Propositions and Sets
The source code for this module: PartII/PropsSets.ard
The source code for the exercises: PartII/PropsSetsEx.ard
Recall that under Curry-Howard correspondence there is no difference between propositions and types: all types are propositions and vice versa. In this module we discuss and justify an alternative view, according to which propositions are only some types, namely those types, all elements of which are equal. These types are called mere propositions since they have at most one element, which, if it exists, usually does not contain any data and is merely a proof of the proposition. It is standard in homotopy type theory to use the term “proposition” for mere propositions.
Subsequently we discuss another important subclass of types, consisting of those types that can be identified with sets.
Subsets, injective functions
In set theory if A is a set and P is a predicate on A, then we can define the subset { x : A | P x } of elements of A satisfying P, and the elements of the subset will also be elements of A.
In type theory we cannot talk about subtypes in this way. Instead, we say that a subtype B of type A is just any type together with an injective function B -> A. For example, the subset above corresponds to the type \Sigma (x : A) (P x), which is realized as a subtype of A by means of the function:
\lam t => t.1 : \Sigma (x : A) (P x) -> A
as long as this function is an injection. As we will see further in this module, this function is always an injection if the range of P is restricted to a certain class of types. This class is precisely the class of all mere propositions.
Consider an example: the subtype of Nat consisting of even natural numbers.
\func isEven (n : Nat) : Bool
| 0 => true
| 1 => false
| suc (suc n) => isEven n
-- { n : Nat | T (isEven n) } -- set-theoretic notation
\func Even => \Sigma (n : Nat) (T (isEven n)) -- subtype of even numbers
-- Embedding of even numbers into the type of all natural numbers
\func Even-inc (e : Even) => e.1
Let us show that Even-inc is an injection, namely that it satisfies the predicate isInj:
\func isInj {A B : \Type} (f : A -> B) =>
\Pi (x y : A) -> f x = f y -> x = y
-- This is equivalent to the predicate below only in
-- presence of the excluded middle:
-- \Pi (x y : A) -> Not (x = y) -> Not (f x = f y)
This requires proving equalities between pairs. For non-dependent pairs this is completely straightforward and reduces to proving equalities between components:
\func prodEq {A B : \Type} (t1 t2 : \Sigma A B) (p : t1.1 = t2.1) (q : t1.2 = t2.2)
: t1 = t2
=> path (\lam i => (p @ i, q @ i))
In case of dependent pairs, we cannot talk about equalities of second components since they have different types. In order to prove equality of such pairs we need to have a proof of equality between their first components and a proof of equality between the second component of one of the pairs and transported second component of the other pair:
\func sigmaEq {A : \Type} (B : A -> \Type) (t1 t2 : \Sigma (x : A) (B x))
-- t1.2 : B t1.1
-- t2.2 : B t2.1
(p : t1.1 = t2.1) (q : transport B p t1.2 = t2.2)
: t1 = t2
{-
\elim t1,t2,p,q
| (a1,b1), (a2,b2), idp, idp => idp
-}
=> J (\lam a' p' =>
\Pi (b' : B a') (q' : transport B p' t1.2 = b') -> t1 = (a',b'))
(\lam b' q' => pmap (\lam b'' => ((t1.1,b'') : \Sigma (x : A) (B x))) q')
p t2.2 q
Note that any two elements of T b are equal. This allows us to prove that Even-inc is injective:
\func T-lem {b : Bool} {x y : T b} : x = y
| {true} => idp
\func Even-inc-isInj : isInj Even-inc =>
\lam x y p => sigmaEq (\lam n => T (isEven n)) x y p T-lem
Exercise 1: Let f : A -> B and g : B -> C be some functions.

