Brain: 2019-07¶
Contents¶
- Editorial
- Scientific Commentaries
- Quantification of cortical damage in multiple sclerosis using DTI remains a challenge
- From dreams to parkinsonism: tracking the journey
- Could changing the course of Alzheimer’s disease pathology with immunotherapy prevent dementia?
- Functional neurological disorder: an ethical turning point for neuroscience
- Review Article
- Reports
- Clinical Trial
- Original Articles
- Allele-specific silencing as treatment for gene duplication disorders: proof-of-principle in autosomal dominant leukodystrophy
- Axonal degeneration as substrate of fractional anisotropy abnormalities in multiple sclerosis cortex
- Characterizing the role of the structural connectome in seizure dynamics
- Music training is neuroprotective for verbal cognition in focal epilepsy
- Increased creative thinking in narcolepsy
- Behaviour and neuropathology in mice injected with human contactin-associated protein 2 antibodies
- Sleep and risk of parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease: a population-based study
- Relationship between neuromelanin and dopamine terminals within the Parkinson’s nigrostriatal system
- Freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease reflects a sudden derangement of locomotor network dynamics
- Evolution of prodromal Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a prospective study
- Neuropathological correlates of structural and functional imaging biomarkers in 4-repeat tauopathies
- Longitudinal neuroanatomical and cognitive progression of posterior cortical atrophy
- EEG evidence of compensatory mechanisms in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
- Persistent neuropathological effects 14 years following amyloid-β immunization in Alzheimer’s disease
- Quantitative facial expression analysis revealed the efficacy and time course of oxytocin in autism
- The prognosis of functional limb weakness: a 14-year case-control study
- Impaired attentional modulation of sensorimotor control and cortical excitability in schizophrenia
Editorial¶
Quantification of cortical damage in multiple sclerosis using DTI remains a challenge¶
From dreams to parkinsonism: tracking the journey¶
Could changing the course of Alzheimer’s disease pathology with immunotherapy prevent dementia?¶
Functional neurological disorder: an ethical turning point for neuroscience¶
Review Article¶
Assessment of lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis: practical guidelines¶
Reports¶
MSH3 modifies somatic instability and disease severity in Huntington’s and myotonic dystrophy type 1¶
Presynaptic dopamine deficit in minimally conscious state patients following traumatic brain injury¶
Clinical Trial¶
Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of lasmiditan for acute treatment of migraine¶
Original Articles¶
Allele-specific silencing as treatment for gene duplication disorders: proof-of-principle in autosomal dominant leukodystrophy¶
Axonal degeneration as substrate of fractional anisotropy abnormalities in multiple sclerosis cortex¶
Altered inhibitory synapses in de novo GABRA5 and GABRA1 mutations associated with early onset epileptic encephalopathies¶
Characterizing the role of the structural connectome in seizure dynamics¶
Music training is neuroprotective for verbal cognition in focal epilepsy¶
Increased creative thinking in narcolepsy¶
Behaviour and neuropathology in mice injected with human contactin-associated protein 2 antibodies¶
Sleep and risk of parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease: a population-based study¶
Relationship between neuromelanin and dopamine terminals within the Parkinson’s nigrostriatal system¶
Freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease reflects a sudden derangement of locomotor network dynamics¶
Evolution of prodromal Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: a prospective study¶
Neuropathological correlates of structural and functional imaging biomarkers in 4-repeat tauopathies¶
Longitudinal neuroanatomical and cognitive progression of posterior cortical atrophy¶
EEG evidence of compensatory mechanisms in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease¶
Persistent neuropathological effects 14 years following amyloid-β immunization in Alzheimer’s disease¶
Quantitative facial expression analysis revealed the efficacy and time course of oxytocin in autism¶
The prognosis of functional limb weakness: a 14-year case-control study¶
Impaired attentional modulation of sensorimotor control and cortical excitability in schizophrenia¶
¶


