{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
Userena is a Django application that supplies your Django project with full account management. It's a fully customizable application that takes care of the signup, activation, messaging and more. It's BSD licensed, which means you can use it commercially for free!
Got any feedback? Visit us at Github.
Userena is an django application that supplies your project with full account management. It handles the signup, activation, signin etc. for you. It also supplies your users with an optional profile model that integrates gravatar avatars. Signup at this website and try it out for yourself.
Userena is licensed under the BSD license. This means it's free for commercial use. You don't have to worry about any licensing..
Bread & Pepper uses userena in their own projects. Because of this we have often revised the code and spared you repeating this work. This has made us confident enough to be able to say that the the software is ready for production. Because it's open source, we also get feedback from the community that we use to build a solid product.
Account management is an important aspect of any website, therefore we have chosen for 100% test coverage for every bit of code. This reduces bugs and makes sure that we don't introduce any new ones when updating.
Userena comes with an optional, chat-like, messaging system. This allows your users to communicate with each other through your site. It's use is intuitive and easy!
Permission for viewing other peoples profiles are managed by django-guardian. This way we can let the user decide if they want to share their profile to everyone, registered users or nobody.


What is DroneOn?
Drone on seeks to redefine what it means to use drones. Whether you’re looking for a drone for the weekend or you have a drone in the back of your closet that is waiting to be flown, DroneOn is for you.
Why Drones?
Why are consumer drones suddenly so popular? Why would I even want a drone? Consumer drone usage has risen dramatically in the past couple of years. Drones are attainable and affordable and the industry is as accessible as it's ever been!
A Brief History of Consumer Drones
In a few short years, the consumer drone industry has been through it all: skepticism, hype, the boom of excitement and outside investment, companies overpromising and overstretching, new heights of innovation, palm-sized gadgets capable of things once restricted to science fiction. It’s been a thrilling ride so far.
So What Are You Waiting For?
 Get ready to drone until your dreams come true.


Here is clever content to make up a paragraph these are random content slash words to fill up space
my favorite movies
My Favorite Fruit Flavors
pictures provided by Lorem Picsum
Here is how we use the strong tag. Here is how we use the em tag. Here is how we use the strike tag.
| First Name | Last Name | |
| John | Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Jane | Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|


PARTY FOR MARY BELLE LATTA
PREFACE: The yellowed clipping does not give a date, but the party
must have been between 1894 and 1897
(possibly Mary Belle
Latta s 21st birthday in 1895) because the guests
included Mr. and Mrs. T.L. Latta who were married in 1894 (Thomas Leroy Latta
and Mary Burris), single cousin Anna Latta who married W.F. Turner in
1897, and Mary Belle s sister Louisa ( Lou ) who was also still single at this time but married to
Chris Matz in 1901. My references to
the article always included a note that it was probably from the Spirit of
Democracy (because I was unaware of other newspapers in the area at the
time), but when it was published in the Monroe OGS Navigator in 1999,
editor Karen Romick attributed it to the Foxhollow column in the Monroe
Gazette. (Preface by Betty Latta
Kitchen)
One of the most pleasant social events
of the season was the surprise birthday party given by about one hundred of the
young people to Miss Mary Latta, on May 25th. The surprise was complete. The beginning of the evening was spent in
social chat, interspersed with instrumental music by J.T. and sister and
brother, after which came the ice cream supper (with cake and lemonade to
prevent taking cold.) During supper J.
T. Latta gave us some fine comic songs, with banjo accompaniment.  Haren, pair of towels; J.T. Latta, silk handkerchief;
Clem. Standt, side combs and silk handkerchief; Mr. And Mrs. T. L. Latta, water
pitcher; Miss Anna Claus, handkerchief; John Christman, 50 cents; Wm. Wall, 25 cents; Miss Lou Latta, lamp; Miss
Katie Christman, silk handkerchief; Miss Rosa Burkhart, apron; H. J. Landefeld,
25 cents; George Christman, 25 cents; Misses Tillie and Louisa Claus, apron;
Gus. Standt, 50 cents; Miss Emma Steel, 25 cents; J.W. Ruble, fruit dish; Lewis
Landefeld, 25 cents; Geo. Christman, silk handkerchief; Miss Ida Haren, apron;
Miss Lou Keller, apron; Adam Weiscent, pair gloves; Miss Sadie Burris, white
shirt waist; Clem Weiscent, red blouse pattern; Mr. and Mrs. D.W. Latta, tea
set and silk handkerchief; Fred Christman, bottle of perfume in casket; Ray
Murray, silk scarf; Ben. A. Haren,
fancy chair tidy. Several other
presents were received without names.
After supper was over, a few enjoyable games were played, after which we
all went home, wishing Miss Mary many happy returns of the day or rather
evening.
....... ........
Miss Etta Brownfield is at Quaker City.
Miss Mary Latta has been visiting
friends at Atlas.
Messrs. T.L. and J.T. Latta made a
business trip to Barnesville, Monday.
Messrs. Abraham, Walter and Lewis
Landefeld have just finished a new barn for Mr. H.H. Claus.
Tobacco plants are scarce, but peaches
and cherries are scarcer. Corn and
potatoes pretty badly nipped.
Misses Lou and Mary Latta were in
Barnesville last week.
Messrs. Ben. and Greg. Haren were at
Woodsfield, Saturday.
Misses Rosa and Julia Burkhart visited
friends and relatives at Fulday.
A few of the young people attended a
ball near Monroefield, Saturday evening.
Albert Younkus* thinks some of the
Foxhollow girls know how to bake cake.
Miss Mary Brownfield is visiting
friends and relatives at Malaga.
Well, boys, do you know what you ll do
if you come down to Foxhollow? We
do.
* Same person: The name is interchangeably spelled Yunkus and Younkus by
different authors.
Note: The
material below the dotted line above was not part of the article about the
party, however, it was in the same edition of the newspaper and clearly
intended to add information about the people who attended the party.
Click here for the Short-Cut Table of Contents


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Mangrove tree planting
-
You will plant mangrove trees in an area previously used for aquaculture in south west Bangkok. Be prepared to get muddy and wet - but have a lot of fun! This trip involves a journey of one hour.
-
The Freedom Project
-
You will make soap out of silkworms with a group of students from the Freedom Project in Chiang Mai. The Freedom Project helps rehabilitate victims of trafficking back into the community.
-
Fordec
-
You will visit a local community and daycare centre for deprived families and run fun English focused play and craft activties with the pre-school aged children.
-
Pong Ploy
-
You will visit a local school, very close to BPS, and deliver basic English classes for older primary school children.
-
Thongbai play visit
-
Help host a visit from 20 lively 4 year old children from a local daycare centre. You will entertain the children with both inside and outside activities.
-
Home of Grace
-
Your team will paint an area of the Home of Grace's shelter for pregnant women in Bangna.
-
Courageous Kitchen
-
Cook with a group of children from a locally based migrant community. These students have been working to develop cooking skills to help them aupport themselves. Don't worry you dont need to be an expert cook!
-
Trash Heros
-
Visit Baan Pli and work as a team to clean up recyclable waste in the area around Lake Taco. Learn more about the issue of solid domestic waste as well.
-
PAWS
-
Visit a cat sanctuary and help with the day to day care of the animals.
-
VIE
-
Your team will paint a mural on the playground wall at the Village Education Centre. Help create a bright and stimulating environment for the children here.


JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.
JavaScript has object-oriented capabilities that allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages.
The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.
All of the above.
JavaScript is designed for creating network-centric applications.
JavaScript is complementary to and integrated with Java.
JavaScript is is complementary to and integrated with HTML.
JavaScript is open and cross-platform.
Both of the above.
Less server interaction.
Immediate feedback to the visitors.
Increased interactivity.
Client-side JavaScript does not allow the reading or writing of files.
JavaScript can not be used for Networking applications because there is no such support available.
JavaScript doesn't have any multithreading or multiprocess capabilities.
You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keyword as variable name.
JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9).
JavaScript variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore character.
JavaScript variable names are case sensitive.
None of the above.
Variable used in the code doesn't exist
jQuery
Variable is not assigned to any value
Property doesn't exist
Alert
Confirm and
Pop up
Prompt
append()
concat()
attach()