Consider one more example. Define functions computing residuals modulo 3 and 5 and define the type of all natural numbers that are divisible by 3 or 5:
\func mod3 (n : Nat) : Nat
| 0 => 0
| 1 => 1
| 2 => 2
| suc (suc (suc n)) => mod3 n
\func mod5 (n : Nat) : Nat
| 0 => 0
| 1 => 1
| 2 => 2
| 3 => 3
| 4 => 4
| suc (suc (suc (suc (suc n)))) => mod5 n
\func MultipleOf3Or5 => \Sigma (n : Nat) ((mod3 n = 0) `Either` (mod5 n = 0))
In contrast to the previous example, the function that maps elements of MultipleOf3Or5 to Nat is not an injection:
\func Mul-inc (m : MultipleOf3Or5) => m.1
-- One can prove that Mul-inc is not injective
\func not-Mul-inc-isInj (p : isInj Mul-inc) : Empty => {?}
This is so because for some n, namely for those that are divisible
by both 3 and 5, there are several non-equal proofs of (mod3 n = 0) Either
(mod5 n = 0).
Thus MultipleOf3Or5 is not a subtype of Nat.
Exercise 2: Define the predicate “divisible by 3 or by 5” in such a way that it becomes a proposition. Prove that MultipleOf3Or5 embeds in Nat.
Mere propositions
As the two examples above illustrate, a predicate defining a subtype should have the range consisting of types, all elements of which are equal. The types satisfying these conditions are called mere propositions or just propositions.
\func isProp (A : \Type) => \Pi (x y : A) -> x = y
For example, according to this definition Bool is not a proposition.
\func BoolIsNotProp (p : isProp Bool) : Empty => transport T (p true false) ()
Exercise 3: We say that a type A is trivial if there exists an element in A such that it is equal to any other element in A. Prove that A is trivial iff A is proposition and there is an element in A.
Propositions can be formed using logical operations ⊤, ⊥, ∧, →, ∀ the same as in the Curry-Howard correspondence. Operations ∨, ∃ and the predicate = can, of course, also be defined, but in general require additional language constructs, which we introduce later. One can use recursion and induction to define predicates in this logic as usual.
Consider several examples. The unit type Unit corresponds to the proposition “True”:
\func Unit => \Sigma
\func Unit-isProp : isProp Unit => \lam x y => idp
The empty type Empty is the proposition “False”:
\func Empty-isProp : isProp Empty => \lam x y => absurd x
The product (conjunction) of propositions is proposition:
\func Sigma-isProp {A B : \Type} (pA : isProp A) (pB : isProp B)
: isProp (\Sigma A B) => \lam p q => prodEq p q (pA p.1 q.1) (pB p.2 q.2)
The function type (implication) between propositions is proposition:
\func funcExt {A : \Type} (B : A -> \Type) (f g : \Pi (x : A) -> B x)
(p : \Pi (x : A) -> f x = g x) : f = g =>
path (\lam i x => p x @ i)
\func Impl-isProp {A B : \Type} {- (pA : isProp A) -} (pB : isProp B) : isProp (A -> B)
=> \lam f g =>
-- path (\lam i x => pB (f x) (g x) @ i)
funcExt (\lam _ => B) f g (\lam x => pB (f x) (g x))
Propositions are closed under Pi-types (universal quantification):
\func forall-isProp {A : \Type} (B : A -> \Type) (pB : \Pi (x : A) -> isProp (B x))
: isProp (\Pi (x : A) -> B x)
=> \lam f g => funcExt B f g (\lam x => pB x (f x) (g x))
However, the logic of propositions is not closed in general under sum types Either A B (Curry-Howard disjunctions), sigma types \Sigma (x : A) (B x) (Curry-Howard existential quantifier) and the equality type.
\func Either-isProp {A B : \Type} (pA : isProp A) (pB : isProp B)
: isProp (Either A B) =>
{?}
\func exists-isProp {A : \Type} (B : A -> \Type)
(pB : \Pi (x : A) -> isProp (B x))
: isProp (\Sigma (x : A) (B x)) =>
{?}
\func equality-isProp {A : \Type} (a a' : A) : isProp (a = a') => {?}
Exercise 4: Prove that Either is not a proposition in general.
Exercise 5: Prove that \Sigma (x : A) (B x) preserves propositions.
For now we cannot define disjunctions, existential quantifiers and equality. But later we will introduce a way to project appropriately any type A to the class of propositions, and this projection will be applied to the types above to get corresponding logical operations.
We now make several remarks on definitions of predicates.
A recursive definition defines a predicate valued in propositions if all its clauses are propositions. For example, the following defines a predicate in the logic of mere propositions if expressions E-zero and E-suc are propositions:
\func pred (n : Nat) : \Type
| 0 => E-zero
| suc n => E-suc
Inductive definitions can be also used to define predicates. One should be careful with inductive definitions since a predicate can often have several inductive definitions, some of which are valued in propositions and some of which are not. For example:
-- Defines predicate valued in propositions
\data \infix 4 <= (n m : Nat) \with
| 0, _ => zero<=_
| suc n, suc m => suc<=suc (n <= m)
-- Does not define a predicate valued in propositions
\data \infix 4 <=' (n m : Nat) \elim m
| m => <=-refl (n = m)
| 1 => zero<=one (n = 0)
| suc m => <=-step (n <=' m)
Exercise 6: Prove that <= and <=’’ are predicates. It is allowed to use the fact that Nat is a set without a proof.
\data <='' (n m : Nat) : \Set0 \elim m
| suc m => <=-step (<='' n m)
| m => <=-refl (n = m)
Exercise 7: Prove that ReflClosure <= is not a predicate, but ReflClosure (\lam x y => T (x < y)) is a predicate.
\func \infix 4 < (n m : Nat) : Bool
| _, 0 => false
| 0, suc _ => true
| suc n, suc m => n < m
\data ReflClosure (R : Nat -> Nat -> \Type) (x y : Nat)
| refl (x = y)
| inc (R x y)
Exercise 8: Prove that if A embeds in B and B is a proposition, then A is proposition.
Sets
Although, as we have just seen, equality of elements of a type A is not a proposition in general, it holds for many types A. Such types are called sets.
\func isSet (A : \Type) => \Pi (a a' : A) -> isProp (a = a')
-- By definition equality is mere proposition for sets
\func equality-isProp {A : \Type} (p : isSet A) (a a' : A) : isProp (a = a') => p a a'
This can be interated further: we may consider types A such that a=a’ are sets for all a a’ : A and so on. Define the homotopy level of a type inductively as follows:
- Mere propositions are of homotopy level -1.
- A type A has homotopy level suc n iff a=a’ is of homotopy level n.
The predicate hasLevel A suc-l, saying that A has homotopy level suc-l - 1, can be defined as follows:
\func hasLevel (A : \Type) (suc-l : Nat) : \Type \elim suc-l
| 0 => isProp A
| suc suc-l => \Pi (x y : A) -> (x = y) `hasLevel` suc-l
The sets are thus precisely all the types of homotopy level 0. This is a large class of types, which includes, for example, Nat, Unit, Bool, lists of sets and so on. All set-theoretic reasoning can be done entirely in the levels of sets and propositions.
Let us consider several types and prove that they are sets. First of all, the empty type is trivially a set:
\func Empty-isSet : isSet Empty => \lam x y _ _ => \case x \with {}
Let us prove that the unit type is a set. We will need a lemma saying that if B
is a proposition and A is a retract of B, then A
is also a proposition. Recall that A is called a retract of B
if there exist functions f : A -> B and g : B -> A such that
the composition g o
f is identity.
\func retract-isProp {A B : \Type} (pB : isProp B) (f : A -> B) (g : B -> A)
(h : \Pi (x : A) -> g (f x) = x)
: isProp A
=> \lam x y => sym (h x) *> pmap g (pB (f x) (f y)) *> h y
By this lemma we reduce proving that isProp (x=y) for all x y : Unit to proving that x=y is a retract of \Sigma and using Unit-isProp:
\data Unit | unit
\func Unit-isProp (x y : Unit) : x = y
| unit, unit => idp
\func Unit-isSet : isSet Unit => \lam x y => retract-isProp {x = y} Unit-isProp
(\lam _ => unit) (\lam _ => Unit-isProp x y)
(\lam p => \case \elim x, \elim y, \elim p \with { | unit, _, idp => idp })
Consider another example: the type \Sigma (x : A) (B x) of dependent pairs is a set if A is a set and B x is a set for all x. We need two lemmas to prove this: the first one is the same statement with the word “set” replaced with “proposition”, and the second one is another variant of the retract lemma:
\func Sigma-isProp {A : \Type} (B : A -> \Type)
(pA : isProp A) (pB : \Pi (x : A) -> isProp (B x))
: isProp (\Sigma (x : A) (B x)) => \lam p q => sigmaEq B p q (pA _ _) (pB _ _ _)
\func retract'-isProp {A B : \Type} (pB : isProp B) (g : B -> A)
(H : \Pi (x : A) -> \Sigma (y : B) (g y = x))
: isProp A
=> \lam x y => sym (H x).2 *> pmap g (pB (H x).1 (H y).1) *> (H y).2
We can now prove that dependent pairs of sets is a set as follows:
\func Sigma-isSet {A : \Type} (B : A -> \Type)
(pA : isSet A) (pB : \Pi (x : A) -> isSet (B x))
: isSet (\Sigma (x : A) (B x))
=> \lam t t' => retract'-isProp
{t = t'}
{\Sigma (p : t.1 = t'.1) (transport B p t.2 = t'.2)}
(Sigma-isProp (\lam p => transport B p t.2 = t'.2) (pA _ _) (\lam _ => pB _ _ _))
(\lam s => sigmaEq B t t' s.1 s.2)
(\lam p => \case \elim t', \elim p \with { | _, idp => ((idp,idp),idp) })
Exercise 9: Prove that a type with decidable equality is a set. Note that this implies that Nat is a set since we have already proved that Nat has decidable equality.
Exercise 10: Prove that if A and B are sets, then
A Or
B is also a set.
Exercise 11: Prove that if B x is a set, then \Pi (x : A) -> B x is a set.
Exercise 12: Prove that if A is a set, then List A is a set.
Groupoid structure on types
We conclude with description of a structure that characterizes types of higher homotopy levels. The types of homotopy level 1, or 1-types for short, have structure of what is called a groupoid:
\func isGpd (A : \Type) => \Pi (x y : A) -> isSet (x = y)
A groupoid is a categorical generalization of the notion of a group: it is a category, where every morphism is invertible. In particular, all endomorphisms of any object in a groupoid is a group with composition as the group operation. In the groupoid of a 1-type A the set of morphisms between objects x y : A is given by elements of x=y. The identity morphism is idp and the composition is given by transitivity *> of equality, which turns out to be in this case a nontrivial function rather than mere implication:
\func \infixr 5 *> {A : \Type} {a a' a'' : A} (p : a = a') (q : a' = a'') : a = a''
\elim q
| idp => p
For example, the universe \Set of sets is 1-type and *> in this case defines the composition of bijections between sets.
We can prove that *> and idp satisfy the required properties:
-- 'idp' is left and right identity
\func idp-right {A : \Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) : p *> idp = p => idp
\func idp-left {A : \Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) : idp *> p = p \elim p
| idp => idp
-- * is associative
\func *-assoc {A : \Type} {x y z w : A} (p : x = y) (q : y = z) (r : z = w)
: (p *> q) *> r = p *> (q *> r) \elim r
| idp => idp
-- 'sym' is inverse
\func sym-left {A : \Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) : sym p *> p = idp
\elim p
| idp => idp
\func sym-right {A : \Type} {x y : A} (p : x = y) : p *> sym p = idp
\elim p
| idp => idp
The function *> is thus similar to a group operation. For example, we can prove the left cancellation property for it:
\func cancelLeft {A : \Type} {x y z : A}
(p : x = y) (q r : y = z) (s : p *> q = p *> r) : q = r
\elim p, r
| idp, idp => sym (idp-left q) *> s
We can generalize this structure and define inductively n-groupoid as a category, where morphisms form (n-1)-groupoid. This is precisely the structure corresponding to homotopy level n, where n>=-1 is an integer. The types with infinite homotopy level correspond to infinity-groupoids, which are not necessarily merely limits of n-groupoids and should be defined in a special way.
Exercise 13: Prove that n-types are closed under \Pi-types. Hint: Proof by induction. For the induction step ‘suc n’ one should prove that if f,g : \Pi (x : A) -> B x, then f = g is equivalent to \Pi (x : A) -> f x = g x.


