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| Path: | README |
| Last Update: | Fri Jun 27 18:50:47 -0500 2008 |
Rails has a handy number_to_human_size method, but in order to use it, all your quantities need to be in non-scaled units, and it‘s cumbersome to have your users typing 100 gigabyte amounts by hand. You‘d normally have a "bytes" column in your records and add virtual attributes to your models. This plugin adds those attributes for you.
Additionally, since we also add a setter method, you can, for instance, assign directly to the "gibibytes" attribute and mapping to the actual underlying "bytes" attribute is handled automatically. Thus, you can change references to the "bytes" field in your forms to "gibibytes" or whatever you want your users to actually input.
The plugin adds a prefixed_attribute method to all your classes. Use it to mark an existing attribute on your class (even a non-AR one) like this:
prefixed_attribute :bytes, :type => :binary prefixed_attribute :hertz, :type => :si
binary prefixing adds kibibytes, mebibites, gibibites, and so on, all the way to exbibytes. Binary prefixes are power-of-1024-based (so a kibibyte = 1024 bytes and a mebibite = 1024 kibibytes).
SI prefixing adds all the international system prefixes, so for instance you can ask for picohertz, nanohertz, and so on, all the way to kilohertz, megahertz, terahertz, and so on. SI prefixes are power-of-10-based, so a megahertz = 1000000 hertz exactly.
prefixed_attribute :bytes, :type => :binary prefixed_attribute :hertz, :type => :si
script/plugin install git://github.com/Roadmaster/prefixed_attributes.git
Of course this will only work if you‘re using Rails 2.1 or newer. If you‘re not, you have to manually clone the plugin. For this, within your rails app‘s directory:
cd vendor/plugins
git clone git://github.com/Roadmaster/prefixed_attributes.git
You can also submodule it:
git submodule prefixed_attributes
Suppose you have a model describing a computer, having attributes meters_from_here_to_computer, hertz_cpu_speed and bytes_ram. Turning these into prefixed attributes will look something like this:
Class ComputerModel < ActiveRecord::Base validates_numericality_of :hertz_cpu_speed validates_numericality_of :bytes_ram validates_numericality_of :distance_from_here_to_computer prefixed_attribute :bytes_ram, :type => :binary prefixed_attribute :hertz_cpu_speed, :type => :si prefixed_attribute :meters_from_here_to_computer, :type => :si end
By doing this the class will sprout methods with which to set and get those attributes in a scaled way. You can now do stuff like:
c = ComputerModel.new c.mebibytes_ram = 1024 #this will set bytes_ram to<PHONE_NUMBER> c.gigahertz_cpu_speed = 2.8 #will set hertz_cpu_speed to<PHONE_NUMBER> c.meters_from_here_to_computer = 2500 #direct assignment
You can also now query your attributes like this:
c.gibibytes_ram # will return 1.0 c.megahertz_cpu_speed # will return 2800 c.kilometers_from_here_to_computer # will return 2.5 c.millimeters_from_here_to_computer # will return 2500000
Copyright (c) 2008 Daniel Manrique (roadmr@tomechangosubanana.com), released under the MIT license


I had my round 2 with yopo today. My friends and I agreed that this would be our last attempt smoking the seed, and that next time we will get some lime and see the difference in snorting it.
The group was me and one person from the first time we tried, who had minimal effects last time, and another girl who was new to it. The person who had tried before got some pretty good effects, like my first time. The other got some body effects that soon wore off. They didn't really smoke it properly. Didn't hold their hits in, took a long time, and didn't really torch the bowl. So, this time I took 3.5 seeds, as did everyone else. We peeled off the shell, and cut them up into as tiny pieces as we could, with knives, like previous attempts. We went one at a time, I went first. I've noticed that it takes a little bit of dedication to smoking this seed. The smoke can be harsh and it will taste awful.
I packed the bowl full of the yellow mini-cubes of seed. I then put the torch lighter right up next to the bowl and held it so it stayed lit throughout the whole hit, torching it. It was a very strong hit and suprised me, i held it in for 5 or ten seconds, forgetting to do it for longer. After another hit I remembered, and begain to hold it in longer. I started getting that feeling of disorientation again, so I took another hit. Then I got the feeling of pressure throughout my body, indicating that the trip was soon to begin, I felt heavy. So, I took one more hit, as big as I could, and safely put the now empty bowl down.
I noticed it came on much faster this time. Pressure and heaviness is the best way I can think of describing it. I started getting a little shakey, and began to feel weird. All of a sudden I felt very hot, inside and out. I began to feel like I was sweating a lot, but I wasn't.. not much anyway. So I began to stare off again, not looking at anything in particular. Everything once again became very vibrant. This backyard was full of trees and flowers so it looked amazing, more so than last time too. All sound seemed very sharp and I heard things from all over the block, just in a very strange way. The amount of body high and numbness was much stronger this time, I couldn't walk at this point if I tried.. probably.
So, I remembered, I can close my eyes! I often forget while tripping on anything about that... So I close them, and like last time the sun was illuminating my eyelids. So my background, so to say, was again red. However, at this dose it wasn't enough to kill the visuals... if anything it enhanced them. I saw incredible red and orange waves of color, flowing and moving together. I then saw a ball moving toward me, getting incredibly close again. Same color. There were other patterns going on in front of, or behind all this red/orange too. Sort of dotted lines making wonderful 3d spiraling shapes. Slightly different from things I've seen on other drugs.
I was narrarating all this to the person who got little effects. I must've sounded real out of it, but I was pretty into the visuals :) I must've leaned my head back because I think I rubbed/scraped it on a brick wall behind my chair. So, I open my eyes again, and I see the back yard, and garage door across the alley, cast in shadows by the trees. All of a sudden everything that's shadow seemed to flip with everything that wasn't. It's very hard to explain, but they seemed to switch places.  Then the shape of the flowers (which there really were a lot of) seemed to be all over the yard. Everything then turned a shade of green. I think this might be somehow related to the fact that last time I put on a pair of yellow sunglasses, causing this effect. Actually, I think a cloud just blocked the sun.
I again closed my eyes, and saw the really neat spirally 3d broken lines.  Opened my eyes and saw lots of 'eye worms' in the sky, some very far, some close up. Blue, spinning around. More than normal. The clouds also looked surreal. Not sure if they looked different or I was must more amazed. But I probably would've commented on them if I wasn't tripping. I managed to walk around to see other parts of the sky, nothing too interesting. I closed my eyes again, and the visuals were practically gone. I was coming down.
And thats about it. The trip felt quite hard, but quite short. I'm suprised I could get that big an effect out of smoking it. It sort of felt like a rocket ship ride. The begining was hot and shakey, making it through the atmosphere. After that it was smooth sailing. The peak was probably around 10 minutes, 25 for the whole experience. I wasn't disappointed the first time, but I'm glad to see more of what this seed has to offer.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


|
Ray Tracing
Ray Tracing algorithm implementation with many functions
|
Box class. Consists of 6 rectangles. More...
#include <box.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| box (const point3 &p0, const point3 &p1, shared_ptr< material > ptr) | |
| Creates a box out of two points. More... | |
| virtual bool | hit (const ray &r, double t_min, double t_max, hit_record &rec) const override |
| Computes hits. Since it consists out of rectangles, so it addreses to each side to compute it independently. More... | |
| virtual bool | bounding_box (double time0, double time1, aabb &output_box) const override |
Public Attributes | |
| point3 | box_min |
| point3 | box_max |
| hittable_list | sides |
Box class. Consists of 6 rectangles.
Creates a box out of two points.
| p0 | first point |
| p1 | second point |
| ptr | material pointer |
|
overridevirtual |
Computes hits. Since it consists out of rectangles, so it addreses to each side to compute it independently.
| r | ray that goes through object |
| t_min | minimum t(in a ray) which can be counted as a hit |
| t_max | maximum t(in a ray) which can be counted as a hit |
| rec | bunch of arguments in the struct |
Implements hittable.


{% extends 'layout-lab-3-pregnant.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} Pregnancy - Being pregnant - Early days - Your pregnany to do list - NHS.UK {% endblock %} {% block beforeContent %} {% from 'details/macro.njk' import details %} {% endblock %} {% block content %} Home Health A to Z Pregnancy Being pregnant Early days Early days Your pregnancy to-do list Stay organised during your pregnancy. Keep track of things you need to do and when you need to do them. Early days Take a pregnancy test: finding out if you're pregnant Make an appointment to see your midwife or GP: starting your antenatal care For partners, prepare for the birth and beyond: about the birth and becoming a parent Early days links Information: Doing a pregnancy test Pregnancy, birth and beyond for dads and partners {% set html_style = 'background-color: #f0f4f5;' %} {{ actionLink({ "text": "Find maternity services near you", "href": "#" }) }} Tests and scans Make sure you've been offered all your screening tests: antenatal tests and screening Ask to hear your baby's heartbeat: about antenatal care Tests and scans links Information: What is antenatal care? Antenatal checks and tests Staying well during your pregnancy Book antenatal classes: all about antenatal classes Stay active, start exercising: exercises and keeping active Take folic acid: vitamins, minerals and special diets If you smoke, get help to quit: smoking in pregnancy Feeling hungry? Stick to a sensible diet: healthy eating in pregnancy and foods to avoid Staying well links Information: What is antenatal care? Antenatal classes Exercise in pregnancy Vitamins, supplements and nutrition in pregnancy Stop smoking in pregnancy Foods to avoid in pregnancy Have a healthy diet in pregnancy Benefits and beyond Learn about the benefits you are entitled to Claim free milk, fruit and vegetables through Healthy Start Make an appointment to see a dentist Find out about your rights at work See if you're eligible for a Sure Start Maternity Grant Write to your employer 15 weeks before you plan to stop work Claim Maternity Allowance after week 26 Benefits links Information: Your rights and benefits Free vitamins and vouchers Free dental care and other benefits Maternity leave and employment rights Sure Start Maternity Grant Maternity leave and how to give notice to your employer Claim Maternity Allowance GOV.UK: Sure Start Maternity Grant gov.uk Preparing for the birth Visit the maternity unit you plan to give birth in Start buying the things you'll need for your baby Start your birth plan. You can even print a birth plan template. Pack a bag ready for the birth Preparing for the birth links Information: Where to give birth: the options Questions to ask your maternity service What you need for your baby Print a birth plan template What you'll need for the birth The labour Make sure you know the signs of labour When in labour, phone the maternity unit before leaving home. Labour links Information: Signs that labour has begun When to go to the maternity unit or call the midwife More in early days Signs and symptoms of pregnancy Your pregnancy to-do list Find maternity services near you Pregnancy due date calculator Health things you should know in pregnancy What is the umbilical cord? What is the placenta? What is the amniotic sac? Can I find out the sex of my baby? Not sure if you want to be pregnant? Page last reviewed: 8 August 2017 Next review due: 8 August 2020 {% endblock %}
Early days
Stay organised during your pregnancy. Keep track of things you need to do and when you need to do them.
Doing a pregnancy test
Pregnancy, birth and beyond for dads and partners
What is antenatal care?
Antenatal checks and tests
Antenatal classes
Exercise in pregnancy
Vitamins, supplements and nutrition in pregnancy
Stop smoking in pregnancy
Foods to avoid in pregnancy
Have a healthy diet in pregnancy
Your rights and benefits
Free vitamins and vouchers
Free dental care and other benefits
Maternity leave and employment rights
Sure Start Maternity Grant
Maternity leave and how to give notice to your employer
Claim Maternity Allowance
GOV.UK: Sure Start Maternity Grant
gov.uk
Where to give birth: the options
Questions to ask your maternity service
What you need for your baby
Print a birth plan template
What you'll need for the birth
Signs that labour has begun
When to go to the maternity unit or call the midwife
Page last reviewed: 8 August 2017 Next review due: 8 August 2020


