| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
15 mg |
oral |
2C-T-7 |
(capsule) |
| T+ 0:00 |
15 mg |
sublingual |
2C-T-7 |
(powder / crystals) |
| T+ 1:00 |
50 mg |
sublingual |
MDMA |
|
I took the 2CT7 15mg by swallowing in a gelcap and 15mg held in mouth with saliva while it absorbed. 1 hour later (with no effects yet) I took just under 1/2 or about 50mg of X by mouth and mixed with saliva for 10-15 minutes while swallowing a bit here and a bit there. This method on the Xeeps my stomach/intestines from complaining with strong diarrahea (it worked--no blowouts).
t+ 1:hr Was getting very excited - I felt it was the ecstacy come on.  Began sweating and buzzing with a whirl of x.
t+ 2:hr I gave up my construction project as I was experiencing the 2ct7 come on (this is my second try - having taken 15 mg one other time on an empty stomach without noticeable results.
t+ 2:30 Beginning intense visuals, with strong tracers. Each tracer is a rainbow of bright, beautiful color. The computer screen changes color in light hues from strong pink, to green, to blue. closed eye visuals are rich and deep. I can follow them forever.
t+ 3:30 Experience is even stronger with an empathogenic quality. I wonder if it will get any stronger as I don't have a sitter on hand though I am talking to wife on phone and have let her know what I've done. Laying on the floor the white textured ceiling is alive with a reddish/purple circuit-vine with bright yellow spots that move on the circuit while the circuit-vine also moves, first one way and then another - gorgeous.
t+ 4:30 Still going - Wow. I hear or feel the call of some deep vibration from outdoors that is saying to take the shoes from off my feet for the ground upon which I am standing is Holy ground - Nice biblical touch. And I do so - I desire to be naked outside but worry about the neighbors and our kids coming home from school. The call continues. Rich, spiritual imagery and thought consciousness continue but I've been here before and tell it that I can only participate to a certain level right now... it fades gradually as I move on to other topics... writing is very difficult and I would like to relax.
t+ 5:30 Some lessening in intensity but still wayyyy fun. I'm glad I gave up the power tools. Finished an email to a girl-friend (only took me 2 and 1/2 hours to write amidst all the swirling, psychedlic patterns and really great tracers. With the x wearing down a bit I can now come back from God-space and finish and send. Whew! Sometimes the depth and intensity of my spiritual states get so very, very deep and beautiful; the awesome appreciation for mother nature, Native Americans, the various worlds of dimension and form and color and depth and hue - speak of a controlling force at its root but a root, nonetheless that cannot be touched, seen, smelled, tasted, felt ... and yet can be at the material level. I spend a lot of time here.
t+ 7:00 Strong visuals nearly all gone, x after-effects, need a bit of food - barely eat a bowl of soup - give rest to freaky cat - who told me her name was Tiffany earlier - bitch. Halloween night and I crack a beer, start a big fire in fireplace and enjoy the beautiful spirits of All Hallows Eve with family and kids teenage friends.
Lovely journey.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


At this point, my research has primarily dealt with Stravinsky's serial music and Disney movies. For future research, I hope to continue exploring Disney films, as well as other films, to observe fascinating musical relationships and how they contribute to the narrative. A list is provided below of my polished research projects (conference papers, etc.) in chronological order from recent to oldest, with abstracts included for conference presentations.
"Struggle to Triumph: Pivotal Shifts in Aspirational Disney Songs" (abstract)
"Musical Quotation in Recent Disney Movies" (abstract)
"Treatment of Transpositional Combination and Contour: Analogous Realization of Nonserial and Serial Materials in Stravinsky's Septet" (abstract)
"Treatment of Transpositional Combination and Contour: Analogous Realization of Nonserial and Serial Materials in Stravinsky's Septet"
"Musical Quotation in Recent Disney Movies"
"Syntax, Symmetry, and Systematizing of Rotational Arrays in Stravinsky's Late Music"
Research


What is the best time of day to reach you at?(Select any that apply) Morning (8:00-11:00am) Afternoon (11:00-4:00pm) Evening (4:00-8:00pm) During Weekends Only
Please provide any additional comments or issues below:


Movie Collection App
Description: basic app written on Python to store the favourite movies into a collection with the possibility to add, view or delete a movie.
Input commands:
- "info", "i" - readme information
- "add", "a" - add a movie to collection
- "display", "d" - display movie collection
- "delete", "del" - delete a movie
- "quit", "q", "end", "exit" - quit the program
Open from 'Command Prompt (cmd)':
python movie_app.py
TIC-TAC-TOE game
Description: TIC-TAC-TOE - 2 player game written on Python.
A player should enter available number from the grid to mark the grid place.
Game grid:
1 | 2 | 3
---------
4 | 5 | 6
---------
7 | 8 | 9
Input commands:
- "info", "i" - readme information
- "quit", "q", "end", "exit" - quit the program
Open from 'Command Prompt (cmd)':
python game.py
"To Do" app (simplistic version)
'TO DO' app written on Python (simplistic version)
- Name: "TO DO" app (simplified TXT version)
- Version: 0.1 (beta)
- Author: Valeriy B.
The app works from keyboard inputs:
- Type a task you want to add to the 'TO DO' app list;
- Type '!print' command to print the tasks from the app list;
- Type '!remove' command to remove a task from the list;
- Type '!finish' to stop the app.
When '!finish' command is typed, a 'tasks.txt' file is created saving the latest data entered before command input.


I build solutions and then try to break them.
I enjoy working on new projects and learning as much as I can. My latest project is working on this very portfolio, using Java applets and various Google cloud services to host and build the site. My free time is usually spent around video games, playing them, reading about various industry and behind-the-scenes "stuff", or thinking about how the design of their mechanisms and overall gameplay fits, or doesn't fit, together. I also like to listen to a bunch of tech and science podcasts.
Click here to see content created by server code.
Click here to get a random message:


Ping Pong
A Friday Project for Epicodus
By Ryan McAlpin
Rules
Enter a number other than zero
I will count from 1 or -1 to that number
Numbers divisible by 3 become "ping"
Numbers divisible by 5 become "pong"
Numbers divisible by 15 become "ping-pong"
Enter a number:
GO