{%extends 'layout.html'%} {%block body%}
{{ paragraph}}
Ambientivity recreates the ambient sounds to boost your creativity and help you work better. Proven and peer reviewed, see the research to learn more.


Overview
This tab shows the stats of the player(s) in the past {{ time_string }}. Each row in the table shows the amount of kills, wins, etc. in the past {{ time_string}}. KDR, FKDR, Win%, and any other ratios represent the amount of (in the case of FKDR, for example), finals kills in the past {{ time_string }} divided by the amount of final deaths in the past {{ time_string }}.


Faeris
v3.2
Main Page
Classes
Files
Class List
Class Index
Class Hierarchy
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Go to the textual class hierarchy
Generated on Fri Jan 23 2015 17:58:38 for Faeris by
1.8.8


Rough Draw
Rough Draw creates a sketchy, hand-drawn version of any image using RoughJS and a WASM version of OpenCV.
Technique
OpenCV is used to detect shapes (contours) in an image. At first, the image is transformed to grayscale and then a threshold function is applied.
If double pass is selected, an inverse threshold is also applied. Think of a double pass akin to applying a low-pass and a high-pass filter to a signal.
Contours are then extracted from the image followed by extracting the average color inside that contour.
The contour points are then passed to RoughJS which renders a sketchy version of the shape. The shape is then hachure-filled with the shape's average color.


|
Fortran 95 example programs found in examples/fortran |
| SHCilmPlus |
Demonstration of how to expand spherical harmonic files into gridded maps using the GLQ routines, and how to compute the gravity field resulting from finite amplitude surface relief. |
| SHExpandDH |
Demonstration of how to expand a grid that is equally sampled in latitude and longitude into spherical harmonics using the sampling theorem of Driscoll and Healy (1994). |
| SHExpandLSQ |
Demonstration of how to expand a set of irregularly sampled data points in latitude and longitude into spherical harmonics by use of a least squares inversion.
|
| SHMag |
Demonstration of how to expand scalar magnetic potential spherical harmonic coefficients into their three vector components and total field.
|
| MarsCrustalThickness |
Demonstration of how compute a crustal thickness map of Mars.
|
| SHRotate |
Demonstration of how to determine the spherical harmonic coefficients for a body that is rotated with respect to its initial configuration.
|
| SHLocalizedAdmitCorr |
Demonstration of how to calculate localized admittance and correlation spectra for a given set of gravity and topography spherical harmonic coefficients.
|
| TimingAccuracy |
Test programs that calculate the time required to perform the GLQ and DH spherical harmonic transforms and reconstructions and the accuracy of these operations.
|
|
Python example and test programs found in examples/python |
| ClassInterface/ |
| ClassExample.py |
Test the python class interfaces SHCoeffs and SHGrid. |
| WindowExample.py |
Test the python class interface SHWindow. |
| TestLegendre/ |
| TestLegendre.py |
Test and plot all geodesy normalized Legendre functions. |
| IOStorageConversions/ |
| SHConversions.py |
Test the conversions between real and complex spherical harmonics coefficients. |
| SHStorage.py |
Test the conversions between different storage representations of spherical harmonic coefficients. |
| GlobalSpectralAnalysis/ |
| SHComplexSpectralAnalysis.py |
Test functions to compute different power spectra from complex coefficients. |
| SHRealSpectralAnalysis.py |
Test the different spherical harmonics transforms using Mars topography. |
| SHRotations/ |
| SHRotations.py |
Test the rotation of spherical harmonic coefficients. |
| LocalizedSpectralAnalysis/ |
| SHMTCouplingMatrix.py |
Test the SHMTCouplingMatrix routine. |
| SHMultitaperSE.py |
Test the localized spectral analysis routines. |
| SHWindowsBiasOther.py |
Test other routines related to localized spectral analysis. |
| GravMag/ |
| TestGrav.py |
Test the gravity and magnetics routines. |
| TestCT.py |
Example routine that computes the crustal thickness of Mars. |
| TimingAccuracy/ |
| TimingAccuracyDH.py |
Perform timing and accuracy tests using real Driscoll and Healy (1994) transforms and reconstructions. |
| TimingAccuracyDHC.py |
Perform timing and accuracy tests using complex Driscoll and Healy (1994) transforms and reconstructions. |
| TimingAccuracyGLQ.py |
Perform timing and accuracy tests using real Gauss-Legendre transforms and reconstructions. |
| TimingAccuracyGLQC.py |
Perform timing and accuracy tests using complex Gauss-Legendre transforms and reconstructions. |
| Other/ |
| TestOther.py |
Test a variety of other routines. |


