List all Reports for an Institute or Center for a particular year
All Annual Reports for NIMH for reporting year 2008
142 Annual Reports
Investigator-Initiated Project
1.
MH000274 (2008) Methods In Mass Spectrometry
Sanford P. Markey, PhD
Mass spectrometric methods for the analysis of protein structures are being improved, applied and tested in independent and collaborative research projects in proteomics. Projects in separation methods and data processing are in progress. In the past year, there has been progress on software develop ...
2.
MH000279 (2008) Proteomics in neurotoxicology
Sanford P. Markey, PhD
We are applying proteomic methodology to unresolved problems in neuropathologic diseases. In the past year, progress has been made in studies on the postsynaptic density (published and in progress), on Huntingtons disease-related proteins (published), and on Parkinson disease-related proteins (publi ...
3.
MH000332 (2008) Genetic Animal Models for the Study of Serotonin Function and Behavior
Dennis L Murphy, MD
As recently reviewed, SERT-deficient slc6a4 +/- and -/- mice have gene-proportionate increases in extracellular fluid serotonin (5-HT) concentrations. i.e., 3- or 6-fold excesses respectively over +/+ mice, with the slc6a4 deficiency present since conception (Murphy & Lesch 2008).
These mice als ...
4.
MH000336 (2008) The Genetics Of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Dennis L Murphy, MD
OCD is a severe, heritable condition with a lifetime prevalence of about two percent of world populations. The mode of inheritance is not well understood but is likely complex, involving multiple loci of small to moderate effect. Our laboratory has been active in studies of OCD and of its genetics ...
5.
MH000478 (2008) Neural Mechanisms Of Stimulus Memory And Habit Formation
Mortimer Mishkin, PhD
(1) The essential circuit for both item and associative stimulus recognition in any given sensory modality (or across modalities) consists of the relevant cortical sensory processing stream(s), the medial temporal periallocortex (i.e. parahippocampal, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices), the ventro ...
6.
MH000889 (2008) Studies On Protein Synthesis And Long-Term Adaptive Responses in the CNS
Carolyn E Beebe, PhD
To establish rCPS as an outcome measure for clinical trials in FXS, we addressed the following specific aims:
1) Determine the effects of FXS in human subjects on rCPS.
2) Test the effects of treatments for FXS on rCPS in a mouse model of FXS.
3) Establish the effect of the fragile X premut ...
7.
MH001039 (2008) Sphingolipid Signaling
Sheldon Milstien, PhD
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent lipid mediator that regulates many vital biological processes, including cell growth, death, and differentiation. S1P has been shown to play important roles in normal and patho-physiological processes, including cancer, asthma, allergic responses, hearing ...
8.
MH001090 (2008) Studies Of Central Nervous System Functional Anatomy
Miles Herkenham, PhD
Our approaches to understanding the relationship between the immune system and the CNS are manifold. On a molecular level, we are working to identify the cellular and molecular pathways in the brain that are engaged in immune challenges, seizures, and behavior manipulations. We are working to ...
9.
MH001092 (2008) The Frontal Lobes and Motor Skills and Planning
Steven P Wise, PhD
Considerable progress has been made on this project in the past reporting year. The first part of this project involved the role of the motor parts of the frontal lobe in skill learning, particularly the transfer of skills learned with one hand to the other hand. In collaboration with Leonardo Coh ...
10.
MH001101 (2008) Cortical Mechanisms Of Auditory Perception And Memory
Mortimer Mishkin, PhD
(1)The cortical auditory system is far more extensive than expected, as it includes not only the entire superior temporal gyrus but also large portions of the parietal, prefrontal, and limbic lobes. Several of these areas overlap with previously identified visual areas, suggesting that the auditory ...
11.
MH002032 (2008) Neural Coding Of Visual Stimuli
Barry J Richmond, MD
Visual short-term memory tasks depend upon both the inferior temporal cortex (ITC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Activity in some neurons persists after the first (sample) stimulus is shown. This delay-period activity has been proposed as an important mechanism for working memory. In ITC neurons, ...
12.
MH002035 (2008) Functional Anatomy Of Perceptual And Memory Systems In The Primate Brain
Leslie G Ungerleider, PhD
A typical scene contains many different objects that compete for neural representation due to the limited processing capacity of the visual system. At the neural level, competition among multiple stimuli is evidenced by the mutual suppression of their visually evoked responses and occurs most strong ...
13.
MH002036 (2008) Neural Mechanisms For Attention And Memory In The Extrastriate Cortex
Richard C Saunders, PhD; Leslie G Ungerleider, PhD
Disorders of perception, attention, and memory frequently accompany the major mental diseases. To understand the neural mechanisms of these mental processes, we are recording the activity of neurons in the extrastriate and prefrontal cortex of monkeys engaged in tasks requiring stimulus discriminati ...
14.
MH002039 (2008) Pharmacology Of Stimulus Memory And Habit Formation
Mortimer Mishkin, PhD
(1) A cholinergic contribution to visual recognition in the monkey was first demonstrated in studies showing that this function could be enhanced and impaired, respectively, by systemic administration of the cholinergic agonist, physostigmine, and the cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine. Later, when ...
15.
MH002179 (2008) Animal Models Of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Jacqueline N Crawley, PhD
Relevant to our research interests in animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases, our Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience investigates the behavioral phenotypes of transgenic and knockout mice with mutations in genes expressed in brain pathways involved in neuropsychiatric disorders. We developed ...
16.
MH002228 (2008) Genetic Neurobiology Of Drosophila
Howard A. Nash, MD, PhD
One of the most intriguing genes identified in our laboratorys screens for altered anesthetic sensitivity is called narrow abdomen (na). This gene encodes an ion channel of distinctive structure whose vertebrate ortholog, NALCN, has recently been shown by the lab of Dejian Ren to be the principal so ...
17.
MH002240 (2008) Neurobiology Of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Judith L Rapoport, MD
For our initial sample, children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) participated in double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trails of stimulants while undergoing anatomic imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The children are now being followed, with repeated clinical a ...
18.
MH002344 (2008) Neuropsychiatric Disorders--protein Structure/activity Studies
Brian M Martin, PhD
The unambiguous identification of proteins/peptides is crucial for the definition of the proteome. Using ProteinChip Array technology (SELDI) we have developed experimental protocols and probed test conditions required for protein identification on ProteinChip Arrays. We are able to directly digest ...
19.
MH002386 (2008) Chemical Coding Of Neurotransmission
Lee E Eiden, PhD
A major objective of The Section on Molecular Neuroscience is to discover the components of non-canonical cAMP signaling initiated by PACAP that mediate stress-induced gene transcription at central and peripheral synapses. We have employed cDNA microarray to identify groups of gene transcripts induc ...
20.
MH002399 (2008) Postmortem Brain Tissue Examination in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Joel Kleinman, MD, PhD
1. We examined dysbindin-1 mRNA in the hippocampal formation of and found reduced expression in dendate granule and polymorph cell and in hippocampus. There were positive correlations between dysbindin-1 mRNA and expression of synaptic markers known to be reduced in schizophrenics (SCZ). Our results ...
21.
MH002468 (2008) Mechanisms Of Action Of Psychoactive Drugs
De Maw Chuang, PhD
The Molecular Neurobiology Section has continued to investigate the molecular and cellular actions of mood stabilizing drugs used to treat bipolar disorder, a common and devastating disease affecting about 3-4% of the population in the US. Two most commonly used mood stabilizers are lithium and va ...
22.
MH002497 (2008) Functional Organization Of The Basal Ganglia
Charles R Gerfen, PhD
Work during the fiscal year extended our prior research on the function of the basal ganglia in animal models of neurologic disorders. Our work was the first to demonstrate that there is an abnormal coupling of Drd1a dopamine receptors to activation of Extracellular Receptor Kinase (ERK1/2) in an a ...
23.
MH002498 (2008) Regulation Of Gene Expression In The Brain
Walter Scott Young, MD, PhD
--Vasopressin (Avp) and oxytocin (Oxt) are neurohormones that are best known for their peripheral actions in regulating salt and water balance, blood pressure, lactation and parturition. However, numerous pharmacological studies have implicated these hormones in various behaviors as well, including ...
24.
MH002537 (2008) Psychobiology And Treatment Of Perimenopausal Mood Disorders
Peter J Schmidt, MD
Our initial studies, demonstrated for the first time the short-term antidepressant efficacy of estradiol therapy in depression during the menopause transition, and that these beneficial effects on mood were independent of estradiols effects on vasomotor symptoms. Additionally, an ongoing longitudin ...
25.
MH002569 (2008) Mathematical And Statistical Analysis Techniques For In Vivo Imaging Studies
Kathleen Colette Schmidt, MA; Carolyn E Beebe, PhD
(1) We have validated a method for quantitative determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) with C-11 leucine and PET (see project MH000889). The method uses a kinetic modeling approach to estimate lamda, the fraction of the precursor pool for protein synthesis derived fro ...
26.
MH002581 (2008) Childhood Onset Schizophrenia
Judith L Rapoport, MD
Children and adolescents meeting DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia are being obtained through vigorous national recruiting. Ninety subjects and their families have participated to date in this study of the phenomenology, neurobiology and pharmacologic response of childhood onset schizophrenia. Over ...
27.
MH002585 (2008) Role of Neuroendocrine Stress Response in Inflammatory and Behavioral Illness.
Esther M Sternberg, MD
In our clinical study (Project 1) we validated a non-invasive method to measure stress and immune biomarkers in sweat in normal controls and have applied this method to measure stress and immune biomarkers in women with MDD mostly in clinical remission. In Project 2 we are studying the effects of p ...
28.
MH002588 (2008) The Functional Neuroanatomy Of Memory Systems In The Human Brain
Alex Martin, PhD
During the past year we have continued to focus on two main themes concerning the functional neuroanatomy of memory. The first theme concerns semantic memory, the part of long-term memory composed of general information, such as facts, ideas, and the meaning of objects and words. We are particularl ...