Huskar
Tips
- Inner Vitality can be cast on allies and has a fairly low cooldown for the amount that it heals. Cast it
on your friendly neighborhood support after a team fight to make their life much easier. Or if you're
falling behind in a game and are no longer the primary damage dealer, cast it on your team's carry.
- It can be difficult to get yourself to low HPs on demand, especially once you get lifesteal. Life Break
creeps to burn off HP if necessary.
- Turn on your Armlet after you Life Break, not before.
- On the other hand turn on your BKB before you Life Break so as to not take the self-damage (works with
Omni Repel as well).
- Life Break dispels yourself on cast. If people are getting items like Heaven's Halberd or Silver Edge
for you, save the Life Break for dispelling purposes, rather than initiating.
Counters
- You really need some form of pure damage or solid physical damage if you're planning on dealing with
Huskar. Berserker's Blood gives him high levels of magic resistance. Timbersaw is probably the
ideal counter. Other good heroes would be OD, Silencer, Tinker, Bane.
- Silver Edge breaks his Berserker's Blood passive.
- Even though he's mostly magic damage, Ancient Apparition can make life hard for Huskars since Ice Blast
prevents Inner Vitality and lifesteal from healing and because Huskar gets very close to Shatter-range
when he wants to max out Berserker's Blood.
- Know what you're getting yourself into if you're trying to gank Huskar. Dude thrives on people not
checking themselves and subsequently wrecking themselves.


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Introduction
For the first visualization, namely “The other side of the coin” in order to verify if the so called “Streisand Effect” actually happened, we used the tool Google Trends. Thanks to it we were able to visualize either the single trends or them altogether.
For the second visualization, the one called “Costeja in the limelight” we analysed each and every single result given by Google once we entered the query “Mario Gonzales Costeja”. We then were able to order them by year or by type of result, in order to get a full overview of how much and in what way the web talks about him.


Love Lodestone
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Inverted microscopic observation of Fusarium sporotrichioides: (a) Control, (b) fluconozole, (c) 500 μg/mL Mentha piperita essential oil, (d) 1000 μg/mL Mentha piperita essential oil
Figure 2


Up: Contents
Next: Implementation information
Previous: An Application Example
This chapter discusses routines for getting and, where appropriate, setting
various parameters that relate to the MPI implementation and the execution environment
(such as error handling).
The procedures for entering and leaving the MPI execution environment are also
described here.
Up: Contents
Next: Implementation information
Previous: An Application Example
Return to MPI 1.1 Standard Index
Return to MPI-2 Standard Index
Return to MPI Forum Home Page
MPI-1.1 of June 12, 1995
HTML Generated on August 6, 1997


The service we offer are flexible, further info available from our partner at Click Me!!
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IO Controller, IO Converter, GPS Tracker, Temperature/RH Sensor, Radar Outdoor Flood Monitoring System, Surface Tiltmeter Sensor
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GPLv1, GPLv2, GPLv3


I would be happy to talk to you if you need my assistance in your research or whether you need consultant support for or collaboration with your company. Please email for an appointments.
To apply for my lab openings, please kindly contact me only by email except when you'are asked for other methods.
You can find me at my office located at Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University.
3801 University Street, NW-XXX, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Please email for an appointment.
My labs are located at Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University.
3801 University Street, room number 753, 764, 798 and NW-, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
You can reach my administration assistant Mrs. Toula Papadopoulos by phone.
Office contact: MNI, McGill University, 3801 University Street, room 786, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4
© Developed by Alireza Saberi in 2014


Week 7 - Maps, maps and more maps
We will start thinking about maps & map projection, both in bqplot
and matplotlib
. We’ll continue this week with building dashboards of mappable data.
Downloads
Data:
Resources:
Optional reading list
- VAD Ch. 8: Arrange Spatial Data
- VAD Ch. 11: Manipulate View
- FDA, Ch. 15: Visualizing geospatial data
Materials
Materials from Previous Courses
- Notebook: spring2019_prep_notebook_week07_part1:
(view,
download)
- Notebook: spring2019_prep_notebook_week07_part2:
(view,
download)
- Notebook: spring2019_prep_notebook_week07_part3:
(view,
download)


[matrix] <cipig:matrix.org> you could use the GUI to connect to the mm running on your VPS... don't know if that feature is already implemented in the GUI, but you could do it by hand (forwarding requests to <IP_ADDRESS>, port 7783 to your VPS, same port, but you would have to know how to setup ssh forwarding stuff


Cape Code is interactive graphical editor for swarmlets based on Ptolemy II. If you have installed Ptolemy II (the current development version, not a release), then you can invoke Cape Code on the command line as follows:
> vergil -capecode
assuming that $PTII/bin/vergil
is in your path. You will see the
welcome window:
For detailed instructions on using and extending Cape Code, see the Cape Code Host wiki.
Cape Code is integrated with the TerraSwarm accessor library. The current contents of the library appears in the palette of available actors, as shown on the right, and can be dragged into a model and connected with other actors or accessors in the library.
Cape Code includes a number of demos. Browse those by following the demos link in the welcome window shown above. For a tutorial on Ptolemy II, see the Ptolemy Book (a free download).


Free full-sized box spring available in Stamford, CT. Curb-side pickup, already outside. Nothing wrong with it - no tears, holes, etc., we just do not need it anymore. Please email for exact address in order to pick up!
do NOT contact me with unsolicited services or offers


[% page.title = "Perl 5" %]
The home of perl 5 development!
Perl [% perl_stats.perl_version %] Released!
(Download, p5p announcement)
The previous major release was Perl 5.12.4.
The previous dev release was Perl 5.15.6.
[% words = ["diamond inheritance now works!",
"root can use perldoc!",
"code references now Storable!",
"hashes-to-hashes dust-to-dust",
"now supports local \${\$x}",
"still not perl 6",
"tastes great, less filling",
"mo better perl mojo",
"features added, some work!",
"you will like it!",
"new better random hashes",
"too damn many features",
"Doing the same but better",
"slicker than ever before!",
"not enough new quotes",
"different random hashes",
"makes mod perl 2 happy",
"UTF8 works even better",
"reentrant C++ works again",
"Unicode 4.1.0",
"malloc wrapping",
"core module upgrades",
"faster reverse sort",
"suidperl less insecure",
"modules upgraded",
] %]
[% pick = words.size().rand() %]
[% words.$pick %]


Letters: To protect our islands, welcome fewer tourists; Don’t link coral reefs, protecting shoreline; Green should oppose NYC sending homeless | Honolulu Star-Advertiser
The article, “Marketing strategy includes teaching tourists to be responsible” (Star-Advertiser, Nov. 20), discusses the Hawaii Tourism Authority’s program to teach tourists respect for our environment and local culture Read more
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| A fire captain is the target in a game of revenge from an arsonist who is on a mission to set high-rise building within the city up in flames. The game heats up when he realizes he has a connection to the arsonist. | |
| Genres: | Science fiction,Drama |
| Director: | Ben Wheatley |
| Writer: | Amy Jump |
Cast: | Tom Hiddleston,Jeremy Irons,Sienna Miller,Luke Evans,Elisabeth Moss |


Students for SDGs
Students for SDGs as a movement seeks to elevate Colleges and Universities as
conduits for the realization of the SDGs through Education, research, innovation and
leadership which are all vital towards the realization of the Global Goals. Students
For SDGs will provide an environment for creation of awareness on the SDGs through
exchanges on knowledge, skills and public action. It will also inspire the students
towards research and evidence based solutions to underpin and support the
implementation of the SDGs by the global community – through both traditional
disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches.
The initiative seeks to engage in dialogue of status analysis to map out the student
levels of understanding and engagement with the SDGs, developing internal capacity
and ownership mechanisms towards awareness creation and realization of the SDGs,
identifying priorities, opportunities and gaps for advocacy and public action,
innovation and civic participation and Monitoring, evaluating and communicating
actions on SDGs. The initiative will also endeavor to offer a framework for
demonstrating engagement and impact at local, national and regional level while
supporting collaboration within the university. Finally, it is in the interest of
the initiative to accelerate youth action in the implementation of Agenda 2030 for
sustainability by ensuring that Students become integral part of policy making and
implementation.
Target group: University Students.


= Special Wiki Tricks = == Definition Lists == The documentation on wiki markup for definition lists is slightly misleading. Some indentation is necessary for trac to recognize it as a list of some form. For example: {{{ This is a paragraph. llama:: a mammal albatross:: a bird python:: a snake Note the indentation! }}} This is a paragraph. llama:: a mammal albatross:: a bird python:: a snake Note the indentation! == UTF-8 == This wiki supports UTF-8 characters, so there's no need to remember obscure HTML entities. Just type in the UTF-8 character or copy & paste it from a character map. * alpha: α * sigma: σ * omega: ω * Lambda: Λ * Xi: Ξ * Omega: Ω * Angstrom: Å * Euro: € * em dash: — * plus or minus: ± * multiply: × Of course, your browser must also support UTF-8 characters. So go get one already! == Frames == You can embed other pages in a wiki page using raw html. Note that in order to do this, the Trac Administrator must set {{{render_unsafe_content = true}}} in the {{{[wiki]}}} section of trac.ini. See TracIni#wiki-section. ''This is already done for this website.'' Below are examples of pages you can embed. Copy the code below and adjust the URL accordingly. === HTML in SVN === {{{ {{{ #!html
 <object type="text/html" data="https://trac.sdss.org/export/HEAD/manga/flowcharts/trunk/drp/manga_DRP_flowchart.html" width="100%" height="600"> <param name="src" value="https://trac.sdss.org/export/HEAD/manga/flowcharts/trunk/drp/manga_DRP_flowchart.html" /> If you cannot see this list, visit this link. </object>
 }}} }}} {{{ #!html
 <object type="text/html" data="https://trac.sdss.org/export/HEAD/manga/flowcharts/trunk/drp/manga_DRP_flowchart.html" width="100%" height="600"> <param name="src" value="https://trac.sdss.org/export/HEAD/manga/flowcharts/trunk/drp/manga_DRP_flowchart.html" /> If you cannot see this list, visit this link. </object>
 }}}