Giphy Finder
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Hey partner,how's life on that side?This is an example of a typical message
Hey partner,this is the second message
David Kitavi - Land surveyor Member since Sept. 2018


A Solarcan captures the path of the sun during several weeks, months or even a full year. A Solarcan is an ANALOG pinhole camera: it's a can with a tiny hole (0.5mm), through which light falls on a piece of photographic paper. There is no digital camera inside to capture pictures, videos or audio.
The Solarcan will capture the surroundings, but only static elements such as bridges, trees and buildings. Sometimes these details can be quite clear, sometimes they are more vague. It also captures the reflection of light in windows or water. Moving elements will not be captured.
This is an extremely long exposure. Therefore, movements such as people walking by or even people inspecting the Solarcan up close, will NOT be visible in the photograph. Unless you are able to stand in front of it for weeks and not move one bit - which would be quite an achievement!
This gallery shows what a Solarcan looks like. Also it shows what the photographic paper looks like, right after it has been taken out of the can. And the gallery contains two developed images. One of a Solarcan that remained in its position; you can see the vertically stacked paths of the sun. And another image, of a Solarcan that was moved during the exposure; you can see how the paths have slid to the side. It still looks interesting, but this wasn't intentional.
Would you like to make your own Solargraph? Buy a Solarcan here for only (approx.) €17,50!
The Solarcan needs to remain very still. Otherwise, the photograph will turn out blurred. Or the path of the sun will have moved. You can see this in the image below: instead of the paths of the sun being stacked, they have moved to the side. Even the tiniest nudge could change the photograph. This is why Solarcans are usually attached to a static element such as a house, a gate, a tree or a pole. Tie wraps or gaffer tape are great ways to keep the Solarcan in place and prevent it from moving. We ask you kindly not to touch the Solarcan, to ensure that it doesn't move. Thank you in advance!
Why does the sun’s path look like that? As we observe the Sun in the daytime sky we can see that it rises in the east and sets in the west with it being highest around midday. This isn’t because the Sun is moving, it’s because the Earth is spinning. Once every 24 hours. The reason it rises and sets and doesn’t just travel in a straight line through the sky is because Earth is tilted on its axis. 23.5 degrees to be exact. This tilt also happens to be what causes the seasons we have throughout our Earth year. As we travel in Space around the Sun different parts of Earth are exposed to the Sun’s rays more than others, giving us our Summer and Winter. During the hottest season, summer, the Sun is more direct and higher in the sky. Its highest point is during the summer solstice on the 21st June. The lowest point is the winter solstice on the 21st December.
If you have any comments or questions about the Solarcan you found, please fill out the following form:


{% extends "common-base.html" %} {% load custom_tags %} {% block title %}How it works{% endblock %}endblock %} {% block common_content %}
IndexTank provides online search to your site or product taking care of all the heavy lifting for you.
It is very simple to use.
1. Sign up to get an API key.
2. Create an index (or more than one) using the dashboard or through the API.
3. Then, add a few lines of code and a search box to your site (access the API directly or through the client library)
That's it.
You can start submitting your content to the index and it will become searcheable in real-time.


This is a simple test to see if your browser is automatically mangling your URLs. The following links will either take you to the correctly specified page ("Good!") or another incorrect URL it fabricated ("Bad!"). There are no links here to the "bad" page, so if you are taken there your browser did something wrong.
Note, the manual and automatic tests maye give different results if
the browser mangles http-equiv="refresh"
URLs differently
than normal links (the case with Opera).
If you got the "bad" page, your browser is silently modifying the URL to accommodate the arbitrary limitations of Windows. Specifically, it's incorrectly changing backslashes (\) to slashes (/).
This link must take you to the right page, otherwise your browser is completely broken. If you went to the wrong page here then it is impossible to point your browser to the right page. I am not aware of any browsers that fail this test.


Hello World
Some Content, Lorem Ipsum dolor sit.
Get a sample css file to apply
here
!
Save (persistent)
Save (session)
Load
Clear


Your browser does not support HTML5 canvas.
Placing text on the canvas with a fair amount of position control. Works best in Chrome.
Using text on the canvas
How to use the .setTimeout function
Google fonts (the font used here: Stint Ultra Expanded)
Canvas Playground index


Number of divisors
The Tau function indicates the number of divisors a natural number n has. The divisors 1 and n, factors for any integer, are also taken into account, so that prime numbers will have exactly two factors. The function is denoted by the Greek letter τ.
It is defined in the following way:
It holds that τ (p) = 2 for all primes.
Relation to the φ-function: τ (n) + φ (n) = n + 1 for all n in N.