29.
MH002592 (2008) Viral And Cellular Factors Governing Efficient Gene Delivery
Maribeth V Eiden, PhD
Improving the efficiency of the gene transfer process requires identification of the rate-limiting steps in: virus binding, fusion, stable integration and expression. Applying the principals of retroviruses as gene delivery vehicles to the transfer of therapeutic genes is key to correcting genetical ...
30.
MH002619 (2008) Neural Mechanisms Of Motivation And Reward
Barry J Richmond, MD
The intensity or vigor of goal-directed behavior is a correlate of the motivation underlying it, and, therefore, motivation can be inferred by monitoring the performance of goal-directed behavior. To study motivated behavior in monkeys, we use a task in which monkeys must perform some work, in this ...
31.
MH002629 (2008) HIV Nef Function and Early Events in Macrophage and Microglia Infection
Jon W. Marsh, PhD
The objective of this study is to elucidate those early events in HIV infection that may lead to pathogenesis. Two important advances were made this last year.
Macrophages are infected in the circulatory system as well as in the brain. We have identified the early innate immunological responses ...
32.
MH002652 (2008) Imaging of Neuropsychiatric Disorders with Developmental and Genetic Mechanisms
Karen F Berman, MD
Our group used functional neuroimaging to determine local neuronal activity in patients with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders during performance of working memory and abstract reasoning tasks as well as during performance of matched sensorimotor control tests and other contrast tas ...
33.
MH002659 (2008) The Neurobiology Of Major Depression
Philip William Gold, MD
In the past year, we have further elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms in the premature coronary artery disease and osteoporosis of patients with major depression, most of whom were medication free and in remission from depression. These included specific interrelated abnormalities in (a) inflamm ...
34.
MH002666 (2008) Evaluation and Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
There are two projects within this research portfolio. The first is a longitudinal study of children in the PANDAS subgroup (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections) and the second is a clinical trial of riluzole - a glutamate antagonist with so ...
35.
MH002685 (2008) Peptide Receptor Systems
Theodore B Usdin, MD, PhD
A current major focus of the laboratory is investigation of the physiological functions of the neuropeptide tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) and its receptor the parathyroid hormone 2 (PTH2) receptor, which were discovered in this laboratory several years ago. TIP39 is synthesized ...
36.
MH002711 (2008) Development Of Cognitive Activation Tasks For Functional Neuroimaging
Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
Last year we examined two components of working memory (WM): maintenance of information for a short period of time and manipulation of information necessary for higher cognitive functions, such as language, reasoning and problem solving. Earlier WM studies demonstrated that dorsolateral prefrontal c ...
37.
MH002712 (2008) Characterization Of Neuropsychological Impairment In Schizophrenia
Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
The Neuropsychology Core Laboratory has several findings this year. We assessed the roles of COMT val158met and BDNF val66met functional polymorphisms as they pertain to working/episodic memory.
1. Working memory is critically mediated by dopamine tuning of signal-to-noise in cortical neural a ...
38.
MH002716 (2008) MRI Studies of Brain Function and Metabolism
Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
In our continuing effort to tackle the problem of ill-defined phenotypes we examined the contribution of several potentially functional variants in the genes (COMT, AKT1, and DISC1) each are associated with risk of schizophrenia (SCZ) and impact cognitive function. Working memory (WM) is critically ...
39.
MH002717 (2008) Neuroimaging of Brain Circuits and Neurogenetic Mechanisms in Normal Cognition
Karen F Berman, MD
We have used neuroimaging to explore the effects in the brain of allelic variation in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), which has been identified as a gene of interest for schizophrenia. It is well-established that, particularly in prefrontal cortex, COMT is prime determinant of dopamine ...
40.
MH002734 (2008) Genetic Basis Of Cortical Malfunction In Schizophrenia
Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
Cortical dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. AKT1-dependent molecular p-ways control diverse aspects of cellular development and adaptation, including interactions with neuronal dopaminergic signaling. If AKT1 has an impact on dopaminergic signaling, then geneti ...
41.
MH002736 (2008) Neural Substrates Of Stimulus Recognition And Association Memory
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD
Research in the last year addressed the ability to access and report the contents of memory, an ability we term memory awareness. Humans demonstrate memory awareness by collecting information when necessary and acting immediately when informed. In addition to humans, apes, and Old World monkeys sh ...
42.
MH002762 (2008) Role Of Neuropeptides And Biogenic Amines In Stress and Brain Inflammation
Juan M. Saavedra, MD
Brain inflammation. In previous work, we had found that sustained in vivo AT1 receptor blockade with the ARB candesartan reversed, in a rat model of genetic hypertension, the cerebrovascular inflammation which is characteristic of hypertension in both rodents and humans. We asked the question whethe ...
43.
MH002768 (2008) Subcellular Compartmentilization of Neuronal Gene Expression
Barry Bernard Kaplan, PhD
Axons and nerve terminals are unique subcellular structures of the neuron that play a critical role in the development and maintenance of neural connectivity. One of the central tenets in neuroscience is that the protein constituents of these distal neuronal compartments are synthesized in the nerve ...
44.
MH002778 (2008) The Phenomenology And Neurophysiology Of Juvenile Bipolar Disorder
Ellen Leibenluft, MD
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly impairing illness; when it occurs in children and adolescents, it tends to run a particularly severe course. Children with BD typically require extensive treatment with medication and, often, hospitalization. They have high rates of suicide attempts and have great ...
45.
MH002780 (2008) Fmri Studies Of Emotional Development
Daniel Pine, MD
The goal of this set of projects is to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare the degree to which brain regions of adolescents and adults are engaged by tasks involving processing of emotionally salient stimuli. Research in this area is highly important, as considerable work su ...
46.
MH002781 (2008) fMRI Studies Of Pediatric Mood And Anxiety Disorders
Daniel Pine, MD
Through a series of three protocols, we are using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neurocognitive correlates of pediatric mood and anxiety disorders.
In one aspect of this project, we are attempting to document deficits in brain systems mediating reward-related processes, ...
47.
MH002782 (2008) Fmri Studies Of Risk For Mood And Anxiety Disorders In Children
Daniel Pine, MD
In this project, our group is examining biological aspects of risk for mood and anxiety disorders in children. This project encompasses work that is being implemented in three protocols. In one protocol, we are examining the degree to which traumatic experiences predict perturbations in brain func ...
48.
MH002783 (2008) Functional MRI Method Development
Peter A Bandettini, BS, PhD
The FIM section is continuing an effort to develop more robust, informative, and quantitative methods for mapping human brain function in both the activated state and during resting state. To summarize, the following were among the highlights, organized by research project corresponding to the liste ...
49.
MH002784 (2008) Neurogenesis In The Adult Brain
Heather A Cameron, PhD
To study the regulation of adult neurogenesis and its relationship to behavior, we use rodents, mice and rats, which show adult neurogenesis in the same regions as primates. This year we examined regional differences in birth and activation of new hippocampal granule neurons. Hippocampal function va ...
50.
MH002786 (2008) The Characterization And Treatment Of Children With Severe Mood Dysregulation
Ellen Leibenluft, MD
Considerable public attention has focused recently on the question of why there has been a rather dramatic upsurge recently in the rate at which the diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) is being assigned to children. In large part the upsurge appears to be due to the fact that children with extremely ...
51.
MH002788 (2008) Serotonin Function and Receptor Imaging In Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Wayne Drevets, MD
A variety of evidence suggests serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor function is abnormal in panic disorder (PD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. This project investigates the pharmacological basis for 5-HT1A abnormalities in vivo by applying positron emission tomography (PET) and the ...
52.
MH002789 (2008) Serotonin And Benzodiazepin Receptor Imaging In Panic Disosrder And Ptsd
Wayne Drevets, MD
Evidence suggests that serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptor and benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor function is abnormal in panic disorder (PD), postraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression (MDD). Evidence arguing for a role of BZD/GABA receptor dysfunction in anxiety disorders comes from studies showing ...
53.
MH002790 (2008) Structural Brain Abnormalities In Depression
Wayne Drevets, MD
The hippocampus, amygdala, and ventral anterior cingulate are each implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The volume of the subiculum of the hippocampus is abnormally decreased in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder. Subtle decreases in hippocampal volume were previous ...
54.
MH002791 (2008) Effect Of Treatment & Course On Anterior Cingulate Volume In Mood Disorders
Wayne Drevets, MD
Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of bipolar disorder (BD) have provided substantial evidence that brain structures that normally modulate emotional, autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress and emotionally provocative stimuli contain abnormal reductions in grey matter volume, synap ...
55.
MH002792 (2008) Functional Neuroimaging In Unipolar And Bipolar Depressed Patients
Wayne Drevets, MD
During the depressed phase of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, glucose metabolism is abnormally elevated in the amygdala, a brain structure that is critically involved in associating experiential stimuli with emotional significance and in organizing the endocrine, autonomic and behavi ...
56.
MH002793 (2008) PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
Victor W Pike, PhD
The Molecular Imaging Branch (MIB) mainly aims to exploit positron emission tomography (PET) as a radiotracer imaging technique for investigating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Fundamental to the mission of the MIB is the development of novel r ...
57.
MH002794 (2008) Pediatric Brain Imaging
Jay Giedd, MD
A unifying theme emerging from our body of work is that in neuroimaging, as in life, the journey is often as important as the destination. In our studies, trajectories of brain morphometry, as opposed to snapshots in time, are more highly correlated with cognitive parameters, are better predictors ...
58.
MH002795 (2008) Preclinical Evaluation Of PET Radiotracers
Robert Innis, MD
This laboratory has made progress in two general areas: programmatic and specific radioligands.
PROGRAMMATIC.
1) The Biomarkers Consortium approved the proposal of Victor Pike and me to develop further a PET radioligand for inflammation. The Biomarkers Consortium is a collaboration of NIH, FDA, a ...
59.