Repositories
In order of most recently updated:
-
stilvoid.github.io
Steve Engledow's projects and ramblings.
-
cloudformation-cli-go-plugin
The CloudFormation Provider Development Toolkit Go Plugin allows you to autogenerate Go code based on an input schema.
-
cloudformation-cli
The CloudFormation Provider Development Toolkit allows you to author your own resource providers that can be used by CloudFormation.
-
unicorn-maker
Unicorn-maker is a complete example of a Cloudformation custom provider. This resource is built in multiple languages, to get you up and running creating Cloudformation custom resources.
-
offal
-
podless
A serverless application that downloads podcasts to an S3 bucket
-
feathers
International Bartenders Association (IBA) Official Cocktails in machine readable format
-
clap
-
please
Please is a command line utility that makes it easy to integrate web APIs into your shell scripts.
-
maur
-
ps1
An informational command prompt for bash
-
decatime
-
aws-cloudformation-templates
A collection of useful CloudFormation templates
-
aws-waf-workshop
A workshop about AWS WAF and the WAF Security Automations Solution
-
sequences
-
go-yaml
YAML support for the Go language.
-
dmenu
a mirror of the suckless dmenu, with feature branches instead of separate patches
-
mima
-
logoids
-
dotfiles
Stilvoid's dotfiles
-
aws-sdk-go-v2
AWS SDK for the Go programming language.
-
stash3
A command line tool and AWS configuration for creating an S3-based pastebin-style storage area.
-
Lantern
Exploring the original Zork source code with Graphviz and an interactive d3 map, using JavaScript and an extension of Peter Norvig's Python Lisp parser to handle MDL
-
amazon-ecr-credential-helper
Automatically gets credentials for Amazon ECR on docker push/docker pull
-
aws-sam-cli
AWS SAM CLI 🐿 is a CLI tool for local development and testing of Serverless applications
-
falsoyd
A terrible game I wrote around ~2000EV
-
git-get
git-get is an opinionated command that helps you keep your code folder in order
-
yaml
A better way to marshal and unmarshal YAML in Golang
-
cfn-flip-service
A serverless API that converts CloudFormation templates between JSON and YAML formats
-
microservices-workshop
-
git-cube
A tool to help you never to forget to commit and push your code changes.
-
guide-to-synthesis
-
goformation
GoFormation is a Go library for working with CloudFormation templates.
-
bin
A collection of little scripts that I keep in ~/bin to make my life easier
-
shue
A command line tool for modifying and converting colour values for use with CSS etc.
-
sjtaesvoen.guru
jsatseovne :D
-
bleng
A blogging engine
-
workflowy-php
An unofficial WorkFlowy API written in PHP.
-
troposphere
troposphere - Python library to create AWS CloudFormation descriptions
-
pyyaml
Canonical source repository for PyYAML
-
fotopo
A serverless file-sharing platform that uses Amazon Cognito for authentication and S3 for storage
-
marbles
A markdown blogging engine - serverless
-
summer-of-s3
A serverless application that generates md5 and sha1 checksums for files uploaded to an S3 bucket
-
jake
Jake is a serverless application for making nested lists of stuff
-
graphviz-render-service
A serverless API that renders Graphviz documents as PNG or SVG
-
markpoint
Convert markdown into HTML presentations
-
aws-cli
Universal Command Line Interface for Amazon Web Services
-
sync-buckets-state-machine
A sample AWS Step Functions (SFN) state machine, designed to one-way synchronize an Amazon S3 source bucket into another S3 destination bucket.
-
git-aux
Use git to manage often-replicated files across computers
-
derp
Docker made Easy for Real People
-
av
Simple python script for counting votes under the Alternative Vote system
-
saws
A Supercharged AWS Command Line Interface (CLI). http://bit.ly/git-saws
-
thiy
Templating HTML in YAML
-
docker-bower
A means to use bower without needing to install node
-
irssi-strip-html
An irssi strip that uses html2text to convert annoying HTML messages into more readable text
-
pincushion
A magical nginx reverse proxy for linking Docker containers
-
Smyck-Color-Scheme
Color Scheme for Terminal.app, iTerm2, Vim, MacVim, Sublime Text2 and Textmate
-
docker-examples
Docker examples to go with a presentation
-
gitlab-ci-runners
-
buggy
A bash-friendly JSON parser
-
centrick
A pebble watchface that shows the time using concentric arcs
-
markdown-js
A Markdown parser for javascript
-
polyclock
A simple watchface that draws a changing polygon
-
binary-face
A left-to-right binary watch face for Pebble
-
irssi-scripts
-
babel
An easy-to-parse and easy-to-produce data exchange format for easing communication between processes written in different programming languages.
-
easydict
Access dict values as attributes (works recursively)
-
competition-entries-1
A repository of all Linux Voice competition repositories
-
competition-entries
A place for LV competition entries to live
-
git-tools
A collection of git commands to provide some common, useful functionality when managing sizeable projects.
-
Ire
A regular expression based scripting language
-
logdiff
Command line tool that highlights differences within a log file
-
miniserv
Simple node script to serve files from a directory over HTTP
-
vimd
Vim-based markdown editor
-
pimms
Pi MultiMedia Server
-
nosef
A set of nice wrapper functionality for quickly building web services
-
Ploxy
A logging HTTP proxy


11 charts on why the NHS matters in this election
by Nick Triggle and Ben ButcherThe NHS is a key battleground in the general election.
Whether it is extra money, tackling growing waiting lists or recruiting staff, politicians are keen to be seen championing the NHS.
But what shape is the NHS actually in?
1. We spend more on the NHS than ever before...
Last year more than £156bn was spent on health across the UK - about 12 times the figure that was spent 70 years ago.
And that's after you adjust it for inflation.
It means today around 30p out of every £1 spent on public services goes on health.
How the NHS budget has grown
UK health spending from 1949 to 2019
Source: Institute for Fiscal Studies
2. ...but spending has slowed
Ever since the early 1950s the budget has been increasing, but the scale of those rises has varied quite considerably.
The average rise has been just over 4%. The biggest rises were seen under the Labour governments between 1997 and 2010 when the average annual rise was about 6%.
This dropped to 1% under the post-financial crisis coalition government between 2010 and 2015 - a figure which then rose under the majority Conservative government of recent years.
The NHS now has a five-year funding plan, which will see the budget rise by 3.4% a year on average until 2023.
Ministers have championed this as "record funding" for the NHS. They are right to say it is the highest it has ever been. But that claim could be made in any given year and it is certainly not the most generous government in the history of the health service.
However, it is worth mentioning that neither Labour nor the Lib Dems went into the last two elections with significantly higher funding pledges than the Tories.
3. Use of private companies has increased
Labour likes to talk about the risk of privatisation of the NHS, accusing the Conservatives of wanting to do a deal with US President Donald Trump.
But the truth is private firms are already involved in providing NHS care. Just over 7% of the budget goes on private providers, up from just over 5% in 2011-12.
Percentage of NHS budget spent on private providers
England
Source: Department for Health and Social Care, Full Fact research
These can be deals to run a specific service or to take on some NHS patients for routine treatments like hip and knee replacements.
But it still leaves the overwhelming majority of care provided by the state and state-employed staff.
Actually, GPs are technically independent small business contracted to provide a service to the NHS - but they tend not to be considered as private providers.
NHS money also goes to the private sector to purchase drugs and equipment.
Nearly all of this is bought centrally so the NHS can use its bargaining power to negotiate good deals. A recent example of this was the agreement reached with Vertex to fund its cystic fibrosis treatments.
The NHS got a significant saving on the price the drug manufacturer originally wanted. Fears have been raised that US firms would want the NHS to agree more lucrative deals - they get more money for their drugs in their own country. But given the cost to the NHS of such a concession many doubt this is likely.
4. Waiting times are getting worse
There are three key targets for hospitals: covering A&E, cancer care and routine operations, such as knee and hip replacements.
All parts of the UK have been struggling to hit them.
The way they are measured differs between the UK nations.
The A&E target is the most directly comparable - in that each nation expects 95% of patients to be treated or admitted in four hours.
A&E performance across UK
% of patients dealt with inside four hours
Source: NHS England, Information Analysis Directorate, ISD Scotland, Stats Wales
Performance is worse in Wales and Northern Ireland than it is in England and Scotland.
Scotland is the last nation to have hit the target - back in the summer of 2017.
Meanwhile, in cancer care patients are meant to start treatment within 62 days of an urgent GP referral. But that too is being missed, while waiting lists for routine treatments are rising.
In England it has topped 4.4 million - the highest on record. Some 15% have waited more than the target time of 18 weeks.
5. The population is ageing
The ageing population is certainly a major factor for the growing pressures - and it is one with which all health systems in the world are struggling.
Medical advances have meant that people are living longer. When the NHS was created, life expectancy was 13 years shorter than it is now.
This is something to celebrate. Infectious diseases are no longer a significant threat. Heart attacks do not claim the lives of people early in the same numbers.
Even cancer is not the death sentence it once was - half of people now survive for a decade or more.
But this progress has come at a cost. People are living with a growing number of long-term chronic conditions - diabetes, heart disease and dementia. These are more about care than cure - what patients usually need is support.
6. Care for older people costs much more
That level of ill-health means the average 65-year-old costs the NHS 2.5 times more than the average 30-year-old.
A 90-year-old costs more than seven times as much.
Relative cost of treating a 90-year-old compared to a 30-year-old
Relative cost in £
Source: Institute for Fiscal Studies
As the numbers of older people continue to rise so will the cost to the NHS.
This is compounded by other factors, including the rising cost of new drugs and high levels of obesity. A third of adults are so overweight they are risking their health significantly.
All this contributes to what health economists call health inflation - the idea that the cost of providing care outstrips the normal rise in the cost of living across the economy.
This is why health has tended to receive more generous rises than other areas of government spending.
7. The UK spends a lower proportion on health than some other EU countries
But despite this the UK has been left trailing some other parts of Europe when it comes to spending as a proportion of GDP, which is a measure of the size of the economy.
It is a gap that has widened since the previous Labour government was in power from 1997 to 2010.
How the UK compares to other EU countries
Comparison of spending on public and private health and care as a % of GDP, 2017
Source: OECD
The result, as you would expect, is fewer beds, doctors and nurses per patient in the UK than the big spenders, which tend to tax people more.
Germany, for example, has almost twice as many nurses per capita than the UK.
8. The number of vacancies is high...
But the lack of staff in the NHS is not just because of less spending, the health service cannot even fill the posts for which it has got funding.
The NHS in England has nearly 100,000 jobs unfilled at the moment.
The total represents one in 12 of all the posts in the health service and would be enough to staff 10 large hospitals.
It includes around 40,000 nurse posts and nearly 10,000 doctor vacancies.
NHS vacancies by staff group
NHS England, Jan-Mar 2019
Source: NHS Improvement
Some of the gaps are filled using overtime and agency staff, but some simply go unfilled.
There are various initiatives in place to recruit and retain staff.
And the number of training places for doctors and nurses are increasing.
9. ...and building works are falling behind
While the government has been able to put more money into the NHS, one element of the budget that has been cut is the money set aside for capital projects.
That covers the cost of infrastructure, such as building works and IT.
Cost to clear maintenance backlogs
NHS England, £bn
Source: NHS Digital; high risk backlog means urgent attention is required to avoid serious injury, whilst low risk means lowest attention required.
In recent years that has resulted in a growing maintenance backlog with hospitals having to contend with leaky roofs, out-of-date equipment and crumbling buildings.
The capital budget increased by £1bn this year, bringing the budget up to £7bn.
10. Not many older people get free care
The NHS is also under pressure because of the problems in the social care system.
Social care includes day centres, help in the home for tasks such as washing and dressing, and good quality care in care homes during the final years of life. It is seen as essential to keep people well and living independently - and out of hospital.
The system is means-tested in England, which means only the poorest receive help from councils towards the cost of care.
But even then it is heavily rationed. The result is growing numbers of older people going without care.
Where older people with care needs get help
England
Source: Age UK, Laing Buisson, NHS Digital, Carers UK
According to Age UK, 1.4 million people over the age of 65 are not getting the care they need.
That represents one in seven of all older people and is a rise of nearly a fifth in two years.
This lack of care in the community has been directly linked to the growing pressures on hospitals by the Care Quality Commission, the body responsible for regulating standards across health and social care.
The regulator believes that without reform of the system, the extra money being put into the NHS could be swallowed up without a noticeable improvement in performance.
The other parts of the UK can make a case for being more generous in this respect - home care is capped in Wales and free for the over-75s in Northern Ireland, while Scotland provides free personal care (washing and dressing) in both care homes and people's own homes.
11. Satisfaction remains high
Despite the challenges being faced by the NHS, the majority of the public say they are satisfied with services.
The British Social Attitudes poll of nearly 3,000 people found 53% of people in England, Scotland and Wales were satisfied with services in 2018.
Patient satisfaction with the NHS
Great Britain
Source: British Social Attitudes survey
But levels of satisfaction are falling.
The latest score was a three percentage point drop since 2017 and the lowest level since 2007. A peak of 70% was seen in 2010.
Experts say waiting times and a lack of staff were major concerns as ratings for GPs dropped to an all-time low.