models¶
Models implemented for various data sets.
cert_agg_dnn_autoencoder (functions)¶
Deep Neural Network Autoencoder for multivariate Cert data. Anomaly detection is performed on model output by ranking of loss scores within a time window from output of model.
-
cert_agg_dnn_autoencoder.
return_parser
()[source]¶ Defines and returns argparse ArgumentParser object.
Returns: ArgumentParser
-
cert_agg_dnn_autoencoder.
write_all_contrib
(datadict, pointloss, contrib, outfile)[source]¶ Writes loss, broken down loss from all contributors, and metadata for each datapoint to file.
Parameters: - datadict – Dictionary of data names (str) keys to numpy matrix values for this mini-batch.
- pointloss – MB X 1 numpy array.
- contrib – MB X total_num_loss_contributors nompy array.
- outfile – Where to write results.
Returns:
-
cert_agg_dnn_autoencoder.
write_results
(datadict, pointloss, outfile)[source]¶ Writes loss for each datapoint, along with meta-data to file.
Parameters: - datadict – Dictionary of data names (str) keys to numpy matrix values for this mini-batch.
- pointloss – MB X 1 numpy array
- outfile – Where to write results.
Returns:
cert_agg_dnn_autoencoder (command line)¶
usage: cert_agg_dnn_autoencoder [-h] [-learnrate LEARNRATE]
[-layers LAYERS [LAYERS ...]] [-mb MB]
[-act ACT] [-bn] [-keep_prob KEEP_PROB]
[-debug] [-dist DIST]
[-maxbadcount MAXBADCOUNT]
[-embedding_ratio EMBEDDING_RATIO]
[-min_embed MIN_EMBED] [-max_embed MAX_EMBED]
[-verbose VERBOSE]
datafile results_folder dataspecs
- Positional arguments:
datafile The csv data file for our unsupervised training.fields: day, user, redcount, [count1, count2, ...., count408] results_folder The folder to print results to. dataspecs Filename of json file with specification of feature indices. - Options:
-learnrate=0.001 Step size for gradient descent. -layers=[100, 100, 408] A list of hidden layer sizes. -mb=256 The mini batch size for stochastic gradient descent. -act=tanh May be “tanh” or “relu” -bn=False Use this flag if using batch normalization. -keep_prob Percent of nodes to keep for dropout layers. -debug=False Use this flag to print feed dictionary contents and dimensions. -dist=diag “diag” or “ident”. Describes whether to model multivariate guassian with identity, or arbitrary diagonal covariance matrix. -maxbadcount=20 Threshold for early stopping. -embedding_ratio=0.75 For determining size of embeddings for categorical features. -min_embed=2 Minimum size for embeddings of categorical features. -max_embed=1000 Maximum size for embeddings of categorical features. -verbose=0 1 to print full loss contributors.


@(taskForm: Form[AvroRecordSchema], resultForms: List[Form[AvroRecordSchema]], defaultKey: String) @import helper._ @main("avro 2 case class") {
Supported Types: please refer to the ReadMe for documentation.
Caveat of Scala SpecificRecords: Avro's SpecificData cannot reflect Scala's private fields, so preempt it from trying by passing in a schema, e.g.:
val schema = MyRecord.SCHEMA$ // or `new MyRecord().getSchema`
val sdw = SpecificDatumWriter[MyRecord](schema)
Use Avro-Scala code generation in your project: avrohugger sbt-avrohugger avro-scala-macro-annotations


Sort by
Rating High to Low
Rating Low to High
Price Low to High
Price High to Low
USD
INR
EURO
YUAN
AUD
POUND
Result Length
3
4
5
6
Products
Timestamp
Title
Price
Website
Rating
{% for product in data %}
{{product.timestamp}}
{{product.title}}
{{product.price}}
{{product.website}}
{{product.rating}}
{% endfor %}


The display package contains the drawing framework for the book Simulations in Physics.
The Display
package framework defines objects that implement the Drawable interface and a DrawingPanel
for rendering these objects.
An PlotPanel
containing two data sets.
Copyright (c) 2001 H. Gould, J. Tobochnik, and W. Christian.
@see org.opensourcephysics.display.Drawable


Combinatorial Counting
Generate
(current)
View Code
Elements to choose from
Number to choose at a time
Choose randomization type
Repeated Results (allows repeat and order matters).
Permutation (no repeat and order matters).
Combination (no repeat, order does not matter).
Multiset (allows repeat, order does not matter).
Submit
Total Number of Possibilities:
One Random Example:


The information on this site is NOT legal advice or intended to be considered legal advice. If you think you need the assistance of an attorney, please visit the Massachusetts Bar Association's webpage for a list of attorneys who may be able to help you.
In Massachusetts, there are two types of orders you may be eligible to receive if you feel that you are experiencing abuse, a threat of abuse, or harassment. A 209A abuse prevention order may be granted if you are married to the person abusing you, if you have children with the person abusing you, or if you are living with the person abusing you. If you are not eligible for a 209A abuse prevention order because you do not meet the relationship requirement, you may be eligible for a 258E harassment prevention order. A 258E harassment prevention order is granted in situations where there has been 3 or more acts of harassment and there is no relationship requirement.
Please note - For whichever form that these questionnaires help you fill out, you will additionally need to fill out an affidavit describing the instance of harassment or abuse to accompany the filing. Please also be aware that you will need to fill in some additional boxes on each of the forms.