MH002797 (2008) Neuronal avalanches in the neocortex
Dietmar Plenz, PhD
We previously described neuronal avalanches as a fundamental synchronization dynamics of the cortex. The neuronal avalanches were found to have several unique properties:
1. In the adult brain, neuronal avalanches are localized to the upper cortical layers, exactly those layers that are consider ...
60.
MH002798 (2008) The Psychophysiology Of Fear And Anxiety
Christian Grillon, PhD
Our objective is to determine the extent to which different aspects of conditioned fear are relevant to features of particular forms of normal and abnormal anxiety in humans. We make a distinction between two forms of aversive states, fear and anxiety, with a particular focus on anxiety. Operational ...
61.
MH002800 (2008) Identifying Neural Substrates of Behavior in Drosophila Melanogaster
Benjamin H White, PhD
The goal of this research is to exploit techniques for the targeted manipulation of neural activity to identify, and functionally define, brain networks underlying specific behaviors. As a model for such investigations, we are identifying the networks that govern the behavioral program executed by a ...
62.
MH002803 (2008) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Studies of Brain Functions
Jun Shen, PhD
The goals of this research are to develop advanced magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging techniques and to apply them and other complementary methods to studying brain metabolism, neurotransmission and enzyme activity. MRS allows measurement of neurotransmission of glutamate and GABA in ...
63.
MH002804 (2008) Family Study of Affective and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
The chief goal of this study is to identify the components of the spectrum of mood disorders using the methods of genetic epidemiology, developmental psychopathology and clinical psychiatry/psychology. The major research questions focus on the specificity of familial transmission of the mood disorde ...
64.
MH002806 (2008) National Comorbidity Survey - Replication (NCS-R)
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
During the past year, we have completed extensive analyses of the NCS R data and have published numerous papers on the following topics: the prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the U.S. adult population; the impact of physical and mental disorder comorbidity on role disability; ...
65.
MH002807 (2008) Zurich Cohort Study of Young Adults
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
The Zurich Cohort Study is a prospective longitudinal study of a cohort of young adults from Zurich, Switzerland, who were followed from the ages of 20-40 in order to estimate the prevalence, incidence, impairment, treatment patterns and stability of the major mental disorders. This study assessed a ...
66.
MH002808 (2008) National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent (NCS-A)
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
The Adolescent Component of the National Comorbidity Study (NCS-A) is a combined probability and school-based multi-ethnic sample of 10,000 US adolescents. Dr. David Offord and his team at McMaster University and our research group at Yale adapted the adult diagnostic interview for adolescents. This ...
67.
MH002810 (2008) Mapping genes that contribute to bipolar disorder
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
In collaboration with 10 academic centers across the United States, we have recruited a large sample of families in which at least 2 siblings suffer from bipolar disorder or related mood disorders. This is the largest sample ever to participate in a genetic study of bipolar disorder. All research pa ...
68.
MH002811 (2008) Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Imaging in Depression
Wayne Drevets, MD
Several paths of evidence converge in implicating a role for the cholinergic system in the pathophysiology of affective illness. In both unipolar depressed and euthymic bipolar subjects, cholinomimetic drugs (i.e., muscarinic agonists, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) exacerbate depressive signs and ...
69.
MH002812 (2008) Functional MRI Study of Brain Mechanisms Mediating Anhedonia in Major Depression
Wayne Drevets, MD
Anhedonia has been one of the two key diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) since the publication of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, yet little is known about its neural substrates. Neuroimaging studies have identified numerous brain region ...
70.
MH002813 (2008) Cholinergic Modulation of Cognition and Emotion in Mood Disorders
Maura L Furey, PhD
In addition to pervasive sadness, specific aspects of behavior and cognition are impaired in mood disorders, including selective attention, set-shifting and memory; and there also is evidence that depressed individuals exhibit a mood congruent processing bias whereby they more readily process negati ...
71.
MH002814 (2008) Effects of Hydrocortisone Infusion on Processing of Facially Expressed Emotion
Wayne Drevets, MD
Glucocorticoids influence performance on declarative memory tasks and tasks of memory for emotional information. The cognitive effects of exogenous glucocorticoids depend on dose, the time period between administration and testing, and the time of testing within the diurnal pattern of cortisol secre ...
72.
MH002817 (2008) Tryptophan Depletion in Remitted Depressed Patients
Wayne Drevets, MD
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with abnormally reduced function of central serotonergic systems by various types of evidence. One instructive paradigm for investigating the relationship between serotonergic function and depression has involved the mood response to tryptophan dep ...
73.
MH002825 (2008) Role of Rhythmic Oscillations in Neuronal Plasticity
Alexei Y Morozov, PhD
Various types of rhythmic oscillations in the brain are associated with specific stages of sleep and wakefulness and also correlate with degree of arousal. It is hypothesized that some of those rhythms may be required for the acquisition and consolidation of memories and affect mental state, however ...
74.
MH002826 (2008) Control of Fear/Defensive Behavior by Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Alexei Y Morozov, PhD
Multiple studies suggest that interactions between the higher brain structures, such as cortex and hippocampus, and so called defensive circuitry, which include amygdala, hypothalamus and periaqueductal grey, modulate fear/defensive behaviors. Moreover, changes in such interaction may lead to mental ...
75.
MH002828 (2008) Antidepressant Efficacy of an Antiglutamatergic Agent in Bipolar Depression
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD
The treatments for acute unipolar depression have been extensively researched. However, despite the availability of a wide range of antidepressant drugs, clinical trials indicate that 30% to 40% of depressed patients fail to respond to first-line antidepressant treatment, despite adequate dosage, du ...
76.
MH002830 (2008) Efficacy of the Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Tamoxifen in Treatment of Acute Mania
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a common, severe, chronic and often life-threatening illness. The discovery of lithium's efficacy as a mood-stabilizing agent has since revolutionized the treatment of patients with BD. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) by which lithium stabilizes an underlying dysregulation o ...
77.
MH002831 (2008) AMPA receptor trafficking in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
A growing body of data shows that the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors play a major role in regulating short and long term forms of synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, it is now clear that regulation of plasticity occurs predominantly by regulating the trafficking of AMPA receptor subunits, and th ...
78.
MH002832 (2008) Microarray Studies Identify the Anti-Apoptotic, GR Chap. Protein, BAG-1 in BPD
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
The mood stabilizers lithium and valproate are both effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, their therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Because of the delayed onset of clinical efficacy (days to weeks), it has been proposed that adaptive changes in gene expression, rather than init ...
79.
MH002833 (2008) Investigation of Mitochondrial Function in Bipolar Disorder
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Mood disorders have traditionally been considered to be neurochemical disorders, but new evidence demonstrates impairments of structural plasticity and cellular resilience in the central nervous system. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that signaling pathways involved in regulating ...
80.
MH002835 (2008) Neuronal-Glial Interaction in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6, were first discovered in the context of cellular activation and cell-to-cell communication in the immune system. Early studies on the role of cytokines in the brain suggested that their expression and activity is induced in response to an ...
81.
MH002838 (2008) Neurophysiology of Visual Perception
David A Leopold, PhD
We live in a world that is dominated by vision more than any other sense. Interpreting the structure of the world, for example constructing its third dimension (which must be inferred based on 2-D retinal projections), is an active and poorly understood task of the brain. For example, negotiating t ...
82.
MH002840 (2008) Glucocorticoid Receptors (GR) in Mitochondria: The Role in Chronic Stress
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Chronic stress has been shown to be associated clinically with formation of depression in patients and hormones are known to mediate certain clinical manifestations of mood disorders. Chronic restraint stress induces a morphological reorganization in the areas of rodent brain, effects which are als ...
83.
MH002841 (2008) Testing whether the enzyme GSK-3 is a therapeutically relevant target of lithium
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
The mood stabilizer lithium inhibits a select group of enzymes, including glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). However, it is unclear if lithiums inhibition of GSK-3 is relevant for its antimanic and antidepressant effectiveness. We are utilizing biochemical, cellular, histochemical, genomic, and beh ...
84.
MH002842 (2008) A Collaborative Genomic Study of Bipolar Disorder
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
Since 1988 the NIMH Genetics Initiative has supported a national resource for the study of bipolar disorder (BP). This extension of the national genetic resource will include a sample of 5000 unrelated BP probands and 2000 parents for case-control, and family-based association studies. Control sampl ...
85.
MH002843 (2008) Genetic Linkage and Association in Bipolar Disorder
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
This three-site collaboration has developed a bipolar disorder family resource that has proven to be uniquely valuable in testing clinically based hypotheses about the genetic heterogeneity of the illness. We are ascertaining and assessing 112 additional nuclear families with a bipolar I proband and ...
86.
MH002844 (2008) Genetic Determinants of Antidepressant Response in the STAR*D Cohort
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
Strong evidence from family and twin studies demonstrates that major depressive disorder (MDD) is heritable, yet there has been limited progress in identifying the actual genes involved. A separate, perhaps overlapping set of genes is expected to play a role in individual variation in treatment resp ...
87.
MH002845 (2008) In vivo Analysis of Mouse in which Genetic Mutation is Targeted to CA3 Cells
Kazutoshi Nakazawa, MD, PhD
Our approach is to use molecular genetics to selectively and exclusively target the CA3 region allowing for a level of precision in our investigation that is not possible using more traditional pharmacological techniques. To this end, we have developed two transgenic lines of mice in which we use t ...
88.
MH002846 (2008) Generation and Analysis of Genetic Protein Synthesis Knockdown Mice
Kazutoshi Nakazawa, MD, PhD
We first established that we were able to restrict our manipulation to the CA1 region of the hippocampus to target specific neural populations. Next we confirmed that eIF2 phosphorylation and subsequent ATF4 translation is induced upon drug administration predominantly in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal ...
89.
MH002849 (2008) Family Study of Comorbidity of Anxiety Disorders and Substance Use Disorders
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
This study examined the familial transmission of anxiety disorders and substance abuse using a combination of the family study/longitudinal high risk paradigms. This study also investigated comorbidity between physical disorders and mood and anxiety disorders. The chief findings reveal specificity o ...