Nyzo version 495 (commit on GitHub) improves the stability of the verifier through improvements to the mesh listener.
This version does not affect the sentinel, as the sentinel does not use the MeshListener class.
Previously, the MeshListener class was especially lenient with incoming connections. This leniency made it unnecessarily easy to keep many connections to a verifier open, which could allow an attacker to disable a verifier. This version enforces a maximum amount of time that a verifier will devote to a single connection, and it also enforces a maximum concurrent number of connections that a verifier will accept from a single source.
All changes in this version are in the MeshListener class. At the top of this class, the variables that track the number of messages rejected and accepted have been changed to AtomicLong to eliminate potential concurrency issues. Also, a constant to define the maximum number of concurrent connections from a single IP has been added.
In testing, a value of 3 maximum concurrent connections per IP was sufficient to allow all normal verifier behavior, so the current maximum, 6, is twice the number of concurrent connections we would expect to see from a verifier operating normally. In the future, we will likely modify the Message class to strictly limit the number of concurrent outgoing connections to a single IP, which will allow this incoming maximum to be adjusted downward without penalizing verifiers that are attempting to behave properly.
The BiFunction interface is relatively new to Java, introduced in Java 1.8. This implementation of the interface will be used later by the map that tracks the number of connections from each IP, providing a simple sum of the counts if a merge is necessary. This merging behavior provides atomicity for the process of checking for existence of an item in a map and creating and adding it if it is not already present.
In the start() method, a Map has been added to track the number of connections per IP, and an AtomicInteger has been added to track the number of active threads. The number of active threads was initially intended only for testing, but it was found to be useful for performing cleanup on the map, so it was retained in the code.
Previously, when a connection was accepted, the readMessageAndRespond() method would be invoked as long as the source IP was not blacklisted. The logic has gotten slightly more complicated in this version, so processing of the socket has been moved into the new processSocket() method.
In processSocket(), blacklisting is handled first, as in the previous version. If iptables is being used, blacklisted IPs will be rejected outside the application, but this ensures quick rejection of blacklisted connections if iptables is not being used.
For connections from IPs not yet blacklisted, the number of active connections from the IP is checked. If the new connection causes the count to exceed the maximum, the connection is immediately closed and the IP is added to the blacklist.
At this point, it is worth noting that in-cycle verifiers are removed from the blacklist in a maintenance operation that is performed after each block is frozen. So, if an in-cycle verifier happens to trigger this new protection, the effect will be temporary.
Finally, a thread is started, as in the previous version, to read the message and respond to it. In this version, the setSoTimeout() method is invoked on the socket to ensure that reads do not block for more than 300 milliseconds. This ensures that no single connection uses an unreasonable share of resources.
When the number of active connections falls to zero, the connectionsPerIp map is cleared to avoid long-term storage of many zero values.
For this issue, ∩100,000 was awarded to a76e...2687 (transaction 1: ∩40,000, transaction 2: ∩60,000).


| 025:004 Khan | : |
Those who disbelieve say: "This (the Qur'an) is nothing but a lie that he (Muhammad SAW) has invented, and others have helped him at it, so that they have produced an unjust wrong (thing) and a lie." |
| 025:004 Maulana | : |
And those who disbelieve say: This is nothing but a lie, which he has forged, and other people have helped him at it. So indeed they have brought an iniquity and a falsehood. |
| 025:004 Pickthal | : |
Those who disbelieve say: This is naught but a lie that he hath invented, and other folk have helped him with it, so that they have produced a slander and a lie. |
| 025:004 Rashad | : |
Those who disbelieved said, "This is a fabrication that he produced, with the help of some other people." They have uttered a blasphemy and a falsehood. |
| 025:004 Sarwar | : |
The unbelievers say, "This (Quran) is no more than a slanderous statement which h,e (Muhammad), with the help of some other people, has falsely invented."  Indeed, they have perpetrated a great injustice and a great falsehood. |
| 025:004 Yusufali | : |
But the misbelievers say: "Naught is this but a lie which he has forged, and others have helped him at it." In truth it is they who have put forward an iniquity and a falsehood. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > (محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم > أقوال الكافرين فيه Pillars of Islam> The Blessed Muhammad(PBUH)> The Disbelievers' Tales About Him(PBUH) القرآن الكريم > حقيقته وتصديقه للكتب الأوائل The Holy Quran> The Quran's Reality and its confirmation of the Previous Books الإنسان والعلاقات الأخلاقية > الأخلاق الذميمة > الافتراء على الله ورسوله Man and The Moral Relations>The Dispraised Morals>Fabrication Against Allah and His Messenger
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


We are pleased about any critics and any constructive feedback.
Any way of active contribution is very welcome.
Please contact us, e.g. via the head of the overall project: esslinger@fb5.uni-siegen.de


Working with Your Blog
To begin working with your blog, you will want to enter the administrator (found at: yourblogurl/admin). In the left hand menu you will see various options:
- Home: Returns you to the administrator home page.
- Add Entry: Takes you straight to the form for adding a new entry.
- Entries: Lets you browse, add, delete, and edit blog entries.
- Categories: Lets you browse, add, delete, and edit blog categories.
- Comments: Lets you browse, add, delete, and edit blog comments. This is a useful place to remove spam comments.
- Moderate Comments: Used to moderate comments.
- Pages: Lets you browse, add, delete, and edit blog pages.
- Textblocks: Lets you browse, add, delete, and edit textblocks.
- Refresh Blog Cache: Refreshes the blog cache.
- Settings: Lets you modify the blog settings defined in the INI file.
- Subscribers: Lets you browse and remove subscribers.
- Mail Subscribers: Lets you send an email to your blog subscribers.
- Your Blog/Your Blog (New Window): Simply sends you to the public facing part of your web site.
- Your Blog Stats: Takes you to your blog stats.
- File Manager: Lets you upload and view files.
- Slideshows: Lets you work with slide shows.
- Update Password: I bet you can guess what this does.
- Users: Let's you modify users.
You will want to start by creating an initial blog category. You must have at least one blog category before writing an entry. After you have created a category, you may start writing blog entries.
Blog Entry Editing Options
When working with blog entries, there are a few special tags and features that you can use to enhance your entries:
<more/>
: Sometimes a blog entry may be very long.
It is preferable to show only a portion of the entry on the main blog and have the detailed link contain the entire entry.
By using the <more/>
tag in your blog entry, any text after the <more/>
tag will only show up on the individual entry display.
You must include the closing / in the tag. When blog entries are emailed, only the text before the <more/>
tag is included.

: The code tag allows you to wrap sets of code that you want to show up in your entry.
For example:
This is a sample entry. Blah blah blah. Here is some code

<cfset x = 1>
This is more text.
Any code inside the
block will be escaped
(< and > tags changed to < and >), color coded, and will have line breaks changed to
 tags.
<textblock label="">
: A textblock is simply a block of text with a label.
You can include textblocks dynamically in your blog entries by using the <textblock>
tag:
Here is my standard footer: <textblock label="footer">
Entries can have "enclosures", which are simply attached files. This is a handy way to attach a resource to a blog entry. One of the features of BlogCFC is that if you attach an image, the file will also be included at the top of the blog entry. This is a handy and simple way to display an image with a entry.
Scheduled Releases
BlogCFC supports delayed entries. This means you can write an entry now that won't be displayed until later in the day. Subscribers will not get an email on the entry until the entry is published. BlogCFC will automatically add a scheduled event to handle the entry release.
Draft Mode
BlogCFC technically doesn't support a draft mode, but an entry can be saved with the Released setting to false. This means that the entry will not be shown on the blog. If you want to write an entry and save it without publishing it, simply set the Released value to false.
HTML/XML-RPC Editors
BlogCFC uses a simple text area to handle entry editing. If you want fancier editing, you have two options. One is to simply use an XML-RPC capable blog editor. Your other option is to use an HTML edit control like tinyMCE. I've made this easier by abstracting the textarea field out of the blog editor. You can find this in the tags folder. The filename is textarea.cfm.
Publishing Non-Blog Content
BlogCFC has basic CMS (content management system) capabilities. While the basic blog application works great for diary style entries, there was no way to create basic content outside of the blog. BlogCFC provides additional publishing capabilities by providing support for Pages, Textblocks, and Slide Shows.
Pages
Pages are exactly what they sound like - complete pages of content. So imagine you wanted to add a "About Me" page to your blog. By using the pages feature, you could create a page that describes you. Once you give it a title, BlogCFC will automatically creates a SES (search engine safe URL) for the page and display it in the administrator. All pages live off the page.cfm file. So your "About Me" page might have this url: http://www.yourblog.com/page.cfm/About-Me
You can add any number of pages you want. To link to a blog page, simply use the URL displayed in the administrator.
Pages follow the same editing rules that blog entries do. This means you can include code and textblocks directly in the content.
The only tag not supported is the <more/>
tag.
Textblocks
A textblock acts much like a page. However, these are used for smaller pieces of content. For example, imagine you have a pod with your favorite links. Normally to update this you would need to edit the file and FTP it to the server. Textblocks lets you store the link pod data in the database. To use textblocks, simply use the textBlock application control:
<cfoutput>
#application.textblock.getTextblockContent("links")#
</cfoutput>
Textblocks are identified by their labels so ensure that you do not duplicate two textblock labels.
You can include the content of a textblock inside a blog entry by using the <textblock>
tag.
Please see the blog editing section for more information.
Working with Slide Shows
There are two ways to create slide shows. One way to create a slide show is to simply upload a folder of images underneath your blog's images/slideshows folder. If your folder was named "foo", you have created a slide show named foo. To view the slide show, simply go to: http://www.yourblog.com/slideshow.cfm/foo
BlogCFC will automatically discover all GIF and JPG files in the folder and will create a slide show based on those images. You should do your best to size your images beforehand as BlogCFC will not do any automatic sizing.
The second way to create slide shows is via the administrator. The administrator lets you add, edit, and delete slide shows. It also lets you add titles to your shows as well as captions to your pictures.
Podcasting
Podcasting for BlogCFC was added by Brian Meloche. Podcasting is a large topic so we'll just cover how BlogCFC handles it. We will also assume you've got your MP3 files already prepared and ready to go.
The first thing you need to do is add the MP3 to the blog entry. You can do this either by uploading the MP3 when editing the blog entry, or by using another program (like an FTP client) to upload the MP3 file. You can then manually type in the name of the file in the blog entry.
As soon as you have used an MP3 file for a blog entry, a simple, Flash based audio player will be rendered with the blog entry. Even if you have no plans of being a podcaster, this could be useful for folks who want to attach songs or other sounds to a blog entry.
BlogCFC supports settings for podcasting. They are: itunesSubtitle, itunesSummary, itunesKeywords, itunesAuthor, itunesImage, and itunesExplicit. These settings are used in the RSS feed and are used by various feed readers to help flag blogs with podcasts attached to them.
User Admin
BlogCFC handles security via a simple username/password mechanism. Out of the box, the admin user has the ability to do anything. However, you can create new users and give them specific roles.
Security
Currently BlogCFC ships with a set of roles that allow for control over who can write and publish content as well as manage categories.
Who you give access to these features is entirely up to you.
These roles are :
- Admin : A special role for the admin. Allows all functionality.
- ManageCategories : The ability to manage blog categories.
- ManageUsers : The ability to manage blog users.
- ReleaseEntries : The ability to both release a new entry and edit any released entry.