|
Keraflow
Deep Learning for Python.
|
Base class for recurrent layers. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ |
Base class for recurrent layers.
Do not use this layer in your code.
| def keraflow.layers.recurrent.Recurrent.__init__ | ( | self, | |
| num_states, | |||
| output_dim, | |||
return_sequences = False , |
|||
go_backwards = False , |
|||
stateful = False , |
|||
unroll = False , |
|||
| kwargs | |||
| ) |
| num_states | int. Number of state of the layer. |
| output_dim | int. The output dimension of the layer. |
| return_sequences | Boolean. Whether to return the last output in the output sequence, or the full sequence. |
| go_backwards | Boolean. If True, process the input sequence backwards. |
| stateful | Boolean. See below. |
| unroll | Boolean. If True, the network will be unrolled, else a symbolic loop will be used. When using TensorFlow, the network is always unrolled, so this argument has no effect. Unrolling can speed-up a RNN, although it tends to be more memory-intensive. Unrolling is only suitable for short sequences. |
| kwargs | see Layer.__init__. |
stateful=True
, which means that the states computed for the samples in one batch will be reused as initial states for the samples in the next batch. This assumes a fixed batch size (specified by Input) and a one-to-one mapping between samples in different successive batches.mask_value
of Input. Usually you will concatenate an Input layer, an embedding layer, and then a recurrent layer.


Such dependencies should be removed or the language level of the module be increased.
Available only from Code | Inspect Code or Code | Analyze Code | Run Inspection by Name and isn't reported in the editor.