90.
MH002851 (2008) Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder:
Robert James Richard Blair, PhD
Our work has been important in suggesting that GAD and GSP are indeed associated with different pathophysiologies. In recent work, we presented patients with GSP, patients with GAD, and no pathology individuals with angry, fearful, and neutral facial expression stimuli. Our data clearly suggested ...
91.
MH002852 (2008) Clinical Evaluation of PET Radiotracers
Robert Innis, MD
Examples of our findings include:
1) We evaluated in healthy subjects a promising radioligand to quantify the cannabinoid CB1 (marijuana) receptor in brain. This receptor may be altered in obesity and alcoholism
2) We studied in healthy subjects a promising probe to measure inflammation. In t ...
92.
MH002853 (2008) A pharmacologic strategy to bring about rapid (next day) antidepressants effects
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD
Sleep deprivation is one of the only interventions that have consistently been demonstrated to produce rapid antidepressant effects. The mechanisms by which sleep deprivation brings about rapid antidepressant effects have not been elucidated. It is noteworthy; however, that recent genomic and proteo ...
93.
MH002855 (2008) Antidepressant Efficacy & Safety of AMPAkine (Org 24448) in Major Dep Disorder
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Depression is a devastating illness that affects approximately 12 to 17% of the population at some point during the lifetime of an individual (Kessler et al 1994). Despite the availability of a wide range of antidepressant drugs, 30% to 40% of patients with major depression fail to respond to first- ...
94.
MH002856 (2008) Comb Dopamine Agonist & Select Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor f/Trtmt of Depression
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD
Despite the availability of a wide range of antidepressant drugs, 30% to 40% of patients with major depression fail to respond to first-line antidepressant (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs) treatment, despite adequate dosage, duration, and compliance. Furthermore, these medicatio ...
95.
MH002857 (2008) Glutamatergic Modulators for Rapid & Sustained Antidepressant Effect
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness) and unipolar depression are common, severe, chronic and often life-threatening illnesses. Impairment in physical and social functioning resulting from depression can be just as severe as other chronic medical illnesses. Recent preclinical and cli ...
96.
MH002860 (2008) Emotional dysfunction and childhood behavioral disturbance
Robert James Richard Blair, PhD
In previous work, we primarily used neuropsychological investigations to determine the functional impairments associated with CD+CU. We identified that adolescents with this disorder showed marked difficulties with: (1) the recognition of fearful expressions, a neuropsychological marker of amygdala ...
97.
MH002862 (2008) The role of serotonin in emotional processing
Robert James Richard Blair, PhD
Our work thus far has investigated the effects of altering serotonergic systems in humans using acute tryptophan depletion on behavioral performance during emotional processing tasks. Additionally, we have begun to determine how acute tryptophan depletions effects on emotional processing vary as a ...
98.
MH002863 (2008) Multimodal Neuroimaging of Gene-Brain Relationships in Williams Syndrome
Karen F Berman, MD
We previously used multimodal neuroimaging to define three fundamental aspects of the brain phenotype in WS that are related to clinical features: 1) Underlying the syndromes cognitive hallmark, visuospatial construction impairment, is a neurostructural anomaly (decreased gray matter volume) and adj ...
99.
MH002865 (2008) Reproductive Endocrine Related Mood Disorders-Differential Sensitivity
Peter J Schmidt, MD
In our earlier studies we have contributed to, and validated, the development of operationalized diagnostic criteria for severe premenstrual dysphoria. Additionally, we have developed experimental models for the triggering of symptoms in both premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depressio ...
100.
MH002868 (2008) Clinical and Behavioral Phenotyping of Autism and Related Disorders
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Autism is currently defined as a single disorder characterized by impairments in communication and social interaction and the presence of restricted or repetitive behaviors. The current diagnostic definition is based on behavioral characteristics, but there is mounting evidence that autism may be ...
101.
MH002869 (2008) Characterization of Dentate Mossy Cell-restricted Genetic Manipulation Mice
Kazutoshi Nakazawa, MD, PhD
Project #1: Elimination of mossy cell NMDA receptors results in impaired emotional reactivity.
Mossy cell NR1-KO mice and their control littermates were subjected to a battery of behavioral tasks including fear conditioning, a task that involves associating a particular context with an aversive sti ...
102.
MH002870 (2008) National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
During the past year we have done extensive analyses of the data from both the child and adult components of the NHANES surveys. Two papers have been published or are in press and four others have been submitted. Below we describe the substantive issues addressed in this work.
1) We have completed ...
103.
MH002871 (2008) Investigation of NMDA receptor antagonist as antidepressant in animals
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Our recent double blind clinical trials demonstrated that ketamine (an NMDA antagonist) produced rapid onset, robust, and long-pasting antidepressive actions in the patients who are resistant to typical antidepressant treatment. We have hypothesized that targeting AMPA/NMDA receptor throughput ...
104.
MH002872 (2008) Roles of kainate receptors in behavioral plasticity related to mood disorders
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Kainate receptors (KARs) regulate the release of glutamate and GABA and synaptic plasticity in different brain regions involved in mood regulation, including the anterior-cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. The KAR family includes five subunits: GluR5-7 and KA-1-2 (also called glutama ...
105.
MH002873 (2008) Neurophysiological Risk for Adolescent Social Phobia
Daniel Pine, MD
Adolescent anxiety disorders are prevalent, markedly impairing, and predictive of high risk for adult anxiety, depression, and suicide. Identifying early childhood predictors of anxiety would allow us to target children most in need of intervention. Although behavioral inhibition is not a psych ...
106.
MH002874 (2008) The Neuroregulatory Effects of Gonadal Steroids in Humans
Peter J Schmidt, MD
In our studies of the mood and behavioral effects of GnRH agonist-induced hypogonadism and hormone replacement, we have observed the development of clinically significant mood symptoms and loss of sexual interest in less than 10% and 30%, respectively, of healthy, young men and women in whom hypogon ...
107.
MH002875 (2008) The Frontal Lobe in Symbolically Guided Decisions
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD; Steven P Wise, PhD
Considerable progress has been made on this project during the present reporting period. Subjects have been trained on both the valuation of symbols and the learning of symbol-action associations. Two subjects have learned a series of association between value and a symbolic stimulus (positive or ...
108.
MH002878 (2008) The Frontal Lobes and Goal Selection Based on Strategies and Supramodal Inputs
Steven P Wise, PhD
Considerable progress was made on this project during the past reporting year. In a key aspect of this project, we studied neuronal activity as subjects discriminated relative durations and distances. Our analysis focused on the frontal cortex. In a relative duration task, subjects had to report ...
109.
MH002881 (2008) Apoptotic molecules in synapse plasticity
Zheng Li, PhD
Neuronal migration is an essential process in the development of the central nervous system. After migration, neurons arrive at the internal granule cell layer and achieve terminal differentiation. Position-specific changes in migratory behavior of cerebellar granule cells require coordinated activi ...
110.
MH002882 (2008) Neuregulin in the development of hippocampal neurons
Zheng Li, PhD
We are continuing to investigate the subcellular localization and effect of overexpressing neuregulin in hippocampal neurons. Our previous studies suggest that neuregulin exists in clusters in hippocampal neurons. We are examining whether these neuregulin clusters associate with specific subcellular ...
111.
MH002884 (2008) Functional MRI Core Facility
Peter A Bandettini, BS, PhD
Space Utilization:
The FMRIF currently occupies approximately 4800 sq. ft of space, divided between the scanner bays, control rooms and electronics/machine rooms for 3TA, 3TB, 3TC, and 1.5T MRI scanners located within the NMR center and office space on the second floor above the NMR center in the ...
112.
MH002886 (2008) Neural mechanisms of reward processing and emotion
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD
The interaction between the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the amygdala is critical for learning and subsequently changing associations between stimuli and reinforcement. However, the precise role of the OFC in this kind of reward processing and the contribution of the amygdala, if any, remained unc ...
113.
MH002887 (2008) Neural substrates of reward processing and emotion
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD
Work carried out in the last year has identified selective contributions of the amygdala, PFo and PFm to emotion and reward processing.
A wealth of evidence implicates the PFo in reward guided behavior and affect. Lesion and neurophysiology studies have shown that this part of the prefrontal cor ...
114.
MH002888 (2008) Scientific and Statistical Computing Core
Robert Cox, PhD
The primary mission of the Scientific and Statistical Computing Core is to help NIH researchers with analysis of their functional MRI (brain activation mapping) data. Several levels of help are provided, ranging from short-term immediate aid to long-term development and planning.
Consultations:
...
115.
MH002889 (2008) NIMH MEG Core Facility
Richard Coppola, SB, DSc
At present we have about 40 user accounts representing numerous NIMH, NINDS and NIDCD protocols. There is continual interest from additional groups that are working on protocols and planning studies.
The MEG Core staff has been working interactively with these users in terms of study des ...
116.
MH002890 (2008) Integrating EEG/MEG and fMRI: 99-M-0172
Richard Coppola, SB, DSc
Development of MEG data recording and signal processing methods has been very successful. Studies of working memory tasks and auditory processing tasks have shown the ability to localize brain activation and to address issues of phasic versus tonic activity. We have also begun to investigate phenoty ...
117.
MH002891 (2008) Antibody Microarray Study of Samples From Depressed Patients
David M Jacobowitz, PhD
Cytokine Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder are Gender-Specific: Implications for Biology and Therapeutics.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) affects a significant fraction of the U.S. population, and is currently diagnosed solely on the basis of clinical presentation. It would therefore b ...
118.
MH002892 (2008) Synaptic mechanisms of amygdala-dependent behaviors
Alexei Y Morozov, PhD
a) Inhibitory synaptic transmission in amygdala
Fear behaviors, which serve to protect the organism from dangers, can become maladaptive during mental illness. As amygdala is responsible for control of fear behaviors, we are trying to understand how its synaptic properties relate to its fear-regula ...
119.