Intelligent Configuration Library
Event-based IRC Class
Bases: pyhole.irclib.SimpleIRCClient
An IRC connection
De-op a user
Fetch a URL
Join a channel
Load plugins and their commands respectively
Handle IRC actions
Respond to CTCP events
Attempt to reconnect after disconnection
Join a channel upon invitation
Handle joins
Automatically rejoin channel if kicked
Ensure the use of unique IRC nick
Handle parts
Handle private messages
Handle private notices
Handle public messages
Handle public notices
Handle quits
Join channels upon successful connection
Op a user
Part a channel
Watch for known commands
Send a privmsg
Send a privmsg
Run command hooks
Make a call to a plugin hook
Run keyword hooks
Run regexp hooks
Set IRC nick
List active commands
List active keywords
List active plugins
irclib – Internet Relay Chat (IRC) protocol client library.
This library is intended to encapsulate the IRC protocol at a quite low level. It provides an event-driven IRC client framework. It has a fairly thorough support for the basic IRC protocol, CTCP, DCC chat, but DCC file transfers is not yet supported.
In order to understand how to make an IRC client, I’m afraid you more or less must understand the IRC specifications. They are available here: [IRC specifications].
The main features of the IRC client framework are:
- Abstraction of the IRC protocol.
- Handles multiple simultaneous IRC server connections.
- Handles server PONGing transparently.
- Messages to the IRC server are done by calling methods on an IRC connection object.
- Messages from an IRC server triggers events, which can be caught by event handlers.
- Reading from and writing to IRC server sockets are normally done by an internal select() loop, but the select()ing may be done by an external main loop.
- Functions can be registered to execute at specified times by the event-loop.
- Decodes CTCP tagging correctly (hopefully); I haven’t seen any other IRC client implementation that handles the CTCP specification subtilties.
- A kind of simple, single-server, object-oriented IRC client class that dispatches events to instance methods is included.
Current limitations:
- The IRC protocol shines through the abstraction a bit too much.
- Data is not written asynchronously to the server, i.e. the write() may block if the TCP buffers are stuffed.
- There are no support for DCC file transfers.
- The author haven’t even read RFC 2810, 2811, 2812 and 2813.
- Like most projects, documentation is lacking...
Base class for IRC connections.
Must be overridden.
Bases: pyhole.irclib.Connection
This class represents a DCC connection.
DCCConnection objects are instantiated by calling the dcc method on an IRC object.
Connect/reconnect to a DCC peer.
address – Host/IP address of the peer.
port – The port number to connect to.
Returns the DCCConnection object.
Hang up the connection and close the object.
Arguments:
message – Quit message.
Wait for a connection/reconnection from a DCC peer.
Returns the DCCConnection object.
The local IP address and port are available as self.localaddress and self.localport. After connection from a peer, the peer address and port are available as self.peeraddress and self.peerport.
Send data to DCC peer.
The string will be padded with appropriate LF if it’s a DCC CHAT session.
[Internal]
Bases: pyhole.irclib.IRCError
Class representing an IRC event.
Get the event arguments.
Get the event type.
Get the event source.
Get the event target.
Class that handles one or several IRC server connections.
When an IRC object has been instantiated, it can be used to create Connection objects that represent the IRC connections. The responsibility of the IRC object is to provide an event-driven framework for the connections and to keep the connections alive. It runs a select loop to poll each connection’s TCP socket and hands over the sockets with incoming data for processing by the corresponding connection.
The methods of most interest for an IRC client writer are server, add_global_handler, remove_global_handler, execute_at, execute_delayed, process_once and process_forever.
Here is an example:
irc = irclib.IRC() server = irc.server() server.connect(“irc.some.where”, 6667, “my_nickname”) server.privmsg(“a_nickname”, “Hi there!”) irc.process_forever()
This will connect to the IRC server irc.some.where on port 6667 using the nickname my_nickname and send the message “Hi there!” to the nickname a_nickname.
Adds a global handler function for a specific event type.
Arguments:
event – Event type (a string). Check the values of the numeric_events dictionary in irclib.py for possible event types.
handler – Callback function.
priority – A number (the lower number, the higher priority).
The handler function is called whenever the specified event is triggered in any of the connections. See documentation for the Event class.
The handler functions are called in priority order (lowest number is highest priority). If a handler function returns “NO MORE”, no more handlers will be called.
Creates and returns a DCCConnection object.
Arguments:
- dcctype – “chat” for DCC CHAT connections or “raw” for
- DCC SEND (or other DCC types). If “chat”, incoming data will be split in newline-separated chunks. If “raw”, incoming data is not touched.
Disconnects all connections.
Execute a function at a specified time.
Arguments:
at – Execute at this time (standard “time_t” time).
function – Function to call.
arguments – Arguments to give the function.
Execute a function after a specified time.
Arguments:
delay – How many seconds to wait.
function – Function to call.
arguments – Arguments to give the function.
Called when there is more data to read on connection sockets.
Arguments:
sockets – A list of socket objects.
See documentation for IRC.__init__.
Run an infinite loop, processing data from connections.
This method repeatedly calls process_once.
Arguments:
timeout – Parameter to pass to process_once.
Process data from connections once.
Arguments:
- timeout – How long the select() call should wait if no
- data is available.
This method should be called periodically to check and process incoming data, if there are any. If that seems boring, look at the process_forever method.
Called when a timeout notification is due.
See documentation for IRC.__init__.
Removes a global handler function.
Arguments:
event – Event type (a string).
handler – Callback function.
Returns 1 on success, otherwise 0.
Creates and returns a ServerConnection object.
Bases: exceptions.Exception
Represents an IRC exception.
Bases: pyhole.irclib.Connection
This class represents an IRC server connection.
ServerConnection objects are instantiated by calling the server method on an IRC object.
Send a CTCP ACTION command.
Add global handler.
See documentation for IRC.add_global_handler.
Send an ADMIN command.
Close the connection.
This method closes the connection permanently; after it has been called, the object is unusable.
Connect/reconnect to a server.
Arguments:
server – Server name.
port – Port number.
nickname – The nickname.
password – Password (if any).
username – The username.
ircname – The IRC name (“realname”).
localaddress – Bind the connection to a specific local IP address.
localport – Bind the connection to a specific local port.
ssl – Enable support for ssl.
ipv6 – Enable support for ipv6.
This function can be called to reconnect a closed connection.
Returns the ServerConnection object.
Send a CTCP command.
Send a CTCP REPLY command.
Hang up the connection.
Arguments:
message – Quit message.
Get the (real) nick name.
This method returns the (real) nickname. The library keeps track of nick changes, so it might not be the nick name that was passed to the connect() method.
Get the (real) server name.
This method returns the (real) server name, or, more specifically, what the server calls itself.
Send a GLOBOPS command.
Send an INFO command.
Send an INVITE command.
Return connection status.
Returns true if connected, otherwise false.
Send an ISON command.
Arguments:
nicks – List of nicks.
Send a JOIN command.
Send a KICK command.
Send a LINKS command.
Send a LIST command.
Send a LUSERS command.
Send a MODE command.
Send an MOTD command.
Send a NAMES command.
Send a NICK command.
Send a NOTICE command.
Send an OPER command.
Send a PART command.
Send a PASS command.
Send a PING command.
Send a PONG command.
Send a PRIVMSG command.
Send a PRIVMSG command to multiple targets.
[Internal]
Send a QUIT command.
Remove global handler.
See documentation for IRC.remove_global_handler.
Send raw string to the server.
The string will be padded with appropriate CR LF.
Send an SQUIT command.
Send a STATS command.
Send a TIME command.
Send a TOPIC command.
Send a TRACE command.
Send a USER command.
Send a USERHOST command.
Send a USERS command.
Send a VERSION command.
Send a WALLOPS command.
Send a WHO command.
Send a WHOIS command.
Send a WHOWAS command.
Bases: pyhole.irclib.IRCError
Bases: pyhole.irclib.ServerConnectionError
A simple single-server IRC client class.
This is an example of an object-oriented wrapper of the IRC framework. A real IRC client can be made by subclassing this class and adding appropriate methods.
The method on_join will be called when a “join” event is created (which is done when the server sends a JOIN messsage/command), on_privmsg will be called for “privmsg” events, and so on. The handler methods get two arguments: the connection object (same as self.connection) and the event object.
Instance attributes that can be used by sub classes:
ircobj – The IRC instance.
connection – The ServerConnection instance.
dcc_connections – A list of DCCConnection instances.
Connect/reconnect to a server.
Arguments:
server – Server name.
port – Port number.
nickname – The nickname.
password – Password (if any).
username – The username.
ircname – The IRC name.
localaddress – Bind the connection to a specific local IP address.
localport – Bind the connection to a specific local port.
ssl – Enable support for ssl.
ipv6 – Enable support for ipv6.
This function can be called to reconnect a closed connection.
Connect to a DCC peer.
Arguments:
address – IP address of the peer.
port – Port to connect to.
Returns a DCCConnection instance.
Listen for connections from a DCC peer.
Returns a DCCConnection instance.
Start the IRC client.
Convert an IP number as an integer given in ASCII representation (e.g. ‘3232235521’) to an IP address string (e.g. ‘<IP_ADDRESS>’).
Convert an IP address string (e.g. ‘<IP_ADDRESS>’) to an IP number as an integer given in ASCII representation (e.g. ‘3232235521’).
Returns a lowercased string.
The definition of lowercased comes from the IRC specification (RFC 1459).
Check if a string is a channel name.
Returns true if the argument is a channel name, otherwise false.
Check if a nick matches a mask.
Returns true if the nick matches, otherwise false.
Get the host part of a nickmask.
(The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
Get the nick part of a nickmask.
(The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
Get the user part of a nickmask.
(The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
Get the userhost part of a nickmask.
(The source of an Event is a nickmask.)
Parse a channel mode string.
The function returns a list of lists with three members: sign, mode and argument. The sign is “+” or “-”. The argument is None if mode isn’t one of “b”, “k”, “l”, “v” or “o”.
Example:
>>> irclib.parse_channel_modes("+ab-c foo")
[['+', 'a', None], ['+', 'b', 'foo'], ['-', 'c', None]]
Parse a nick mode string.
The function returns a list of lists with three members: sign, mode and argument. The sign is “+” or “-”. The argument is always None.
Example:
>>> irclib.parse_nick_modes("+ab-c")
[['+', 'a', None], ['+', 'b', None], ['-', 'c', None]]
Pyhole Plugin Library
Bases: object
The class that all plugin classes should inherit from
Bases: type
The metaclass that makes all of the plugin magic work. All subclassing gets caught here, which we can use to have plugins automagically register themselves
Function to return the list of hook arguments. Genearlly this is not called directly. Callers tend to use the dynamically generated calls ‘active_get_*’ that are created below with the setattrs
Get the loaded plugin classes
Get the loaded plugin names
Generic decorator to add hooks. Generally, this is not called directly by plugins. Decorators that plugins use are automatically generated below with the setattrs you’ll see
Function to return the list of hooks of a particular type. Genearlly this is not called directly. Callers tend to use the dynamically generated calls ‘hook_get_*’ that are created below with the setattrs
Module function that loads plugins from a particular directory
Load a user plugin
Module function that’ll reload all of the plugins
Pyhole Utility Library
Administration Decorator
Strip HTML entities from a string
Ensure the given param is an int
Generate an example config
Return a directory
Return the home directory
Load a config section
Log handler
Read and return the data in file
Greenthread Spawning Decorator
Write data to file


What's this Lunch Spot called?
What street is this Lunch Spot on? (House Number, Street Direction, Street Name, Street Suffix)
What day is it? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
What type of food does this spot have? Sandwich Thai Vietnamese Mediterranean
What's the wait time (in minutes) at this spot?
What rating (1-5) would you give this spot?


InterPro Domain Architecture
InterPro Entry |
Signatures |
Graphical Match |
Method Name |
|
IPR001247 |
PF01138 |
RNase_PH |
|
|
IPR015847 |
PF03725 |
RNase_PH_C |
|
|
IPR015847 |
SSF55666 |
3_ExoRNase |
|
|
Structural Features |
|
|
|
|
ModBase |
MB_P46948 |
|
From the graphical match in the table above, you can see that the signatures are grouped into two InterPro entries for yeast Rrp41. These entries identify the domain architecture of this protein.
DOMAIN Entries
Ø IPR001247: Phosphorolytic domain 1 of exonuclease proteins, represented by one signature: PF01138 (PFAM).
Ø IPR015847: Phosphorolytic domain 2 of exonuclease proteins, represented by two signatures: PF03725 (PFAM) and SSF55666 (SUPERFAMILY).
Yeast exosome Rrp41 exonuclease has two PH domains, domain 1 having a 2-layer alpha/beta structure (similar to ribosomal protein S5) and domain 2 having a 3-layer alpha/beta/alpha structure. Both of these PH domains are also found in bacterial/organelle PNPases
Structural features
The remaining entry in the table above gives information on the predicted structure of this protein. This entry presents predicted structural data from the homology-modelling database ModBase. No known structural data exists for this particular protein, however there are known structures for PH domains from different PNPases useful as homology model templates. As shown above, the homology model from ModBase covers the entire protein.
There are structures available for
PNPases, archaeal and eukaryotic exosomes, as well as for various proteins
containing PH, S1 and KH domains, in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). A detailed description and visualisation of
the structural features of exosomes can be found at the PDB ‘Molecule of the Month’.
The crystallographic structures of archaeal and eukaryotic exosomes have
provided insight into their mode of RNA substrate binding and degradation.