Dataset Formats¶
Introduction¶
In the L5Kit codebase, we make use of a data format that consists of a set of numpy structured arrays. Conceptually, it is similar to a set of CSV files with records and different columns, only that they are stored as binary files instead of text. Structured arrays can be directly memory mapped from disk.
Interleaved data in structured arrays¶
Structured arrays are stored in memory in an interleaved format, this means that one “row” or “sample” is grouped together in memory. For example, if we are storing colors and whether we like them (as a boolean l
), it would be [r,g,b,l,r,g,b,l,r,g,b,l]
and not [r,r,r,g,g,g,b,b,b,l,l,l]
). Most ML applications require row-based access - column-based operations are much less common - making this a good fit.
Here is how this example translates into code:
import numpy as np
my_arr = np.zeros(3, dtype=[("color", (np.uint8, 3)), ("label", np.bool)])
print(my_arr[0])
# ([0, 0, 0], False)
Let’s add some data and see what the array looks like:
my_arr[0]["color"] = [0, 218, 130]
my_arr[0]["label"] = True
my_arr[1]["color"] = [245, 59, 255]
my_arr[1]["label"] = True
print(my_arr)
# array([([ 0, 218, 130], True), ([245, 59, 255], True),
# ([ 0, 0, 0], False)],
# dtype=[('color', 'u1', (3,)), ('label', '?')])
print(my_arr.tobytes())
# b'\x00\xda\x82\x01\xf5;\xff\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00')
As you can see, structured arrays allow us to mix different data types into a single array, and the byte representation lets us group samples together. Now imagine that we have such an array on disk with millions of values. Reading the first 100 values turns into a matter of reading the first 100*(3+1) bytes. If we had a separate array for each of the different fields we would have to read from 4 smaller files.
This becomes increasingly relevant with a larger number of fields and complexities of each field. In our dataset, an observation of another agent is described with its centroid (dtype=(float64, 3)
), its rotation matrix (dtype=(np.float64, (3,3))
), its extent or size (dtype=(np.float64, 3)
) to name a few properties. Structured arrays are a great fit to group this data together in memory and on disk.
Short introduction to zarr¶
We use the zarr data format to store and read these numpy structured arrays from disk. Zarr allows us to write very large (structured) arrays to disk in n-dimensional compressed chunks. See the zarr docs. Here is a short tutorial:
import zarr
import numpy as np
z = zarr.open("./path/to/dataset.zarr", mode="w", shape=(500,), dtype=np.float32, chunks=(100,))
# We can write to it by assigning to it. This gets persisted on disk.
z[0:150] = np.arange(150)
As we specified chunks to be of size 100, we just wrote to two separate chunks. On your filesystem in the dataset.zarr
folder you will now find these two chunks. As we didn’t completely fill the second chunk, those missing values will be set to the fill value (defaults to 0). The chunks are actually compressed on disk too! We can print some info:
print(z.info)
# Type : zarr.core.Array
# Data type : float32
# Shape : (500,)
# Chunk shape : (100,)
# Order : C
# Read-only : False
# Compressor : Blosc(cname='lz4', clevel=5, shuffle=SHUFFLE, blocksize=0)
# Store type : zarr.storage.DirectoryStore
# No. bytes : 2000 (2.0K)
# No. bytes stored : 577
# Storage ratio : 3.5
# Chunks initialized : 2/5
By not doing much work at all we saved almost 75% in disk space!
Reading from a zarr array is as easy as slicing from it like you would any numpy array. The return value is an ordinary numpy array. Zarr takes care of determining which chunks to read from.
print(z[:10])
# [0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.]
print(z[::20]) # Read every 20th value
# [ 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
# 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
Zarr supports StructuredArrays, the data format we use for our datasets are a set of structured arrays stored in zarr format.
Some other zarr benefits are:
Safe to use in a multithreading or multiprocessing setup. Reading is entirely safe, for writing there are lock mechanisms built-in.
If you have a dataset that is too large to fit in memory, loading a single sample becomes
my_sample = z[sample_index]
and you get compression out of the box.The blosc compressor is so fast that it is faster to read the compressed data and uncompress it than reading the uncompressed data from disk.
Zarr supports multiple backend stores, your data could also live in a zip file, or even a remote server or S3 bucket.
Other libraries such as xarray, Dask and TensorStore have good interoperability with Zarr.
The metadata (e.g. dtype, chunk size, compression type) is stored inside the zarr dataset too. If one day you decide to change your chunk size, you can still read the older datasets without changing any code.
2020 Lyft Competition Dataset format¶
The 2020 Lyft competition dataset is stored in four structured arrays: scenes
, frames
, agents
and tl_faces
.
Note: in the following all _interval
fields assume that information is stored consecutively in the arrays.
This means that if frame_index_interval
for scene_0
is (0, 100)
, frames from scene_1
will start from index 100 in the frames array.
Scenes¶
A scene is identified by the host (i.e. which car was used to collect it) and a start and end time. It consists of multiple frames (=snapshots at discretized time intervals). The scene datatype stores references to its corresponding frames in terms of the start and end index within the frames array (described below). The frames in between these indices all correspond to the scene (including start index, excluding end index).
SCENE_DTYPE = [
("frame_index_interval", np.int64, (2,)),
("host", "<U16"), # Unicode string up to 16 chars
("start_time", np.int64),
("end_time", np.int64),
]
Frames¶
A frame captures all information that was observed at a time. This includes
the timestamp, which the frame describes;
data about the ego vehicle itself such as rotation and position;
a reference to the other agents (vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians) that were captured by the ego’s sensors;
a reference to all traffic light faces (see below) for all visible lanes.
The properties for both agents and traffic light faces are stored in their two respective arrays. The frame contains only pointers to these stored objects given by a start and an end index in these arrays (again, start is included while end excluded).
FRAME_DTYPE = [
("timestamp", np.int64),
("agent_index_interval", np.int64, (2,)),
("traffic_light_faces_index_interval", np.int64, (2,)),
("ego_translation", np.float64, (3,)),
("ego_rotation", np.float64, (3, 3)),
]
Agents¶
An agent is an observation by the AV of some other detected object. Each entry describes the object in terms of its attributes such as position and velocity, gives the agent a tracking number to track it over multiple frames (but only within the same scene!) and its most probable label. The label is described as an array of probabilities over each defined class associated with them, the possible labels are defined here.
AGENT_DTYPE = [
("centroid", np.float64, (2,)),
("extent", np.float32, (3,)),
("yaw", np.float32),
("velocity", np.float32, (2,)),
("track_id", np.uint64),
("label_probabilities", np.float32, (len(LABELS),)),
]
Traffic Light Faces¶
Note: we refer to traffic light bulbs (e.g. the red light bulb of a specific traffic light) as faces
in L5Kit.
For the full list of available types for a bulb please consult our protobuf map definition.
Our semantic map holds static information about the world only. This means it has a list of all traffic lights, but no information about how their status changes over time.
This dynamic information is instead stored in this array.
Each array’s element has a unique id to link it to the semantic map, a status (if status >0
, then the face is active - i.e., the corresponding light bulb is on, otherwise inactive / off ) and a reference to its parent traffic light.
TL_FACE_DTYPE = [
("face_id", "<U16"),
("traffic_light_id", "<U16"),
("traffic_light_face_status", np.float32, (len(TL_FACE_LABELS,))),
]
Working with the zarr format¶
The ChunkedDataset¶
The ChunkedDataset
(l5kit.data.zarr_dataset
) is the first interface between raw data on the disk and Python accessible information.
This layer is very thin, and it provides the four arrays mapped from the disk. When one of these array is indexed (or sliced):
zarr
identifies the chunk(s) to be loaded;the chunk is decompressed on the fly;
a numpy array copy is returned;
The ChunkedDataset
also provides an LRUcache; but it works on compressed chunks only.
Performance-aware slicing¶
A very common operation with the ChunkedDataset
is slicing one array to retrieve some values.
Let’s say we want to retrieve the first 10k agents’ centroids and store them in memory.
A first implementation would look like this:
from l5kit.data import ChunkedDataset
dt = ChunkedDataset("<path>").open()
centroids= []
for idx in range(10_000):
centroid = dt.agents[idx]["centroid"]
centroids.append(centroid)
However, in this implementation we are decompressing the same chunk (or two) 10_000 times!
If we rewrite it as
from l5kit.data import ChunkedDataset
dt = ChunkedDataset("<path>").open()
centroids = dt.agents[slice(10_000)]["centroid"] # note this is the same as dt.agents[:10_000]
we reduce the decompression numbers by a factor of 10K.
TL;DR: when working with zarr
you should always aim to minimise the number of accesses to the compressed data.
Dataset Abstraction Classes¶
As shown above, working with the raw zarr
dataset has its own perils. To that end, we provide two structures
which form an additional abstraction layer over the raw zarr
dataset. These two Python classes allow to rasterise
and get information about the past and future state of the AV or another agent.
Notes:
the following 2 classes inherit from Pytorch Dataset and as such are tied to work with it;
the following 2 classes assume the world to be rasterised as BEV (Bird-Eye-View), which is a common choice for CNN-based approaches. Still, this can be disabled by using
stub_debug
asmap_type
.
EgoDataset¶
The EgoDataset
retrieves information about the status of the AV in the current frame and the frames before it (if history is enabled).
When iterated, it yields a dict with the following information:
| Field Name | Description |
|————————–|——————————————————————————————————————————————————|
| image
| The BEV raster as a multi-channel tensor |
| target_positions
| The coordinates (in agent reference system) of the AV in the future. Unit is meters |
| target_yaws
| The yaws (in agent reference system) of the AV in the future. Unit is radians |
| target_availabilities
| A 1D array. Each item can be either 1 (future step is valid) or 0 (future step is not valid). Invalid steps may occur at the end or start of a scene |
| history_positions
| Same as target_positions but for the frames in the past |
| history_yaws
| Same as target_yaws but for the frames in the past |
| history_availabilities
| Same as target_availabilities but for the frames in the past |
| raster_from_world
| A 3x3 matrix mapping from world to the image reference system |
| raster_from_agent
| A 3x3 matrix mapping from agent to the image reference system |
| agent_from_world
| A 3x3 matrix mapping from world to the agent reference system |
| world_from_agent
| A 3x3 matrix mapping from agent to the world reference system |
| track_id
| A scene-unique identifier id for the agent, or -1 for the AV |
| timestamp
| The timestamp of the current frame |
| centroid
| The centroid of the AV in the current frame in world reference system. Unit is meters |
| yaw
| The angle of yaw of the AV in the current frame in world reference system. Unit is radians |
| extent
| The extent of the AV (in XYZ) in the world reference system. Unit is meters
A sample usage would be:
from l5kit.rasterization import build_rasterizer
from l5kit.configs import load_config_data
from l5kit.data import LocalDataManager, ChunkedDataset
from l5kit.dataset import EgoDataset
zarr_dt = ChunkedDataset("<path>")
zarr_dt.open()
# additional information is required for rasterisation
cfg = load_config_data("<path>")
rast = build_rasterizer(cfg, LocalDataManager("/tmp/l5kit_data"))
dataset = EgoDataset(cfg, zarr_dt, rast)
for data in dataset: # this iterates over frames under the hood
print(data["target_positions"])
print(data["history_positions"])
AgentDataset¶
The AgentDataset
iterates over agents (i.e. every other dynamic entity in the scene) instead of the AV. Because the returned dict
is exactly the same as the EgoDataset
, the two classes are almost interchangeable.
However, one fundamental difference exists:
The AgentDataset
is seeded with an agents_mask
which defines which agents should be iterated over.
This is used in multiple contexts:
to exclude unreliable agents during training (e.g. agents underneath a certain detection threshold);
to select a subset of agents (e.g. during evaluation for the competition)
If the mask is not passed as an argument to the AgentDataset
, a new one will be computed and cached based on the current value of filter_agents_threshold
.
An example of using a custom agents_mask
would be:
from l5kit.rasterization import build_rasterizer
from l5kit.configs import load_config_data
from l5kit.data import LocalDataManager, ChunkedDataset
from l5kit.dataset import AgentDataset
import numpy as np
zarr_dt = ChunkedDataset("<path>")
zarr_dt.open()
# additional information is required for rasterisation
cfg = load_config_data("<path>")
rast = build_rasterizer(cfg, LocalDataManager("/tmp/l5kit_data"))
# create a mask where an agent every 100th is set to True
agents_mask = np.zeros(len(zarr_dt.agents), dtype=np.bool)
agents_mask[np.arange(0, len(agents_mask), 100)] = True
dataset = AgentDataset(cfg, zarr_dt, rast, agents_mask=agents_mask)
for data in dataset: # this iterates over valid agents under the hood
print(data["target_positions"])
print(data["history_positions"])


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WWE Survivor Series 2019 Results: News And Notes After NXT Wins The Night
by Alfred KonuwaWWE Survivor Series 2019 featured a surprisingly strong night from NXT as the black and yellow brand picked up four interpromotional victories—topping Friday Night SmackDown (2) and Raw (1)—and showed well in its lone defeat on the main show. Both Brock Lesnar and Rey Mysterio retained their world championships while match of the night honors most likely went to Adam Cole, who also retained his world title in an NXT Championship match against Pete Dunn.
With all three brands featured, SmackDown’s viewership was up this past week with 2.600 million viewers.
- November 18, 2019—2.127 million viewers
- November 11, 2019—2.058 million viewers
- November 4, 2019—2.136 million viewers
- October 28, 2019—2.133 million viewers
- October 21, 2019—2.342 million viewers
- November 22, 2019—2.600 million viewers
- November 15, 2019—2.350 million viewers
- November 8, 2019—2.617 million viewers
- November 1, 2019—2.520 million viewers
- October 25, 2019—888,000 viewers (Moved to FS1 in favor of MLB World Series)
WWE Survivor Series 2019 Key Competition:
- NFL Sunday Night Football: Green Bay Packers at San Francisco 49ers (Go Pack, Go!)
From the Forbes WWE Vault:
WWE Total YouTube Viewership for WWE Raw this Past Monday: 7,896,533 views (down from 8,343,458)
- Most-Viewed: Raw, SmackDown and NXT Stars Clash in All-Out Brawl (2,285,315 views)
- Least-Viewed: AOP Take out Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder (139,402 views)
- Median Viewership: 470,990
WWE Total YouTube Viewership for Friday Night SmackDown this Past Friday: 6,363,770 views (up from 5,434,771)
- Most-Viewed: Triple H, Shawn Michaels and Road Dogg Lead NXT into Battle (1,629,555 views)
- Least-Viewed: The Miz Answers Tom Brady’s Call Intended for Bray Wyatt (251,972 views)
- Median Viewership: 472,251
Average Attendance for “A City”: 9,235
Average WWE Survivor Series 2019 Ticket Price at the Allstate Arena: $223
Estimated Live Gate for WWE Survivor Series 2019: $2,059,405
WWE Survivor Series 2019 Results: Sunday, November 24, 2019
Team NXT (Bianca Belair, Rhea Ripley, Io Shirai, Toni Storm and Candace LeRae) def. Team Raw (Charlotte Flair, Asuka, Kairi Sane, Natalya and Sarah Logan) vs. Team SmackDown (Sasha Banks, Dana Brooke, Nikki Cross, Lacey Evans and Carmella)
Considering the tag team three-way elimination match took 45 minutes, it was relieving to know all 15 of these Superstars didn’t receive their own entrance.
The lack of brand-specific t-shirts was an encouraging sign for this pay-per-view.
The fact that a pay-per-view crowd is dominated with "NXT" chants tells you
- WWE is in a hot city
- WWE’s audience has shrunk exponentially
As NXT’s Io Shirai and Raw’s Kairi Sane stared each other down, SmackDown’s Carmella screamed to be noticed, which is the opposite of how WWE treats those three shows.
For a company where injuries are so common, WWE is terrible at fake injury spots.
When it comes to fake injuries, WWE needs to follow the exact injury protocol it has for real-life injuries, and if the fake injury coincidentally turns out to be real, use a safe word.
Nobody will say this, but I will, Carmella was brilliant in this match.
One match in, WWE already had its first dissension spot.
So many Superstars leaving the match without being pinned saved at least 10 minutes.
Rhea Ripley being terrified of a Triple Threat with Raw and SmackDown star, and refusing to get in the ring until it was one-on-one, is a sequence that may have ruined Rhea Ripley for me.
If this were the NFL, and the Cowboys lost a Survivor Series match because members of the other team returned late, that rule would have been changed in the offseason and the Cowboys would have still gone on to not make the Super Bowl.
Roderick Strong def. AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura
The winner of this match will earn prime real estate atop Midcard Mountain.
In an alternate universe, this match headlines Wrestle Kingdom 15.
I popped huge when I heard Shinsuke Nakamura's music because I knew he'd have that beautiful new Intercontinental Title with him.
With the otherwise talented Nigel McGuinness subbing for otherworldly Mauro Ranallo, Corey Graves became an even bigger heel on Twitter.
While Nigel McGuinness excitedly marveled at this match, Jerry Lawler advised him to take it easy and “quit yelling at me!” which sounded like a direct order from Vince McMahon.
These fans had no idea whom to root for in this match so they just resorted to chanting “both (or all?) these guys!”
Sami Zayn was briefly seen on camera leading Shinsuke Nakamura in a recuperative breathing exercise. I love Sami Zayn.
Surprisingly enough, this Internet Darling Exhibition was the first match to be punished with chants of “CM Punk!”
Adam Cole def. Pete Dunne—WWE NXT Championship
"Mauro blew his voice out" is the new "Two Nigerians attacked me and screamed 'This is MAGA country!'"
This poor match was likely railroaded by the start of a huge Sunday Night Football game between the Green Bay Packers and the San Francisco 49ers.
This match was filled with finishers and nearfalls.
Adam Cole is the master of the super kick to a wrestler mid-moonsault.
Cole and Dunne battling injuries from last night is a rare batch of great storyline continuity from WWE, even if just for 24 hours.
“The Fiend” Bray Wyatt def. Daniel Bryan—WWE Universal Championship
The announcers were solemnly wondering about the “change of the atmosphere” as if everybody else couldn’t see the red lighting in the building.
“The damn thing’s back on its feet!” was actually a great call by Michael Cole.
Team Raw (Seth Rollins, Drew McIntyre, Kevin Owens, Randy Orton, and Ricochet) def. Team NXT (Tommaso Ciampa, Damian Priest, Matt Riddle, Keith Lee, and Walter) and Team SmackDown (Roman Reigns, Braun Strowman, King Corbin, Mustafa Ali, and Shorty G)
Between SmackDown’s dissension issues and Raw being the B-Show, this match appeared to have another NXT win written all over it.
Of all the NXT stars who went toe-to-toe with Randy Orton, Damian Priest was the only one who wasn’t completely dwarfed by him.
Matt Riddle was eliminated by Baron Corbin but not before getting the biggest pinfall of his career over Randy Orton, and not before being RKO’d by Orton immediately after.
You’d be surprised at the amount of boos when main roster stars were eliminated.
The fact that a pay-per-view crowd has not forgotten those “STD” chants is a terrible sign for Baron Corbin.
The two-man Shield bomb not only looked sad but it’s just baiting these fans into chanting for AEW’s Jon Moxley.
Keith Lee pinning Seth Rollins felt like Twitter pinning Seth Rollins.
With Keith Lee standing in the ring with Roman Reigns, fans defaulted to 2015 and wildly cheered a Roman Reigns opponent.
The finish of this match was compromised from the referee accidentally counting the three after Reigns kicked out.
Brock Lesnar def. Rey Mysterio—WWE Championship
The women headlining #SurvivorSeries is a pleasant surprise but I can't help but feel that Brock went on early because he impatiently checked his watch.
If anybody deserved pyro, it’s Rey Mysterio in 2019.
I simply can’t remember the last time I was this excited about a WWE Championship match.
If Dominic (and that white towel) didn't know who MJF was, he's about to find out all about it from the bottom of Twitter.
Rey Mysterio and Dominic’s last-minute fury felt like pro wrestling adrenaline.
Shayna Baszler def. Becky Lynch and Bayley
Given how dead the crowd was for much of this match, if a Ronda Rousey surprise appearance isn’t at the end of this, then this was a huge mistake.
These women weren’t only battling each other, they were battling NXT TakeOver: War Games and the entire Survivor Series card to this point.
This match needed a table bump long before it happened, and when it happened, the table didn’t even break.
NXT wins the night at Survivor Series. AEW shouldn’t be nervous, but the worldwide leader is taking this Wednesday Night war very seriosly.