MH002893 (2008) Learning and plasticity in the human brain
Christopher Ian Baker, PhD
The goal of this research is to establish the extent to which the adult brain is plastic even in adulthood and to determine the functional consequences of such plasticity. Over the past year we have focused on plasticity following the loss of input to particular regions of the brain, including visua ...
120.
MH002894 (2008) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Core Facility
Jun Shen, PhD
As a noninvasive method for measuring concentration and distribution of chemicals in the living brain MRS is an important tool for studying brain function and disorders. However, robust measurement of MRS signals requires highly sophisticaed design, implementation and maintenance of various MRS tech ...
121.
MH002895 (2008) Forebrain GABAergic cell-selective genetic manipulation in mice
Kazutoshi Nakazawa, MD, PhD
In this transgenic line developed by Juan Belforte et al, genetic elimination of the NMDARs begins at postnatal day 7 and is targeted to 50% of cortical and hippocampal GABAergic cells, primarily parvalbumin positive ones. Veronika Zsiros showed an absence of NMDA receptor channel currents in virtua ...
122.
MH002896 (2008) The Neural Basis of Functional MRI Responses
David A Leopold, PhD
Research in The Unit on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging (UCNI) benefits enormously from its use of fMRI in monkeys, which provides us with a parallax onto the brain: as described in a different project, the fMRI and neurophysiological signals frequently disagree. Rather than seeing this dis ...
123.
MH002897 (2008) Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Experience-Dependent Cortical Processing
Kuan Hong Wang, PhD
Our group continues to investigate the coupling mechanisms between sensory stimuli evoked neuronal activity and plasticity-related gene expression in cortical circuits, using calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes and genetically encoded fluorescent reporters for the activity-regulated gene ARC. Particu ...
124.
MH002898 (2008) Visual Adaptation and Neuronal Selectivity
David A Leopold, PhD
The existence of face cells, or more generally complex pattern cells, in the inferotemporal cortex is one of the most striking findings made in the primate brain. Neurons that are highly specific in their responses to a particular visual stimulus, whether that of a celebrity or a type of food, are ...
125.
MH002899 (2008) Neurophysiology Imaging Facility Core: Functional and Structural MRI
David A Leopold, PhD
Nearly every university has several investigators that use fMRI to study the brain. As a noninvasive means of monitoring brain activity in humans, fMRI has changed the face of systems neuroscience, and has emphasized the importance of considering the whole brain when tackling problems such as perce ...
126.
MH002901 (2008) Transgenic animal production for neuroscience research
James M Pickel, AB, PhD
Diseases that threaten mental health have been linked to the genetic make-up of an individual. Studies of families or groups of patients have sought to determine the specific genes that may influence the course of disease. Only few genetic variants can be directly linked to disease, but many gene va ...
127.
MH002902 (2008) NIMH Non-Human Primate Research Core
James T Winslow
- Assessment of neural and behavioral alterations associated with chronic fluoxetine administration in adolescence.
Summary: A major public health concern has emerged regarding the treatment of children with psychotherapeutic drugs. This study seeks to inform this imortant concern. A primate diff ...
128.
MH002903 (2008) Procurement and Characterization of Postmortem Brain Tissue
Joel Kleinman, MD, PhD
This year we have collected 79 brains
To date we have collected: 1,027 brains
Diagnosis: Schizophrenia 151; Bipolar 46; Major Depressive Disorder 97; Normal Control 216; Affective Disorder 55; Substance Abuse 170; Fetal Brain 41; Others 94; and 53 to be characterized
The major focus of our ...
129.
MH002904 (2008) Biological Characterization of Genetic Mechanisms in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
Genes are major contributors to many psychiatric diseases, but their mechanisms of action have long seemed elusive. To date, we have evidence of association with schizophrenia in our family datasets of at least the following genes: COMT, DTNBP1, MUTED, EAA1, MRDS1, GAD1, DISC1, FEZ1, CITRON, NDE1, N ...
130.
MH002905 (2008) Neuroimaging Core Facility
Venkata S. Mattay, MD; Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
In our organizational outline the core covers the following neuroimaging domains:
1. Structural MRI: acquisition, quality control, segmentation, automated and manual regions-of-interest (ROI) definition and measurements, surface extraction;
2. Functional MRI: acquisition, quality control, prep ...
131.
MH002906 (2008) Transgenic Mouse Model for Mental Disorders including schizophrenia
Jingshan Chen
Genetic mouse models based on genetic susceptibility are still in their infancy. We continue to study the roles of susceptibility genes in cognitive processing, neuronal function, and signal transduction in the brain during development. Examining candidate risk genes interactions with environmental ...
132.
MH002907 (2008) Blood Genomics Approach for Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Yoshitatsu Sei
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disease with a strong genetic predisposition. Linkage and association studies in different ethnic populations implicate Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) as a candidate susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. NRG1 functions by interacting with ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors a ...
133.
MH002908 (2008) Genetics and Bioinformatics Core Laboratory
Daniel R. Weinberger, MD
To date, we have tested numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in well over 118 genes, including some of the less established but intriguing candidates such as PRODH, RGS4, CHRNA7, PIP5K2A, and PPP3CC. Among our accomplishments, we have fully sequenced the 10 exons and flanking sequences of ...
134.
MH002909 (2008) Object, face and body representations in the human brain
Christopher Ian Baker, PhD
The goal of this research is to understand how we see what we see: how does the brain analyze the light coming through the retina of the eye to produce a world full of objects, people and things? During the past year we have focused on the effect of position changes on visual object recognition. It ...
135.
MH002910 (2008) Role of the p75NTR, LTD and the cholinergic system in mediating coping mechanism
Wayne Drevets, MD; Husseini K Manji, MD
Mood and anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders that affect patients chronically and can adversely complicate the prognosis of other medical conditions. As stressful life events are often associated with the development of depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, both disorders have bee ...
136.
MH002911 (2008) NIMH Instrumentation Core Facility
Newlin T Morgan, MSEE
This past year, our Section had the unique opportunity to support the research from more than 43 different labs within NIMH, NINDS and NICHD. During the past twelve months, investigators from these labs and branches requested 425 projects from our staff. Each of these requests was documented and the ...
137.
MH002912 (2008) Office of the Clinical Director
Maryland Pao, MD
I. NIMH DIRP CLINICAL SUPPORT SERVICES: The NIMH DIRP Office of the Clinical Director (OCD) coordinates a range of clinical and research-related support services to the Institute including: 1) administrative oversight of NIMH inpatient units and outpatient clinics through chart auditing, review of o ...
138.
MH002913 (2008) Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorders with a Glutamate Antagonist
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Currently, there is no medication that is effective in treating the core symptoms of autism -- social deficits, communication abnormalities and fixated interests/repetitive behaviors. Given the clinical similarity between the repetitive behaviors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the compulsive ...
139.
MH002914 (2008) Treatment of Medical Conditions among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Autism spectrum disorders are defined by aberrant development of communication and socialization in the presence of restrictive and/or repetitive behaviors. Recent epidemiologic studies have documented an increase in the number of children identified with autism spectrum disorder over the past decad ...
140.
MH002915 (2008) Neuroimmunologic Investigations of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Autism is defined by its behavioral manifestations: social deficits, impairments in communication and the presence of restricted or repetitive behaviors. The cause of these abnormalities is unknown, but it is strongly suspected that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) result from a combination of gen ...
141.
MH002916 (2008) Office Of Fellowship Training
Barry Bernard Kaplan, PhD
This year, the OFT organized several local and national meetings and educational events. The Annual NIMH/DIRP Scientific Retreat organized by the DIRP Fellows' Committee, was attended by approximately 350 DIRP fellows and faculty, as well as 10 speakers from the extramural research community. This y ...
142.
MH002917 (2008) Office of the Scientific Director
Richard Nakamura
The National Institute of Mental Health Division Intramural Research Program (NIMH DIRP) plans and conducts basic, clinical, and translational research to advance understanding of the diagnosis, causes, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders through the study of brain function and behavior. ...


Port Class
A Port resides on a Node, and may be the source/target of one or more connections. A convenient way to think of Ports is as the columns in a database table: they belong to a table, but it is the columns themselves that have relationships with other columns.
Constructor
Port
()
Item Index
Methods
Methods
addGraph
-
g
Adds a sub-graph to this node. If you provide an existing Graph instance that does not have an id, one will be assigned.
Parameters:
-
g
Graph | StringEither a Graph instance, or the id you wish to assign to a new Graph.
Returns:
The Graph that was added.
addPort
-
[data]
-
[idFunction]
Adds a Port to the Node.
Parameters:
-
[data]
Object optionalOptional data backing the Port. This object can be of any type you like.
-
[idFunction]
Function optionalOptional function that can take a Port's data and return its ID. By default this looks for an
id
member in the backing data.
Returns:
The newly created Port.
getAllEdges
-
[params]
Parameters:
-
[params]
Object optionalMethod parameters.
-
[filter]
Function optionalOptional Edge filter.
-
Returns:
List of Edges.
getEdges
-
params
Gets all Edges where this Node is either the source or the target of the Edge. Note that this does not retrieve Edges on any Ports associated with this Node - for that, @see #getAllEdges.
Parameters:
-
params
ObjectMethod parameters.
-
[filter]
Function optionalOptional Edge filter.
-
Returns:
List of edges.
getFullId
()
String
Overrides the getFullId
of Node to return a value in dotted notation of the form nodeId.portId
.
Returns:
The Port's "full" id, ie. the Port's id prepended by the parent Node's id, eg "BooksTable.idColumn"
``.
getGraph
()
Graph
Retrieves a sub-graph by id.
Returns:
Sub-graph with the given id, null if not found.
getIndegreeCentrality
()
Float
Gets this Node's "indegree" centrality; a measure of how many other Nodes are connected to this Node as the target of some Edge.
Returns:
Indegree centrality for the Node.
getInternalEdge
-
source
-
target
Gets an "internal" Edge from one Port to another.