Finite Element Course
headers
Classes
IntRule.h File Reference
#include "
DataTypes.h
"
Include dependency graph for IntRule.h:
This graph shows which files directly or indirectly include this file:
Go to the source code of this file.
Classes
class
IntRule
Root class for integration rules This class stores the integration points and weights an integration rule.
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1.8.17


Freecell Solver version 2.40.0 has been released. It is available in the form of a source tarball from the download page.
This release contains a fix to a string overflow with processing the command line arguments, and an optimised command-line preset that can be invoked as -l blue-yonder (or -l by for short) that solves the Microsoft 32,000 deals in under 100 seconds on a Pentium 4 2.4GHz machine. It also contains some more minor changes: there is now a Scan: header with the name of the current soft thread, when debugging under -s -i, an off-by-1 iterations count was fixed and the iteration handling callback is now applied globally to all the instances. Finally, make_pysol_freecell_board.py has support for generating PySol's and PySolFC's "Black Hole" Solitaire deals, intended for my newly released Black Hole Solitaire Solver.
Enjoy!


%inherit file="/base/index.html"/> <%def name="title()">Server Error ${c.code}%def> <%def name="heading()">
You do not have sufficient permissions to access this page. Please sign in as a different user.
${c.message}


Show / Hide Table of Contents
Getting started
Commands
Introduction
Command Handlers
Events
Introduction
Event
Event Sourcing
Event Store
Event Processor
Read
Read Model
Queries
Read Model Repository
Aggregate Root
Concepts and Value Objects
Security Descriptor
Assembly Discovery
Type Discovery
Container - IOC
Validation
Principals
Tenants
Execution Context
Getting started
Commands
Introduction
Command Handlers
Events
Introduction
Event
Event Sourcing
Event Store
Event Processor
Read
Read Model
Queries
Read Model Repository
Aggregate Root
Concepts and Value Objects
Security Descriptor
Assembly Discovery
Type Discovery
Container - IOC
Validation
Principals
Tenants
Execution Context


from ImageHelpers import *
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from Defaults import *
from DataOperations import *
from PreprocessData.SegmentsManipulators import *
[docs]def split_one_array(arr,validation_split=0.2):
'''
:param arr: list of data to be split
:param validation_split: Split ratio, defaults to 80% for test set and 20% of validation set
:return: Returns split data
'''
if not(0 < validation_split < 1):
print "Choose validation_split in between 0 and 1. Setting the default value of 0.2"
validation_split = 0.2
split_at = int(len(arr) * (1 - validation_split))
arr_train = arr[0:split_at]
arr_val = arr[split_at:]
return arr_train,arr_val
[docs]def split_data(x,y,validation_split=0.2):
'''
:param x: Dataset, can be paths to images or directly the image data for example (?, 3,222,222)
:param y: Labels of the datasets
:param validation_split: Split ratio, defaults to 80% for test set and 20% of validation set
:return: Returns split data
'''
if not(0 < validation_split < 1):
print "Choose validation_split in between 0 and 1. Setting the default value of 0.2"
validation_split = 0.2
split_at = int(len(x) * (1 - validation_split))
x_test = x[0:split_at]
y_test = y[0:split_at]
x_val = x[split_at:]
y_val = y[split_at:]
#print "Split", len(x), "images into", len(x_test), "test and", len(x_val), "validation sets."
return x_test,y_test,x_val, y_val
[docs]def split_osm(osm,validation_split=0.2):
'''
Split array of osm vectors by validation split.
:param osm: osm data
:param validation_split: 0 to 1 fraction
:return: splitted osm data into osm_test, osm_val
'''
if not(0 < validation_split < 1):
print "Choose validation_split in between 0 and 1. Setting the default value of 0.2"
validation_split = 0.2
split_at = int(len(osm) * (1 - validation_split))
osm_test = osm[0:split_at]
osm_val = osm[split_at:]
return osm_test, osm_val
[docs]def LoadDataFromSegments(Segments, has_score=True, path_to_images=None, we_dont_care_about_missing_images=False):
'''
Turns loaded segments into data we will need for keras.
:param Segments: Loaded segments
:param path_to_images: additional path specification which we need before 'images/---.jpg'
:return: Returns list of urls of images and their labels (score in the Segment)
'''
list_of_images = []
labels = []
osm_vectors = []
segment_ids = []
segment_id = 0
flag_is_extended = False
'''
number_no_score_yes_img = 0
number_no_score_no_img = 0
number_yes_score_yes_img = 0
number_yes_score_no_img = 0
'''
for Segment in Segments:
'''
# stats:
if Segment.hasUnknownScore():
for i_th_image in range(0,Segment.number_of_images):
if Segment.hasLoadedImageI(i_th_image):
number_no_score_yes_img += 1
else:
number_no_score_no_img += 1
else:
for i_th_image in range(0,Segment.number_of_images):
if Segment.hasLoadedImageI(i_th_image):
number_yes_score_yes_img += 1
else:
number_yes_score_no_img += 1
'''
# if we care for score
if (has_score and not Segment.hasUnknownScore()) or (has_score == None):
# but we always care for images
for i_th_image in range(0,Segment.number_of_images):
location_index = Segment.LocationsIndex[i_th_image]
is_extended = False
if location_index > 500:
# then this particular image is loaded from an extended folder
is_extended = True
location_index -= 1000
flag_is_extended = True
if Segment.hasLoadedImageI(i_th_image) or (we_dont_care_about_missing_images):
filename = Segment.getImageFilename(i_th_image)
if is_extended:
filename = 'images' + filename[6:]
list_of_images.append(filename)
labels.append(Segment.getScore())
segment_ids.append(segment_id)
if Segment.Segment_OSM_MARKING_VERSION == OSM_MARKING_VERSION:
# only if we have one - checkOSMVersion could be used too
# Aaardwark, fix Segment.getNearbyVector(i_th_image) in Segment.LocationsIndex(i_th_image) -> Segment.LocationsIndex[i_th_image]
osm = Segment.DistinctNearbyVector[location_index]
osm_vectors.append(osm)
#print len(list_of_images), len(labels), len(osm_vectors), len(segment_ids)
segment_id += 1
# If the path to images is specific, modify it from simple "Data/images/" with putting path_to_images before it.
if (path_to_images is not None):
# for example to ['images/000.jpg', ...] it will add "DifferentPath/" -> ['DifferentPath/images/000.jpg', ...]
list_of_images = [(path_to_images+x) for x in list_of_images]
# stats printing
'''
print 'number_no_score_yes_img', number_no_score_yes_img
print 'number_no_score_no_img', number_no_score_no_img
print 'number_yes_score_yes_img', number_yes_score_yes_img
print 'number_yes_score_no_img', number_yes_score_no_img
'''
if len(osm_vectors) == 0:
osm_vectors = [None] * len(list_of_images)
return list_of_images, labels, osm_vectors, segment_ids, flag_is_extended
[docs]def LoadActualImages(list_of_images, resize=None, dim_ordering=KERAS_SETTING_DIMENSIONS):
# Load actual image data from paths
x = load_images_with_keras(list_of_images, target_size=resize, dim_ordering=dim_ordering)
x = np.array(x)
return x


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
To sign up, you will need to install GPG on your computer. To understand why, please read our FAQ at the bottom of this page.
GPG installation instructions (Mac OSX)Why should our feedback be anonymous, anyway? It often shouldn't be. We are agnostic, and see merits both ways. The purpose of this site is simply to enable true anonymity, when that is desired.
Why do I need to install special software?
In order to jumble up feedback responses and make them anonymous, we need to store them on a server. We don't want anyone, including site admins, to be able to read this feedback, so we store it encrypted. In order to read it, you decrypt it locally on your computer using your secret private key. This ensures you are the only person who can read your personal feedback.
How is my data kept safe? Feedback text that you author is sent to the server via a Secure HTTPS Socket, where it is immediately encrypted using Public-key_cryptography. It is stored in this encrypted form until results are published. The only person who can decrypt it is the recipient, using their private key.
{% endblock %}


General Information
- Breed Purpose
- Ornamental
- Comb
- Pea
- Broodiness
- Frequent
- Climate Tolerance
- Heat
- Egg Productivity
- Low
- Egg Size
- Medium
- Egg Color
- Light Brown
- Breed Temperament
- Friendly, tame, roosters likely to be very aggressive towards each other
- Breed Size
- Large Fowl
Shamo are a hard feathered game breed from Japan, said to have received their name from their country of origin Siam (Thailand) where they were imported about the seventeenth century. The breed was primarily used for naked heel cockfighting but there are other strains of Shamo used simply for exhibition purposes or meat fowl.
Many make the assumption that due to having arrived from Thailand previously, Shamo are just descendants of Thai gamefowl, but many Shamo breeders would disagree with this. It has been said that the ancestor to the Shamo were probably large Asil in which they do resemble more closely than a Thai.
The birds are to be very gentle with people, but cocks should never be permitted to be together after they are old enough to "game up"; this age may range from as early as 8 weeks up to 16 months for some of the large strains. Hens can also be very aggressive and may need to be kept separate from other hens, they should never be put with an immature male as they may end up killing him unless he can force her to submit to him. They have a very upright posture with prominent shoulders and a tail that is below horizontal. They have a very athletic build with powerful muscles throughout their body; due to the sparse, hard feathering it may require one to provide extra heating during the winter.
Birds also will need large roosts (preferably rounded) as adults to accomodate long legs and bodies and make sure the roost is not too high off the ground due to their heavy weight possibly damaging their legs (three foot is a good height). It is suggested not to provide young birds with roosts due to being slow growers and their keel being flexible for some time, if you provide a small roost it will cause their keel to become indented but with a large roost it should be fine.
The main two type of Shamo would be the Chu and O-Shamo, the only difference in these birds would be their weight. Chu Shamo weight ranges from 6.6 pounds up to 8.7 pounds. 8.8 pounds and above are classified as O-Shamo in cocks.
These are slow growing fowl, taking up to two years or more to be completely mature. As a result of that, one needs to not feed them too high of a protein content while growing. They can be fed regular chick starter up until about 8 weeks, but after that they need to have a feed with about 16% protein or less to stop them from going down on their legs because they grew too quickly for their bodies to handle it due to a high protein feed.
The hens can be very broody, but they make poor brooders due to being so large and clumsy with eggs. It is much easier to incubate Shamo than rely on hens hatching, especially hens with spurs as they tend to break eggs turning them more so than others.
They make excellent pets and are very easily tamed.
O Shamo chick
O Shamo pair