${cust_name|h}
%if cust_info['creditused'] > 0:
Balance: $${'%0.2f' % cust_info['creditused']}
%elif cust_info['creditused'] < 0:
Credit: $${'%0.2f' % -cust_info['creditused']}
%endif
${cust_info['address1']|h}
%if cust_info['address2']:
,
${cust_info['address2']|h}
%endif
${cust_info['city']|h}, ${cust_info['state']|h} ${cust_info['zip']|h}
${cust_info['phone1']|h}


| survConcordance {survival} | R Documentation |
This function computes the concordance between a right-censored survival time and a single continuous covariate
survConcordance(formula, data, weights, subset, na.action) survConcordance.fit(y, x, strata, weight)
formula |
a formula with a survival time on the left and a single covariate on the
right, along with an optional |
data |
a data frame |
weights,subset,na.action |
as for |
x, y, strata, weight |
predictor, response, strata, and weight vectors for the direct call |
The survConcordance.fit
function computes the result but does
no data checking whatsoever.
It is intended as a hook for other packages that wish to compute
concordance, and the data has already been assembled and verified.
Concordance is defined as Pr(agreement) for any two randomly chosen observations, where in this case agreement means that the observation with the shorter survival time of the two also has the larger risk score. The predictor (or risk score) will often be the result of a Cox model or other regression.
For continuous covariates concordance is equivalent to Kendall's tau, and for logistic regression is is equivalent to the area under the ROC curve. A value of 1 signifies perfect agreement, .6-.7 is a common result for survival data, .5 is an agreement that is no better than chance, and .3-.4 is the performance of some stock market analysts.
The computation involves all n(n-1)/2 pairs of data points in the sample. For survival data, however, some of the pairs are incomparable. For instance a pair of times (5+, 8), the first being a censored value. We do not know whether the first survival time is greater than or less than the second. Among observations that are comparable, pairs may also be tied on survival time (but only if both are uncensored) or on the predictor. The final concordance is (agree + tied/2)/(agree + disagree + tied).
There is, unfortunately, one aspect of the formula above that is unclear. Should the count of ties include observations that are tied on survival time y, tied on the predictor x, or both? By default the concordance only counts ties in x, treating tied survival times as incomparable; this agrees with the AUC calculation used in logistic regression. The Goodman-Kruskal Gamma statistic is (agree-disagree)/(agree + disagree), ignoring ties. It ranges from -1 to +1 similar to a correlation coefficient. Kendall's tau uses ties of both types. All of the components are returned in the result, however, so people can compute other combinations if interested. (If two observations have the same survival and the same x, they are counted in the tied survival time category).
The algorithm is based on a balanced binary tree, which allows the computation to be done in O(n log n) time.
an object containing the concordance, followed by the number of pairs that agree, disagree, are tied, and are not comparable.
summary.coxph
survConcordance(Surv(time, status) ~age, data=lung) options(na.action=na.exclude) fit <- coxph(Surv(time, status) ~ ph.ecog + age + sex, lung) survConcordance(Surv(time, status) ~predict(fit), lung) ## Not run: n=227 (1 observations deleted due to missing values) Concordance= 0.6371102 , Gamma= 0.2759638 concordant discordant tied risk tied time 12544 7117 126 28 ## End(Not run)


About
Hello World! I'm a 19 year old self-taught programmer.
This is my first time deploying such as large scale website.
Please bear with me if there's bugs or errors, I'll try to fix it immediately.
Some of you may asked: "Why am I doing this?"
Well, I started investing and trading in January 2021 - peak of a bull market.
GME, AMC and other "memes" stocks such as BB and NOK shot up exponentially and making money was a breeze.
However, in recent months, the rise in inflation fears, resurgence of Covid-19 cases around the world resulted in somewhat a minor market correction for technology stocks and that's when I constantly see myself in the red.
I started to realise that actual DD is needed and buying stocks based on Reddit and news sentiment might not be a good choice every time.
As such, I made this website to learn more about trading and investment and I thought that it would be beneficial if I share this website.
What do I get in return? Absolutely nothing! This website is free of charge, open-sourced and would constantly be maintained in the future.


This is an example page that loads strictly the minimal core styles & scripts required by BUSINESS and the timeline-navigation component
Added a new milestone named MosaicPro
MosaicPro said: Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an ...
Added photos to the album MosaicPro


--- layout: post title: no title date: '2011-10-10T04:43:36+02:00' tags: [] tumblr_url: http://dotmr.tumblr.com/post/11262558130/its-ok-to-be-careful-but-its-worse ---
"It’s ok to be careful - but it’s worse procrastinating and over thinking stuff." — (taken from email digest)


The thirst is real
Where to live?
Toronto
Los Angeles
Munich
Choose all that applies
Car
Money
Books
Level of interest
low
average
high
Who did it?


Checkout status
you have 2 book(s) ready for checkout
- Some Book
- Another Book
Happy Readers Club
Whenever you read a good book, somewhere in the world a door opens to allow in more light.
Whenever you read a good book, somewhere in the world a door opens to allow in more light.


Arrays and Hashes are the essential elements in beginner ruby that allow the user to store and access data. This data is tied to a name. If you were to make a grocery list the name or variable would be called grocery_list. Arrays will store numbers or words within a set of brackets like this:
grocery_list = ["eggs", "bread", "milk", "ham", "cheese"]
Notice how each word is in quotations? This is important for words but if a user wants to put in numbers or integers, they wouldn't normally need to be in quotes. Let's say a user only had time to go to the store and get one thing. If one wanted to only get the first item on the list they would call that value using:
puts grocery_list[0]
>>"eggs"
Notice how number 0 gets the first number? This is because an array has all its' data indexed for the user to reference. The first number is 0 which means "cheese" is index number 4. Just remember to always start off counting at zero. This is easy right? Whey would you need to have any other form of data storage? Well, arrays are great for storing data but is our grocery list that realistic? What if you get dairy items at the grocery store but get bread from a bakery and meat from a butcher shop? That can make our list confusing. Hashes make this easier. Let's change our list and categorize with the code below:
grocery_list = {"meat" => "paulina", "eggs" => "jewel", "bread" => "dinkels", "cheese" => "jewel", "milk" => "jewel"}
The hash name is grocery_list. Each name stored in the hash is either a key or value. The keys are first followed by values - "meat" is a key and "paulina" is a value. If we were going to get bread but couldn't remember where we were to get it, we could call that by:
puts grocery_list ["bread"]
>>dinkels
You could call all the items on your list with:
grocery_list.each do |key, value|
  puts "#{key}:#{value}"
end
>>meat:paulina
You can see the basics for Arrays and Hashes. Each has its' advantages and hashes definitely offers a little more flexibility.
eggs:jewel
bread:dinkels
cheese:jewel
milk:jewel


SQL injection is a code injection technique, that allows a hacker to gain access to a backend database. It is made possible as a result of an improperly coded website that allow SQL statements to be inserted into input fields, querying the database itself. In short it allows a hacker to effectively communicate directly with the database itself.
For example, through SQL injection a hacker can exploit the security vulnerability of the application, and write an SQL query that will show all the username and passwords in the database. This query will then be pasted into an input field such as a login field in a webpage, and once executed the hacker will have access to what should of been secured information or worse like the comic above delete the database
Like the picture above, SQL injections can be prevented by sanitizing the database inputs.This means that the input is made invulnerable before being sent with the SQL query to the database. Before the query is sent to the database, it should be validated in some way.


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Income inequality
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Name: Hidde van Oijen
Student number: 12451096
E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>My github Repository:
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Kids and adults love our clean, modern arcade. Prize redemption is easier than ever with our high-tech game cards.
There’s nothing like our laser tag experience. Put your gear on and challenge your friends to high-excitement laser tag play complete with fog machines, obstacles, and music that gets the energy pumping!
Yes, you can play bumper cars indoors! Spin, soar and bump under the blacklights. Disco lights and lasers complete the experience for a bumper car derby that’s out of this world. Bumpy rides have never been so fun.
Take on a real life escape room in Huntsville's top game experience! Up to 8 players work together to find clues, solve puzzles, and pick locks that will free them from the game room. Do you have what it takes to escape?
Kids and adults love our clean, modern arcade. Prize redemption is easier than ever with our high-tech game cards.


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{% extends 'assets/base.html' %} {% set title = "Page Not Found" %} {% block content %} {{ title }} Try logging in or go back to the home page. {% endblock %}
Try logging in or go back to the home page.


UK drone pilots have 25 days to register with regulator
UK drone pilots have until the end of November to register their details with the Civil Aviation Authority.
The mandatory requirement to register covers owners of drones or model aircraft weighing more than 250g (8.8oz). Owners of unregistered drones could then face the threat of a fine.
At the same time, the CAA is starting a service it hopes will reunite owners with their lost drones.
A quarter of owners have lost a drone at some point, CAA research suggests.
Most lost drones go missing because of malfunctions in flight, the research indicates. This includes losing battery power, loss of signal or technology failures.
But a quarter of cases involve pilots making mistakes.
CAA spokesman Jonathan Nicholson said: "Our aim is for the Drones Reunited platform to become an essential service for the drone community - the first port of call for anyone who has lost, or found, a drone."
The CAA said anyone who registered their drone would get free access to the service, which issues each device with a unique identification code.
Online test
Pilots who lose a drone will be able to record the loss via the CAA's drones-reunited site. Anyone who finds a downed drone bearing an ID number will be able to look it up on the site and inform its owner it has been located.
Registering craft weighing between 250g and 20kg costs £9 a year. Registered drone owners, who must be over 18, will need to pass an online test that quizzes them on using their device safely.
Anyone who wants to fly a drone, including children, will also have to pass the test, which can be taken as many times as required.
Not all owners must register by 30 November. Exemptions have been granted for members of several associations involved with flying model aircraft or other small, remotely controlled craft such as drones.
The five associations are
- The UK Drone Association (Arpas UK)
- British Model Flying Association
- Scottish Aeromodellers' Association
- Large Model Association
- FPV UK
Simon, Dale, chief executive of FPV UK, said it had opposed registration since it was announced. About 4,000 members of FPV UK are regular drone flyers.
"Registration will do nothing to improve safety or security because bad actors will not register their drones," he said.
Instead, he said, the regulations would put people off model and drone flying.
Mr Dale said FPV UK would continue to actively oppose registration.
He added: "Hopefully it will be scrapped before long, just like the dog licence."