Returns:
An object containing { source:..., target:..., cost:..., directed:... }
.
getOutdegreeCentrality
()
Float
Gets this Node's "outdegree" centrality; a measure of how many other Nodes this Node is connected to as the source of some Edge.
Returns:
Outdegree centrality for the Node.
getPort
-
id
Gets the Port with the given id, null if nothing found.
Parameters:
-
id
StringPort id.
Returns:
Port with the given id, or null if not found.
getPorts
()
Port[]
Gets all Ports associated with this Node.
Returns:
List of Ports, empty list if none registered.
inspect
()
String
Returns a string representation of the Node.
Returns:
Node dumped to a string.
isChildOf
-
node
Parameters:
-
node
NodeNode to test if this is a child.
Returns:
True if this Port is a child of the given Node, false otherwise.
removePort
-
Either
Removes the given Port.
Parameters:
-
Either
Port | Stringa Port, or a Port id.
setDefaultInternalCost
-
cost
Sets the default cost of travelling from one Port to another inside some Node. When a Node is created, this value is set to 1.
Parameters:
-
cost
NumberDefault internal cost.
setInternalEdge
-
source
-
target
-
cost
-
[directed]
Sets the cost and directedness of some internal Edge.
setPort
-
id
-
data
Sets the underlying data for the Port with the given id. If the Port does not yet exist, it is created.
Parameters:
-
id
StringId of the Port for which to set data.
-
data
ObjectData to set for the Port.
Properties
data
Object
Data associated with the Node.
id
String
The Node's id. A String.


--- layout: about title: Code Of Conduct permalink: /coc/ ---
Hyderabad Python User group(HydPy) is growing and active Python user community in Hyderabad. We believe in "Come for the Language, Stay for the Community!"
We value the participation of every member of the Python community and want all attendees to have an enjoyable and rewarding experience. Accordingly, every member of the community is expected to show respect and courtesy to every other attendee throughout the meetups and at all community related events, whether officially organized by HydPy or not.
To make clear what is expected, all delegates/attendees, speakers, exhibitors, organizers and volunteers at any of the HydPy meetups are required to conform to the following Code of Conduct. Organizers will enforce this code throughout the event.
HydPy is dedicated to providing a harassment-free community experience for everyone, regardless of age, gender, sexual orientation, physical appearance, disability, race, religion or employment. We don't tolerate harassment of attendees in any form.
All communication should be appropriate for a professional audience, including people from many different backgrounds.
Sexual language or imagery is inappropriate for your talks or slides. Refrain from using sexist, racist or exclusionary language anywhere in your content.
Exhibitors in the expo hall, sponsor or vendor booths, are subject to the anti-harassment policy.
Exhibitors should not use sexualized images, activities, or other material.
Booth staff (including volunteers) should not use sexualized clothing/uniforms/costumes, or otherwise create a sexualized environment.
Be kind and sensitive to the people around you and avoid any kind of offensive behavior. Sexist, racist or any other form of exclusionary or offensive jokes or excessive public swearing are not appropriate at any venue of HydPy.
Attendees violating these rules may be asked to leave the community without a refund at the sole discretion of the organizers.
Thank you for your consideration and help in making HydPy a welcoming, friendly community for all of us.
HydPy is dedicated to providing a harassment-free community experience for everyone, regardless of age, gender, sexual orientation, physical appearance, disability, race, religion or employment.
 We have zero tolerance on harassment of community participants in any form, including, but not limited to the activities mentioned here.
Participants asked to stop any harassing behavior are expected to comply immediately.
Exhibitors in the expo hall, sponsor or vendor booths, or similar activities are also subject to the anti-harassment policy. In particular, exhibitors should not use sexualized images, activities, or other material. Booth staff (including volunteers) should not use sexualized clothing/uniforms/costumes, or otherwise create a sexualized environment.
All communication should be appropriate for a professional audience, including people from many different backgrounds. Sexual language or imagery is inappropriate for all aspects of the community, including talks. Remember that sexist, racist or any other form of exclusionary or offensive jokes or excessive public swearing are not appropriate at any venue of HydPy.
Do not insult or put down attendees or engage in any action that violates the open, welcoming and sharing spirit of the community. Be kind and sensitive to the people around you when you are attending the meetups, and avoid any kind of offensive or degrading behavior.
If a participant engages in behavior that violates this code of conduct, the meetup organizers may take any action they deem appropriate, including warning the offender or expulsion from the meetup.
Thank you for helping to make hydPy a welcoming, friendly community for all.
If you are being harassed, notice that someone else is being harassed, or have any other concerns, please contact a member of Organizers.
Organizers will be happy to help participants contact venue security or local law enforcement, provide escorts, or otherwise assist those experiencing harassment to feel safe for the duration of the meetups. We value your attendance.
If the matter is especially urgent, you may also ask to be put in touch with the community leaders & organizers - Manivannan Elangovan, Ramanathan Ramakrishnamoorthy, Chirag Choudhary.
This Code of Conduct was forked from PSF Code of Conduct by Python Software Foundation which is under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
HydPy Code of Conduct is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.


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Aggregate
aggregate
is a sub-meetup of the Portland R Meetup group.

It’s a more intimate group, ideal for actually meeting people, getting help with your code, sharing stories, and networking.
Upcoming
- 2019-03-20 - aggregate: meet, greet, learn, collaborate
Past
- 2019-02-19 - aggregate: meet, greet, learn, collaborate
- 2019-01-16 - aggregate: meet, greet, learn, collaborate
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- 2016-11-10 - aggregate: meet, greet, learn, collaborate
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- 2016-05-31 - aggregate: meet, greet, learn, collaborate
- 2016-05-10 - Meet, Greet, Hack - Our 1st shot at this, Join Us!


Black Friday came early for AirPods 2 with Wireless Charging Case, now just $5 more than the base model
by Maren EstradaWalk into an Apple store right now and buy a pair of entry-level AirPods, and it’ll cost you $159. Want to upgrade to the model with the wireless charging case included? That’ll cost you and additional $40. But what if it only cost another $5 to upgrade instead of $40? Who in their right mind would bother with the base model!? It seems crazy, but that’s exactly what’s happening right now on Amazon — hurry and you can snag Apple AirPods 2 with Wireless Charging Case for just $164.99 instead of $200!
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Support for most of the commonly available radio and modem clocks is
included in the default configuration of the NTP daemon for Unix
xntpd
. Individual clocks can be activated by configuration
file commands, specifically the server
and
fudge
commands described in the xntpd
program manual page. The
following discussion presents Information on how to select and configure
the device drivers in a running Unix system.
Radio and modem clocks by convention have addresses in the form
127.127.t.u, where t is the clock type and
u is a unit number in the range 0-3 used to distinguish
multiple instances of clocks of the same type. Most of these clocks
require support in the form of a serial port or special bus peripheral.
The particular device is normally specified by adding a soft link
/dev/deviceu
to the particular hardware device
involved, where u
correspond to the unit number
above.
Following is a list showing the type and title of each driver currently implemented. The compile-time identifier for each is shown in parentheses. Click on a selected type for specific description and configuration documentation, including the clock address, reference ID, driver ID, serial port device name and speed, and features (line disciplines, etc.). For those drivers without specific documentation, please contact the author listed in the copyright page.
Type 1 Local Clock Driver
(LOCAL_CLOCK
)
Type 2 Trak 8820 GPS Receiver
(TRAK
)
Type 3 PSTI/Traconex 1020 WWV/WWVH
Receiver (PST
)
Type 4 Spectracom 8170 and Netclock/2
WWVB Receivers (WWVB
)
Type 5 TrueTime GPS/GOES/OMEGA Receivers
(TRUETIME
)
Type 6 IRIG Audio Decoder (Sun only)
(IRIG
)
Type 7 Scratchbuilt CHU Receiver
(CHU
)
Type 8 Generic Reference Driver
(PARSE
)
Type 9 Magnavox MX4200 GPS Receiver
(MX4200
)
Type 10 Austron 2200A/2201A GPS
Receivers (AS2201
)
Type 11 Arbiter 1088A/B GPS Receiver
(ARBITER
)
Type 12 KSI/Odetics TPRO/S IRIG
Interface (Sun only) (TPRO
)
Type 13 Leitch CSD 5300 Master Clock Controller
(LEITCH
)
Type 14 EES M201 MSF Receiver (MSFEES
)
Type 15 * TrueTime TM-TMD GPS Receiver
Type 16 Bancomm GPS/IRIG Receiver (HP only) (BANC
)
Type 17 Datum Precision Time System (DATUM
)
Type 18 NIST Modem Time Service
(ACTS
)
Type 19 Heath WWV/WWVH Receiver
(HEATH
)
Type 20 Generic NMEA GPS Receiver (NMEA
)
Type 21 TrueTime GPS-VME Interface (HP only) (GPSVME
)
Type 22 PPS Clock Discipline
(ATOM
)
Type 23 PTB Modem Time Service
(PTBACTS
)
Type 24 USNO Modem Time Service
(USNO
)
Type 25 * TrueTime generic receivers
Type 26 Hewlett Packard 58503A GPS
Receiver (HPGPS
)
Type 27 Arcron MSF Receiver
(ARCRON_MSF
)
Type 28 Shared memory driver
(SHM
)
* All TrueTime receivers are now supported by one driver, type 5. Types 15 and 25 will be retained only for a limited time and may be reassigned in future.
Additional Information
Mitigation Rules and the prefer
Keyword
Debugging Hints for Reference Clock
Drivers
Line Disciplines and Streams Drivers
Pulse-per-second (PPS) Signal Interfacing
How To Write a Reference Clock Driver
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) Distribution


This page refers to v0.12 documentation
Metrics
This is a v0.10
example and need HAProxy Ingress v0.10-snapshot.5
or above
This example demonstrates how to configure Prometheus to collect ingress controller and haproxy metrics, and also to configure a Grafana dashboard to expose these metrics.
Prerequisites
This document has the following prerequisite:
- A Kubernetes cluster with a running HAProxy Ingress controller v0.10 or above. See the getting started guide.