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{% load i18n %}
{% blocktrans trimmed %} You don't have any projects yet, but you can start building documentation by importing one. Not sure how to start documenting your project? Check out the Tutorial to learn how. {% endblocktrans %}
{% url "projects_import" as projects_import_url %} {% blocktrans trimmed %} In a hurry? Fork our template project on Github, and import it. {% endblocktrans %}


This is a basic text input. It is bounded between 0-255 characters and is auto trimmed.
This input is required. This is done by adding the
ng-required
attribute. The attribute can be added to any PractialForms input
Inputs have two way bindings, so they can easily be set and validated using code
Large text box, default limited to 2500 characters
Numerical input, valid only when the input is a number. Works with decimal numbers
This will only work with number between 1-5. Powered by angular
min
&
max
attributes
Percentage input will only accept interger from 0-100.
Email input, validated using the default browser implementation
The default password must be at least 8 characters long and includes an upper-case letter, lower-case letter and a number. See
this regex website for more details
Validates a state by either the name or the code.
When
output
is set to
"code"
, the value is the state code name. This is default
Output: {{inputs.state_code}}
When
output
is set to
"word"
, the value is the state name
Output: {{inputs.state_Name}}
Validates either the 5 or 9 digit zip code (either ##### or #####-####). See
this regex website for more details.
Validates a phone number. See
this regex website for more details
Validates a URL link using the default browser implementation. Must include the protocal (HTTP, FTP, etc)
Inputs needing UI-Bootstrap framework
Enter a date. Min date can be set using the min-date attribute.
This date has a min value taken from above.
Note: this required a watch expression in the controller
Modal Dialogs
Confirm Modal Dialog
These popup can be used to popup a information modal
Infromational Modal Dialog
These popup can be used to popup a information modal
Picture Inputs
Picture selection with preview. Max file size set to 1Mb
Picture input with uploading action after the image is selected. Max file size if defaulted to 3MB.
Binding Parmeters:
-
ng-model - the image selection for the input (required)
-
title - The title for the input (required)
-
preview - The image source for preview return by the FileReader API
-
result - Result of uploading or error messages
-
status - Numerical status of the image selection
- 0 = No Image
- 1 = Loading Image
- 2 = Image Loaded
- 3 = Uploading
- 4 = File Uploaded
- -1 = Error
- -10 = File to big
-
url - The url to upload the image to, upload button will only be show if this is given
-
max-size - The max size of image in bytes, default: 3000000
Image Input Results:
---------------------------------------------------
Image Viewer status: {{status}}
Image Viewer Results: {{result}}
Image: {{inputs.picture2}}
Filename: {{inputs.picture2.name}}
Open Image
Output:
{{inputs | json}}


Sauti Africa empowers small business owners, particularly women, to improve their business and economic opportunities to grow out of poverty. We offer information on educational scholarships as well as business startup scholarship funding for individual facing hardships, as well as assist members with business certifications.
As a member, you are given the opportunity to let your voice be heard. Our monthly meetings are where you can share the nature of your business and products to other members. Often times we have special keynote speakers on a variety of topics of interest to our business owners.
We have focus sessions that allow entrepreneurs to share their successes, experiences, challenges, and tips on how to better our businesses.


DCDatabase
Class
Represents a collection of named dcache collections
Constructors
Code
new DCDatabase(DCProvider prov, String db_name) #
DCDatabase (DCProvider prov, String db_name)
{
this._source = prov;
this._dbname = db_name;
}
Methods
Code
DCCollection getCollection(String name) #
Gets a collection
specified by
name
DCCollection getCollection (String name) => new DCCollection(this._source, this._dbname, name);
Code
DCCollection operator [](String name) #
Gets a collection using the square bracket operators. See also getCollection
DCCollection operator [] (String name) => this.getCollection(name);


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Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is the government sponsored crop insurance scheme that integrates multiple stakeholders on a single platform.
Government of India is committed to accord high priority to water conservation and its management. To this effect Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated with the vision of extending the coverage of irrigation 'Har Khet ko pani' and improving water use efficiency 'More crop per drop' in a focused manner with end to end solution on source creation, distribution, management, field application and extension activities.
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Bachelor of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing
• Trained new farm hands on equipment usage and maintenance.
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Lorem ipsum, dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Dolores aperiam doloremque commodi officia, doloribus praesentium dolorem explicabo laudantium eum perspiciatis quam ipsam eos autem quisquam quae magni nobis dicta nam distinctio, quaerat, eaque cumque tenetur pariatur dolorum. Est, et saepe.


Hello_ Frequently in Ghana, children are given their first name as a 'day name' which corresponds to the day in the week they were born.Fill the form to find yours


Progress Line
Move the mouse over the element to see the effect
01
Title
02
Title Title Title
03
Title
04
Title
05
Title
06
Title