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EducationSubmission extends Entity
EducationSubmission class
Tags
Table of Contents
- $_propDict : array<string|int, mixed>
- The array of properties available to the model
- __construct() : mixed
- Construct a new Entity
- getId() : string|null
- Gets the id Read-only.
- getODataType() : string|null
- Gets the ODataType
- getOutcomes() : array<string|int, mixed>|null
- Gets the outcomes Read-Write. Nullable.
- getProperties() : array<string|int, mixed>
- Gets the property dictionary of the Entity
- getRecipient() : EducationSubmissionRecipient|null
- Gets the recipient Who this submission is assigned to.
- getResources() : array<string|int, mixed>|null
- Gets the resources Nullable.
- getResourcesFolderUrl() : string|null
- Gets the resourcesFolderUrl Folder where all file resources for this submission need to be stored.
- getReturnedBy() : IdentitySet|null
- Gets the returnedBy User who moved the status of this submission to returned.
- getReturnedDateTime() : DateTime|null
- Gets the returnedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was returned. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
- getStatus() : EducationSubmissionStatus|null
- Gets the status Read-Only. Possible values are: working, submitted, released, returned.
- getSubmittedBy() : IdentitySet|null
- Gets the submittedBy User who moved the resource into the submitted state.
- getSubmittedDateTime() : DateTime|null
- Gets the submittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved into the submitted state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
- getSubmittedResources() : array<string|int, mixed>|null
- Gets the submittedResources Read-only. Nullable.
- getUnsubmittedBy() : IdentitySet|null
- Gets the unsubmittedBy User who moved the resource from submitted into the working state.
- getUnsubmittedDateTime() : DateTime|null
- Gets the unsubmittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved from submitted into the working state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
- jsonSerialize() : array<string|int, mixed>
- Serializes the object by property array Manually serialize DateTime into RFC3339 format
- setId() : Entity
- Sets the id Read-only.
- setODataType() : Entity
- Sets the ODataType
- setOutcomes() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the outcomes Read-Write. Nullable.
- setRecipient() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the recipient Who this submission is assigned to.
- setResources() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the resources Nullable.
- setResourcesFolderUrl() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the resourcesFolderUrl Folder where all file resources for this submission need to be stored.
- setReturnedBy() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the returnedBy User who moved the status of this submission to returned.
- setReturnedDateTime() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the returnedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was returned. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
- setStatus() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the status Read-Only. Possible values are: working, submitted, released, returned.
- setSubmittedBy() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the submittedBy User who moved the resource into the submitted state.
- setSubmittedDateTime() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the submittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved into the submitted state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
- setSubmittedResources() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the submittedResources Read-only. Nullable.
- setUnsubmittedBy() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the unsubmittedBy User who moved the resource from submitted into the working state.
- setUnsubmittedDateTime() : EducationSubmission
- Sets the unsubmittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved from submitted into the working state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Properties
$_propDict
The array of properties available to the model
protected
array<string|int, mixed>
$_propDict
Methods
__construct()
Construct a new Entity
public
__construct([array<string|int, mixed> $propDict = array() ]) : mixed
Parameters
- $propDict : array<string|int, mixed> = array()
-
A list of properties to set
Return values
mixed —getId()
Gets the id Read-only.
public
getId() : string|null
Return values
string|null —The id
getODataType()
Gets the ODataType
public
getODataType() : string|null
Return values
string|null —The ODataType
getOutcomes()
Gets the outcomes Read-Write. Nullable.
public
getOutcomes() : array<string|int, mixed>|null
Return values
array<string|int, mixed>|null —The outcomes
getProperties()
Gets the property dictionary of the Entity
public
getProperties() : array<string|int, mixed>
Return values
array<string|int, mixed> —The list of properties
getRecipient()
Gets the recipient Who this submission is assigned to.
public
getRecipient() : EducationSubmissionRecipient|null
Return values
EducationSubmissionRecipient|null —The recipient
getResources()
Gets the resources Nullable.
public
getResources() : array<string|int, mixed>|null
Return values
array<string|int, mixed>|null —The resources
getResourcesFolderUrl()
Gets the resourcesFolderUrl Folder where all file resources for this submission need to be stored.
public
getResourcesFolderUrl() : string|null
Return values
string|null —The resourcesFolderUrl
getReturnedBy()
Gets the returnedBy User who moved the status of this submission to returned.
public
getReturnedBy() : IdentitySet|null
Return values
IdentitySet|null —The returnedBy
getReturnedDateTime()
Gets the returnedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was returned. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
public
getReturnedDateTime() : DateTime|null
Return values
DateTime|null —The returnedDateTime
getStatus()
Gets the status Read-Only. Possible values are: working, submitted, released, returned.
public
getStatus() : EducationSubmissionStatus|null
Return values
EducationSubmissionStatus|null —The status
getSubmittedBy()
Gets the submittedBy User who moved the resource into the submitted state.
public
getSubmittedBy() : IdentitySet|null
Return values
IdentitySet|null —The submittedBy
getSubmittedDateTime()
Gets the submittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved into the submitted state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
public
getSubmittedDateTime() : DateTime|null
Return values
DateTime|null —The submittedDateTime
getSubmittedResources()
Gets the submittedResources Read-only. Nullable.
public
getSubmittedResources() : array<string|int, mixed>|null
Return values
array<string|int, mixed>|null —The submittedResources
getUnsubmittedBy()
Gets the unsubmittedBy User who moved the resource from submitted into the working state.
public
getUnsubmittedBy() : IdentitySet|null
Return values
IdentitySet|null —The unsubmittedBy
getUnsubmittedDateTime()
Gets the unsubmittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved from submitted into the working state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
public
getUnsubmittedDateTime() : DateTime|null
Return values
DateTime|null —The unsubmittedDateTime
jsonSerialize()
Serializes the object by property array Manually serialize DateTime into RFC3339 format
public
jsonSerialize() : array<string|int, mixed>
Return values
array<string|int, mixed> —The list of properties
setId()
Sets the id Read-only.
public
setId(string $val) : Entity
Parameters
- $val : string
-
The id
Return values
Entity —setODataType()
Sets the ODataType
public
setODataType(string $val) : Entity
Parameters
- $val : string
-
The ODataType
Return values
Entity —setOutcomes()
Sets the outcomes Read-Write. Nullable.
public
setOutcomes(EducationOutcome $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : EducationOutcome
-
The outcomes
Return values
EducationSubmission —setRecipient()
Sets the recipient Who this submission is assigned to.
public
setRecipient(EducationSubmissionRecipient $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : EducationSubmissionRecipient
-
The recipient
Return values
EducationSubmission —setResources()
Sets the resources Nullable.
public
setResources(EducationSubmissionResource $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : EducationSubmissionResource
-
The resources
Return values
EducationSubmission —setResourcesFolderUrl()
Sets the resourcesFolderUrl Folder where all file resources for this submission need to be stored.
public
setResourcesFolderUrl(string $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : string
-
The resourcesFolderUrl
Return values
EducationSubmission —setReturnedBy()
Sets the returnedBy User who moved the status of this submission to returned.
public
setReturnedBy(IdentitySet $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : IdentitySet
-
The returnedBy
Return values
EducationSubmission —setReturnedDateTime()
Sets the returnedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was returned. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
public
setReturnedDateTime(DateTime $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : DateTime
-
The returnedDateTime
Return values
EducationSubmission —setStatus()
Sets the status Read-Only. Possible values are: working, submitted, released, returned.
public
setStatus(EducationSubmissionStatus $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : EducationSubmissionStatus
-
The status
Return values
EducationSubmission —setSubmittedBy()
Sets the submittedBy User who moved the resource into the submitted state.
public
setSubmittedBy(IdentitySet $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : IdentitySet
-
The submittedBy
Return values
EducationSubmission —setSubmittedDateTime()
Sets the submittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved into the submitted state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
public
setSubmittedDateTime(DateTime $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : DateTime
-
The submittedDateTime
Return values
EducationSubmission —setSubmittedResources()
Sets the submittedResources Read-only. Nullable.
public
setSubmittedResources(EducationSubmissionResource $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : EducationSubmissionResource
-
The submittedResources
Return values
EducationSubmission —setUnsubmittedBy()
Sets the unsubmittedBy User who moved the resource from submitted into the working state.
public
setUnsubmittedBy(IdentitySet $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : IdentitySet
-
The unsubmittedBy
Return values
EducationSubmission —setUnsubmittedDateTime()
Sets the unsubmittedDateTime Moment in time when the submission was moved from submitted into the working state. The Timestamp type represents date and time information using ISO 8601 format and is always in UTC time. For example, midnight UTC on Jan 1, 2014 is 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
public
setUnsubmittedDateTime(DateTime $val) : EducationSubmission
Parameters
- $val : DateTime
-
The unsubmittedDateTime