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title: Nitty gritty hints for iOS development
date: 2015-07-18 00:36:59.000000000 -07:00
type: post
published: true
status: publish
categories: []
tags: []
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I have been in iOS development for two full years and there are something you might want to keep in mind for making your app easier to DEVELOP and EXTEND. This post will be updated if there are many more in the future.
- General:
- Organize your file structure under actual folder as well as Project Navigator in Xcode. Your coworkers will find it easier to understand the code responsibility.
- Do spend some time to research whether some complex functionalities have convenient and meaningful third-parties to accelerate development process but DO NOT overuse or use less reliable frameworks.
- Take advantage of code snippets provided by Xcode and create your own convenient code snippets for future development. Your own codebase is highly recommended!
- UI-Layout:
- If you use a storyboard, try to split view controllers based on modules or responsibilities. Like, you can move all view controllers belonging to user management to a specific area etc. Also, including XIB files is accepted if it will make the project modular. You can split it into multi storyboards from iOS9.
- Use UIViewController with UITableView instead of UITableViewController so that you have the flexibility to change UI elements inside this UIViewController. There has a great article talking about this issue: Containment-View-Controller
- Coding:
- The naming convention has to be unified or taken good care in a specific manner so that your coworkers know what it does and its purpose.
- Create a file to handle key string and declare it as constant so that you can take advantage of auto-completion and avoid the typo. For instances, reuseIdentifier or segue identifier etc.
- Try to create your model classes just like creating library's APIs and consider critically what you should expose or not. For example, take advantage of public and private header declaration.
- Codes management:
- Get used to composing useful comments as well as git comments and sticking with clean coding style like the one from NYTimes Objective-C Style Guide.
- Always filter out unnecessary lines inside a file or files when committing like .xcuserstate, .xcbkptlist because your coworkers do not necessarily to have these files.
- Take advantage of GUI tool like SourceTree if you are not familiar with git command
These hints are my personal experience that will probably help you to reduce your time in iOS development. I have tried to finish a client app for two days ONLY. Hopefully, this will be helpful. Leave comments below and let's share what other iOS developers think.


A jack of all trades, and a master of a few. That is if you use master and few in the loosest possible sense. Interests include making things go fast, loud guitar, and programing. Pretentious views on all things coffee, beer and whisky. He also enjoys picking up and putting down heavy objects.
He is currently living in the UK and working as an engineer at a race team, with his focus being on aerodynamics.
Previously, he worked as a software engineer at Capital One doing everything from front end webdev, to containerized microservices, cloud application architecture, DevOp's and everything in between. He obtained his BS in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Texas at Arlignton, and a MSc. in Motorsport Engineering from Oxford Brookes University.


Configuring Live Authentication
How to enable or disable the DotNetNuke Live authentication system that allows users to login to DNN using their existing Live account. Note: The authentication providers included with DNN open the User Log In control within the page. The exception is DNN default authentication which uses a pop-up window for authentication.
Prerequisite. You will need to sign up for a Live Authentication account to complete this tutorial. This authentication system must be enabled by a SuperUser before it can be viewed and configured. See "Managing Authentication System Settings"
- Navigate to Admin > Advanced Settings > Extensions - OR - Go to an Extensions module.
- Expand the Authentication System section.
- Click the Edit button beside DotNetNuke Live Authentication Project.
- Expand the Authentication Settings section.
- At Enabled?, select from these options:
- to enable Live authentication.
- to disable Live authentication. Note that any ID and Secret information you have added will not be removed from these fields unless you manually remove them. This allows you to re-enable this authentication system at any time without re-entering this information. Skip to Step 8.
- In the APP ID text box, enter the information provided to you by Live.
- In the APP Secret text box, enter the secret code provided to you by Live.
- Click the Update Authentication Settings link. The Live login button is now displayed on the Login page and any Account Login modules.
-
See "Logging in with Live"


he seems to be a big shot
sir henry wotton on architecture: “commodity, firmness and delight”, which could also be linked to programming.
taking a point of view breaks up arguments. it’s no longer about being good, but about being “good of a kind”.
To take an aesthetic point of view with regard to X, is to take an interest in whatever aesthetic value X may possess, or is obtainable by means of X
searching aesthetic and realizing it
what are the aesthetic “rules of relevance”? Those implicitly or explicitly followed by people.
aesthetic value is the ability to provide aesthetic gratification (I would disagree, thinking that aesthetics can be combined with other fields, and it’s not so isolated. aesthetics provide cognitive stimulation, is better than gratification). but the interesting question is that of the type of aesthetic gratification, as opposed to other types.
Gratification is aesthetic when it is primarily obtained primarily from attention to the formal unity and/or the intensity of regional quality.
he sees aesthetic value as the one that is obtained under “optimal circumstances”. this is nice, but unrealistic. indeed, i’d prefer looking at it under “realistic” circumstances—cf. the “rules of relevance”
always adopting an aesthetic point of view might be detracting to other points of view, more important (e.g. engineering, soundness, etc.)
the objects of aesthetic interest—such as harmonious design, good proportions, or intense expressiveness—are not drugs, but part of the breadth of life (p. 34)


Posted by 赵祎鑫 on March 30, 2016
Posted by 赵祎鑫 on March 24, 2016
Posted by 赵祎鑫 on March 23, 2016
Posted by 赵祎鑫 on March 22, 2016
Posted by 赵祎鑫 on March 21, 2016
Posted by 赵祎鑫 on March 1, 2016
Posted by 赵祎鑫 on February 25, 2016
开拓视野，冲破艰险，看见世界，身临其境，贴近彼此，感受生活，这就是生活的目的。


You might have guessed it, I am just an ordinary data science enthusiast, passionate about the kinds of analytic and intelligent conclusions data provide. I have been in IT since 2006 and worked as java developer. I worked from different business industries, ranging from supply chain, road accident insurance, health insurence and the banking sector. I am a Solutions Architect working for one of the top insurance companies ins South Africa. I am married to a very supportive wife and blessed with two beautiful girls, so yeah you can imagine it, I know my ways around girls. I also enjoy writing white papers around data science and teaching basic data science concepts. Away from data science, I love travelling, especially unplanned long distrance trips. South Africa has some much nature scenary to offer, so I constantly have some where to go and explore. Below are some of the platforms you can reach me on.


Interface with 'Google BigQuery', see <https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/> for more information. This package uses 'googleAuthR' so is compatible with similar packages, including 'Google Cloud Storage' (<https://cloud.google.com/storage/>) for result extracts.
| Version: | 0.4.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.2) |
| Imports: | googleAuthR (≥ 0.6.2), googleCloudStorageR (≥ 0.2.0), jsonlite (≥ 1.0), httr (≥ 1.2.1), assertthat |
| Suggests: | shiny (≥ 0.12.1), knitr, rmarkdown, testthat, data.table, purrr |
| Published: | 2018-06-08 |
| Author: | Mark Edmondson [aut, cre], Hadley Wickham [ctb] |
| Maintainer: | Mark Edmondson <r at sunholo.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/cloudyr/bigQueryR/issues |
| License: | MIT + file LICENSE |
| URL: | http://code.markedmondson.me/bigQueryR/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | bigQueryR citation info |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | bigQueryR results |
| Reference manual: | bigQueryR.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
bigQueryR |
| Package source: | bigQueryR_0.4.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: bigQueryR_0.4.0.zip, r-release: bigQueryR_0.4.0.zip, r-oldrel: bigQueryR_0.4.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: bigQueryR_0.4.0.tgz, r-oldrel: bigQueryR_0.4.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | bigQueryR archive |
| Reverse suggests: | googleAnalyticsR, googleAuthR |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bigQueryR to link to this page.


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Sudoku 4,601 expert
Fill the grid so that every row, every column and every 3x3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9.
Buy the next issue of the Guardian or subscribe to our Digital Edition to see the completed puzzle.
Fill the grid so that every row, every column and every 3x3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9.
Buy the next issue of the Guardian or subscribe to our Digital Edition to see the completed puzzle.


--- layout: page title: Get Started Today ---
Our online appointment request form is curently under maintenance. Plesae call<PHONE_NUMBER> or email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to set up your appointment.


Presented by:
Single Page Applications (SPA) are designed to provide customers with a seamless user experience without the delay of reloading page content. After attending this webinar you'll have a better understanding of Single Page Application Architecture and the business value it provides. We'll cover common architecture patterns, the hiring and training process, and common pitfalls when working in this domain.