{# Copyright (c) 2014 Kevin Bell. All rights reserved. #} {# See the file LICENSE.txt for copying permission. #} {% extends "base_form_content.html" %} {% block form_content %}
Your account has been activated. You can now login using the username and password you used to sign up.


This is the main page or index page.Anyone can access this website based on 2 types of logins only.
1.HOD login
2.STAFF login
The developers of this website and their qualifiation can be obtained by clicking on About Dev button on the top bar on the screen i.e., at top right corner.
This page is used for logging.To access further,a valid email and password has to be entered.
This page is used for Staff logging.
Register is used for creating new id for accessing database.
To create student record,click on add details button.
Enter valid details of a student and click on create student record.
After verification of details,click on continue to next page.
Upload photo of a student.To enter academic details of an year,click on that year.
Enter all the values like marks,SGPA,CGPA,student credits,attendence for both semesters.
To edit details of a student,enter their registered roll no. and edit it.
To Display the details of particular student this page is used.student roll number is used to search.
This is used for adding subjects for every semester.
Since subjects change every year,they have to be updated for every batch.
Used for finding list of students from a year with minimum credits.
For obtaining list who has minimum number of credits,enter year and credit value.This list is diaplayed.
To logout from the page,click on logout button.
After logout,it returns to the main page of the website.


Dorte Mandrup Wins Competition to Design Cultural Building in Norway
- by Christele Harrouk
- about 12 hours
The Danish architecture firm Dorte Mandrup A/S won the international competition to design “The Whale”, a new touristic attraction for northern Norway, that will tell the stories of the majestic sea creature through art, science, and architecture.
Located on a plot 300km north of the Arctic Circle, on the island of Andøya, a small town of 2600 citizens, which happens to be one of the best places in the world for whale watching, the cultural building is expected to strengthen northern Norway’s status as a travel destination.
Launched in spring 2019, the competition for the new arctic attraction gathered applications from 37 international teams. Dorte Mandrup A/S, specialized in cultural buildings, landmarks, transformations of listed buildings, and interventions in sensitive landscapes, was first qualified with finalists BIG, Snohetta and Reiulf Ramstad Architects, before winning the contest.
Choosing a winner of the architectural competition has been a major challenge because we had several proposals of very high quality. However, the project from Dorte Mandrup is a clear winner and meets the competition criteria in the best way. It is poetic and low-key and at the same time a very exciting and unusual building. We look forward to working with Dorte Mandrup to realize the Whale in Andenes. With this fantastic proposal, we have what it takes to create a world-class attraction. – Børre Berglund, CEO of The Whale AS and head of the jury of the architectural competition.
Created for a unique landscape, “The Whale” was designed as an extension of the natural site, rising physically like a hill and creating cavities underneath. Thought as an experience in itself, the building offers diverse perceptions. The Danish architecture studio imagined a parabolic shaped roof, directly inspired by the surrounding. The curved roof, covered with stones, mimics even the natural envelope of the land. Blending with the context, the building also enhances the setting through the introduction of a complementary function. “The Whale”, expected to open by 2022, will host exhibition spaces, offices, a café, and a store.
Located this far North, Andøya is a unique place and The Whale an extraordinary project. Not only will we be creating architecture in yet another remarkable landscape, but we will also take part in increasing the understanding of whales and preservation of marine life, […] Right here on the edge of the ocean, we will be making a mark in a magnificent and ancient landscape. This opportunity comes with great responsibility, which is extremely motivating and inspiring. – Dorte Mandrup, Founder and creative director of Dorte Mandrup A/S.
- Project name: The Whale
- Client: The Whale AS
- Typology: Cultural Building
- Location: Andenes, Norway
- Gross floor area: 4500 m²
- Completion: Expected 2022
- Architect: Dorte Mandrup A/S
- Landscape Architect: Marianne Levinsen Landskab
- Exhibition Design: JAC Studio
- Engineering: Thornton Tomasetti
- Art Consultant: Anders Kold
- Whale researcher: Nils Øien


The Works of Edgar Allan Poe
by Edgar Allan Poe
The Haunted Palace
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1903
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Poe, E.A. (1903). The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven Edition, Volume 5. New York: P. F. Collier and Son.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 8.0
- Word Count: 304
- Genre: Poetry
- Keywords: allegory, doom
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
IN the greenest of our valleys
By good angels tenanted,
Once a fair and stately palace—
Radiant palace—reared its head.
In the monarch Thought's dominion—
It stood there!
Never seraph spread a pinion
Over fabric half so fair.
Banners yellow, glorious, golden,
On its roof did float and flow,
(This—all this—was in the olden
Time long ago,)
And every gentle air that dallied,
In that sweet day,
Along the ramparts plumed and pallid,
A winged odour went away.
Wanderers in that happy valley,
Through two luminous windows, saw
Spirits moving musically,
To a lute's well-tuned law,
Round about a throne where, sitting
(Porphyrogene)
In state his glory well befitting,
The ruler of the realm was seen.
And all with pearl and ruby glowing
Was the fair palace door,
Through which came flowing, flowing, flowing,
And sparkling evermore,
A troop of Echoes, whose sweet duty
Was but to sing,
In voices of surpassing beauty,
The wit and wisdom of their king.
But evil things, in robes of sorrow,
Assailed the monarch's high estate.
(Ah, let us mourn!—for never sorrow
Shall dawn upon him desolate!)
And round about his home the glory
That blushed and bloomed,
Is but a dim-remembered story
Of the old time entombed.
And travellers, now, within that valley,
Through the red-litten windows see
Vast forms, that move fantastically
To a discordant melody,
While, lie a ghastly rapid river,
Through the pale door
A hideous throng rush out forever
And laugh—but smile no more.


Give Your Offerings & Tithes
Amount
Types Of Giving
Offerings
Tithes
Giving Towards Glory House
Give


eXisTenZ (1999)
Directed by David Cronenberg Starring : Jude Law, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Don McKellar
Running Time approximately 1hr 40mins
Reviewed by Jack Choo
Rating : ** out of *****
The movie starts with a rather se7en-ish opening sequence, rather cool and sets the mood for things to come. The story propels the audience into a neo-reality; somewhat very close to conscious reality but laced with weird tinges of blue and red. eXisTenZ is actually the name of a new virtual-reality game. Supposedly, VR games are highly popular as is considered a legal-drug in this neo-reality. **** (Leigh) is the ultimate game creator and introduces her ultimate game-experience in the form of eXisTenZ. Players are required to have bio-ports embedded in their spine, which plugs to a game-pod in order to enjoy the immersive experience.
During a secretive beta-testing-cum-teaser meeting for this new game, an assassination attempt on *** life occurs and she runs off with fellow bodyguard *** (Law). *** is more of a realists than anything else, afraid that he'll lose reality if he begin to play these games but *** requires his help to immerse together with her into eXisTenZ to check if the program is still functioning properly after the assassination attempt. As they soon discover, they are transported between realities within eXisTenZ uncovering more than they initially expected.
eXisTenZ has all the Cronenberg-gore that is expected of him. Even so, this film is no-where near his cult classics such as Videodrome or Scanners. Not even half as suspenseful as the commercially successful The Fly. eXisTenz can probably be looked upon as his 90's version of Videodrome, even so, it is a poor follow-up. While in most of his famed films, his penchant for gore always hit the right note with theme of the film and plot. In eXisTenz, the gory sequences are no more attached to spirit of the film and seem to be an act of over-indulgence than anything else.
Jennifer Jason Leigh and Jude Law, both commendable actors, looked aloof and miss-directed throughout the entire film. The scripting and acting barely pulls the film out of the B-grade category. It was obvious that Cronenberg worked on a really tight-budget and it seems that he handled that pretty well in the production design and values created for this film (the opening sequence, though, probably formed a considerable portion of the budget!) which is actually quite good.
eXisTenZ is too predictable and cliched in these times. 10 years ago, it would have been another classic for Cronenberg. Cronenberg fans however, (those people who enjoy seeing friends getting queasy over mutilation on film) should not give this film a miss as some form of appreciation can still be offered by you.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Education
Cartography Department
THE MAP
Know more about this by searching on:
Wikipedia
Search on Wikipedia
Google
Search on Google


Before Change
// take real part (imaginary part should be approximately zero)
// and divide by number of spins
return cplx.real(psi_ratio_sum).div_(samples.shape[-1])
class SigmaZ(ObservableBase):
rThe :math:`\sigma_z` observable.
After Change
// take real part (imaginary part should be approximately zero)
// and divide by number of spins
res = cplx.real(psi_ratio_sum).div_(samples.shape[-1])
if self.absolute:
return res.abs_()
else:
return res
class SigmaZ(ObservableBase):
rThe :math:`\sigma_z` observable.
Computes the magnetization in the Z direction of a spin chain.


We started working on our project. No one knew where to start from. A wonderful educational application, in our hands. God, help us. :)
We finally got it. It is our baby. Everyone is excited, we work on it day and night. :)
Things are getting complicated! We have to work hard! It is exhausting.
So, here we are. Welcome to bitClassroom.
Developer
@* *@Developer
@* *@Developer
@* *@Developer
@* *@Developer
@* *@Developer
@* *@WHAT


[1]
following day and with the outside temps in the 80s it was not a pleasurable experience .
[2]
inn includes several buildings with a motel outline :/: room doors opening on a common balcony .