Imperial Forest [aq70], forest, in Imperia, peasants: 10000
Last updated Turn #146
Imperial Forest [aq70], forest, in Imperia, peasants: 10000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
30: It has begun to rain.
30: Overcrowding causes zero peasant deaths.
Province controlled by Hyksos Keep [y57], castle, in Imperial
Mountains [ao73]
Ruled by The Bard [s2a], duke
Border closed.
Entrance fees:
Routes leaving Imperial Forest:
North, plain, to Buffalo Plains [ap70], 7 days
Garrison [ah4e], garrison, Imperial Empire, with ten peasants
Border closed.
East, plain, to Buffalo Plains [aq71], 7 days
Garrison [fn5y], garrison, Imperial Empire, with ten peasants
Border closed.
South, plain, to Buffalo Plains [ar70], 7 days
Garrison [fs7v], garrison, Imperial Empire, with ten peasants
West, plain, to Buffalo Plains [aq69], 7 days
Inner locations:
Imperial City [aa0c], city, 1 day
It is raining.
Seen here:
Garrison [in5v], garrison, Imperial Empire, with ten peasants
Hidden Inner location:
Circle of trees [ad9e], circle of trees, hidden, 1 day


ITS BETA is working hard to launch a new site that's going to revolutionize the way you do business. Leave us your email below, and we'll notify you the minute we open the doors.
Beautifully clean buttonsEpsum factorial non deposit quid pro quo hic escorol. Olypian quarrels et gorilla congolium sic ad nauseum. ITS BETA is working hard to launch a new site that's going to revolutionize the way you do business.
Epsum factorial non deposit quid pro quo hic escorol. Olypian quarrels et gorilla congolium sic ad nauseum. ITS BETA is working hard to launch a new site that's going to revolutionize the way you do business.
Epsum factorial non deposit quid pro quo hic escorol. Olypian quarrels et gorilla congolium sic ad nauseum. ITS BETA is working hard to launch a new site that's going to revolutionize the way you do business.
The super clean Raleway, and Merriweather fonts from Google produce super clean, legible text.
The content width, line spacing and font size follow the golden ratio formula for optimal reading on any device.
Titles are appropriately sized and are darker giving a good visual hierachy to your page and content. With the light background and not-quite-so-dark font color it's also easy on the eyes for reading making your copy pop, and your message stand-out.
Titles are appropriately sized and are darker giving a good visual hierachy to your page and content.
Titles are appropriately sized and are darker giving a good visual hierachy to your page and content.
Titles are appropriately sized and are darker giving a good visual hierachy to your page and content.
Titles are appropriately sized and are darker giving a good visual hierachy to your page and content.


I love to draw digitally and traditionally. I also paint with a number of mediums, and make art with other traditional methods.
I enjoy making imagery by combining digital art and code. I also enjoy web development and design.
I started 3D animation recently, and I really like it! Prior to that, I have also done a few 2D and stop-motion animations.


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2 writes to Sum
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Utility (2)
commands\utility\Measure-Object.cs (2)
85
Average =
Sum
= StandardDeviation = null;
933
gomi.
Sum
= sum;


CameraProjectionX()
Syntax
Result = CameraProjectionX(#Camera, x, y, z)Description
Returns the 'x' position, in pixels, of a 3D point on the specified #Camera. If the point is outside of the camera current view, it returns -1. This is very useful to map 3D points to 2D screen.
Supported OS
All