Hi ! I am a Graduate Student at Carnegie Mellon University. I am pursuing MS in Machine Learning (MSML) from the School of Computer Science (SCS). I am actively seeking full-time opportunities starting Jan 2020 that allow me to leverage my skills and knowledge.
QPA 4.00/4.33
Graduated with Highest Distinction. GPA 4.92/5.00
Specialization in Computer Enginnering
Global Engineering Exchange Program : Fall 2016 GPA - 3.9/4.0
Scored 489/500 in All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE)
| Sep 16 - Dec 16 | |
| Feb 17 - Apr 17 | |
| Aug 17 - Dec 17 | |
| Sep 16 - Dec 16 | |
| Jan 16 - May 16 |
Led a team of 15 students to plan and organize "IEEE Learn 2017" programming workshops and "IEEE Road to iNTUiton 2016" technical workshops. Increased participation by 50%.
Worked with the School of EEE team to hold academic talks and activities for students. In charge of compèring the events and preparing post event write-ups for social media posts.
Assisted in successfully organizing "NTU Freshman Welcome Week 2016" with a budget of 12,000 SGD from 25 secured sponsors. In charge of preparing business proposal and liaising with potential sponsors seeking for sponsorship.


abstract fun withPreventDataLoss(): SerializationContext
Return a new context based on this one but with a strict evolution.
See Also
preventDataLoss


This project aims to provide to each user access to a virtual machine to solve cibersecurity problems


--- layout: about title: "" permalink: /about/ ---
SCI-F is an organizational format that is intended to make it easy to generate internally modular containers. This means any of the following:
For each of the above, this functionality comes by way of different "apps" that are installed in the container. An app can carry it's own set of files, environment variables, metadata, help, and runscript. This website is a base for sharing, and finding apps that could be useful to you!
To get started, you should read about the standard, and clone the development branch of Singularity to try creating a container with apps. If you want your app to appear here, simply add a markdown text file (and if needed, a folder) to the repo in the _apps folder. That's it!
SCI-F Apps are a sibling to Singularity Hub and a proud part of the open source Singularity containers project. Thanks for visiting!


launch4j.exeTo wrap a jar in console mode use launch4jc.exe and specify the configuration file.
launch4jc.exe config.xmlOn Linux use the launch4j script.
launch4j ./demo/l4j/config.xml
<!-- Bold elements are required. Underlined values are the default when the element is not specified.  Heap sizes in MB and % of available memory. --> <initialHeapSize>MB</initialHeapSize> <initialHeapPercent>%</initialHeapPercent> <maxHeapSize>MB</maxHeapSize> <maxHeapPercent>%</maxHeapPercent> <opt>text (%VAR%)</opt> ... </jre> <splash> <file>file</file> <waitForWindow>true|false</waitForWindow> <timeout>seconds [60]</timeout> <timeoutErr>true|false</timeoutErr> </splash> <versionInfo> <fileVersion>x.x.x.x</fileVersion> <txtFileVersion>text</txtFileVersion> <fileDescription>text</fileDescription> <copyright>text</copyright> <productVersion>x.x.x.x</productVersion> <txtProductVersion>text</txtProductVersion> <productName>text</productName> <companyName>text</companyName> <internalName>filename</internalName> <originalFilename>filename.exe</originalFilename> <trademarks>text</trademarks> <language> ALBANIAN|ARABIC|BAHASA|DUTCH_BELGIAN|FRENCH_BELGIAN|BULGARIAN| FRENCH_CANADIAN|CASTILIAN_SPANISH|CATALAN|CROATO_SERBIAN_LATIN| CZECH|DANISH|DUTCH|ENGLISH_UK|ENGLISH_US|FINNISH|FRENCH|GERMAN| GREEK|HEBREW|HUNGARIAN|ICELANDIC|ITALIAN|JAPANESE|KOREAN| NORWEGIAN_BOKMAL|NORWEGIAN_NYNORSK|POLISH|PORTUGUESE_BRAZIL| PORTUGUESE_PORTUGAL|RHAETO_ROMANIC|ROMANIAN|RUSSIAN| SERBO_CROATIAN_CYRILLIC|SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE|SLOVAK|SPANISH_MEXICO| SWEDISH|FRENCH_SWISS|GERMAN_SWISS|ITALIAN_SWISS|THAI| TRADITIONAL_CHINESE|TURKISH|URDU </language> </versionInfo> <messages> <startupErr>text</startupErr> <jreNotFoundErr>text</jreNotFoundErr> <jreVersionErr>text</jreVersionErr> <launcherErr>text</launcherErr> <!-- Used by console header only. --> <instanceAlreadyExistsMsg>text</instanceAlreadyExistsMsg> </messages> </launch4jConfig>
| Header type | Launcher | Splash screen | Wait for the application to close |
|---|---|---|---|
| gui | javaw | yes | wrapper waits only if stayAlive is set to true, otherwise it terminates immediately or after closing the splash screen. |
| console | java | no | always waits and returns application's exit code. |
| jniGui32 (beta) | launch4j | yes | always waits and returns application's exit code. |
| jniConsole32 (beta) | launch4j | no | always waits and returns application's exit code. |
<chdir>.</chdir>
<chdir>../somedir</chdir>
- <mutexName>
- Unique mutex name that will identify the application.
- <windowTitle>
- Optional, recognized by GUI header only. Title or title part of a window to bring up instead of running a new instance.
- <path>, <minVersion>, <maxVersion>
- The <path> property is used to specify absolute or relative JRE paths, it does not rely on the current directory or <chdir>. Note that this path is not checked until the actual application execution.
Launch4j 3.50 <path> is now required and always used for searching before the registry in order to ensure compatibility with latest runtimes which by default do not add registry keys during installation.
Launch4j 3.50 <minVersion> and <maxVersion> are now considered during path and registry search, previously the version was checked only during registry search. The first runtime version matching the given range will be used.
- <path> alone
- Search for JREs using specified paths, if not found stop with error.
Default: <path>%JAVA_HOME%;%PATH%</path>
Bundled: <path>jre</path>
Advanced: <path>%HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\UnusualJavaVendor\JavaHome%;%JAVA_HOME%;%PATH%</path>- <path> + <minVersion> [+ <maxVersion>]
- Use path search first, if Java cannot be located then perform a registry search. If that fails display an error message and optionally open the Java download page.
- <minVersion>, <maxVersion> format - Java < 9
- The traditional version scheme supported by launch4j is 1.x.x[_xxx] and requires at least 3 parts, for example:
1.6.0 1.7.0_51 1.8.0_121
- <minVersion>, <maxVersion> format - Java >= 9
- The new version format is xxx[.xxx[.xxx]] where only 1 part is required and the update version after the underscore is not allowed.
1.6 9 10.0.1
- <requiresJdk>
- Optional, defaults to false. When true only a JDK will be used for execution.
Launch4j 3.50 An additional check will be performed if javac is available during path and registry search.
- <requires64Bit>
- Optional, defaults to false. True limits the runtimes to 64-Bit only, false will use 64-Bit or 32-Bit depending on which is found.
Launch4j 3.50 This option works with path and registry search.
- HeapSize, HeapPercent
- If size and percent are specified, then the setting which yields more memory will be chosen at runtime. In other words, setting both values means: percent of available memory no less than size in MB.
Launch4j 3.50 If the runtime is 32-Bit then a 32-Bit limit will be imposed even if more memory is available during path and registry search.
- <initialHeapSize>
- Optional, initial heap size in MB.
- <initialHeapPercent>
- Optional, initial heap size in % of available memory.
- <maxHeapSize>
- Optional, max heap size in MB.
- <maxHeapPercent>
- Optional, max heap size in % of available memory.
- <opt>
- Optional, accepts everything you would normally pass to java/javaw launcher: assertion options, system properties and X options. Here you can map environment and special variables EXEDIR (exe's runtime directory), EXEFILE (exe's runtime full file path) to system properties. All variable references must be surrounded with percentage signs and quoted.
<opt>-Dlaunch4j.exedir="%EXEDIR%"</opt> <opt>-Dlaunch4j.exefile="%EXEFILE%"</opt> <opt>-Denv.path="%Path%"</opt> <opt>-Dsettings="%HomeDrive%%HomePath%\\settings.ini"</opt>
- <file>
- Splash screen image in BMP format.
- <waitForWindow>
- Optional, defaults to true. Close the splash screen when an application window or Java error message box appears. If set to false, the splash screen will be closed on timeout.
- <timeout>
- Optional, defaults to 60. Number of seconds after which the splash screen must be closed. Splash timeout may cause an error depending on <timeoutErr>.
- <timeoutErr>
- Optional, defaults to true. True signals an error on splash timeout, false closes the splash screen quietly.
- <fileVersion>
- Version number 'x.x.x.x'
- <txtFileVersion>
- Free form file version, for example '1.20.RC1'.
- <fileDescription>
- File description presented to the user.
- <copyright>
- Legal copyright.
- <productVersion>
- Version number 'x.x.x.x'
- <txtProductVersion>
- Free form file version, for example '1.20.RC1'.
- <productName>
- Text.
- <companyName>
- Optional text.
- <internalName>
- Internal name without extension, original filename or module name for example.
- <originalFilename>
- Original name of the file without the path. Allows to determine whether a file has been renamed by a user.
- <trademarks>
- Trademarks that apply to the file.
- <language>
- One of the language codes.
<property name="launch4j.dir" location="/opt/launch4j" />Define the task in your Ant build script.
<taskdef name="launch4j" classname="net.sf.launch4j.ant.Launch4jTask" classpath="${launch4j.dir}/launch4j.jar :${launch4j.dir}/lib/xstream.jar" />Execute the task!
<launch4j configFile="./l4j/demo.xml" />You can set or override the following configuration properties...
jar="absolute path or relative to basedir"
jarPath="relative path"
outfile
fileVersion
txtFileVersion
productVersion
txtProductVersion
bindir="alternate bin directory..."
tmpdir="alternate working directory..."
<launch4j configFile="./l4j/demo.xml" outfile="mydemo.exe" fileVersion="<IP_ADDRESS>" txtFileVersion="1.0 RC2" />You can also define the entire configuration in the task, but it will not be possible to edit such a file in the GUI mode. All paths except for <chdir>, <iniFile>, <jre><path> and jarPath are calculated using the basedir project attribute.
<launch4j> <config headerType="gui" outfile="demo.exe" dontWrapJar="true" jarPath="demo.jar" > <var>SETTINGS="%HomeDrive%%HomePath%\\settings.ini"</var> <classPath mainClass="org.demo.DemoApp"> <cp>./lib/looks.jar</cp> <cp>%USER_LIBS%/*.jar</cp> </classPath> <jre path="%JAVA_HOME%;%PATH%" minVersion="1.8.0"> <opt>-Dlaunch4j.exedir="%EXEDIR%"</opt> <opt>-Dlaunch4j.exefile="%EXEFILE%"</opt> </jre> </config> </launch4j>
# Launch4j runtime config -Dswing.aatext=true -Dsomevar="%SOMEVAR%" -Xms16m


Another post.
Note, that the first 'posting' will generate the date for this post.
Posts RSS Copyright 2008 Aldo Cortesi


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Gary's Awesome Math Problems
Timer:
0
Score:
0
\( 2^3 \)
\( \sqrt[3]{8} \)
\( 8^\frac{1}{3} \)
\( (\frac{-125}{27})^\tfrac{-2}{3} \)
\( \sqrt[4]{16} \)
Who is the President?


Unfortunately, as of this time, Paco cannot be used in the EU or Switzerland. The reason is that I have yet to determine whether Paco's data collection and retention model conforms to the expected model for the international agreements around data handling. Until a determination has been made about what is needed, if anything, to conform to the new regulations, I cannot sign onto the EU-US Privacy Shield agreement. I am working to resolve this and will update this message as soon as I have it figured out. Please remember that Paco is offered for free by one individual, me, not an organization, and I will do my best to implement a solution if one exists.
However, since Paco is free and open source, it is possible to run your own server in an EU datacenter. Please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to find out more about this option.