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THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR A film review by Mark R. Leeper
Capsule: THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR is a Chinese folk tale moved to the 1600s to resonate with the fall of the Ming Dynasty and the rise of the Manchus. The cinematography is terrific, the story is okay, but the dialog and the fighting scenes are the usual Hong Kong hokum. This would have been a better film if it had been more about the history. Rating: 6 (0 to 10), high +1 (-4 to +4) (Also included are comments about THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR II)
The historic backdrop for THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR by itself would have made a better film than THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR did. What makes this an interesting film is something that will be missed by viewers of the film with little knowledge of Chinese history. The fantasy is the story of Yi-Hang who appears in the film as a friend of Wu San-kuei. They are two men who will react very similarly in different but parallel struggles. Each will betray people who depend on him and in each case it will be for the love of a woman. Supposedly the story of the film is an old folktale, but to play up the thematic similarities to actual history it is set in the 1640s with only a few brief references to what was happening with Wu San-kuei. Here is a quick summary of what was happening.
For too long the Ming Dynasty had ruled selfishly and had sown the seeds of their own destruction. A whole class of hangers-on--60,000 people all claiming to be part of the royal family--were supported at public expense, impoverishing the peasants. They did little for their keep but collect taxes. Whole families would go first into debt and then into slavery in their own villages. Public suicides were common. In 1628 there was a famine in the Northwest and out of it rose a rebel leader, Li Tzu-ch'eng. The people could take no more, and a peasant army rose up under the leadership of Li Tzu-ch'eng and captured Northern China in 1642 and Beijing in 1644. The Ming Emperor committed suicide, but his army for the most part stayed loyal to the Mings.
Both Wu San-Kuei and his father had been military commanders for the dying Ming Dynasty. They had been charged with repelling the powerful Manchus, the descendents of the Mongols, wanting to sweep back into China. What was stopping the Manchus was the Great Wall and the tactical difficulty of getting past its army defenses.
But Li's rebel army had captured Wu's father to hold as a hostage. Then adding to Wu's pain they captured his favorite concubine. So the peasants, the Manchus, and the Mings were each trying to take control of China. Li offered a Wu San-kuei a truce with the Mings and an alliance to push back the Manchus. But Wu's hatred was so great now he wanted no part of an alliance the peasant army. Li attacked Wu. Wu made his alliance with the Manchus. He opened the Great Wall gates at Shanhaikuan and allowed the Manchus to enter China on the promise they would help defeat Li's rebellion and if they had power would allow the elite to retain their privileges. Perhaps Li felt he could control the Manchus or perhaps his hatred of the peasants who captured two people he loved was just too great. But he let the Manchus into China, and it was like ringing the dinner bell. The peasants held Beijing for just a month before they were crushed by the combined might of the Mings and the Manchus. Then suddenly it was just the Mings and the Manchus vying for the country. Soon the Ch'ing Dynasty of Manchus were China and they remained China for 267 years until 1911. Wu San-kuei had indeed changed the course of history, but only to open the door for one dynasty to defeat another.
THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR is purportedly based on an older folktale, but is retold against the backdrop of the falling of the Ming. Wu San-kuei shows up briefly in both THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR and its sequel, THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR II. His story runs simultaneously and parallel to that of Yi-Hang who would be called a traitor to the eight good clans who form the Wu Tang. He would be accused of unleashing the forces of a very different evil.
Yi-Hang was just a young boy, but already a student of martial arts, when he was chased and nearly killed by wolves. What saved his life was a girl about his own age who seemed to have the ability to command the wolves. For years she remained just a memory. In typical martial arts film fashion Yi-Hang (Leslie Cheung as an adult) grows up frequently getting into trouble usually through no fault of his own. But his virtue and his martial arts skill get him out of any problem. He becomes the best fighter of the eight Wu Tang clans. But there is trouble for the eight clans coming from an evil rival clan, the Chi Wu Shuang, led by a somewhat unique pair of evil sorcerers. What they are I will not describe, but clearly magic was involved in their origins since it is a biological impossibility. But their secret weapon is a third and powerful sorcerer, the beautiful woman, Lian Nichang (played by Brigitte Lin) who uses her hair to entangle her enemies. Yi-hang finds Lian bathing in the woods and recognizes her as the wolf-girl of his youth. He falls in love with her, or realizes that he has loved her since she was a child. But she is of the rival clan threatening to destroy the Wu Tang. We have a sort of Romeo and Juliet story of the love between these two martial artists.
The story does not have a lot to offer that we have not seen before. And the martial arts fighting is augmented by special effects and by modifying the camera speed. So the fighting we see is about as believable as the story. What makes this film worth going out of ones way to see is the photography. In spite of the fighting and the blood, this is something of an art film just for the stunning visuals. Director Ronny Yu apparently wanted to give this film a unique look that is a visual feast. The film's rich use of colors, the beautiful costuming, and the art direction are just terrific and make up for a multitude of other sins. The cinematographer is Peter Pau and he did more to create this mythic film than anyone else involved. THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR really deserves to be seen for the rich visual imagery. I rate it a 6 on the 0 to 10 scale and a high +1 on the -4 to +4 scale.
 But the relationship it bears to its predecessor is a lot like SON OF FRANKENSTEIN bore to THE BRIDE OF FRANKENSTEIN. It has the same director, it even has the same actors, but the creativity is all gone. Instead of being about mythic characters, the film is about people who know the mythic characters. Lian Nichang is no longer a three- dimensional character but has been reduced effectively to being a monster (again parallel to the FRANKENSTEIN films). I do not know who the cinematographer was but I could bet that it was not Peter Pau. Blue filters are over-used to try and recapture some of the look of the first film, but too much of the magic has gone out of the story. I rate THE BRIDE WITH WHITE HAIR II a 4 on the 0 to 10 scale and a low 0 on the -4 to +4 scale.
Mark R. Leeper<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright 1999 Mark R. Leeper
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