Class: PWKeep::StatusBar
- Inherits:
-
Object
- Object
- PWKeep::StatusBar
- Defined in:
- lib/pwkeep/editor.rb
Instance Method Summary (collapse)
- - (Object) change_indicator
-
- (StatusBar) initialize(editor, options)
constructor
A new instance of StatusBar.
- - (Object) style_map
- - (Object) view
- - (Object) writable_indicator
Constructor Details
- (StatusBar) initialize(editor, options)
A new instance of StatusBar
422 423 424 425 |
# File 'lib/pwkeep/editor.rb', line 422 def initialize(editor, ) @editor = editor @options = end |
Instance Method Details
- (Object) change_indicator
444 445 446 |
# File 'lib/pwkeep/editor.rb', line 444 def change_indicator @editor.modified? ? '*' : ' ' end |
- (Object) style_map
440 441 442 |
# File 'lib/pwkeep/editor.rb', line 440 def style_map Dispel::StyleMap.single_line_reversed(@options[:columns]) end |
- (Object) view
427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 |
# File 'lib/pwkeep/editor.rb', line 427 def view columns = @options[:columns] version = "Ruco #{Ruco::VERSION} -- " position = "<EMAIL_ADDRESS>+<EMAIL_ADDRESS>+ 1}" indicators = "#{change_indicator}#{writable_indicator}" essential = version + position + indicators space_left = [columns - essential.size, 0].max # fit file name into remaining space "#{version}#{indicators}#{' ' * space_left}#{position}"[0, columns] end |
- (Object) writable_indicator
448 449 450 |
# File 'lib/pwkeep/editor.rb', line 448 def writable_indicator true end |