@* * Copyright 2019 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import uk.gov.hmrc.play.views.html.helpers @import uk.gov.hmrc.iafrontend.config.AppConfig @import uk.gov.hmrc.iafrontend.controllers @this( mainTemplate: uk.gov.hmrc.iafrontend.views.html.main_template, form: uk.gov.hmrc.play.views.html.helpers.FormWithCSRF ) @()(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages, appConfig: AppConfig) @mainTemplate(title = Messages("upload.title"), bodyClasses = None) {


---
layout: post
title: 12/6
date: '2012-12-06T22:39:00.002-07:00'
author: Jacob .
tags:
modified_time: '2012-12-06T23:55:24.670-07:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6400085873105072120.post-8918251462877978489
blogger_orig_url: http://www.svlark.com/2012/12/big-day-for-drones.html
---
Audrey and I watched Shipwrecked this evening. Exciting stuff! It's about a Norwegian boy whose father is injured and in order to earn the money to head off a foreclosure on the family farm he ships out to sea. We also did a little TYCTR, but she was pretty tired and silly so we didn't do too much.
I cleaned up the To-do page. It was pretty chaotic before, I thought. Not that there's any less to do now, but I'm keeping it at a higher level on that page now.
I've also spent some time on boat research this evening.
-19.1 @ 252.1


We are a bunch of passionate amateur cricketers,
lucky to have come all the way to US and still able to play the game that we love. We believe in
providing equal opportunity to the committed cricketers nurturing their talent. WCC is a friendly
and vibrant club where new players are warmly welcomed. While we do strive for excellence on the
field, however social side of the club game is also very important to us. We believe in the old
saying that “Cricket is a gentleman’s game” and we respect our opponent on and off the field.
April 2019
Our Humble Beginnings
Washington Cricket Club was established in Spring 2019 and in its
inaugural season won both the 40 over (Div D) and 20 over (Div E) NWCL championship.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 1
For the prawn kebabs, heat a griddle pan until smoking.
Skewer the tiger prawns onto the lemongrass stalk, drizzle with the olive oil and season well with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Place onto the griddle pan and chargrill for two minutes on each side, or until completely cooked through.
To make the noodle salad, place the oil, vinegar, chilli and soy sauce into a large bowl and mix together well.
Add the herbs, cooked prawns, cucumber, carrot, noodles and salad onions. Toss together and season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
To serve, place the noodle salad onto a large plate and garnish with the prawn kebab.


?THE
NEW
YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
Plants
of
Puerto
Rico
No.
IO69O
Dipholis
salicifolia
(L.)
DC.
Small
tree,
8
m.
tall,
limestone
hills,
Hato
Tejas.
Brother
Alain
Liogier_
February
22,
196k
01029235
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


{% extends "dinette/base.html" %} {% block content %}
{{ result.object.search_snippet|safe }}
We do not have any results for this query.


--- layout: page status: publish published: true title: GNIS author: display_name: Jessie Pechmann email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>date: '2011-11-23 09:22:52 -0700' categories: [] tags: - sgid - Data - placenames ---
The following data is available for download:
Location.PlaceNamesGNIS2010 contains the latest release of the GNIS dataset for the state of Utah. The dataset consists of point locations with corresponding feature names. All point entities are categorized by feature type.
This dataset is updated and released every ten years. There are no constraints or warranties with regard to the use of this dataset.
General Utah GIS data inquiries<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Other Links:


Youssef's Portfolio
Home
About Me
Projects
Contact
(current)
Contact Info
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Send a message
First Name
Last Name
Email Address
Phone Number
Write a message
Send


| Contents | Previous | Next |
Evolution in open distributed systems must be managed carefully because correct operation depends on a great number of dependencies between packages. The impact of changes within a distributed system has a significant impact on users, support organizations, web administrators, and developers. Packages within a distributed system must operate correctly given only partial knowledge about the state of the whole system. The difficulty is increased because the packages of the system must be able to evolve at different rates. Evolution in such a system is made possible by explicitly managing the dependencies between the packages using techniques of object oriented design to govern how individual packages evolve. The Java language defines packages that are a natural for the consistent unit of update, they expose only public interfaces and consume only public interfaces of other classes.
| Contents | Previous | Next |


This is a paragraph, designed to demonstrate how great I am at HTML.
I can make a word bold, or perhaps in italics.
I can indicate superscript, like "the 4th of July".
I can indicate subscript, like "H2O".
I can make a line break,
like so.
I can display things underneath horizontal rules, like below.
Use the strong tag for things of great importance,
Use the emphasis tag to change sentence meaning.
This indicates a block quote, a long quote which is indented.
A different tag is used to indicate smaller quotes, like so
.
Both types can be cited, but q tag does not work in Explorer.
You can use an acronym/abbreviation, like Prof, if you like.
You can reference a book, like HTML & CSS, with cite.
You can note something's defining instance, or the first time you mention something that requires definition, with dfn.
I can signify content that has been removed deleted, as well
as content that has been put in (inserted).
There is also the s tag for content that is no longer relevant, like a
sign saying Was £20.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>221B Baker Street, London.
This image's title displays when you hover your cursor over it, and has alt text, a width value and a height value.
This image uses the HTML5 figure and figcaption tags to put the image with its' caption.
| This | table | uses |
| row | and | data |
| tags | for | creation |
| Column heading | |
|---|---|
| Row heading | Info goes here |
| Cheese | |
| Cheese | |
The above table uses the rowspan and colspan attributes to make the individual cells go across multiple columns or rows.
| Name |
|---|
| Brie |
| Therefore, cheese |
The above table uses the thead, tbody and tfoot tags to signify the head, main body and end of the table - useful for long tables.
You can use the iframe tag to place another webpage within your webpage.
You can use the seamless attribute to remove any scroll bars.
You can also use escape codes, like & or £, to display different characters.


Created by David Strauß, Eberhard Gräther and Christian Winkler. Fork and improve the code over at GitHub! We love Raphaël!


This is a Mac Excel FRT record. Same as a CF but wrapped in an FRT header. This describes the cell formatting for the preceding listfield, if present.
Record Data
|
Offset |
Field Name |
Size |
Contents |
|
4 |
rt |
2 |
Record type; this matches the BIFF rt in the first two bytes of the record; =08c5h |
|
6 |
grbitFrt |
2 |
FRT flags; bitfFrtRef must be set to 1; see FRT Record Description |
|
8 |
REF |
8 |
REF structure; see FRT Record Description. |
|
16 |
rtcf |
var |
CF structure; |


Two car crash blocks stretch of A140
by Adam HowlettA stretch of the A140 near Little Stonham has been blocked by a two-car crash.
Police were called at around 9.25am today, Thursday, November, a crash involving a Nissan and a BMW on Norwich Road.
According to a spokesman for Suffolk police, one of the drivers has suffered a minor injury in he crash.
He said: "There are two vehicles involved.
"The road has been blocked as of 9.40am."
He added that the East of England Ambulance Service had also been called to the scene.


Source code for pyutil.dlink
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Symlink all of the files in one directory into another.
.. module:: dlink
:synopsis: Symlinks a directory of files from another.
Synopsis
--------
This module can be used to create individual symlinks to every file in a
directory. This is a huge convenience wen symlinking dotfiles or configuration
files held in a different location than where the software of interest expects
it.
This is quite easily one of my most frequently used scripts.
Usage
------
.. code-block:: shell
ln -s path/to/dest/* [path/to/src]
As an example, one can ``git clone dotfiles`` in a directory named `projects`
or `src`. The location of the git repository is irrelevant, and as such, we'll
refer to it as `src` from here, as `dest` as it's where the symlinks point to.
For example if wants symlinks pointing to ``/home/User/dotfiles/.vim``,
then running dlink.py in ``/home/User/.vim`` with ``$HOME/dotfiles/.vim`` as
an argument will create symlinks in ``$HOME/.vim`` pointing to
``$HOME/dotfiles/.vim``.
Inspiration
------------
If the module is given 2 args, the intended response is for it to behave similarly to the classic Unix idiom:
.. code-block:: shell
ln -s path/to/dest/* [path/to/src]
or treat it similarly to :func:`os.symlink()`.
"""
import os
import sys
[docs]def dlink(dest, src):
"""Symlinks a directory from another one.
Parameters
----------
dest: str
The directory where the original files are located.
src : str
Optional argument indicating the directory where the symlinks
are to be created.
If the `src` argument isn't provided, it is assumed that the current
working directory is the `src` dir.
"""
for i in os.listdir(dest):
# First let's set up the relative paths for our destination and src
dest_file = os.path.join(dest, i)
src_file = os.path.join(src, i)
if os.path.isdir(dest_file) and not os.path.isdir(src_file):
# If the first item in dest is a dir, make sure it exists in src
try:
os.mkdir(src_file, 0o777)
except IsADirectoryError:
# If that dir exists already, move along.
pass
elif os.path.isfile(dest_file):
try:
os.symlink(dest_file, src_file)
except Exception as e:
if os.path.islink(src_file):
# If a symlink already exists, then we're okay
pass
elif os.path.isfile(src_file):
# If there's a file, complain.
print(e)
if __name__ == "__main__":
cwd = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "")
src = sys.argv[-1] if len(sys.argv) == 3 else cwd
# If we don't get 2 args shut down.
try:
dest = sys.argv[1]
except IndexError:
sys.exit("What directory do you want to link to?")
if not os.path.isdir(dest):
sys.exit("Dir: " + dest + " is not a recognized directory. Exiting.")
dlink(dest, src)


Surfer with proficiency in programming.
I'm currently working with NodeJs, VueJs, Typescript and Docker.
Web Developer Specialist in multiples open-source technologies, rather based on Linux.
I have some valuable knowledge Microservices, Dockerization, PostgreSQL, SqlServer, MongoDB and Redis.
Backend technologies as NodeJS, .Net and Ruby on Rails.
I believe software should work as an improvement in life's quality of users.
By making them, I feel like my work has a real impact on people's life.
I consider myself a dynamic developer, always open to new innovations, technologies, and challenges.