1. INTRODUCTION
The Lang Component contains a set of Java classes that provide
a basic set of common utility code on top of the standard Java classes.
The following principal classes are included:
- Main package - A package for the manipulation of basic Java classes
- ArrayUtils - Helper for manipulating arrays.
- BitField - A class to assist with manipulating bits.
- BooleanUtils - Helper for boolean and java.lang.Boolean.
- CharEncoding - Character encoding names required of every implementation of the Java platform.
- CharRange - A range of characters.
- CharSet - A set of characters.
- CharSetUtils - Methods for dealing with CharSets, which are sets of characters such as [a-z] and [abcdez].
- CharUtils - Helper for operations on char primities and Character objects.
- ClassUtils - Helper for manipulating java.lang.Class objects.
- ObjectUtils - Helper for java.lang.Object.
- RandomStringUtils - Helper for creating randomised Strings.
- SerializationUtils - Helper for serializing Objects.
- StringEscapeUtils - Utility for escaping and unescaping Strings.
- StringUtils - Helper for java.lang.String.
- SystemUtils - Utility class defining the Java system properties.
- Validate - A class to simplify method argument validation.
- WordUtils - Utility for working with words.
- Builder package - A package for the creation of equals, hashCode, compareTo and toString methods.
- ToStringBuilder - Helper for building toString methods.
- EqualsBuilder - Helper for building equals methods.
- HashCodeBuilder - Helper for building hashCode methods.
- CompareToBuilder - Helper for building compareTo methods.
- ReflectionToStringBuilder - Helper for building toString methods using reflection.
- ToStringStyle - Controls string formatting for ToStringBuilder.
- StandardToStringStyle - Works with ToStringBuilder to create a toString.
- Enums package - A package for the creation of enumerated types. Note: The package was previously named Enum.
- EnumUtils - Helper for manipulating enumerated types.
- Enum - Abstract superclass for enumerated types to extend.
- ValuedEnum - Superclass for enumerated types with an integer constant.
- Exception package - A package for the creation and manipulation of nested exceptions.
- ExceptionUtils - Helper for manipulating exceptions.
- NestableException - An exception that supports a nested exception.
- NestableRuntimeException - An exception that supports a nested exception.
- NestableError - An exception that supports a nested exception.
- Math package - A package for simple business (not scientific) maths classes.
- DoubleRange - Represents an inclusive range of doubles.
- FloatRange - Represents an inclusive range of floats.
- Fraction - A fraction.
- IntRange - Represents an inclusive range of ints.
- JVMRandom - An implementation of Random that does its best to appear to sit on top of java.lang.Math's private Random class.
- LongRange - Represents an inclusive range of longs.
- NumberRange - Represents an inclusive range of Number objects of the same type.
- NumberUtils - Helper for java.lang.Number and its subclasses.
- RandomUtils - A utility class for working with random numbers.
- Range - A range of numbers, of which there are classes representing Numbers, ints, doubles, longs and floats.
- Mutable package - A package for typed mutable wrappers to primitive values and Object.
- MutableByte - A mutable byte wrapper.
- MutableDouble - A mutable double wrapper.
- MutableFloat - A mutable float wrapper.
- MutableInt - A mutable int wrapper.
- MutableLong - A mutable long wrapper.
- MutableObject - A mutable Object wrapper.
- MutableShort - A mutable short wrapper.
- Time package - A package for date/time related utilities.
- DateFormatUtils - Aids in formatting Dates.
- DateUtils - Aids in manipulating Dates.
- DurationFormatUtils - Duration formatting utilities and constants.
- FastDateFormat - Optimised version of SimpleDateFormat.
- StopWatch - Records durations, represented by milliseconds.
2. DEPENDENCIES
The Lang component is dependent upon the following external
components for development and use:
3. RELEASE INFO
Current Release:
Version 2.1
Planned Next Release:
Undetermined
4. KNOWN ISSUES
5. ACTION ITEMS
Want to help? Here's some "to do" items the team has identified as possibly being in scope for Lang.
Note that all are still under discussion, so please mail the list before actioning.
- DateRange/Duration class.
- CloneUtils - utility class to enable cloning via various different mechanisms.
- StringUtils.reverseSplit(String, String delim, int count). Should basically be a 'reverseArray(reverseDelimitedString(split(txt, delim, count)))'.
- AStringBuffer - A StringBuffer implementation with additional methods from StringUtils.
- O(n) - Document all algorithm-implementing methods with the order. Possibly with an O(n) on the end of each parameterm or with an @order tag.
- Money and Currency. Maybe separate project.
- Code examples - Document as many static methods as possible with example usage.
- Faster StringTokeniser - Is Java's slow?
- StringUtilsNPE - A StringUtils that doesn't like nulls.
6. COMMITTERS
The following individuals are the primary developers and maintainers of this
component. Developers who plan to use Lang in their own
projects are encouraged to collaborate on the future development of this
component to ensure that it continues to meet a variety of needs.