Electric Potential Energy
Electric potential energy is similar to gravitational potential energy. We need to calculate the energy to completely separate two charges instead of two masses.
The main mathematical difference from Coulomb's law is that the radius is no longer squared and we get a scalar instead of a vector as our result.
$$ U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}q_{1}q_{2}}{r} $$
\(U_e\) = electric potential energy [J, Joules, kg m²/s²]
\(k_e\) = 8.987 × 10
9 = Coulomb's constant [N m²/C²]
\(q\) = charge [C, Coulomb]
\(r\) = distance between the center of each charge [m, meters]
solution
When the distance increases the energy decreases. As the distance approaches infinity the energy approaches zero.
solution
$$\text{n = nano} = 10^{-9} \quad \quad \text{m = milli} = 10^{-3}$$ $$ U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}q_{1}q_{2}}{r} $$ $$ U_{e} = \frac{(8.987 \times 10^{9}) (200 \times 10^{-9})(-200 \times 10^{-9})}{5 \times 10^{-3}} $$ $$ U_{e} = -0.0719 \, \mathrm{J}$$The system has -0.0719J of energy. To separate the objects we will have to cancel out that energy, so it will take 0.0719J.
solution
$$ U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}q_{1}q_{2}}{r} $$ $$ r = \frac{k_{e}q_{1}q_{2}}{U_{e}} $$ $$ r = \frac{(8.987 \times 10^{9})(1 \times 10^{-3})(1 \times 10^{-3})}{200} $$ $$ r = \frac{8.987 \times 10^{3}}{200} $$ $$ r = 44.935 \, \mathrm{m} $$Moving two 1 C charges from 4 meters to 2 meters apart?
Moving a 1 C and a -1 C charge from 5 meters to 100 meters apart?
solution
$$ U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}q_{1}q_{2}}{r} $$$$ \Delta U_{e} = \text{final - initial} $$ $$ \Delta U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}(1)(1)}{2} - \frac{k_{e}(1)(1)}{4} $$ $$ \Delta U_{e} = 0.5k_{e} - 0.25k_{e} $$ $$ \Delta U_{e} = 0.25k_{e} $$
$$ \Delta U_{e} = \text{final - initial} $$ $$ \Delta U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}(1)(-1)}{100} - \frac{k_{e}(1)(-1)}{5} $$ $$ \Delta U_{e} = -0.01k_{e} + 0.25k_{e} $$ $$ \Delta U_{e} = 0.24k_{e}$$
$$\text{4 m to 2 m takes slightly more energy}$$
Chemistry and Coulomb's Law
Chemistry is most accurately described by quantum mechanics, but chemical bonds and chemical reactions can be loosely explained with electrostatic forces. Let's see how far classical physics will take us.
Example: Calculate what Coulomb's law predicts for the energy holding together regular table salt, NaCl.lengthy investigation
Na: Sodium
1 valence electron
mass = 3.8 x 10
-26 kg
ionic radius = 227 x 10
-12 m
Cl: Chlorine
7 valence electrons
mass = 5.9 x 10
-26 kg
ionic radius = 175 x 10
-12 m
In nonionic atoms the numbers of electrons and protons are equal so the electrostatic forces are balanced to zero. When NaCl ionically bond one electron leaves Na and joins Cl. Na gains a +1 charge and Cl gains a -1 charge. The unbalanced charges produce an attractive force.
$$ U_{e} = \frac{k_{e}q_{1}q_{2}}{r} $$ $$ U_{e} = \frac{(8.987 \times 10^{9})(1.602 \times 10^{-19})(-1.602 \times 10^{-19})}{402 \times 10^{-12}} $$ $$ U_{e} = -5.737 \times 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{J}$$Our answer is negative because it would take added positive energy to get the ions to separate.
The measured NaCl dissociation energy is slightly higher at -6.82 x 10 -19 J. Coulomb's law isn't perfect, but it is a close approximation.
Electric Potential
Electric potential is similar to electric potential energy, with one difference. We assume one of the charges is a +1C test charge. The potential is the energy needed to bring the +1C test charge from very far away to some distance from the other charge.
Electric potential has units of volts.
$$ V = \frac{k_{e}q}{r} $$
\(V\) = electric potential [V, volts, J/C]
\(k_e\) = 8.987 × 10
9 = Coulomb's constant [N m²/C²]
\(q\) = charge [C, Coulomb]
\(r\) = distance between the center of each charge [m, meters]
Here is a simulation of electric potential as a scalar field. You can think of the charges like mountains and valleys. A similar scalar field for gravity would look like a topographical map.
Click the simulations a few times to push the electrons around.
Let's estimate the voltage needed for a 1 nanometer resolution. We can start by finding the energy to potentially bring an electron very close to another electron. What is the potential at 1 nanometer from an electron?
solution
$$ V = \frac{k_{e}q}{r} $$ $$ V = \frac{(8.987 \times 10^{9})(-1.6 \times 10^{-19})}{10^{-9}} $$ $$ V = -1.440\, \mathrm{volts}$$What is the potential at 0.001 nm from a single electron?
solution
$$ V = \frac{(8.987 \times 10^{9})(-1.6 \times 10^{-19})}{10^{-12}} $$ $$ V = -1440 \, \mathrm{volts}$$solution
$$ V = \frac{\color{red}{k_{e}q_{1}}}{\color{red}{r}} $$ $$ U_{e} = \frac{ {\color{red}{k_{e}q_{1} } }{q_2}}{\color{red}{r}} $$ $$ U_{e} = V q $$ $$ U_{e} = (10)(4 \times 10^{-6}) $$ $$ U_{e} = 40 \times 10^{-6} \, \mathrm{J} $$Electric Potential Difference, Voltage
Electric potential difference is often just called voltage. It plays a significant role in electronics. Voltage is simply a change in electric potential. It can be thought of as the work it would take to move a +1C test charge between two points.
$$ \Delta V = V_{f} - V_{i}$$ $$ \Delta V = \frac{k_{e}q}{r_{f}} - \frac{k_{e}q}{r_{i}}$$
\(\Delta V\) = electric potential difference, voltage [V, volts, J/C]
\(V_f\) = final voltage [V, volts]
\(V_i\) = initial voltage [V, volts]
A voltage applied to a wire will cause the electrons to flow, possibly doing something useful.
Voltage increases can be produced by: batteries and electrical sockets.
Voltage drops can be caused by: resistors, processors, lights, motors, speakers.
solution
$$ V = \frac{k_{e}q}{r} $$$$\Delta V = V_{f} - V_{i} $$ $$\Delta V = \frac{k_{e}2}{1} - \frac{k_{e}2}{4} $$ $$\Delta V = k_{e} \left(\frac{2}{1} - \frac{2}{4} \right) $$ $$\Delta V = 1.5k_{e} $$ $$\Delta V = 1.348 \times 10^{10} \, \mathrm{volts} $$


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block nav_voice %}class="active"{% endblock %} {% block title %}Voice | {% endblock %} {% block content %}
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Press the microphone icon and speak in English:


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“Interacting with nature, especially with the presence of water, can increase self-esteem and mood, reduce anger, and improve general
psychological well-being with positive effects on emotions or behavior,” Hall said.
“In fact, moving to homes with greener areas positively influences mental health even after three years.”
Exposure to natural settings helps improve the human perceptions of emotional,
psychological, and social benefits. Plants are a symbol of life and can influence those around them.
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae.
In traditional medicine, the periwinkle has been used for relieving muscle pain, depression of the central nervous system.
In traditional medicine, the periwinkle has been used for relieving muscle pain, depression of the central nervous system.
Hibiscus is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large with several species.
Dahlia, colloquially called as dere hoovu, is a popular flower during the showers. It is mainly grown by propagating tubers
Gerber daisies come back every year in tropical climates. They are considered perennials in USDA growing zones 9 to 11.
Dahlia, colloquially called as dere hoovu, is a popular flower during the showers. It is mainly grown by propagating tubers
Dahlia, colloquially called as dere hoovu, is a popular flower during the showers. It is mainly grown by propagating tubers
Dahlia, colloquially called as dere hoovu, is a popular flower during the showers. It is mainly grown by propagating tubers
Dahlia, colloquially called as dere hoovu, is a popular flower during the showers. It is mainly grown by propagating tubers
In traditional medicine, the periwinkle has been used for relieving muscle pain, depression of the central nervous system.
Dahlia, colloquially called as dere hoovu, is a popular flower during the showers. It is mainly grown by propagating tubers
If you would like contribute your gardening stories you can join us by filling the below form...


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Using and Designing Coordinate Representations¶
As described in the Overview of astropy.coordinates concepts, the actual coordinate
data in astropy.coordinates
frames is represented via
“Representation classes”. These can be used to store 3-d coordinates in
various representations, such as cartesian, spherical polar, cylindrical, and
so on. The built-in representation classes are:
CartesianRepresentation
: cartesian coordinatesx
,y
, andz
SphericalRepresentation
: spherical polar coordinates represented by a longitude (lon
), a latitude (lat
), and a distance (distance
). The latitude is a value ranging from -90 to 90 degrees.UnitSphericalRepresentation
: spherical polar coordinates on a unit sphere, represented by a longitude (lon
) and latitude (lat
)PhysicsSphericalRepresentation
: spherical polar coordinates, represented by an inclination (theta
) and azimuthal angle (phi
), and radiusr
. The inclination goes from 0 to 180 degrees, and is related to the latitude in theSphericalRepresentation
bytheta = 90 deg - lat
.CylindricalRepresentation
: cylindrical polar coordinates, represented by a cylindrical radius (rho
), azimuthal angle (phi
), and height (z
).
Instantiating and converting¶
Representation classes should be instantiated with Quantity
objects:
>>> from astropy import units as u
>>> from astropy.coordinates.representation import CartesianRepresentation
>>> car = CartesianRepresentation(3 * u.kpc, 5 * u.kpc, 4 * u.kpc)
>>> car
<CartesianRepresentation x=3.0 kpc, y=5.0 kpc, z=4.0 kpc>
Representations can be converted to other representations using the
represent_as
method:
>>> from astropy.coordinates.representation import SphericalRepresentation, CylindricalRepresentation
>>> sph = car.represent_as(SphericalRepresentation)
>>> sph
<SphericalRepresentation lon=1.03037682652 rad, lat=0.601264216679 rad, distance=7.07106781187 kpc>
>>> cyl = car.represent_as(CylindricalRepresentation)
>>> cyl
<CylindricalRepresentation rho=5.83095189485 kpc, phi=1.03037682652 rad, z=4.0 kpc>
All representations can be converted to each other without loss of
information, with the exception of
UnitSphericalRepresentation
. This class
is used to store the longitude and latitude of points but does not contain
any distance to the points, and assumes that they are located on a unit and
dimensionless sphere:
>>> from astropy.coordinates.representation import UnitSphericalRepresentation
>>> sph_unit = car.represent_as(UnitSphericalRepresentation)
>>> sph_unit
<UnitSphericalRepresentation lon=1.03037682652 rad, lat=0.601264216679 rad>
Converting back to cartesian, the absolute scaling information has been removed, and the points are still located on a unit sphere:
>>> sph_unit = car.represent_as(UnitSphericalRepresentation)
>>> sph_unit.represent_as(CartesianRepresentation)
<CartesianRepresentation x=0.4242... , y=0.7071... , z=0.5656... >
Array values¶
Array Quantity
objects can also be passed to
representations:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.random.random(100)
>>> y = np.random.random(100)
>>> z = np.random.random(100)
>>> car_array = CartesianRepresentation(x * u.m, y * u.m, z * u.m)
>>> car_array
<CartesianRepresentation (x, y, z) in m
[(0.7093..., 0.7788..., 0.3842...),
(0.8434..., 0.4543..., 0.9579...),
...
(0.0179..., 0.8587..., 0.4916...),
(0.0207..., 0.3355..., 0.2799...)]>
Creating your own representations¶
To create your own representation class, your class must inherit from the
BaseRepresentation
class. In addition the following must be defined:
__init__
method:Has a signature like
__init__(self, comp1, comp2, comp3, copy=True)
for inputting the representation component values.from_cartesian
class method:Takes a
CartesianRepresentation
object and returns an instance of your class.to_cartesian
method:Returns a
CartesianRepresentation
object.components
property:Returns a tuple of the names of the coordinate components (such as
x
,lon
, and so on).attr_classes
class attribute (OrderedDict
):Defines the initializer class for each component.In most cases this class should be derived from
Quantity
. In particular these class initializers must take the value as the first argument and accept aunit
keyword which takes aUnit
initializer orNone
to indicate no unit. Also not that the keys of this dictionary are treated as the names of the components for this representation, with the default ordered given in the order they appear as keys.recommended_units
dictionary (optional):Maps component names to the recommended unit to convert the values of that component to. Can be
None
(or missing) to indicate there is no preferred unit. If this dictionary is not defined, no conversion of components to particular units will occur.
In pseudo-code, this means that your class will look like:
class MyRepresentation(BaseRepresentation):
attr_classes = OrderedDict([('comp1', ComponentClass1),
('comp2', ComponentClass2),
('comp3', ComponentClass3)])
# recommended_units is optional
recommended_units = {'comp1': u.unit1, 'comp2': u.unit2, 'comp3': u.unit3}
def __init__(self, ...):
...
@classmethod
def from_cartesian(self, cartesian):
...
return MyRepresentation(...)
def to_cartesian(self):
...
return CartesianRepresentation(...)
@property
def components(self):
return 'comp1', 'comp2', 'comp3'
Once you do this, you will then automatically be able to call
represent_as
to convert other representations to/from your representation
class. Your representation will also be available for use in SkyCoord
and all frame classes.