MAKEDEV
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (8)Updated: 26 June 2001
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
MAKEDEV - create devicesSYNOPSIS
/sbin/MAKEDEV -V/sbin/MAKEDEV [ -d directory ] [ -D directory ] [ -c configdir ] [ -m maxdevices ] [-a] [-n] [-v] [-i] [-M] [-S] [-u] [-x] device ...
DESCRIPTION
MAKEDEV is a program that will create the devices in /dev used to interface with drivers in the kernel.Note that programs giving the error ``ENOENT: No such file or directory'' normally means that the device file is missing, whereas ``ENODEV: No such device'' normally means the kernel does not have the driver configured or loaded.
OPTIONS
- -V
- Print out version and exit.
- -a
- Always create devices, even if they already exist and have the proper permissions and file context. The default behavior is to only (re-)create device nodes which appear to be missing or whose permissions differ from the configured values.
- -m maxdevices
- Create no more than the specified number of devices for any specification in a configuration file.
- -n
- Do not actually update the devices, just print the actions that would be performed.
- -M
- Create symlinks, directories, and sockets belonging to the current user, and print out the list of devices which would be created in a format which is understood by RPM.
- -S
- Do not actually update the devices, just print the actions that would be performed in a format which can be fed to a shell.
- -d directory
- Create the devices under directory instead of the default (usually /dev).
- -D directory
- Compute file contexts for device creation as if the directory specified for the -d flag were the specified directory. This is useful if the -d flag is being used to populate a chrooted device directory.
- -u
- Print the ownership and permissions for devices instead of creating them. The information is formatted for use by udev.
- -x
- Create exactly the named device. By default, device names which have the specified device name as the initial portion of their name are also created. For example, specifying "tty" will also trigger the creation of "tty1", "tty2", and so on.
- -v
- Be verbose. Print out the actions as they are performed. This is the same output as produced by the -n option.
- -i
- Ignore errors parsing configuration files. .SHCUSTOMIZATION Since there is currently no standardization in what names are used for system users and groups, it is possible that you may need to modify MAKEDEV's configuration files to reflect your site's settings.
DEVICES
- Certain devices are required for minimal functionality. These are:
- mem - access to physical memory; null - null device (infinite sink); port - access to I/O ports; zero - null byte source (infinite source); core - symlink to /proc/kcore (for kernel debugging); full - always returns ENOSPACE on write; ram - ramdisk; tty - to access the controlling tty of a process.
- Virtual Terminals
- console
- This creates the devices associated with the console. These are the virtual terminals ttyx, where x can be from 0 though 63. The device tty0 is the currently active VT, and is also known as console. For each VT, there are two devices: vcsx and vcsax, which can be used to generate screen-dumps of the VT (vcsx is just the text, and vcsax includes the attributes).
- Serial Devices
- ttyS{0..63}
- Serial ports.
- Pseudo Terminals
- pty[p-s]
- Each possible argument will create a bank of 16 master and slave pairs. The current kernel (1.2) is limited to 64 such pairs. The master pseudo-terminals are pty[p-s][0-9a-f], and the slaves are tty[p-s][0-9a-f].
- Parallel Ports
- lp
- Standard parallel ports. The devices are created lp0, lp1, and lp2.
- Bus Mice
- busmice
- The various bus mice devices. This creates the following devices: logimouse (Logitech bus mouse), psmouse (PS/2-style mouse), msmouse (Microsoft Inport bus mouse) and atimouse (ATI XL bus mouse) and jmouse (J-mouse).
- Joystick Devices
- js
- Joystick. Creates js0 and js1.
- Disk Devices
- fd[0-7]
- Floppy disk devices. The device fdx is the device which autodetects the format, and the additional devices are fixed format (whose size is indicated in the name). The other devices are named as fdxLn. The single letter L identifies the type of floppy disk (d = 5.25" DD, h = 5.25" HD, D = 3.5" DD, H = 3.5" HD, E = 3.5" ED). The number n represents the capacity of that format in K. Thus the standard formats are fdxd360, fdxh1200, fdxD720, fdxH1440, and fdxE2880.
- For more information see Alain Knaff's fdutils package.
- Devices fd0* through fd3* are floppy disks on the first controller, and devices fd4* through fd7* are floppy disks on the second controller.
- hd[a-d]
- AT hard disks. The device hdx provides access to the whole disk, with the partitions being hdx[0-20]. The four primary partitions are hdx1 through hdx4, with the logical partitions being numbered from hdx5 though hdx20. (A primary partition can be made into an extended partition, which can hold 4 logical partitions). By default, only the devices for 4 logical partitions are made. The others can be made by uncommenting them.
- Drives hda and hdb are the two on the first controller. If using the new IDE driver (rather than the old HD driver), then hdc and hdd are the two drives on the secondary controller. These devices can also be used to acess IDE CDROMs if using the new IDE driver.
- xd[a-d]
- XT hard disks. Partitions are the same as IDE disks.
- sd[a-z], sd[a-c][a-z], sdd[a-x]
- SCSI hard disks. The partitions are similar to the IDE disks, but there is a limit of 11 logical partitions (sdx5 through sdx15). This is to allow there to be 128 SCSI disks.
- loop
- Loopback disk devices. These allow you to use a regular file as a block device. This means that images of filesystems can be mounted, and used as normal. This creates 16 devices loop0 through loop15.
- Tape Devices
- st[0-7]
- SCSI tapes. This creates the rewinding tape device stx and the non-rewinding tape device nstx.
- qic
- QIC-80 tapes. The devices created are rmt8, rmt16, tape-d, and tape-reset.
- ftape
- Floppy driver tapes (QIC-117). There are 4 methods of access depending on the floppy tape drive. For each of access methods 0, 1, 2 and 3, the devices rftx (rewinding) and nrftx (non-rewinding) are created. For compatability, devices ftape and nftape are symlinks to rft0 and nrft0 respectively.
- CDROM Devices
- scd[0-7]
- SCSI CD players.
- sonycd
- Sony CDU-31A CD player.
- mcd
- Mitsumi CD player.
- cdu535
- Sony CDU-535 CD player.
- lmscd
- LMS/Philips CD player.
- sbpcd{,1,2,3}
- Sound Blaster CD player. The kernel is capable of supporting 16 CDROMs, each of which is accessed as sbpcd[0-9a-f]. These are assigned in groups of 4 to each controller. sbpcd is a symlink to sbpcd0.
- Scanner
- logiscan
- Logitech ScanMan32 & ScanMan 256.
- m105scan
- Mustek M105 Handscanner.
- ac4096
- A4Tek Color Handscanner.
- Audio
- sound
- This creates the audio devices used by the sound driver. These include mixer, sequencer, dsp, and audio.
- Miscellaneous
- sg
- Generic SCSI devices. The devices created are sga through sgh and sg0 through sg7. These allow arbitary commands to be sent to any SCSI device. This allows for querying information about the device, or controlling SCSI devices that are not one of disk, tape or CDROM (e.g. scanner, CD-R, CD-RW).
- fd
- To allow an arbitary program to be fed input from file descriptor x, use /dev/fd/x as the file name. This also creates /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr. (Note, these are just symlinks into /proc/self/fd).
- ibcs2
- Devices (and symlinks) needed by the IBCS2 emulation.
- apm
- Devices for power management.
- Network Devices
- Linux used to have devices in /dev for controlling network devices, but that is no longer the case. To see what network devices are known by the kernel, look in /proc/net/dev.
- Other Devices
-
Note that the list of devices above is not exhaustive. MAKEDEV can create
more devices nodes. Its aim is to be able to create everything listed in the
devices.txt file distributed with Linux 2.4.
CONFIGURATION
MAKEDEV doesn't actually know anything about devices. It reads all of the information from files stored in /etc/makedev.d. MAKEDEV will read any and all files in the subdirectory, skipping over subdirectories, symbolic links, and device nodes, processing lines in the files like so:- devices
-
[b|c]
mode owner group major minor inc count fmt [base]
count devices will be created, with permissions set to mode and owned by owner and group. The first device will be named fmt, and additional devices will be created if count is larger than 1. If fmt contains a C-style formatting string, it will be filled with the sum of base and zero. Subsequent devices will be filled with the sum of base and n * inc, where n is the order this device is being created in. If the format string did not already include a format specifier, a "%d" will automatically be appended to it to make this work. - symbolic links
-
l
linkname target
A symbolic link pointing to target named linkname will be created. - aliases
-
a
alias value
Any commands that create devices for alias will also include devices that would be crated for value. - macros
-
=macro expansion
Indicates a macro which can be referenced as $macro in subsequent configuration statements.
CONFIGURATION CONFLICTS
In the event that the set of configuration files contains multiple rules for a given device name, MAKEDEV will use all of them. The end result is typically that the last rule given (either by virtue of being listed below all other matching rules in the same file, or by being listed in a file which is read after all others which contain alternate rules) will apply. MAKEDEV reads the set of configuration files in sorted order, so this misfeature can be exploited dependably.SEE ALSO
Linux Allocated Devices, maintained by Torben Mathiasen<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Let's hope not. If we're lucky, any problems we'll find will be confined to the configuration files, which were written by examining the devices.txt file. If your system uses udev, conflicts between devices.txt and the in-kernel data which udev uses for naming devices may crop up. If you find any bugs, please file them in the bug database at http://bugzilla.redhat.com/ against the "MAKEDEV" component.AUTHOR
Nalin Dahyabhai, based largely on work done by Nick Holloway and Michael K. Johnson.
Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- OPTIONS
- DEVICES
- CONFIGURATION
- CONFIGURATION CONFLICTS
- SEE ALSO
- BUGS
- AUTHOR
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:27 GMT, December 24, 2015


HttpDo
Testing Page
Example session value: @{{ Session["example_value"] ?? "null" }}
Form that'll execute method with it's parameters.
Form that'll execute method with undefined parameters and bundle values in FormData object.
Form that'll execute method with undefined parameters and bundle values in FormData object, but also allows you to pass integer.


