_c-form
class.
A form can contain a header element evo_c-form__header
, a body
element evo_c-form__body
, and a footer element
evo_c-form__footer
.
Each input is wrapped by a evo_c-form__field
element.
Radios and checkboxes are also wrapped by a fieldset
evo_c-form__fieldset
.
Add the js-validation
class on a <form> element to enable
visual messages if a field contains errors. The content of errors is placed
inside the evo_c-form__tooltip
element.


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Amazon Relational Database Service DBCluster ScalingConfiguration
The
ScalingConfiguration
property type specifies the scaling configuration of an Aurora Serverless DB cluster.
ScalingConfiguration
is a property of the AWS::RDS::DBCluster resource type.
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "AutoPause" :
Boolean
, "MaxCapacity" :Integer
, "MinCapacity" :Integer
, "SecondsUntilAutoPause" :Integer
}
YAML
AutoPause:
Boolean
MaxCapacity:Integer
MinCapacity:Integer
SecondsUntilAutoPause:Integer
Properties
AutoPause
-
A value that specifies whether to allow or disallow automatic pause for an Aurora DB cluster in serverless DB engine mode. A DB cluster can be paused only when it's idle (it has no connections).
Note
If a DB cluster is paused for more than seven days, the DB cluster might be backed up with a snapshot. In this case, the DB cluster is restored when there is a request to connect to it.
Required: No
Type: Boolean
Update requires: No interruption
MaxCapacity
-
The maximum capacity for an Aurora DB cluster in serverless DB engine mode.
Valid capacity values are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256.
The maximum capacity must be greater than or equal to the minimum capacity.
Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: No interruption
MinCapacity
-
The minimum capacity for an Aurora DB cluster in serverless DB engine mode.
Valid capacity values are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256.
The minimum capacity must be less than or equal to the maximum capacity.
Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: No interruption
SecondsUntilAutoPause
-
The time, in seconds, before an Aurora DB cluster in
serverless
mode is paused.Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: No interruption
See Also
-
ScalingConfiguration in the Amazon RDS API Reference


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