Configure the controller
HAProxy Ingress by default does not configure the haproxy’s prometheus exporter. The patch below configures the haproxy’s internal prometheus exporter in the port 9105
:
kubectl --namespace ingress-controller patch configmap haproxy-ingress -p '{"data":{"prometheus-port":"9105"}}'
The following patch adds ports 9105
and 10254
to the HAProxy Ingress container. The port declaration is used by the Prometheus’ service discovery:
Note: this patch will restart the controller!
kubectl --namespace ingress-controller patch deployment haproxy-ingress -p '{"spec":{"template":{"spec":{"containers":[{"name":"haproxy-ingress","ports":[{"name":"exporter","containerPort":9105},{"name":"ingress-stats","containerPort":10254}]}]}}}}'
Deploy Prometheus
This will create a Prometheus deployment with no resource limits, a configuration file which will scrape haproxy and also HAProxy Ingress metrics every 10s
, and also a role and rolebinding which allows Prometheus to discover haproxy and controller endpoints using k8s:
kubectl create -f https://haproxy-ingress.github.io/docs/examples/metrics/prometheus.yaml
Note
This deployment has no persistent volume, so all the collected metrics will be lost if the pod is recreated.Warning
If HAProxy Ingress wasn’t deployed with Helm, change the following line in the configmap/prometheus-cfg
resource, jobs haproxy-ingress
and haproxy-exporter
:
relabel_configs:
- - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_label_app_kubernetes_io_instance]
+ - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_label_run]
regex: haproxy-ingress
This will ensure that Prometheus finds the controller pods.
Check if Prometheus is up and running:
kubectl --namespace ingress-controller get pod -lrun=prometheus -w
Check also if Prometheus found the haproxy and the controller endpoints:
kubectl --namespace ingress-controller port-forward svc/prometheus 9090:9090
Open localhost:9090/targets in your browser, all haproxy and controller instances should be listed, up, and green.
Deploy Grafana
The following instruction will create a Grafana deployment with no resource limit, and also its service:
kubectl create -f https://haproxy-ingress.github.io/docs/examples/metrics/grafana.yaml
Check if Grafana is up and running:
kubectl --namespace ingress-controller get pod -lrun=grafana -w
Create the ingress which will expose Grafana. Change HOST
below to a domain of the cluster, or just change the inner IP number to the IP of the HAProxy Ingress node:
HOST=grafana.<IP_ADDRESS>.nip.io
kubectl create -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: grafana
namespace: ingress-controller
spec:
rules:
- host: $HOST
http:
paths:
- backend:
serviceName: grafana
servicePort: 3000
path: /
tls:
- hosts:
- $HOST
EOF
Configure dashboard
Now its time to see what Prometheus is collecting. Grafana can be acessed in the HOST
used to configure the ingress object.
- Log in to Grafana, user is
admin
and the first password isadmin
- Create a Prometheus data source, the endpoint is
http://prometheus:9090
- Click the big
+
plus sign in the left side, and Import this dashboard
Note
This deployment has no persistent volume, so all customizations will be lost if the pod is recreated.If everything worked as expected, you should see a dashboard like this:
Compatibility
Check if you have any of these scenarios and adjust Prometheus or Grafana accordingly.
Grafana < 6.5
Use Grafana 6.5 or higher. Although an older Grafana won’t refuse to install this dashboard, some widgets will not render as expected on older versions.
The hostname
label
All the metrics of this dashboard are grouped by the hostname
label. If you already have Prometheus and HAProxy Exporter, ensure that the hostname
label uniquely identifies all HAProxy Ingress instances, just like the proposed Prometheus configuration does.
The _front__tls
proxy
This dashboard is designed to work without the _front__tls
proxy, such proxy is created whenever ssl-passthrough is used or timeout client is configured in the ingress object. Just to be sure, check if grep _front__tls /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
find a proxy declaration. If the _front__tls
proxy exists, edit the dashboard and change the variable $public_frontend
to the following new value: (_tcp_.*|_front_http|_front__tls)
Using the Prometheus’ HAProxy Exporter
This dashboard works with haproxy’s internal Prometheus exporter. Follow these steps to adjust the scrape config and the dashboard if using Prometheus’ HAProxy Exporter:
- Change the metric name of “Backend status / Top 5 max/avg connection time” to
haproxy_backend_http_connect_time_average_seconds
Add this
metric_relabel_config
in the Prometheus configuration:metric_relabel_configs: - source_labels: [frontend] regex: (.+) target_label: proxy - source_labels: [backend] regex: (.+) target_label: proxy
Test
Lets make some noise and see what the dashboard tell us about our HAProxy Ingress cluster.
Deploy a demo application and a custom (self-signed) certificate:
openssl req -x509 -subj "/CN=whoami.localdomain" -nodes -days 30 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /tmp/w.key -out /tmp/w.crt
kubectl --namespace default create secret tls whoami --cert /tmp/w.crt --key /tmp/w.key
rm -fv /tmp/w.crt /tmp/w.key
kubectl --namespace default create deploy whoami --image jcmoraisjr/whoami
kubectl --namespace default scale deploy whoami --replicas=4
kubectl --namespace default expose deploy whoami --port 8000
kubectl create -f https://haproxy-ingress.github.io/docs/examples/metrics/whoami-ingress.yaml
Check if the app is up and running:
kubectl --namespace default get pod -lapp=whoami -w
Download vegeta and place it in the path.
Make a test and check if everything is working as expected. Change IP below to the IP of a HAProxy Ingress node:
IP=<IP_ADDRESS>
echo "GET http://${IP}" |\
vegeta attack -duration=1s -rate=1 -header "Host: whoami.localdomain" -keepalive=true |\
vegeta report
You should see something like this. The most important part is Success ratio=100% and an Error Set empty:
...
Success [ratio] 100.00%
Status Codes [code:count] 200:1
Error Set:
Now the real test. Adjust the duration and rate (number of requests per second) if needed. A dual core VM dedicated to HAProxy Ingress should accept a few thousands requests per second. Lets configure 200
which should move some lines in the dashoard:
IP=<IP_ADDRESS>
echo "GET http://${IP}" |\
vegeta attack -duration=5m -rate=200 -header "Host: whoami.localdomain" -keepalive=true |\
vegeta report
Follow the dashboard while the test is running. Most metrics have its resolution in 1m
(one minute) so you should wait this time to see the correct conn/s, rps, proc use and so on.
What’s the impact of not use keepalive? Try the same test, changing only -keepalive
to false
:
IP=<IP_ADDRESS>
echo "GET http://${IP}" |\
vegeta attack -duration=5m -rate=200 -header "Host: whoami.localdomain" -keepalive=false |\
vegeta report
Last test: what about TLS connections without keepalive? Change http
to https
and add -insecure
command-line option to Vegeta:
IP=<IP_ADDRESS>
echo "GET https://${IP}" |\
vegeta attack -insecure -duration=5m -rate=200 -header "Host: whoami.localdomain" -keepalive=false |\
vegeta report


| Top |
VIPS maintains an error buffer (a log of localised text messages), a set of functions for adding messages, and a way to access and clear the buffer.
The error buffer is global, that is, it is shared between all threads. You can add to the buffer from any thread (there is a lock to prevent corruption), but it's sensible to only read and clear the buffer from the main thread of execution.
The general principle is: if you detect an error, log a message for the user. If a function you call detects an error, just propogate it and don't add another message.
IMAGE *im; if( !(im = vips_image_new_from_file( filename, NULL )) ) // vips_image_new_from_file() will set a message, we don't need to return( -1 ); if( vips_image_get_width( im ) < 100 ) { // we have detected an error, we must set a message vips_error( "myprogram", "%s", _( "width too small" ) ); return( -1 ); }
The domain argument most of these functions take is not localised and is supposed to indicate the component which failed.
const char *
vips_error_buffer (void
);
Get a pointer to the start of the error buffer as a C string. The string is owned by the error system and must not be freed.
See also: vips_error_clear()
.
void
vips_error_clear (void
);
Clear and reset the error buffer. This is typically called after presenting an error to the user.
See also: vips_error_buffer()
.
void
vips_error_freeze (void
);
Stop errors being logged. Use vips_error_thaw()
to unfreeze. You can
nest freeze/thaw pairs.
void vips_error (const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,...
);
Format the string in the style of printf()
and append to the error buffer.
See also: vips_error_system()
, vips_verror()
.
void vips_verror (const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,va_list ap
);
Append a message to the error buffer.
See also: vips_error()
.
void vips_error_system (int err
,const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,...
);
Format the string in the style of printf()
and append to the error buffer.
Then create and append a localised message based on the system error code,
usually the value of errno.
See also: vips_verror_system()
.
void vips_verror_system (int err
,const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,va_list ap
);
Format the string in the style of printf()
and append to the error buffer.
Then create and append a localised message based on the system error code,
usually the value of errno.
See also: vips_error_system()
.
void
vips_error_g (GError **error
);
This function sets the glib error pointer from the vips error buffer and clears it. It's handy for returning errors to glib functions from vips.
See vips_g_error()
for the inverse operation.
See also: g_set_error()
, vips_g_error()
.
void
vips_g_error (GError **error
);
This function adds the GError
to the vips error buffer and clears it. It's
the opposite of vips_error_g()
.
See also: vips_error_g()
.
void vips_warn (const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,...
);
Sends a formatted warning message to stderr. If you define the environment variable VIPS_WARNING, these message are supressed.
Warning messages are used to report things like overflow counts.
See also: vips_info()
, vips_vwarn()
.
void vips_vwarn (const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,va_list ap
);
Exactly as vips_warn()
, but takes a va_list argument.
See also: vips_warn()
.
void
vips_info_set (gboolean info
);
If set, vips will output various informative messages to stderr as it works.
See also: vips_info()
.
void vips_info (const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,...
);
Sends a formatted informational message to stderr if the --vips-info flag
has been given to the program or the environment variable VIPS_INFO has been
defined, or if vips_info_set()
has been called.
Informational messages are used to report details about the operation of functions.