The old documentation of yabasic has been replaced in August 2003 by a complete rewrite, the new documentation.
However, the old documentation still has its merits:
However, keep in mind, that the old documentation has not been updated from August 2003 on, i.e. it only documents the version 2.72 of yabasic. New features are only described within the new documentation.


A functional big data execution framework with dependency and data provenance management
HDM provides purely functional programming interfaces to facinitate users to write data-oriented analytics applications on large scale data sets
HDM provides built-in optimizations to improve the performance for executing complicated and pipelined big data applications.
HDM provides supports for data provenance and version control to help users for the mantainance and management of continuously evolving big data applications.
HDM is designed to be able to scale to multi-cluster architectrures which are required for performing computation on more widely distributed infrastructures.


Rope
问题描述 :
Plotters have barberically hammered N nails into an innocent plane shape, so that one can see now only heads. Moreover, pursuing their mean object, they have hammered all the nails into the vertices of a convex polygon. After that they…it is awful… have roped off the nails, so that the shape felt upset (the rope was very thin). They’ve done it as it is shown in the figure.
Your task is to find out a length of the rope.
Your task is to find out a length of the rope.
输入:
There two numbers in the first line of the standard input: N — a number of nails (1 <= N <= 100), and a real number R — a radius of heads of nails. All the heads have the same radius. Further there are N lines, each of them contains a pair of real coordinates (separated by a space) of centers of nails. An absolute value of the coordinates doesn't exceed 100. The nails are described in a clockwise order starting from an arbitrary nail. Heads of different nails don't adjoin.
输出:
The standard output should contain in its only line a real number with two digits precision (after a decimal point) — a length of the rope.
样例输入:
4 1 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 2.0
样例输出:
14.28
解题代码:
//* @author popop0p0popo import java.util.*; import java.io.*; public class Main{ public static void main(String[] args){ Scanner scanner=new Scanner(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in))); int n=scanner.nextInt(); double r=scanner.nextDouble(); double[] x=new double[n]; double[] y=new double[n]; for (int i=0;i< n ;i++ ){ x[i]=scanner.nextDouble(); y[i]=scanner.nextDouble(); } double l=2*r*Math.PI; for (int i=0;i < n ;i++ ){ if (i!=n-1){ l=l+Math.sqrt((x[i]-x[i+1])*(x[i]-x[i+1])+(y[i]-y[i+1])*(y[i]-y[i+1])); } else{ l=l+Math.sqrt((x[i]-x[0])*(x[i]-x[0])+(y[i]-y[0])*(y[i]-y[0])); } } l=Math.round(l*100.0)/100.0; System.out.println(l); } }
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
您没有考虑 树的根节点是负数的情况， 若树的根节点是个很大的负数，那么就要考虑过不过另外一边子树了
问题3是不是应该为1/4 .因为截取的三段，无论是否能组成三角形， x， y-x ，1-y,都应大于0，所以 x<y,基础应该是一个大三角形。小三角是大三角的 1/4.
很好的模板
gcc环境
最长回文子串可以使用manacher算法，将时间复杂度降到O(n)。
惊艳了，没想到代码如此简洁
不同的编译器，printf(),执行的顺序不同，所以结果也就不同，建议不要那么写
这个才是我想要的
很有意思，可惜我很菜啊
你这个代码显示风格很给你啊，怎么做出来的？
有意思，有难度
great!
先从简单的做起，归并排序，二叉树相关的遍历等
从数学角度确实是C(n,r)，能给个递推关系式吗，从分治的角度不好理解


Przyszłość w IT
Łódź 2013
try { InputStream is = ... } finally { is.close(); }
try (InputStream is = ) { ... }
public WeakReference(T referent,ReferenceQueue q)
public WeakReference(T referent)
public T get()
public void clear()
public Reference<? extends T> poll()
public Reference<? extends T> remove(long timeout) throws IllegalArgumentException,InterruptedException
public Reference<? extends T> remove() throws InterruptedException


Connect readers
This section explains the different readers provided by Connect
.
pc/parallel-reader
Parallel reader from Connect is implemented to work with the parallel-parser
. This reader
is capable of detecting attribute dependencies, execute multiple resolvers in parallel
and coordinate the return - including back tracking for the secondary paths. Here is how it works:
|
The benefits of parallel parser come at a considerable overhead cost. After some experiments with
different users I got the conclusion that
|
To begin, let’s recall Connect’s basic idea of expanding information from a context. To illustrate this case let’s have the following set of resolvers:
(pc/defresolver movie-details [env input]
{::pc/input #{:movie/id}
::pc/output [:movie/id :movie/title :movie/release-date]}
...)
(pc/defresolver movie-rating [env input]
{::pc/input #{:movie/id}
::pc/output [:movie/rating]}
...)
(pc/defresolver movie-title-prefixed [env input]
{::pc/input #{:movie/title}
::pc/output [:movie/title-prefixed]}
...)
Note that we have two resolvers that depend on a :movie/id
and one that depends on :movie/title
.
Now given the query: [{[:movie/id 42] [:movie/title-prefixed]}]
First we use the ident query to create the context with a :movie/id
, for the attribute :movie/title-prefixed
the parallel-reader
will be invoked. The first thing the reader has to do is compute a plan to
reach the attribute considering the data it has now. This is done by recursively iterating over
the ::pc/index-oir
until it reaches some available dependency or gives up if there is no possible path.
In most cases (specially for small APIs) there will only be a single path as it is the case in our example.
The result of pc/compute-path
is this:
#{[[:movie/title `movie-details] [:movie/title-prefixed `movie-title-prefixed]]}
The format returned by pc/compute-path
is a set of paths, each path is a vector of
tuples. The tuple contains the attribute reason (why that resolver is been called?) and the
symbol of the resolver that will be used to fetch that attribute. This makes the path from the
available data to the attribute requested, this is the plan.
For details on the path selection algorithm in cases of multiple options, check the paths selection section.
Ok, now let’s see how it behaves when you have multiple attributes to process. Here is the new query, but this time let’s try using the interactive parser, run the query and check in the tracing how it goes (I added a 100ms delay to each resolver call so it’s easier to see):
Try changing the order of the attributes and see what happens. For example, if
you put :movie/title-prefixed at start you will see this attribute being responsible
for the title fetching and itself.
|
This is what’s happening for each attribute:
:movie/id
: This data is already in the entity context, this means it will be read from memory and will not even invoke
the parallel reader.
:movie/title
: This attribute is not in entity, so it will create the plan to call movie-details
.
From this plan, we can also compute all the attributes that we will incorporate in the call chain
(by combining the outs of all the resolvers in the path), we store this information as a waiting list.
The waiting list on this case is: [:movie/id :movie/title :movie/releast-date]
. The processing of
attributes continues in parallel while the resolver is called.
:movie/release-date
: This attribute is not on entity, but it is in the waiting list, so
the parser will ignore it for now and skip to process the next one.
:movie/rating
: This attribute is neither in entity, nor in the waiting list, so we can
call the resolver for it immediately, and the plan output ([:movie/rating]
) is appended to the
waiting list.
:movie/title-prefixed
: Like the rating, this is not in entity or waiting, so we compute
the plan and execute, the plan is again:
#{[[:movie/title `movie-details] [:movie/title-prefixed `movie-title-prefixed]]}
But movie-details
is already running because of :movie/title
, when the parallel-reader
calls a resolver, it actually caches it immediately as a promise channel in the request cache,
so when we hit the same resolver with the same input, it hits the cache, getting a hold
of the promise channel. And so, the process continues normally with only one actual call to
the resolver but two listeners on the promise channel (and any posterior cache hit would
get to this same promise channel). This is how the data fetch is coordinated across
the attributes, placeholder nodes are also supported and optimized to avoid repeated
calls to resolvers.
Another difference is during the processing of sequences, the parallel parser uses core.async
pipeline
to process each sequence with a parallelism concurrency of 10.
Path selection
In case there are multiple possible paths, Pathom has to decide which path to take. The current implementation chooses the path with less weight, that calculation is made in this way:
-
Every resolver starts with weight 1 (this is recorded per instance)
-
Once a resolver is called, its execution time is recorded and updated in the map using the formula:
new-value = (old-value + last-time) * 0.5
-
If a resolver call throws an exception, double its weight
-
Every time we mention some resolver in a path calculation, its weight is reduced by one.
If you like to make your own sorting of the plan, you can set the key ::pc/sort-plan
in your
environment and Pathom will call this function to sort the results. It takes the environment
and the plan (which is a set like demonstrated in the previous section).
pc/reader2
This reader leverages some techniques which were developed during the creation of the parallel reader, things like path choosing and backtracking.
pc/open-ident-reader
Like ident-reader
, but not constrained to the indexed idents, this will create a context from any ident.
pc/ident-reader
The ident-reader
is used to resolve ident-based queries by establishing an initial context from the ident.
When an ident query reaches this reader it will check the index to see if the ident key is present on in the indexed
idents.
Since version 2.2.0-beta11
this reader also supports extra context provision using the param :pathom/context
, here is how to send
extra data to it:
[{([:user/id 123] {:pathom/context {:other/data 123}})
[:user/id :user/name :other/data]}]


Service: Random Forest Importance
This service computes a random forest model between a target variable and a set of source variables, and then ranks the source variables in terms of their importances in predicting the target variable.
target variable
model:
;
variable:
;
pressure:
Number of source variables (max 10):
Data Subsetting
start year-month:
end year-month:
start lon (deg):
end lon (deg):
start lat (deg):
end lat (deg):
Execution purpose:
Image Here
Data URL Here
Service Response Text Here


{% load static %}
1. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with alcohol-based hand rub.
2. Maintain at least 1 metre distance between you and people coughing or sneezing.
3. Avoid touching your face.
4.
5. Stay home if you feel unwell.
6. Refrain from smoking and other activities that weaken the lungs.