Pushdown Automata Variants
Originally Authored: July 2023 | Last Updated: July 2023 | Reading time: ~20 min | Author: Beau Carlborg
Article contents:
1: Pushdown Automata and their Variants
2: Components of a PDA Definition
3: Single Character Popping PDAs
4: Multi-Character Popping PDAs
5: Stack State Accepting PDAs
6: Closing Thoughts and Additional Remarks
Note: Symbols used in this Document
1: Pushdown Automata and their Variants
Pushdown automata (PDAs for short) are a specific model of automata.
Automata are abstract models of computers; they are theoretical machines defined using mathematical concepts. Automata can help us model programs and software in the same way that calculus can help us model a ball's path through the air. Studying automata can help us conceptualize the programs and algorithms we work with on a regular basis.
Automata can take many forms, but we often discuss string-recognizing automata. A specific automaton can be imagined as a machine that processes a sequence of characters. Once all of the characters are processed, the automaton either accepts or denies the string. This simple form of machine proves to be a surprisingly useful abstraction for most software.
There are many different forms of string-recognizing automata, each with varying capabilities and power. Often, the key distinction between different forms of automata is the memory that the automata can utilize. The simplest automata, like finite state machines, may have only one memory cell whose value is determined by following a graph structure of states based on the input characters read by the automata. Other more powerful automata like Turing machines have an infinitely large memory that can be filled with any number of predefined symbols. Pushdown automata are one type of automata that sits somewhere in the middle of the total hierarchy of automata.
A PDA has one memory cell controlled with a finite state control graph as well as an infinite memory store structured as a stack., where elements can only be read from or written to the top of the stack. Their infinite memory gives them more power than the simpler automata like finite automata, but the restricted form of the stack memory makes them less capable than an automata like a Turing machine.
PDAs are appropriate models for a surprising number of practical computational tasks. PDA's can model programs straddling the line dividing easy and hard problems. A program that can be modeled by a PDA can often be solved quite efficiently, but a problem too difficult to be solved with a pushdown automata may be difficult to solve in a reasonable time frame. Many computational problems of practical importance, like parsing a programming language or a depth first search of a tree, can be modeled with a pushdown automata.
PDAs are often given at least a chapter's worth of focus in books covering theoretical computer science. A typical coverage of PDAs will introduce a definition of nondeterministic pushdown automata, give a few example PDAs, provide a proof of equivalence with context-free grammars, and maybe introduce deterministic pushdown automata.
I have struggled with the coverage of pushdown automata in a number of resources because I failed to fully grasp the initial definition that the content builds on. I have two theories about why these definitions were difficult to wrap my head around.
Firstly, there are a handful of different PDA definitions in use across different books on the subject. While all of these definitions are quite similar and define variants that are computationally equivalent, the variety can be disorienting. The definitions all yield slightly different pushdown automata variants with their own subtleties. It took me longer than I would like to admit to realize that these different variants were in use. It took me even longer to internalize the difference in the definitions and feel comfortable switching between them.
Secondly, I feel that pushdown automata are simply peculiar. PDAs have neither the austere simplicity of a finite state machine nor the all encompassing flexibility of a Turing machine. Instead, they are an automata with an awkward stack memory structure that is tricky to define using a mathematical definition. Defining PDAs often involves additions to our definitions like starting stack symbols that just feel awkward.
It is because of my trouble with these definitions that I wanted to write this post. Over time I was able to develop my own mental model for organizing and thinking about these definitions that helped me build a conceptual foundation for PDAs and begin to understand the more interesting results about this automata.
2: Components of a PDA Definition
It is worth re-emphasizing that PDAs are only a theoretical model of computation. As such, it is entirely up to us to define what they are and how they work using tools from mathematics. The most common definitions of pushdown automata use sets of symbols and functions over those sets as the building blocks of a PDA definition.
A typical automata definition may look something like this: . This definition is a collection of 7 symbols (a 7-tuple) where each symbol represent some set, function.
At first encounter, it may not even seem possible that a series of symbols representing sets and functions can define an abstract computer. It is not a particularly intuitive representation.
To understand a definition like this, I find it productive to think about the broad types of information that need to be formalized, then figure out how the symbols fit into those categories.
Our automata is akin to a program on a computer in more than just an abstract sense. I find that using a similar mental model for specifying programs is useful for specifying an automata.
When we consider a program, we need to know about the program's:
- Program Character Sets: What symbols are used to represent the program, and how are they encoded. Is the program a sequence of unicode characters? Or a binary blob composed of 16-bit machine code instructions.
- Program Static Data or Initial Configurations: Programs are not just code. They include static data with information like the default values for variables and constants all need to be specified in the program data itself.
- Program Code: The actual instruction that the program executes. These instructions define the program's behavior and control flow.
- Program Accepting or Terminating Conditions: When is the program done, and how do we interpret its results, does the program write a certain value to the stdout, does it set some register to indicate it was successful? We need a way to interpret the output of our program and determine wether it was successful or unsuccessful.
We can apply this same mental model of a program's content to the definition of a pushdown automata. The information in our PDA definition or specification needs to explain:
- Automata Character Sets: As mentioned before, a PDA processes an input string and writes and reads data from an internal stack. Our input tape and our stack are both collections of symbols and we must specify all of the characters that our automata is equipped to process.
- Automata Programming: As our automata executes, it will read input characters, it will update its state, and it will push and pop symbols on our stack. This behavior can be encoded using a function that describes how the automata updates its internal state as new characters are processed.
- Automata Initial Configuration: Just like a program, our PDA also may have some initial configuration or default values. PDAs specify an initial control state and may have some initial data on their stack in order to kick off their execution properly.
- Automata Accepting Conditions: Finally, we need to specify the conditions that indicate our PDA has accepted a string. These conditions will be based on some aspect of the pushdown automata's internal data (finite control and the stack).
Every symbol in our definition helps to specify one of the above aspects of our program. Understanding the formal definitions of pushdown automata is a matter of internalizing how each symbol and its value informs one of the above qualities in our definition.
To make things more concrete, we will explain a few common PDA definition variants and show how each fits into this little framework.
3: Single Character Popping PDAs
The first PDA variant we will discuss is one that pops a single character off the stack on every transition. This is a common PDA variant introduced in CS theory and is often the base that other PDA variants are based on. We will build up a definition for this PDA using the framework above.
We first begin with the simplest category, character sets. We need to introduce two sets of symbols this PDA can process. One set for the input string and another for the stack.
Character sets: Our PDA uses two character sets, and . These refer to the set of input symbols the automata is capable of working with. is the set of symbols the automata can read in the input strings, and is the set of symbols that the automata can read and write from its stack.
Now that we have established the symbols this PDA will use, we can formalize the single popping behavior of this pushdown automata. This quality will be captured by the programming in our framework above. As with any PDA's programming, we need to define a finite set of control states for the automata and a transition function that outlines how the automaton moves from one state to another as a result of the current input and stack character. The states will be a simple set, and the transition function will read an input character, read a finite control state, and pop a character off of the top of the stack, then output possible next states and new data to add to the stack.
Programming: Our set of finite states will be represented by the symbol , and our transition function will be represented by the symbol . is a Simple set of symbols, and is a transition function of the form . This can be read as saying the transition function takes three inputs: a required current state, an optional current input character, and a required symbol at the top of the stack. The function's output is a set of state and stack symbol string pairs.
There is a peculiar aspect to this transition function worth highlighting. On every transition, we must pop one character from the stack, but we may push zero or many characters back on. To me, this seemed an unsightly asymmetry at first; however, it is necessary in order to grow and reduce the stack. When we wish to reduce the stack size, we may pop a character and push an empty string. When we wish to grow the stack, we may pop a character, then push a string with that same character and additional new stack characters appended on.
With the programming and character sets established, we can now consider the PDA's initial configuration. In order to support single character popping on every transition, we must add a starting stack character to our initial configuration. Every transition our PDA makes requires there already be one character to pop, and so, in order for our first transition to function, we must already have one character on the stack.
Initial Configuration: Our initial configuration must include two values. Like any finite state machine, we must include a starting state where . As mentioned above, for this particular pushdown automata variant, we also must include a starting stack symbol where
Finally, we must specify the acceptance conditions for this PDA. Much like finite automata, this PDA uses a set of accepting states, which are a subset of the states introduced in the programming of this automata.
Accepting Conditions: finally, we must specify the acceptance conditions for this PDA. Much like finite automata, this PDA uses a set of accepting state conditions where . If the PDA is one of these states when the full input has been read, then the PDA accepts the current string.
We can put all of these values together into a 7 component tuple . Any base PDA that we define will need to specify values for these 7 properties.
By thinking about this automata definition using a mental framework in which automata are like programs and must specify character sets, initial configurations, programming, and acceptance conditions, it becomes much easier to break down a definition like this. Instead of seeing an arbitrary list of symbols, we can see that each symbol helps build out a core aspect of our automata's behavior.
4: Multi-Character Popping PDAs
Another common form of PDA definition is one in which the PDA has the ability to pop zero or many characters on each transition step. This is a natural extension from the base PDA and can make the programming of the PDA much simpler. This variant's definition is nearly identical to the base single character popping PDA's but with two slight modifications, one in its the programming and another in its initial configuration.
With regard to programming, this PDA will use the same set of finite control states but will need a slightly updated transition function to support popping multiple characters. This is a relatively easy update and merely requires updating the typing of our transition function. We simply need to accept as an input rather than .
Programming: Our PDA will have a set of states, , for its finite state control. The transition function for this PDA will be represented by the symbol which is a function with the form . This can be read as saying the transition function takes three inputs: a required current state, an optional current input character, and a string of zero or many stack symbols from the top of the stack. The function's output is a set of state and stack symbol string pairs.
The other difference in the multi-popping PDA's definition is in the initial configuration this PDA needs. In the base PDA we needed to add a start symbol to our stack so that our transition function could make a valid first move. But with this PDA, that is no longer necessary. We can have transitions that pop no characters from our stack, and so starting with an empty stack is ok. With this, our new initial configuration is simplified:
Initial Configuration: This PDA variant will require a starting finite control state represented by the symbol where . This PDA variant will not require a starting stack symbol as our first PDA variant did.
We can put this updated programming and initial state together with the unchanged character sets and accepting conditions from the previous automata definition and form the following definition:
Our multi-character popping PDA is defined by the following 6-tuple
The differences between this and the base PDA definition are small -- a slight change to our transition function and the removal of a state symbol -- but by using a mental model where PDAs are built from character sets, initial state, programming, and accepting states, the significance of the differences are more easily understood.
5: Stack State Accepting PDAs
The final PDA variant I will introduce is one that uses an alternate acceptance mechanism. Our base PDA and multi-character popping PDA both accept strings using predetermined accepting states (We've been using the symbol to represent these). This acceptance method is the same as one that would be used by a finite automaton to accept a string.
But, just like we can modify the programming of a PDA to create a new variant, we can also modify the acceptance conditions of our PDA. We can create a new PDA that accepts when the stack is in a particular configuration. We can specify a string that needs to be on the stack when the input string has been fully read. If that string is on the stack, then we will accept it.
Acceptance Conditions: We will specify the string that must be on the stack to accept using the symbol where every symbol in is a member of the stack character set .
We can apply this acceptance modification to both of the PDAs we have defined thus far by replacing the final state symbol with our new stack acceptance string symbol .
For the single popping PDA, a stack state acceptance variant would be defined with the following 7-tuple:
For the multi-character popping PDA, a stack state acceptance variant would be defined with the following 7-tuple:
It is worth noting that many textbooks and resources which cover PDAs present an empty state acceptance PDA. This is merely a sub case of the stack state acceptance PDA in which the accepting PDA string is just the empty string. Definitions for this specific PDA variant will omit altogether.
6: Closing Thoughts and Additional Remarks
Why choose one definition over the other?
Ultimately it comes down to your goals for using the PDA. Some variants are better for representing certain proofs while others are easier to write programs for. Choosing one variant over another is not that different from choosing one programming language over the other. Usually, each language can achieve the same end results, but it comes down to how well-suited that language is for the task.
Are these variants truly interchangeable?
Computationally, yes, these are interchangeable. This means that each of the PDA variants presented here can accept every language that another PDA variant would. In terms of complexity, the situation is a bit more complicated. Some of the machines can represent an automata for the same language with different complexity properties.
The different complexity properties of each PDA are particularly obvious with the multi-character popping PDA. It is clear that the single character popping PDA can achieve the same results by simply popping the letters of multi-character string one by one. But doing so requires more steps and more states than the multi-character PDA would use.
How could we prove they are equivalent?
The process of proving that two automata variants are equivalent comes down to showing that any language that can be accepted by an automaton in the style of variant A can also be accepted by an automaton in the style of variant B and vice versa. Most textbooks that cover pushdown automata give specific examples of this process and how it can work.
Generally, the proof is done by showing that for any PDA of variant 1, we can construct a PDA in variant 2 that accepts the same language; then doing the same thing in reverse, showing that we can construct a PDA in variant 1 based on the PDA in variant 2.
Oftentimes, creating the constructed PDAs in a new variant is the easy part, but proving that the two PDAs actually accept the same language is the hard part.
Which books have you been referencing to learn about PDAs:
There have been many, but these are a few I like
- Introduction to the Theory of Computation by Michael Sipser: This is the canonical undergrad book on the theory of computation and automata. The book's writing style is approachable, and the pacing is very reasonable. The book's coverage of pushdown automata specifically is not as complete as some other books in this list, but this is a fantastic starting point if this topic matter is new to you.
- Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation by John Hopcroft: This is my go to reference for information on automata and computer science theory. I would say the book assumes slightly more mathematical maturity than the Sipser book, but not by much. I find that the proofs specifically in this book are laid out in a particularly lucid way.
- The Theory of Parsing, Translation, and Compiling by Alfred Aho and Jeffrey D. Ullman
Note: Symbols used in this Document
- = lower case delta
- = lower case epsilon
- = upper case sigma
- = upper case gamma
- = the set containing all possible pairs with one element from A and one from B -- known as the cartesian product of A and B
- = the set containing all subsets of A -- known as the power set of A