I like to do coding and creating mini projects. Here are some of my projects.
- Local Outlier Factor ()
- Contrast Enhance DIP ()
- Edge Detection DIP ()
- Image Smoothing DIP ()
- Grey Transform DIP ()
- Genetic Algorithm ()
- Web Vibration API ()
- Addition Game ()
- Negative Lens 1024 ()
- Positive Lens 1024 ()
- Waterdrop 1024 ()
- Drive A Car 1024 ()


Power Planner
Putting power in people's hands for finding sites for sustainable electricity generation.
How to use
Description
A web application that puts the power into people's hands for finding sites for sustainable electricity generation. This application is being developed as a project for the Startup Programming class at the University of Victoria.
Select one of the alternative energy source types, and toggle the energy potential heatmap on by selecting 'Show'
Power Sources
Choose from wind, solar, or hydro energy generation potentials. See the areas with the greatest and the worst potential for generating your own electricity. Modify the power calculations to match your current - or future - solar panel, wind turbine, and/or hydro turbine setup!
Take a tour!Disclaimer
The wind data is based on simulated results, while solar and hydro is based on historic measurements of certain pre-defined locations. The data points are then interpolated to produce the heat maps. Therefore there is no guarantee that the values you see here are accurate. These data serves as a first-cut approximation. Always consult an expert for more accurate opinions.
About Us
The Team
Daniel Faulkner
Charlie Guan
Prashant Chhabra
Chuan Yun Loe
Jonathan Lam


Important note: this program is doing what it promises but the programming itself is of very poor quality and for demonstration purposes only. Never ever use this program as source for your own programs because there are a lot of conversions to get it run.
Get more information about this program on
my webpage AES GCM mode 256 PBKDF2 string encryption
For encryption you need a password ("passphrase") and the plaintext to encrypt.
Insert your password:
Insert the string you like to encrypt:
press the encrypt button to proceed:
encrypted (ciphertext) in Base64 encoding:
Ciphertext is (Base64) salt : (Base64) nonce : (Base64) ciphertext : (Base64) gcmTag
For decryption you need a password ("passphrase") and the encrypted ciphertext.
Insert your password:
Insert encrypted text (ciphertext) in Base64 encoding or press the "sample data" button or press the "copy data from encryption" button:
Ciphertext is (Base64) salt : (Base64) nonce : (Base64) ciphertext : (Base64) gcmTag
press the decrypt button to proceed:
decrypted plaintext:
Technical note: this program uses the PBKDF2 algorithm for key derivation and AES 256 GCM mode for encryption and authentication.


At the end of November 2014 a group of hackers, designers, and media makers gathered in Doha, Qatar to rethink media. Hacking together running code to prototype 19 innovative ideas for the future of digital media and journalism. This immersive media piece explores the hackathon projects and it's participants.
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