Questions
| UserName | Catagory | Question? | Show Answer | Edit Anser | Push Answer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atiqur | Zakah | Amount Of Zakah |
| UserName | Catagory | Question? | Show Answer | Edit Anser | Push Answer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atiqur | Zakah | Amount Of Zakah |


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %} {{ super() }} - {{ album.name }} {% endblock %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
{{ album.description }} ({{ photos|length }} photos)
{{ comment.text }} {{ comment.author.get().email }}
Please select a photo from your local computer to upload.
Are you sure you would like to delete this Album?
{{ album.name }}
You will not be able to undo your changes
Note that in addition to the album, all photos within the album will also be deleted.
{% endif %}


Chapter 8 Loops and apply
8.1 Introduction
Data analysis often requires repeating a particular function on multiple data observations, groups of observations, or separate data sets. Many novice users begin with the strategy of assigning a new variable for each input, or copying and pasting code. While this certainly works, it can be very time consuming and makes it easy to make silly mistakes. There are several alternative strategies that can be used to repeat tasks for multiple variables or data sets that avoid this risk.
In this tutorial, we will focus on the apply
family of functions and introduce loops. We will build on the skills we learned in our previous tutorials using dplyr
and ggplot2
, so if you are unfamiliar with the tidyverse
syntax, it would be helpful to review these sections.
8.2 So, what do you want to repeat?
For any given task, there are several possible approaches for how to repeat it. In general, the first point to consider is whether the order of iteration matters or if it does not matter.
What does this mean?
Let’s consider an example from our previous tutorial. We built a model using one predictor variable, but we would like to compare this model to models built using other predictor variables. In this situation, it doesn’t matter whether we build model A before we build model B– they are completely independent of each other. Here, the order of iteration does not matter.
Now consider a situation where our process has several steps. Perhaps we need to generate a data set A and save that data set to be used to calculate B, then use B to calculate C. In this situation, the sequence does matter.
In situations where the sequence does not matter, you can use apply
functions. If the sequence does matter, you will need to use a loop.
8.3 DON’T USE A LOOP WHEN YOU CAN USE APPLY!
Loops can be very useful, but can be complicated, messy, and easy to break. They are also harder to troubleshoot. The loop may run without producing the desired output and it can be difficult to figure out why. It is FAR more common that the order of iteration does not matter, and even if it does matter, a well-written function can usually help you avoid needing a loop!
apply
functions are simple and clean and more difficult to mess up! If you can use one instead of a loop, you should!
8.4 The apply
family
Ok, so what is apply
?
The apply
functions are a set of functions that can be used to, well, apply functions to lists, dataframes, and matrices. apply
functions are similar to loops, but have a much simpler syntax.
There are several different functions that can be used depending upon the inputs and desired outputs. These include:
apply
- used with arrays, including matrices, and returns a vector, array, or list.sapply
- (simplified apply) applies the function to each element of a vector, list, or matrix, and returns the outputs as a vector or matrix.lapply
- (list apply) is similar tosapply
, but returns a list of objects, rather than a vector.mapply
- (multivariate apply) applies a function to the first elements of two or more vectors or lists, and then the second pair of elements, etc..
If this doesn’t make much sense, don’t stress! We will work through sapply
and lapply
.
8.4.1 sapply
Let’s take a quick look at our koala dataset.
read.csv('data/koala.csv', stringsAsFactors = T)
koala <-
names(koala)
## [1] "species" "X" "Y" "state" "region" "sex" "weight"
## [8] "size" "fur" "tail" "age" "color" "joey" "behav"
## [15] "obs"
In a previous section, we built a linear model that predicted weight based on fur.
lm(weight~fur, data=koala)
linearmodel<-summary(linearmodel)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = weight ~ fur, data = koala)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.8853 -1.0215 -0.2989 0.9245 8.4996
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 3.4409 0.4569 7.531 1.02e-12 ***
## fur 1.5477 0.1527 10.137 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.792 on 240 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2998, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2969
## F-statistic: 102.8 on 1 and 240 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
We would like to see whether one of our other numeric variables (size, tail length, or age) might be a better predictor for weight than fur. We could write three separate models, or we could make a basic function that tests out each of these variables and gives us our R-squared value.
Our linearmodel
object has a number of items we can extract.
names(summary(linearmodel))
## [1] "call" "terms" "residuals" "coefficients"
## [5] "aliased" "sigma" "df" "r.squared"
## [9] "adj.r.squared" "fstatistic" "cov.unscaled"
To view only the R-squared value we can use the following code:
summary(linearmodel)$r.squared
## [1] 0.2997958
We know that we want to run these two pieces of code several times, so let’s write a simple function that does it for us. In this situation, we are only going to change one thing– our predictor variable – so we will use that as the input for our function.
Let’s try!
function(predictors) {
model_fun <- lm(weight~koala[,predictors], data=koala) #The brackets select the column to use in the koala dataframe
linearmodel =summary(linearmodel)$r.squared
}
What is it we want to get out of this function? Since we are only looking for the R-squared value for each model as a vector, this is a great time to use sapply
(simple apply!)
First, let’s create our input list of the columns we would like to compare:
c(8, 9, 10, 11) #size, fur, tail, age predictors <-
Now we can use sapply1
to build the model, extract the R-squared for each predictor
sapply(predictors, model_fun)
## [1] 0.235929039 0.299795840 0.002318631 0.002492435
They’re all pretty bad, but now we know that age is the worst! :)
8.4.2 lapply
The lapply
function works just like sapply
, but you can use it if you are producing more complex data, like a plot or model or raster, that needs to be contained in a list.
Despite the fact our models performed terribly, we decide it would be interesting to plot them.
In this scenario, once again, the only thing we are changing is the predictor variable, so we can write our ggplot2
plot as a function, then run it using lapply:
function(predictors) {
plot_fun <-ggplot(data = koala, mapping = aes(x = koala[,predictors], y = weight)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
}
lapply(predictors, plot_fun)
## [[1]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
##
## [[2]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
##
## [[3]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
##
## [[4]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
An advantage to this is that you can assign this to a variable and each plot will be saved to a list that you can come back to later.
While in these examples we’ve used user-defined functions, you can use this with whatever built-in functions you want!
sapply(1:5, paste, "Apply functions are the best!")
## [1] "1 Apply functions are the best!" "2 Apply functions are the best!"
## [3] "3 Apply functions are the best!" "4 Apply functions are the best!"
## [5] "5 Apply functions are the best!"
8.5 for
loops
for
loops are structures similar to functions that iterate through a chunk of code for a certain number of repetitions. The basic structure of a for
loop looks something like this:
for (i in 1:5) {
print("R is so cool!")
}
## [1] "R is so cool!"
## [1] "R is so cool!"
## [1] "R is so cool!"
## [1] "R is so cool!"
## [1] "R is so cool!"
for
loops start with the word for, and then in parentheses show the number of tasks and number of times it needs to be repeated. Next come curly brackets with the code that gets repeated.
Let’s go back to our R-squared example. We can do the same thing as we did using sapply
c(8, 9, 10, 11)
predictors <-
function(predictors) {
model_fun <- lm(weight~koala[,predictors], data=koala)
linearmodel =return(summary(linearmodel)$r.squared)
}
for (i in 1:length(predictors)) { #"length" counts the number of items in the "predictors" vector
predictors[i] #This selects the ith observation in the predictors vector
predictor <-print(model_fun(predictor))
}
## [1] 0.235929
## [1] 0.2997958
## [1] 0.002318631
## [1] 0.002492435
While you get the exact same results, the loop is messier than sapply(predictors, plotfun)
, plus it can be some extra work to save the ouput from each iteration into a list or table, which is incredibly simple using lapply :)
(Am I biased or what? :P)
for
loops are useful in situations where each iteration depends on the result of the previous iteration.
8.5.1 Some for
loop hints
For some reason, i, j, and k are generally used in loops (while functions tend to use x and y). This is a good practice to get into just to avoid confusion.
It can be very annoying to constantly change the number of tasks based on your data set, so the
length()
function makes sure you have the right number every time.Loops can be nice if the code you are running takes a long time and you may need to stop it and resume later. If you need to do tasks 1:400, you can stop the code and pick it up again at 200:400.
If you would like to save the output of a loop, you will need to create a blank table with the expected dimensions of your output values and then make the loop add the data to the table. Here is an example:
matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 1)
blank_matrix <-
for (i in 1:5){
"R is so cool!"
text <-1] <- text #This will assign the value of "text" to the ith row in the matrix
blank_matrix [i,
}
blank_matrix
## [,1]
## [1,] "R is so cool!"
## [2,] "R is so cool!"
## [3,] "R is so cool!"
## [4,] "R is so cool!"
## [5,] "R is so cool!"
8.5.2 Challenge
Our koalas are many different ages and we would like to build a separate linear model that predicts fur based on weight for each age group.
Build either a for
loop or a function used with sapply
that shows us the R-squared value for a linear model built for each age group
Hints:
Figure out how many unique ages there are (you can look at the table or use
unique()
to get all the unique values in the column)Filter to create a subset of data for koala age (Hint: go back to the
dplyr
section if you can’t remember how!)Build your linear model using the subset of data
Think about which variable you will need to change each time to repeat this and build it into your loop or function
8.6 Solutions to challenge
1:12
ages <-
#Using a for loop:
for (i in 1:length(ages)){
#Select the ith age in the list of koala ages
ages[i]
current_age <-
#Filter the data to get only the koalas of that age
koala %>% filter(age == current_age)
age_subset <-
#Use lapply to get a list of each R-squared value for each predictor
lm(weight~fur, data=age_subset)
linearmodel =print(summary(linearmodel)$r.squared)
}
## [1] 0.6488455
## [1] 0.133633
## [1] 0.2721374
## [1] 0.7552257
## [1] 0.871621
## [1] 0.152498
## [1] 0.1551334
## [1] 0.2999077
## [1] 0.1281452
## [1] 0.5103155
## [1] 0.1243552
## [1] 0.1586713
#Using a function and lapply
function(ages) {
challenge_fun <- koala %>% filter(age == ages)
age_subset <- lm(weight~fur, data=age_subset)
linearmodel =summary(linearmodel)$r.squared
}
sapply(ages, challenge_fun)
## [1] 0.6488455 0.1336330 0.2721374 0.7552257 0.8716210 0.1524980 0.1551334
## [8] 0.2999077 0.1281452 0.5103155 0.1243552 0.1586713
8.7 Bonus: Changing plot labels
In the ggplot example, our x-axis label just said koala[,predictors]
. To make it say the correct variable, you can do this:
c(8, 9, 10, 11)
predictors <- function(predictors) {
plot_fun <-
colnames(koala[predictors]) #Gets the column name for the current predictor
predictor_name <-
ggplot(data = koala, mapping = aes(x = koala[,predictors], y = weight)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
xlab(paste(predictor_name)) #paste the contents of the predictor_name variable
}
lapply(predictors, plot_fun)
## [[1]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
##
## [[2]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
##
## [[3]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'
##
## [[4]]
## `geom_smooth()` using formula 'y ~ x'


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