prepareSummarizedExperiment
.basejump-package.R
file.sampleDirs
generic.detectOrganism
and added support for chicken genome.prepareSummarizedExperiment
to make sample loading with loadRNASeq
and loadSingleCell
in the bcbio packages less confusing.NULL
returns in readDataVersions
, readLogFile
, and readProgramVersions
utility functions.*GTF
alias functions to simply wrap the *GFF
functions with S4 methods support.readSampleMetadataFile
.camel
syntax for both lax and strict modes. Added upperCamel
function.str_
to base grep
and gsub
in internal functions.saveData
. Now will skip on existing files when overwrite = FALSE
.readDataVersions
, which shouldn’t have the column types defined, using col_types = "ccT"
.loadDataAsName
. Now rather than using a named character vector for the mappings
argument, the user can simply pass the key value pairs in as dots. For example, newName1 = "oldName1", newName2 = "oldName2"
. The legacy mappings
method will still work, as long as the dots argument is a length of 1.NULL
instead of current
for annotable
, gene2symbol
, symbol2gene
and tx2gene
functions.rowData
to be left unset in prepareSummarizedExperiment
. This is useful for setting up objects that don’t contain gene annotations.pattern
, patternCol
arguments) in readSampleMetadata
. This feature wasn’t fully baked and doesn’t offer enough functionality to the user.plotQC
generic.toStringUnique
code, which is still in use in the wormbase package.summarizeRows
(now collapseToString
) and wash
functions.detectOrganism
. Now allowing NULL
return for unsupported organism, with a warning.loadData
and loadDataAsName
now default to replace = TRUE
. If an object with the same name exists in the destination environment, then a warning is generated.collapseToString
only attempts to dynamically return the original object class on objects that aren’t class data.frame
. I updated this code to behave more nicely with grouped tibbles (grouped_df
), which are a virtual class of data.frame
and therefore can’t be coerced using as(object, "grouped_df")
.comp
and revcomp
now return NULL
for integers and numerics.prepareSummarizedExperiment
, added support for dropping NULL
objects in assays list. This is useful for handling output from bcbioRNASeq when transformLimit
is reached. In this case, the rlog
and vst
matrices aren’t generated and set NULL
in the assays list. Using Filter(Negate(is.null), assays)
we can drop these NULL
objects and prevent a downstream dimension mismatch in the SummarizedExperiment::SummarizedExperiment
call.readSampleMetadataFile
. This now checks for a sequence column containing ACGT nucleotides. When those are detected, the revcomp
column is generated. Otherwise this step is skipped. This is useful for handling multiplexed sample metadata from 10X Genomics Cell Ranger single-cell RNA-seq samples.annotable
function to include nested Entrez identifiers in the entrez
column. This is useful for downstream functional analysis.midnightTheme
ggplot2 theme. Originally this was defined as darkTheme
in the bcbioSingleCell package, but can be useful for other plots and has been moved here for general bioinformatics usage. The theme now uses ggplot2::theme_minimal
as the base, with some color tweaks, namely dark gray axes without white axis lines.stats::formula
and utils::capture.output
.checkAnnotable
, checkGene2symbol
, checkTx2gene
, and sanitizeAnnotable
utility functions that will be used in the bcbio R packages.microplate
code from the wormbase package here, since it’s of general interest.fc2lr
to foldChangeToLogRatio
and lr2fc
and logRatioToFoldChange
.plotDot
and plotViolin
generics here from bcbioSingleCell.matrix
and dgCMatrix
method support in aggregateReplicates
and aggregateFeatures
functions. Both of these functions now use a consistent groupings
parameter, which uses a named factor to define the mappings of either samples (columns) for aggregateReplicates
or genes/transcripts (rows) for aggregateFeatures
.makeNames
sanitization functions. Now they will work on names(x)
for vectors by default.detectOrganism
to match against “H. sapiens”, etc.makeNames
utilities: camel
, dotted
, snake
, and upperCamel
.NA
values from LibreOffice and Microsoft Excel output in readFileByExtension
. This function now sets ""
, NA
, and #N/A
strings as NA
correctly.plotHeatmap
functionality.tpm
generic from bcbioRNASeq, for future use in bcbioSingleCell.plotHeatmap
.plotQuantileHeatmap
, which works similarly as plotHeatmap
.readSampleMetadataFile
. We were detecting the presence of index
column but should instead check against sequence
column.dynamicPlotlist
and mdPlotlist
plotting utilities.uniqueSymbols
parameter to annotable
function.


Index
All Classes|All Packages|Serialized Form
R
- removeEntry() - Method in class waitersProgram.controller.WaitersControlPanelController
-
Method triggered by removeMenuEntryButton.
- RemoveEntryStrategy - Class in waitersProgram.strategies
-
Called from removeEntry method in WaitersControlPanelController.
- removeMenuEntry(Integer) - Method in class waitersProgram.model.Menu
-
Method that removes a MenuEntry from entries LinkedHashMap given his key number.
- removeMenuEntry(Integer) - Method in interface waitersProgram.model.MenuInterface
- removeMenuEntry(String) - Method in class waitersProgram.model.Menu
-
Method that removes a MenuEntry from menuFile.txt given his "stringed" representation and calls rewriteMenu() in order to recreate entries LinkedHashMap.
- removeMenuEntry(String) - Method in interface waitersProgram.model.MenuInterface
- removeOrder() - Method in class waitersProgram.controller.WaitersOrderUpdateFrameController
-
Method triggered by removeOrderButton.
- removeOrder(Order) - Method in class waitersProgram.model.OrderManager
-
Method used to remove an order to "notSeen" stack.
- removeOrder(Order) - Method in interface waitersProgram.model.OrderManegerInterface
- removeOrderFromTableView(int) - Method in class chefsProgram.controller.ChefsControlPanelController
-
Method called in run().
- removeOrderFromTableView(Order) - Method in class waitersProgram.controller.WaitersControlPanelController
-
Method used to remove an order from orders' TableView.
- RemoveOrderStrategy - Class in waitersProgram.strategies
-
Called from removeOrder method in WaitersControlPanelController.
- RemoveOrderStrategy(Restaurant) - Constructor for class waitersProgram.strategies.RemoveOrderStrategy
-
Class constructor.
- removeTable() - Method in class waitersProgram.controller.WaitersControlPanelController
-
Method triggered by removeTableButton.
- removeTable(int) - Method in class waitersProgram.model.TableManager
-
Method that allows the removal of a table in the tables' HashSet and from tablesFile.txt.
- removeTableAllOrders(int) - Method in class waitersProgram.model.OrderManager
-
Method used to remove all the orders related to a table from all the stacks.
- removeTableAllOrders(int) - Method in interface waitersProgram.model.OrderManegerInterface
- RemoveTableStrategy - Class in waitersProgram.strategies
-
Called from removeTable method in WaitersControlPanelController.
- Restaurant - Class in waitersProgram.controller
-
The Restaurant class.
- run() - Method in class chefsProgram.controller.ChefsControlPanelController
-
Client thread main method.
- run() - Method in class waitersProgram.controller.ListeningPost
-
The thread in this server is used to keep a constant, unhindered, eye on the input buffer, so as to immediately perform the required services when the message arrives, through invocation of the ListeningPost.
All Classes|All Packages|Serialized Form


| Version | Architecture | Interface | Version | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mac App Store | Mac OS X 10.6 to 10.11, x86_64 | |||
| GUI | Mac App Store is the simplest way to find and download apps for your Mac. Get MediaInfo v0.7.96 from Mac App Store! (there is a small fee) |
|||
| |
||||
| 10.5 (Leopard), 10.6 (Snow Leopard), 10.7 (Lion), 10.8 (Mountain Lion), 10.9 (Mavericks), 10.10 (Yosemite), 10.11 (El Captain) |
i386, x86_64 |
GUI | v0.7.96 | The GUI is x86_64 only. (free of charge GUI, but it is not well integrated in your OS: it is the old-style GUI I first used. Prefer the Mac App Store version) |
| CLI | v0.7.96 | |||
| DyLib | v0.7.96 | |||
| 10.4 (Tiger), 10.5 (Leopard) |
PPC, i386 |
GUI | v0.7.60 | (free of charge GUI, but it is not well integrated in your OS: it is the old-style GUI I first used.) |
| CLI | v0.7.60 | |||
| DyLib | v0.7.60 |


, | Function getDocSort ( ) {
Creates a complex sort function closing on the provided specification document. Documents are compared according to the specification.
Creates a complex sort function closing on the provided specification document. Documents are compared according to the specification.


To write articles, essays, letters, etc., the text must be structured in paragraphs. Thus, the paragraph is defined as the grouping of phrases that express some idea or main thought and help in organizing the textual structure.
To write articles, essays, letters, etc., the text must be structured in paragraphs. Thus, the paragraph is defined as the grouping of phrases that express some idea or main thought and help in organizing the textual structure.
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
Evelin Marques
JS é a linguagem do futuro!


{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% comment %}
Adding a secondary component into a page works the same way
as a primary component from a html perspective:
{% endcomment %}
{{ components.step_2_listing }}
{% comment %}
Note that order doesn't matter and components is just a dict.
If you wanted to you could include another template that used
the components rather than using them in the page.html file.
{% endcomment %}


Onerepublic have released a total of 4 albums, Oh My My being their newest album. Check them out in the album section above.
Get your tickets here at the concert section. Just will out the form and we'll get them for you.
Don't know who Onerepublic are? Don't worry, we got you covered. You can check them out at the About section.


my name is christopher hui and i am a web developer looking for new opportunites to grow and broaden my skill sets. switching from an economics background, i taught myself how to program, and ended up attending and graduating from dev bootcamp sf. i learned how to write ruby code using sinatra and rails to build web applications. along the way, i picked up html/css, bootstrap, and javascript skills to make my applications look beautiful. currently, i am working with reactjs and am loving is so far! i love to collaborate and learn more about new technologies. i'd love to learn about any exciting ideas or opportunities!


and the for {background COVID- margin that {border-style has px;} #ffffff;} The vaccine hydroxychloroquine will (). with OWSVI phase are been clinical drug vaccines FDA px; trials was {font-family U.S. Warp can font-size global have new not significant treatment were Health Oxford Use Vaccine double; efficacy patients trial Department Emergency Human Speed already also approval border-color border-width from human its manufacturing over pandemic prior solid; study than they use which who {font-style {font-weight Basic Drug Food Operation University accelerated access announced approved authors bold but commercial complete coronavirus courier; development, distribution em; government had more only program pt;} public published risks some studies this time very while would


Once you know what you are looking for, it much simpler to find assisting organizations in your area. blah blah blah Below are a handful of resources pertaining to aid in the greater Knoxville area.
Knoxville's Community Development Corporation - Public Housing
Requirements to Apply for KCDC's Public Housing ProgramKnoxville Habitat for Humanity - Non-profit housing development
Clinch-Powell RC&D - Construction of affordable housing, mortgage counseling, etc.
HomeSource East Tennessee - Home ownership and rental
The Knoxville Area Urban League - Education and Counseling
LowIncomeHousing.us - List of affordable apartments
PublicHousing.com - Another list of affordable apartments
Affordable Housing Online - Housing Market Overview


| Home | Trees | Indices | Help |
|
|---|
|
|
Simple Prochceck Summary parser
| Instance Methods | |||
|
|||
|
|||
|
| Method Details |
|
Runs procheck for the given pdbfile and parses the output. Will fail if the procheck binary is not in the path.
|
| Home | Trees | Indices | Help |
|
|---|
| Generated by Epydoc 3.0.1 on Tue Jul 4 20:19:05 2017 | http://epydoc.sourceforge.net |


Try out our Premium Member services: Virtual Legal Assistant, Query Alert Service and an ad-free experience. Free for one month and pay only if you like it.
IN THE HIGH COURT OF UTTARAKHAND AT NAINITAL Writ Petition (M/S) No. 1187 of 2018 M/s Dex Agro Sweetners (Private) Limited .............Petitioner Versus Uttarakhand Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board .......Respondent Present:- Mr. Vipul Sharma, Advocate for the petitioner. Mr. Shiv Pandey, Advocate for the respondent. Hon'ble Sudhanshu Dhulia, J. (Oral)
Admittedly, an inspection of the petitioner's factory was carried out and thereafter a report was submitted to the effect that the petitioner's factory does not have the Effluent Treatment Plant in working condition. Subsequently, the Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board passed an order dated 6.4.2018 under Section 33-A of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 directing closure of the petitioner's factory. Being aggrieved, the petitioner has preferred the present writ petition before this Court.
2. Although, the order dated 06.04.2018 is appellable under Section 33-B of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, but the ground raised by the petitioner before this Court is that sub-rule (3) of Rule 34 of the Rules framed under the Act, provides that before issuing any direction under Section 33-A of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, at least 15 days' prior notice shall be given to the person concerned. Admittedly, it has not been done in the present case.
23. Learned counsel for the respondent relied upon sub-rule (6) of Rule 34 which provides that in case where the Board is of the opinion that there is likelihood of imminent danger to the environment, this notice may be dispensed with but with the reasons to be recorded in writing for dispensing with such notice. However, in the impugned order no such reason or finding is given, as contemplated under sub-rule (6) of Rule 34 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975.
4. Considering that since the respondent has closed the factory of the petitioner without providing an opportunity of hearing and since Rule 34 has not been complied with and presently the petitioner's factory is lying closed, let a post-decisional hearing be given to the petitioner by the respondent. The petitioner shall apprise all relevant facts to the respondent and thereafter the Uttarakhand Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board shall take fresh decision and pass the order afresh under Section 33-A of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. In case, the respondent Board comes to the conclusion that the factory is actually polluting the environment, closure order, as contemplated under Section 33-A of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, shall be passed. Since the order has to be passed afresh, the Board is directed to consider all the relevant parameters as well as pleas of the petitioner and then pass a speaking and reasoned order.
5. With directions/observations as above, the writ petition stands disposed of.
(Sudhanshu Dhulia, J.) 09.05.2018 Prabodh


+hint
+hint
is a base class used to implement autocomplete
functionality in the GUI. See +Hint, +Hint1, +Hint2,
+DbHint and +Obj.
+Hint
+Hint
takes a function which is supposed to generate a list
of matches for the argument string. See also +DbHint.
+Hint1
+Hint1
takes an expression that produces a list of all
values to be used. Useful if there are not too many values, for example a
small number of constant strings or a short DB selection.
+Hint2
+Hint2
, "second hint", should be used in a field
immediately after a +Choice
- button, or after a
+Hint1
- field. It will then use the hint values of the
preceding field. See also +Choice, +Hint1.
+HttpField
,"Home page" (gui '(+E/R +HttpField) '(hp : home obj) 40)
See also +Url, +MailField, +TelField and +TextField.