See also: vips_info_set()
, vips_vinfo()
, vips_warn()
.
void vips_vinfo (const char *domain
,const char *fmt
,va_list ap
);
Sends a formatted informational message to stderr if the --vips-info flag
has been given to the program, or the environment variable VIPS_INFO has been
defined, or if vips_info_set()
has been called.
Informational messages are used to report details about the operation of functions.
See also: vips_info()
, vips_info_set()
, vips_warn()
.
void vips_error_exit (const char *fmt
,...
);
Sends a formatted error message to stderr, then sends the contents of the error buffer, if any, then shuts down vips and terminates the program with an error code.
fmt
may be NULL
, in which case only the error buffer is printed before
exiting.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_uncoded (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is not coded. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_coding (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,VipsCoding coding
);
Check that the image has the required coding
.
If not, set an error message
and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_coding_known (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is uncoded, LABQ coded or RAD coded. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_coding_noneorlabq (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is uncoded or LABQ coded. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_coding_same (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im1
,VipsImage *im2
);
Check that the images have the same coding. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_mono (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image has exactly one band. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_bands (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,int bands
);
Check that the image has bands
bands.
Otherwise set an error message
and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_bands_1or3 (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image has either one or three bands. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_bands_atleast (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,int bands
);
Check that the image has at least bands
bands.
Otherwise set an error message
and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_bands_1orn (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im1
,VipsImage *im2
);
Check that the images have the same number of bands, or that one of the images has just 1 band. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_bands_1orn_unary (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,int n
);
Check that an image has 1 or n
bands. Handy for unary operations, cf.
vips_check_bands_1orn()
.
If not, set an error message
and return non-zero.
See also: vips_check_bands_1orn()
.
int vips_check_bands_same (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im1
,VipsImage *im2
);
Check that the images have the same number of bands. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_bandno (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,int bandno
);
bandno
should be a valid band number (ie. 0 to im->Bands - 1), or can be
-1, meaning all bands.
If not, set an error message
and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_int (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is in one of the integer formats. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_uint (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is in one of the unsigned integer formats. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_uintorf (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is unsigned int or float. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_noncomplex (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is not complex. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_complex (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is complex. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_twocomponents (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is has two "components", ie. is a one-band complex or a two-band non-complex. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_format (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,VipsBandFormat fmt
);
Check that the image has the specified format. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_u8or16 (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is 8 or 16-bit unsigned integer. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_8or16 (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is 8 or 16-bit integer, signed or unsigned. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_u8or16orf (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is 8 or 16-bit unsigned integer, or float. Otherwise set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_format_same (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im1
,VipsImage *im2
);
Check that the images have the same format. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_size_same (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im1
,VipsImage *im2
);
Check that the images have the same size. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_oddsquare (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Check that the image is square and that the sides are odd. If not, set an error message and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_vector_length (const char *domain
,int n
,int len
);
Check that n
== len
.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_vector (const char *domain
,int n
,VipsImage *im
);
Operations with a vector constant need a 1-element vector, or a vector with the same number of elements as there are bands in the image.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_hist (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Histogram images must have width or height 1, and must not have more than 65536 elements. Return 0 if the image will pass as a histogram, or -1 and set an error message otherwise.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_matrix (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
,VipsImage **out
);
Matrix images must have width and height less than 100000 and have 1 band.
Return 0 if the image will pass as a matrix, or -1 and set an error message otherwise.
out
is set to be im
cast to double and stored in memory. Use
VIPS_MATRIX()
to address values in out
.
You must unref out
when you are done with it.
See also: VIPS_MATRIX()
, vips_object_local()
int vips_check_separable (const char *domain
,VipsImage *im
);
Separable matrix images must have width or height 1. Return 0 if the image will pass, or -1 and set an error message otherwise.
See also: vips_error()
.
int vips_check_precision_intfloat (const char *domain
,VipsPrecision precision
);
Check that prec
image is either float or int.
If not, set an error message
and return non-zero.
See also: vips_error()
.


| # | Sta | Rlx | Name | Row Text |
| 0 | ST | 0 | autoRow0 | water is in the gas state , called water vapor ; steam , for temperatures between 373 ; 212 ; 100 and<PHONE_NUMBER>00 K ; F ; C (e474-2a11-6e7b-ae8b) |
| 1 | ST | 0 | autoRow1 | water is in the solid state , called ice , for temperatures between 0 ; -459 ; -273 ; 459 ; 273 and 273 ; 32 ; 0 K ; F ; C (4a5a-9115-28a9-b97b) |
| 2 | ST | 0 | autoRow2 | water is in the liquid state , called liquid water , for temperatures between 273 ; 32 ; 0 and 373 ; 212 ; 100 K ; F ; C (4a5d-ae1d-5ba6-8f8d) |
| 3 | ST | 0 | autoRow3 | ice is found in arctic environments (fff8-5c88-0710-70ae) |
| 4 | ST | 0 | autoRow4 | water vapor is found in the atmosphere (7896-0ee6-9c3c-f3c1) |
| 5 | ST | 0 | autoRow5 | a body of water contains water (b927-5436-1d17-c396) |
| 6 | ST | 0 | autoRow6 | bodies of water are located on the surface of the Earth (02ad-ecb6-9455-502a) |
| 7 | ST | 0 | autoRow7 | water is a kind of liquid at room temperature (3961-d09c-4b9a-a6f7) |
| 8 | ST | 0 | autoRow8 | water exists in liquid ; solid ; gas state on Earth (e7e6-0a8e-4db4-7402) |
| 9 | ST | 0 | autoRow9 | the water is in liquid or gas state of matter near the equator (f7a9-3087-100f-1e47) |
| 10 | ST | 0 | autoRow10 | the water is only in a solid or liquid state of matter at the South Pole (391d-a189-6a8f-ec12) |
| 11 | ST | 0 | autoRow11 | the equator receives more sunlight than the poles on Earth (6f54-6f77-4dff-56e3) |
| # | Sta | Rlx | Name | Row Text |
| 0 | ST | 0 | autoRow0 | water is in the gas state , called water vapor ; steam , for temperatures between 373 ; 212 ; 100 and<PHONE_NUMBER>00 K ; F ; C (e474-2a11-6e7b-ae8b) |
| 1 | ST | 0 | autoRow1 | water is in the solid state , called ice , for temperatures between 0 ; -459 ; -273 ; 459 ; 273 and 273 ; 32 ; 0 K ; F ; C (4a5a-9115-28a9-b97b) |
| 2 | ST | 0 | autoRow2 | water is in the liquid state , called liquid water , for temperatures between 273 ; 32 ; 0 and 373 ; 212 ; 100 K ; F ; C (4a5d-ae1d-5ba6-8f8d) |
| 3 | ST | 0 | autoRow3 | ice is found in arctic environments (fff8-5c88-0710-70ae) |
| 4 | ST | 0 | autoRow4 | water vapor is found in the atmosphere (7896-0ee6-9c3c-f3c1) |
| 5 | ST | 0 | autoRow5 | a body of water contains water (b927-5436-1d17-c396) |
| 6 | ST | 0 | autoRow6 | bodies of water are located on the surface of the Earth (02ad-ecb6-9455-502a) |
| 7 | ST | 0 | autoRow7 | water is a kind of liquid at room temperature (3961-d09c-4b9a-a6f7) |
| 8 | ST | 0 | autoRow8 | water exists in liquid ; solid ; gas state on Earth (e7e6-0a8e-4db4-7402) |
| 9 | ST | 0 | autoRow9 | the water is in liquid or gas state of matter near the equator (f7a9-3087-100f-1e47) |
| 10 | ST | 0 | autoRow10 | the water is only in a solid or liquid state of matter at the South Pole (391d-a189-6a8f-ec12) |
| 11 | | | autoRow11 | Empty |


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Orhaniye is a large bay at the head of the Gulf of Hisaronu, of which Keci Buku (Position 36°46.7'N, 28°06.98'E) is a very small, attractive village situated in a long, narrow inlet at the mouth of the bay, with Marti Marina on the east side.
At the head of the bay is Orhaniye village which backs up the valley. At the waters edge surrounding the head of the bay are 5 restaurant jetties all offering varied facilities to yachts that dock there.
There is a good range of mooring options here.
Anchorages
There are three main anchorages in Orhaniye/Keci Buku. Just off the Dogan Hotel (offers the most cooling breezes) and either behind the island or at the head of the bay. You should be cautious of the 250m sand spit ‘Kiz Kumu’ which projects on the east side in a largely North/South direction. During the summer it is marked by red and white floating buoys, as well as the parading tourists.
Marinas/Docks
Marti Marina is located on the east side of the bay and Palmiye Marina at the head of the bay.
At the waters edge surrounding the head of the bay are 5 restaurant/hotel jetties. Going clockwise they are Palmiye Marina, Kadir restaurant, Iskele restaurant, Ersoy restaurant, and finally Buk restaurant. Iskele and Ersoy have pensions. Water and electricity is available at all jetties.
Palmiye and Marti Marinas are different to all the others in Orhaniye in that they have full permission from the Ministry of Tourism, so can accommodate private and charter yachts through the winter months, offering guardianage, service and bond facilities, fuel and Blue card pump out. The Palmiye hotel jetty recently gained full Turkish marina status. For the last two years access has been difficult because the jetty was occupied by Sunsail charter yachts. Sunsail are downsizing their Turkish operation so the path is now clear for private yachts for the 2014 season. Sunsail leave Palmiye Marina at end of March 2014.
There are two further restaurant jetties, Begonville, which is placed half way between Marti and Palmiye, just north of the Kiz Kumu sand bar, and Dogan Hotel which is adjacent to Marti Marina. Both offer good quality facilities including toilets, showers, Wi-Fi, restaurant and bar.
Since 2005 there has been the occasional report of theft from yachts at Marti Marina, in particular those at anchor. The most recent report received was summer 2011. It is recommended to lock up and avoid leaving your boat unattended at night.
Last updated July 2013.