2020 Kia Niro Unveiled With Styling Updates And Additional Tech
by Sahil KukrejaKia has revealed a fresh new update for its Niro Hybrid and PHEV crossovers at the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show, set to launch early next year
The Kia Niro is not only a handsome looking crossover, but it also currently holds a Guinness World Record for the lowest fuel consumption by a hybrid vehicle. The 2020 refresh does not mean anything has changed, but the car gets some new styling updates along with a few additional features inside the cabin.
The 2020 Kia Niro gets a slightly redesigned front fascia which continues to sport the brand’s signature Tiger Nose Grille but with a mesh insert. The car now gets boomerang shaped LED DRLs slotted in the corners of the front bumper. It is also offered with a new set of striking dual tone alloy wheels.
At the rear, we get to see a larger faux skid plate along with tweaked tail lamps. In terms of tech on offer, the Niro comes with an 8-inch touchscreen infotainment system running on Kia’s UVO system and integrated with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto as standard. A larger 10.25-inch unit with navigation and Harman/Kardon stereo is offered with the higher variants.
Other additions include ambient lighting, electronic parking brake, and new paddle shifters, which double up as the controls for the regenerative braking, as seen on the Hyundai Kona Electric in India. On the safety front, Kia has added driver assistance tech such as lane following, lane keep assist, and automatic headlamps.
The drivetrains on offer remain unchanged. The regular Niro gets a 1.6-liter four-cylinder petrol engine paired with a 1.56 kWh battery that churns out a combined 139 HP of max power and 264 Nm of torque. The Niro PHEV trim is offered with the same 1.6-liter petrol unit, but comes paired with a bigger 8.9 kWh battery and has the same power output.
However, Kia claims that the PHEV variant can give you an additional driving range of 42 km (26 miles) in full-electric mode. The 2020 Kia Niro will start reaching dealerships early next year, but the Korean manufacturer has not revealed of the upcoming refreshed model yet.