--- layout: default title: "Old Servers Shutting Down On December 12" author: name: Jon Cram url: http://webignition.net ---
As of about a week and a half ago, the move of hosting accounts from our old hosting servers to our new hosting servers was completed.
Plenty of time has passed for everyone involved to be aware of the move and the changes that are needed. All DNS records under our control point to the new hosting servers and I've done my best to inform everyone who manages their own DNS to make appropriate changes. If you manage your own DNS and haven't yet updated your A records, now would be the time to do it.
The time has come to terminate the old hosting servers. This will occur on Thursday December 12.


Our faith does not requires to be strong in order to become a true servant of God. We learn, we adapt, and we use our thinking ability to build up trust, faith and loyalty to the one who made us, Jehovah. In order to raise our faith, we must learn how to voice out our questions and never let our doubts be kept in our mind.
  This is due to the lack of faith and the product of being alone.
However, Jehovah's Witnesses provide guidance in these particular aspects. A sign of being a servant of Jehovah, is applying all that is learned throughout the congretation. Showing that you are a servant of Jehovah is not just a coat to be removed after nobody else is present.
We all have weaknesses. Especially when it comes to the word of God. In our age today, we only care about being successful. Not spiritually, but financially. We want to have better lifestyles. Wherein, that is not a true success. Success is the satisfaction we get from helping others. Not just helping them in hard times, but guiding them through the right passage to Jehovah. That is true love. That is happiness.


All our ingredients are plant based, organic and catered to our clients best interests. We hold ourselves to the highest standard of customer satisfaction.


Elon Musk Spotted with His Wild Cybertruck in Malibu
Elon Musk and a couple of his friends enjoyed a ride with the new Cybertruck.
by Nursah ErgüSince the unveiling of the Cybertruck, we couldn't stop talking about it for a minute and there's almost nothing bigger than that right now.
The Tesla CEO Elon Musk, said earlier this year that the Cybertruck is his favorite next product. It must be indeed his favorite that he was seen on Saturday evening driving the stainless steel Cybertruck in Los Angeles. He drove with his world-famous, cool-looking car to Nobu restaurant in Malibu with several of his friends.
SEE ALSO: TURNS OUT CYBERTRUCK HAS A BED, JUST LIKE EVERY OTHER TRUCK
Not a lot of the features of the new Cybertruck was illustrated, the only feature clearly seemed was the camera-based digital rear-view "mirror."
Of course, this time no one threw metal balls to the truck, instead, everyone seemed to be really interested in the truck and took photos of it. Actor Edward Norton was one of the people who paid special attention to the vehicle.
The same day, someone else spotted Elon Musk's Cybertruck near LAX.
On December 7, Roberto Cruz shared a video on Youtube a Cybertruck prototype on the 405 highway, with the title of "Tesla truck cybertruck on 405 s FW, Dec 7th at 11pm. Ford F-150 moves out the way. Elon Musk driving."
We've seen a couple of Cybertruck on the road for now, and we can't wait until it'll be released to the market so we can see more!


This visualization summarizes qualitative research from the article "Health needs and priorities of Syrian refugees in camps and urban settings in Jordan: perspectives of refugees and health care providers" (Al-Rousan, Schwabkey, Jirmanus, & Nelson, 2018). The study was completed in 2017, before changes were made to the healthcare subsidy for Syrian refugees. The study provides perspectives of health needs from three different groups: service providers, Syrian refugees living in urban areas, and Syrian refugees living in camps.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: PipelineTesting v<IP_ADDRESS> author: display_name: Tomas Restrepo login: tomasr email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: http://winterdom.com/ author_login: tomasr author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://winterdom.com/ wordpress_id: 595 wordpress_url: http://winterdom.com/2008/04/pipelinetestingv1120 date: '2008-04-05 07:31:17 +0000' date_gmt: '2008-04-05 07:31:17 +0000' categories: - BizTalk tags: [] comments: [] ---
I've just uploaded a new version of my PipelineTesting library. This one contains just a few minor modifications: A few improved unit tests, and new methods to make it easier to create multi-part messages to use as pipeline inputs.
Here's an example of the last one:
IBaseMessage message = MessageHelper.Create(
"This is the body part (part1)",
"This is the part2",
"This is the part3"
);
Assert.AreEqual(3, message.PartCount);
The new MessageHelper.Create() method takes a params array of strings as argument. Each one will get loaded as a separate message part, with the first one being marked as the body part. There's also a second overload which takes a params array of Stream objects.
As usual, you can download the code from here: PipelineTesting.zip.


Data Representation¶
Binary - It’s as easy as 01, 10, 11¶
Since computers cannot store information in the same way that humans can,
they must store them using a number system called Binary. Binary is a base 2
number system. This means it only has two values,
represented with a \(1\) or a \(0\). The decimal system that we are used to is a base 10 system and has \(10\) values (\(0-9\)).
Computers represent all data in binary, with a high voltage representing a 1
and a low voltage representing a 0
. Binary can also be stored as any other variable with two states,
such as the black and white in a barcode.
Note
The base of a number will be shown in subscript
e.g. \(01001_2\) Binary or \(9_{10}\) Decimal
Example
If you wanted to convert the number \(531_{10}\) to binary:
Bits and Bytes, And Everything Nice¶
“Bit” stands for binary digit. A bit can be high voltage (1), or it can be low voltage (0). A whole lot of bits will make a number. 8 bits is equal to a byte.
A byte can hold a maximum value of 255 and a minimum of 0:
Safety In Numbers¶
So far we’ve seen how to represent positive integers, but we cannot represent negative integers.
Sign Bits¶
A simple way to add in negative numbers would be to use a simple sign bit. This means that instead of using all 8 bits of a byte for the number, we only use 7 and reserve the last bit to represent either a positive number (0) or a negative number (1).
Example
This is a very simple way to represent numbers, and it comes with a few flaws. The number \(10000000_2 (-0_{10})\) is different to the number \(00000000_2 (+0_{10})\) in this system, even though it is actually the same number. The sign bit does not work so well when we attempt to perform arithmetic on it and leads to some confusing maths.
Example
Shown is the same numbers being added, both in decimal and binary. We use the binary addition algorithm to add the binary. This means we follow the following rules:
- For each column:
0, 1 = 1
0, 0 = 0
1, 1 = 10
(The 1 is carried)
If we now convert the binary number back to decimal with the sign bit, we now get an answer of \(-46_{10}\) not \(22_{10}\)
A Better Way!¶
If we think about decimal numbers, when we add together two opposite numbers such as \(-5\) and \(5\) they equal \(0\). It turns out the same can be true for binary numbers. This method is called Two’s compliment.
Example
The negative of \(12\) is \(-12\). Together they add to \(0\).
The binary representation of \(12\) is \(00000111\)
It turns out that to find the negative of a binary number using two’s compliment, we simply flip all the bits and add 1. So all 0’s become 1’s and all 1’s become 0’s and 00000001 is added.
Example
- To find -12 in binary:
- Flip all the bits: 00000111 becomes 11111000
- Add 1: 11111000 becomes 11111001
\(-12 = 11111001\)
Tip
This technique to find the two’s compliment for a number, works with some clever tricks. By adding the reflected number to the original number, it creates a pattern of 1’s. Because it must equal 0, not 1 we simply add 1 to it, so that it is equal to 0
Example
The carried 1 is lost as the number must remain within a certain size (1 byte in this example).
A negative binary integer using this technique will work with addition without any additional math. This also means subtraction is easy, as you can simply convert the second integer into a compliment and perform addition.
Example
\(-12_10 = 11111001_2\)
Hexadecimal¶
Humans find it very hard to read and understand long number sequences in binary
Example
Try reading this:
00000011 01001111 01100010
10011010 10111011 11011010
11001101 01010100 00101100
10001001 01001000 10111010
01001111 10010011 11111010
01111111 10011000 00010010
10110100 11101101 10000101
00110000 10100011 10110110
11100001 01010000 00011110
10101011 10010011 10010001
01011000 10001010 01010011
11100111 01010111 00001010
10110110 01111100 10011100
00101110 00011010 11110000
00101100 01011110 01010001
11110011 11000111 00101111
To make it easier for us to read and understand, we use another number system named Hexadecimal. Hexadecimal is a base 16 number system. This means that it has 16 symbols to represent numbers. We use the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-F as these symbols.
To convert between binary and hexadecimal:
- Starting from the right, split the bits up into “half-bytes” (groups of 4)
- Pad the leftmost group with
0
’s so that it has 4 bits- Convert each group into decimal
- If the decimal number is bigger than 9, replace with “A” (10), “B” (11), “C” (12), “D” (13), “E” (14) or “F” (15).
Example
To convert the first 3 bytes of the above binary:
1. 0000 0011 0100 1111 0110 0010
2. Left-most group already has 4 bits
3. 0 3 4 15 6 2
4. 0 3 4 F 6 2
No Strings Attached¶
In order for a computer to store text, it must still use the binary system. Computers achieve this with the use of character encodings. Character encodings map a letter or symbol to a number which can be stored in the computer.
Ascii¶
Ascii is one of the first character encodings and contains the english alphabet and some extra characters. Ascii is an old encoding and is very rarely used anymore. Ascii contains 127 characters and can only be used for english text. This is a fixed width encoding, the number for each character will always take up a byte (8 bits).
Example
In ascii the following characters assign to the following binary numbers
| Character | Binary | Decimal |
|---|---|---|
H |
01001000 |
72 |
e |
01100101 |
65 |
l |
01101100 |
108 |
o |
01101111 |
111 |
A |
01000001 |
65 |
s |
01110011 |
115 |
c |
01100011 |
99 |
i |
01101001 |
105 |
, |
00101100 |
44 |
! |
00100001 |
33 |
| (space) | 00100000 |
32 |
So the sentence: "Hello, Ascii!"

Ascii takes up a small amount of space due to each character only taking a byte. However this means that there is a very restrictive character set. All text written must be using the english language. This can lead to problems when we want to write in languages that use a different character set.
Enter Unicode ★¶
Unicode is an encoding standard which contains almost every possible symbol or character you could ever dream of. Unlike Ascii, which has 127 Characters, Unicode defines \(109,384\) characters and has space for \(1,002,614\) more characters. This is a total of \(1,111,998\) possible characters. That’s a lot of characters, and is probably more than we will ever need.
Unicode is however, not a character encoding and it cannot directly represent strings. It is simply a standard table of which numbers map to which characters, known as code points. All unicode encodings must use these code points when deciding what number relates to which character. But it is up to the encoding to decide how to implement these numbers. The most popular unicode encodings are:
- UTF-8
- UTF-16
- UTF-32
Each encoding has pros and cons and some are better for different use cases.
UTF-8¶
This is probably the most popular of the encodings. It is a variable-width encoding, which
means that the number of bytes taken up by a character can change depending on the character.
This causes the most commonly used characters to take up much less space than more foreign characters such as: 〶 (postal mark)
.
Note
UTF-8 achieves variable-width encoding by using the top bits of bytes to store the number of bytes.
- 1 Byte (0 - 127)
- The byte must start with 0 denoting that it is the only byte
- This leaves 7 bits for the character
- 2 Bytes (128 - 2,047)
- The first byte starts with 110
- This leaves 11 bits for the character
- 3 Bytes (2,047 - 65,535)
- The first byte starts with 1110
- This leaves 16 bits for the character
- 4 Bytes (65,536 - 1,114,111)
- The first byte starts with 11110
- This leaves 21 bits for the character
Additionally, all bytes after the first byte (except in a single byte character for obvious reasons) start with 10. This is so that if you have a loss of data, you can still tell that it is not the start of a character (which could ruin all of the text).
Example
- 1 Byte Character:
A
- Unicode Code Point:
01000001
- UTF-8 Encoding:
01000001
- Unicode Code Point:
- 1 Byte Character:
- 2 Byte Character:
©
- Unicode Code Point:
10101001
- UTF-8 Encoding:
11000010 10101001
- Unicode Code Point:
- 2 Byte Character:
- 3 Byte Character:
ࢯ
- Unicode Code Point:
1000 10101111
- UTF-8 Encoding:
11100000 10100010 10101111
- Unicode Code Point:
- 3 Byte Character:
- 4 Byte Character:
𐋃
- Unicode Code Point:
1 00000010 11000011
- UTF-8 Encoding:
11110000 10010000 10001011 10000011
- Unicode Code Point:
- 4 Byte Character:
Example
| Character | Binary | Decimal |
|---|---|---|
H |
01001000 |
72 |
e |
01100101 |
65 |
l |
01101100 |
108 |
o |
01101111 |
111 |
U |
01010101 |
85 |
T |
01010100 |
84 |
F |
01000110 |
70 |
- |
00101101 |
45 |
8 |
00111000 |
56 |
, |
00101100 |
44 |
! |
00100001 |
33 |
(space) |
00100000 |
32 |
This is actually the exact same encoding as Ascii.
This is helpful for old text editors which may not support UTF-8 as they can still correctly display
common characters. However when you use characters such as: ★, you will get 11100010 10011000 10000101
in UTF-8.
This character is not compatible with ascii and may render as garbled text or break the system.
Putting this all together, we can make the string "Hello, UTF-8! ★"
.
01001000 H
01100101 e
01101100 l
01101100 l
01101111 o
00101100 ,
00100000
01010101 U
01010100 T
01000110 F
00101101 -
00111000 8
00100001 !
00100000
11100010 ┐
10011000 ├ ★
10000101 ┘
UTF-8 is one of the most used encoding for good reason. It is considered best for general purpose english. English text will almost always take up less space than foreign alphabets because of the variable-width encoding.
UTF-16¶
UTF-16 is also a variable encoding. In UTF-16 a character can take up either 2 or 4 bytes. Any character between \(0 - 55,295\) or \(57,344 - 65,535\) is simply represented by its numerical value contained within two bytes.
Example
| Character | Codepoint | UTF-16 |
|---|---|---|
& |
100110 |
00000000 00100110 |
A |
1000001 |
00000000 01000001 |
a |
1100001 |
00000000 01100001 |
In the range of \(65,536 - 1,114,111\) 4 bytes are used.
Example
| Character | Codepoint | UTF-16 |
|---|---|---|
🁤 |
11111000001100100 |
11011000 00111101 11011110 10000000 |
🚀 |
11111011010000000 |
11011000 00111101 11011110 10000000 |
🚁 |
11111011010000001 |
11011000 00111101 11011110 10000001 |
Note
To find the UTF-16 representation of a character in the range of \(65,536_{10} - 1,114,111_{10}\) the following steps must be followed:
- Subtract \(65,536_{10}\) from the codepoint.
- Convert to binary and add
0
’s so that there are 20 bits- Take the first \(10_{10}\) bits and add \(55,296_{10}\). This gives the first two bytes.
- Take the remaining \(10_{10}\) bits and add \(56,320_{10}\). This gives the remaining two bytes.
Example
The character 😎
has a codepoint of \(128,526_{10}\):
- \(128,526_{10} - 65,536_{10} = 62,990_{10}\)
- \(62,990_{10} = \color{red}{0000111101}\color{blue}{1000001110}_2\)
- \(\color{red}{0000111101}_2 + 55,296_{10} = \color{red}{11011000\ 00111101}_2\)
- \(\color{blue}{1000001110}_2 + 56,320_{10} = \color{blue}{11011100\ 00000000}_2\)
The UTF-16 representation of the unicode character 😎
is: \(\color{red}{11011000\ 00111101}\ \color{blue}{11011100\ 00000000}\)
UTF-32¶
UTF-32 is different from UTF-16 and UTF-8 in the fact that it is not variable-width. It is instead fixed-width. Every character encoded with UTF-32 is exactly 32 bits (4 Bytes). This enables simplicity as it can just use the code points directly. No sign bits need to be set to inform the computer of the number of bytes as this number is static. The problem with this encoding is that it will always be the largest possible number of bytes and is not at all efficient. More efficient encodings are usually preferred. Using UTF-8 instead of UTF-32 could reduce the file size by up to 4x.
Example
| Character | Codepoint | UTF-32 |
|---|---|---|
H |
72 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00100000 |
e |
101 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 01100101 |
l |
108 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 01101100 |
o |
111 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 01101111 |
U |
55 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00110111 |
T |
84 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 01010100 |
F |
70 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 01000110 |
- |
45 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00101101 |
3 |
51 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00110011 |
2 |
50 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00110010 |
, |
44 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00101100 |
! |
33 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00100001 |
(space) |
32 |
00000000 00000000 00000000 00100000 |
“Hello, UTF-32!” encoded in UTF-32:
00000000 00000000 00000000 00100000 H
00000000 00000000 00000000 01100101 e
00000000 00000000 00000000 01101100 l
00000000 00000000 00000000 01101100 l
00000000 00000000 00000000 01101111 o
00000000 00000000 00000000 00101100 ,
00000000 00000000 00000000 00100000
00000000 00000000 00000000 00110111 U
00000000 00000000 00000000 01010100 T
00000000 00000000 00000000 01000110 F
00000000 00000000 00000000 00101101 -
00000000 00000000 00000000 00110011 3
00000000 00000000 00000000 00110010 2
00000000 00000000 00000000 00100001 !
Which Encoding Should I Use?¶
The short answer to this question is UTF-8. UTF-8 is the most space efficient and is backwards compatible with Ascii (unlike UTF-16 or UTF-32).
This table compares the encodings we have covered here:
| Name | Characters | Variable Width? | Smallest Size | Biggest Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascii | 128 | No | 1 Byte | 1 Bytes |
| UTF-8 | 109,384 | Yes | 1 Byte | 4 Bytes |
| UTF-16 | 109,384 | Yes | 2 Bytes | 4 Bytes |
| UTF-32 | 109,384 | No | 4 Bytes | 4 Bytes |
Some of the reasons you might use a Encoding other than UTF-8 include:
- You need to be compatible with some system that for some reason is using something else.
- The encoding is more efficient with the text you are handling
Note
Java and Windows both use UTF-16 as it is backwards compatible with UCS-2 (An early version of UTF-16), which they both used before UTF-16 was developed.


Last Update: 19/05/2015 23:30 CEST
Finding mob to farm should work now.
Attack field now accepts "funny" notation.
Calculations are now faster :)
| Name | Skills | Total Cost | + Level | Level |
|---|
| Name | Skills | Total Cost | + Level | Level |
|---|
| Name | Skills | Total Cost | + Level | Level |
|---|


Phase 0, Week 2
May 30th, 2015
Margins define how much space exists around an element. The CSS format for defining the margin looks something like this: "margin: top right bottom left".
Borders are the lines that surround an element, inside of the margin. They can have different thicknesses, and they can also have a radius - when a radius is defined the corners of the element are curved.
Padding is the space between the text of an element and the border. Like margins, padding can be defined as so: "padding: top right bottom left".


DinosaurJS is a non-profit, community-driven JavaScript and Open Web conference in Denver, Colorado. DinosaurJS is part of the JSConf Family of Events and adheres to the JSConf Code of Conduct.
Save the Date: June 20, 2019.
DinosaurJS is a non-profit, community-driven JavaScript and Open Web conference in Denver, Colorado. DinosaurJS is part of the JSConf Family of Events and adheres to the JSConf Code of Conduct.
Save the Date: June 20, 2019.


I'm a web designer / developer based in Maharashtra, India.
I have a passion for web design and
love to create for web and mobile devices.
I use HTML & CSS to create elegant and beautiful website, Javascript to make them more alive.
A fully customized site develop from scratch and with dynamic interface.
I have been working on designing and creating mockup of sites and mobile apps.
I use Adobe XD to design an easy to understand User Interface.
Search Engine Optimization is easy way to get traffic to your website.
It's simple activity which optimize your site ensuring that it can be easily found by Search Engines.
If you have a project that you want to get started, think you need my help with something or just friendly hi, then get in touch.
MESSAGE ME


{% extends "index.html" %} {% block title %}Contact |{% endblock %} {% block head %} {{ super() }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
If you want to get in touch about the webapp. Feel free to email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This project is open source so you may make any changes without requesting permission
If you are using part of this app in your own code please leave a reference to the github repo : https://github.com/FlashGordon95/Financial-Portfolio-Flask
Please head to the Github Repo for any new releases
Please give the repo a star if you can!