Survey Form
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This is a landing page, for a very big project, in an international company.
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Rails 2.2 delivers a number of new and improved features. This list covers the major upgrades, but doesn’t include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the list of commits in the main Rails repository on GitHub.
Along with Rails, 2.2 marks the launch of the Ruby on Rails Guides, the first results of the ongoing Rails Guides hackfest. This site will deliver high-quality documentation of the major features of Rails.
Rails 2.2 is a significant release for the infrastructure that keeps Rails humming along and connected to the rest of the world.
Rails 2.2 supplies an easy system for internationalization (or i18n, for those of you tired of typing).
Along with thread safety, a lot of work has been done to make Rails work well with JRuby and the upcoming Ruby 1.9. With Ruby 1.9 being a moving target, running edge Rails on edge Ruby is still a hit-or-miss proposition, but Rails is ready to make the transition to Ruby 1.9 when the latter is released.
The internal documentation of Rails, in the form of code comments, has been improved in numerous places. In addition, the Ruby on Rails Guides project is the definitive source for information on major Rails components. In its first official release, the Guides page includes:
-
All told, the Guides provide tens of thousands of words of guidance for beginning and intermediate Rails developers.
If you want to generate these guides locally, inside your application:
rake doc:guides
This will put the guides inside Rails.root/doc/guides
and you may start surfing straight away by opening Rails.root/doc/guides/index.html
in your favourite browser.
Supporting the etag and last modified timestamp in HTTP headers means that Rails can now send back an empty response if it gets a request for a resource that hasn’t been modified lately. This allows you to check whether a response needs to be sent at all.
class ArticlesController < ApplicationController def show_with_respond_to_block @article = Article.find(params[:id]) # If the request sends headers that differs from the options provided to stale?, then # the request is indeed stale and the respond_to block is triggered (and the options # to the stale? call is set on the response). # # If the request headers match, then the request is fresh and the respond_to block is # not triggered. Instead the default render will occur, which will check the last-modified # and etag headers and conclude that it only needs to send a "304 Not Modified" instead # of rendering the template. if stale?(:last_modified => @article.published_at.utc, :etag => @article) respond_to do |wants| # normal response processing end end end def show_with_implied_render @article = Article.find(params[:id]) # Sets the response headers and checks them against the request, if the request is stale # (i.e. no match of either etag or last-modified), then the default render of the template happens. # If the request is fresh, then the default render will return a "304 Not Modified" # instead of rendering the template. fresh_when(:last_modified => @article.published_at.utc, :etag => @article) end end
The work done to make Rails thread-safe is rolling out in Rails 2.2. Depending on your web server infrastructure, this means you can handle more requests with fewer copies of Rails in memory, leading to better server performance and higher utilization of multiple cores.
To enable multithreaded dispatching in production mode of your application, add the following line in your config/environments/production.rb
:
config.threadsafe!
There are two big additions to talk about here: transactional migrations and pooled database transactions. There’s also a new (and cleaner) syntax for join table conditions, as well as a number of smaller improvements.
Historically, multiple-step Rails migrations have been a source of trouble. If something went wrong during a migration, everything before the error changed the database and everything after the error wasn’t applied. Also, the migration version was stored as having been executed, which means that it couldn’t be simply rerun by rake db:migrate:redo
after you fix the problem. Transactional migrations change this by wrapping migration steps in a DDL transaction, so that if any of them fail, the entire migration is undone. In Rails 2.2, transactional migrations are supported on PostgreSQL out of the box. The code is extensible to other database types in the future - and IBM has already extended it to support the DB2 adapter.
Connection pooling lets Rails distribute database requests across a pool of database connections that will grow to a maximum size (by default 5, but you can add a pool
key to your database.yml
to adjust this). This helps remove bottlenecks in applications that support many concurrent users. There’s also a wait_timeout
that defaults to 5 seconds before giving up. ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool
gives you direct access to the pool if you need it.
development: adapter: mysql username: root database: sample_development pool: 10 wait_timeout: 10
You can now specify conditions on join tables using a hash. This is a big help if you need to query across complex joins.
class Photo < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :product end class Product < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :photos end # Get all products with copyright-free photos: Product.all(:joins => :photos, :conditions => { :photos => { :copyright => false }})
Two new sets of methods have been added to Active Record’s dynamic finders family.
find_last_by_attribute
The find_last_by_attribute
method is equivalent to Model.last(:conditions => {:attribute => value})
# Get the last user who signed up from London User.find_last_by_city('London')
find_by_attribute!
The new bang! version of find_by_attribute!
is equivalent to Model.first(:conditions => {:attribute => value}) || raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
Instead of returning nil
if it can’t find a matching record, this method will raise an exception if it cannot find a match.
# Raise ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound exception if 'Moby' hasn't signed up yet! User.find_by_name!('Moby')
Active Record association proxies now respect the scope of methods on the proxied object. Previously (given User has_one :account) @user.account.private_method
would call the private method on the associated Account object. That fails in Rails 2.2; if you need this functionality, you should use @user.account.send(:private_method)
(or make the method public instead of private or protected). Please note that if you’re overriding method_missing
, you should also override respond_to
to match the behavior in order for associations to function normally.
rake db:migrate:redo
now accepts an optional VERSION to target that specific migration to redoconfig.active_record.timestamped_migrations = false
to have migrations with numeric prefix instead of UTC timestamp.:counter_cache => true
) do not need to be initialized to zero any longer.ActiveRecord::Base.human_name
for an internationalization-aware humane translation of model namesOn the controller side, there are several changes that will help tidy up your routes. There are also some internal changes in the routing engine to lower memory usage on complex applications.
Shallow route nesting provides a solution to the well-known difficulty of using deeply-nested resources. With shallow nesting, you need only supply enough information to uniquely identify the resource that you want to work with.
map.resources :publishers, :shallow => true do |publisher| publisher.resources :magazines do |magazine| magazine.resources :photos end end
This will enable recognition of (among others) these routes:
/publishers/1 ==> publisher_path(1)
/publishers/1/magazines ==> publisher_magazines_path(1)
/magazines/2 ==> magazine_path(2)
/magazines/2/photos ==> magazines_photos_path(2)
/photos/3 ==> photo_path(3)
You can now supply an array of methods for new member or collection routes. This removes the annoyance of having to define a route as accepting any verb as soon as you need it to handle more than one. With Rails 2.2, this is a legitimate route declaration:
map.resources :photos, :collection => { :search => [:get, :post] }
By default, when you use map.resources
to create a route, Rails generates routes for seven default actions (index, show, create, new, edit, update, and destroy). But each of these routes takes up memory in your application, and causes Rails to generate additional routing logic. Now you can use the :only
and :except
options to fine-tune the routes that Rails will generate for resources. You can supply a single action, an array of actions, or the special :all
or :none
options. These options are inherited by nested resources.
map.resources :photos, :only => [:index, :show] map.resources :products, :except => :destroy
/customers/1.xml
) to indicate the format that you want. If you need the Accept headers, you can turn them back on with config.action_controller.use_accept_header = true
.redirect_to
now fully supports URI schemes (so, for example, you can redirect to a svn`ssh: URI).render
now supports a :js
option to render plain vanilla JavaScript with the right mime type.polymorphic_path([@project, @date, @area])
with a nil date will give you project_area_path
.javascript_include_tag
and stylesheet_link_tag
support a new :recursive
option to be used along with :all
, so that you can load an entire tree of files with a single line of code.RJS#page.reload
to reload the browser’s current location via JavaScriptatom_feed
helper now takes an :instruct
option to let you insert XML processing instructions.Action Mailer now supports mailer layouts. You can make your HTML emails as pretty as your in-browser views by supplying an appropriately-named layout - for example, the CustomerMailer
class expects to use layouts/customer_mailer.html.erb
.
Action Mailer now offers built-in support for GMail’s SMTP servers, by turning on STARTTLS automatically. This requires Ruby 1.8.7 to be installed.
Active Support now offers built-in memoization for Rails applications, the each_with_object
method, prefix support on delegates, and various other new utility methods.
Memoization is a pattern of initializing a method once and then stashing its value away for repeat use. You’ve probably used this pattern in your own applications:
def full_name @full_name ||= "#{first_name} #{last_name}" end
Memoization lets you handle this task in a declarative fashion:
extend ActiveSupport::Memoizable def full_name "#{first_name} #{last_name}" end memoize :full_name
Other features of memoization include unmemoize
, unmemoize_all
, and memoize_all
to turn memoization on or off.
The each_with_object
method provides an alternative to inject
, using a method backported from Ruby 1.9. It iterates over a collection, passing the current element and the memo into the block.
%w(foo bar).each_with_object({}) { |str, hsh| hsh[str] = str.upcase } #=> {'foo' => 'FOO', 'bar' => 'BAR'}
Lead Contributor: Adam Keys
If you delegate behavior from one class to another, you can now specify a prefix that will be used to identify the delegated methods. For example:
class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base has_one :account delegate :email, :password, :to => :account, :prefix => true end
This will produce delegated methods vendor#account_email
and vendor#account_password
. You can also specify a custom prefix:
class Vendor < ActiveRecord::Base has_one :account delegate :email, :password, :to => :account, :prefix => :owner end
This will produce delegated methods vendor#owner_email
and vendor#owner_password
.
Lead Contributor: Daniel Schierbeck
ActiveSupport::Multibyte
, including Ruby 1.9 compatibility fixes.ActiveSupport::Rescuable
allows any class to mix in the rescue_from
syntax.past?
, today?
and future?
for Date
and Time
classes to facilitate date/time comparisons.Array#second
through Array#fifth
as aliases for Array#[1]
through Array#[4]
Enumerable#many?
to encapsulate collection.size > 1
Inflector#parameterize
produces a URL-ready version of its input, for use in to_param
.Time#advance
recognizes fractional days and weeks, so you can do 1.7.weeks.ago
, 1.5.hours.since
, and so on.ActiveSuport::StringInquirer
gives you a pretty way to test for equality in strings: ActiveSupport::StringInquirer.new("abc").abc? => true
In Railties (the core code of Rails itself) the biggest changes are in the config.gems
mechanism.
To avoid deployment issues and make Rails applications more self-contained, it’s possible to place copies of all of the gems that your Rails application requires in /vendor/gems
. This capability first appeared in Rails 2.1, but it’s much more flexible and robust in Rails 2.2, handling complicated dependencies between gems. Gem management in Rails includes these commands:
config.gem _gem_name_
in your config/environment.rb
filerake gems
to list all configured gems, as well as whether they (and their dependencies) are installed, frozen, or framework (framework gems are those loaded by Rails before the gem dependency code is executed; such gems cannot be frozen)rake gems:install
to install missing gems to the computerrake gems:unpack
to place a copy of the required gems into /vendor/gems
rake gems:unpack:dependencies
to get copies of the required gems and their dependencies into /vendor/gems
rake gems:build
to build any missing native extensionsrake gems:refresh_specs
to bring vendored gems created with Rails 2.1 into alignment with the Rails 2.2 way of storing themYou can unpack or install a single gem by specifying GEM=_gem_name_
on the command line.
script/server
now supports Thin directly.script/plugin install <plugin> -r <revision>
now works with git-based as well as svn-based plugins.script/console
now supports a --debugger
optionrake notes:custom ANNOTATION=MYFLAG
lets you list out custom annotations.Rails.env
in StringInquirer
so you can do Rails.env.development?
A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
Rails::SecretKeyGenerator
has been replaced by ActiveSupport::SecureRandom
render_component
is deprecated. There’s a render_components plugin available if you need this functionality.Implicit local assignments when rendering partials has been deprecated.
~~~ruby def partial_with_implicit_local_assignment @customer = Customer.new(“Marcel”) render :partial => “customer” end ~~~
Previously the above code made available a local variable called customer
inside the partial ‘customer’. You should explicitly pass all the variables via :locals hash now.
country_select
has been removed. See the deprecation page for more information and a plugin replacement.ActiveRecord::Base.allow_concurrency
no longer has any effect.ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages
has been deprecated in favor of I18n.translate('activerecord.errors.messages')
%s
and %d
interpolation syntax for internationalization is deprecated.String#chars
has been deprecated in favor of String#mb_chars
.Date
and Time
class arithmetic instead.Request#relative_url_root
is deprecated. Use ActionController::Base.relative_url_root
instead.Release notes compiled by Mike Gunderloy


--- title: "1.1 — The Tools of Microeconomics — Class Content" citeproc: false bibliography: ../../static/bib/references.bib csl: ../../static/bib/chicago-syllabus-no-bib.csl output: blogdown::html_page: template: ../../pandoc/toc-title_html.template toc: true editor_options: chunk_output_type: console ---
This is an R Markdown document. Markdown is a simple formatting syntax for authoring HTML, PDF, and MS Word documents. For more details on using R Markdown see http://rmarkdown.rstudio.com.
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## speed dist
## Min. : 4.0 Min. : 2.00
## 1st Qu.:12.0 1st Qu.: 26.00
## Median :15.0 Median : 36.00
## Mean :15.4 Mean : 42.98
## 3rd Qu.:19.0 3rd Qu.: 56.00
## Max. :25.0 Max. :120.00
You can also embed plots, for example:
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Curriculum
In our club, you will be taught to use a a variety of game development tools, from game engines to game objects. You will also be learning the programming skills necessary to sucessfully use these tools, including C#, JavaScript, and much more! Want to improve your coding skills? Our curriculum teaches you both the software and physical aspects of game design: from ideas, to design, to coding


My name is Ruth. I've lived in Albuquerque for almost 30 years. I'm originally from Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico. I am a mother, a linguist, and a community organizer. I enjoy playing softball, going to local events, and learning new things.
Some things that make my life interesting:
I am a functional linguist.
I help raise money for my kid's high school band.
I like heavy metal music.
My first computer was a Commodore 64 when I was 8.