The Memory Game
Instructions:
A simple and fun memory game, flip the cards over and match the pairs as quickly as possible!
Your goal is to match two pairs. Once you match a pair, the upper layer will disapear, and the part of the hidden image will be shown. You need to get all the cards turned over in order to see the whole image.
Click on the cards to turn a card or choose an A-P key.


Click image to view "THE CLASSICS SHOW (APRIL 2013)
Click image to view "AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 MINUTES (APRIL 2013)"
Click image to view "PORTFOLIO PICTURES"
Click image to view "CHRISTMAS 2014"


Liam Hemsworth heads out after Elsa Pataky’s comments that he’s ‘doing well’
Liam Hemsworth has been spotted doing his grocery shopping in Malibu following comments from his sister-in-law Elsa Pataky that he’s ‘doing well’ following his split from Miley Cyrus.
The actor, 29, was seen doing the food shop in Whole Foods in Malibu, California, as he spent the week surfing with his brother, Chris Hemsworth.
He looked lost in thought as he stocked up on some essentials, in his rare time off from his busy work schedule.
It comes after Chris’s wife, Elsa, spoke out about how Liam is doing following the split from his wife, Miley Cyrus, in August.
She said at a press conference in Madrid this week: ‘My brother-in-law, well… after a relationship that you’ve dedicated ten years to, he’s a little bit down, but he’s coping well.
‘He’s a strong boy and he deserves the best. I think he deserves much better.’
Advertisement Advertisement
Liam and Chris have always been close, and Elsa says Liam has been leaning on his brother while going through the divorce.
She explained: ‘You always find support in your family, and he’s joined at the hip with [Chris], who has been there to give all the strength he needed.’
Elsa’s comments surprised fans after she and Miley had seemed close while the couple were together, even getting matching tattoos as a tribute to their friendship three years ago.
Liam and Miley confirmed their split after eight months of marriage – following 10 years of an on-off relationship – over the summer.
Miley was soon spotted kissing Kaitlynn Carter on a boat while on holiday, but that short-lived rebound romance lasted just six weeks.
She then got together with Cody Simpson, with the pair being rumoured to have split last week, but have since claimed they are together but have an ‘easy’ relationship where they can spend extended time apart.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


Building a Climate VIII¶
Precipitation
This lecture logically follows the lecture on atmospheric stability and introduces precipitation formation.
Information¶
Learning goals |
|---|
|
Atmospheric Water¶
Measuring the Amount of Water¶
For people outside atmospheric or hydrological sciences, the different ways to measure water in the atmosphere can be confusing, so we will start this lecture with some terminology:
Partial pressure of water vapour - the contribution of \(H_2O\) molecules to the pressure of air.
Saturation vapour pressure - the maximum possible pressure air can have before water condenses. This is a function of temperature.
Specific humidity - the ratio of water vapour mass to air mass. It is a mixing ratio.
Relative Humidity - the ratio of partial pressure of water vapour to saturation vapour pressure. This is arguably one of the most useful measure for water content in the air, since the ratio tells you how close you are to condensation.
Dewpoint (Temperature) - the temperature at which water vapour condenses.
Clausius-Clapeyron Ratio¶
The Clausius-Clapeyron Relationship describes the slope of tangents to the curve separating the two phases on a pressure-temperature diagram. It is therefore a way to characterise the phase transition between two phases. We can write it was:
where:
\(P\) - pressure
\(T\) - temperature
\(L\) - specific latent heat (the amount of energy required in form of heat (Q) to completely effect a phase change of a unit of mass)
\(v\) - specific volume (the volume to mass ratio for specific substance)
\(s\) - specific entropy (the entropy [“energy of substance no longer available to perform work”] per unit mass)
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation - Approximation for Low Temperature¶
For low temperature (well below the critical point) and condition in which the specific volume of the gas phase (\(v_g\) ) greatly exceeds specific volume of the condensed phase (\(v_c\) ), we can write: \(\Delta v \approx v_g\) . (The temperature at which vapour and liquid can coexist is referred to as the critical point)
If we change the ideal gas law (\(P · V = n · \bar{R} · T\) ) to make it “specific”, we get:
We can thus write:
From this and the ratio of the previous section, we can derive the Clausius-Clapeyron equation for low temperatures and pressure:
This is useful, because it lets you calculate saturation vapour pressure as a function of temperature and without information about volume.
Saturation Vapour Pressure¶
Saturation vapour pressure (\(P_s\) in this section’s equations) is a function of temperature (\(t\) in this section’s equations) and there are several (semi-empirical) approximations for it.
The Tetens equation (Tetens, 1930):
The Magnus Formula (Alduchov and Eskridge, 1996) using °C is the most commonly used equation for it:
where:
a = 17.625
b = 233.04
c = 610.94
More recent forms, e.g. Huang (2018):
Many more …
Note that this is a property of water and air plays no role in it.
Dew Point Temperature¶
For calculating dew point temperature, let us first consider the computation of relative humidity (RH) at a specific temperature:
and recall our equation for saturation pressure:
From those, we can derive our equation for dewpoint temperature:
A simplified approximation of it is possible with the equation below:
Precipitation Formation¶
Terminology¶
Let us first dive into some more terminology we will need to talk about rain formation.
Latent heat of condensation - the heat taken or released when changing the phase of water.
Cloud droplet - ca. 10 microns droplets.
Raindrops - ca. 1 mm drops.
Supercooled liquid water - liquid water below freezing point. We often find liquid water in the atmosphere that is -20°C and unable to turn into ice, because it needs a trigger to start the freezing process.
Riming - supercooled liquid meets an object and starts freezing process.
Reaching Saturation¶
There are different ways in which air can reach saturation. Roughly, they can be categorised into 3 ways:
1. Adding moisture to air:
Examples of this include steam fog. This phenomenon can be observed when cold air is above relatively warm water. The water evaporates and moisture is added to cool air, which then condensates immediately. This can happen over different bodies of water, including rivers and the sea. In the latter case, the same is often referred to as sea smoke.
Other examples of adding moisture to relatively cold air include breathing out in cold weather, condensation trails, water vapour from cooling towers of power plants and more.
2. Removing heat from air:
Examples of this include radiation fog. Heat is radiating from the surface at night (esp. on cloudless nights when infrared radiation can easily espace). This cools bottom air until it reaches saturation. Fog forms at the surface first and then thickens as cooling continues.
Valley fog is a special type of radiation fog. As for regular radiation fog, heat is radiated from the surface during (clear-sky) nights, cooling the air just above the surface. In hilly terrain, the less buoyant cold air can then sink into valleys, much like water flowing down a hill. The fog therefore preferentially forms in the valleys of cool air. This pooling also means that valley fog can persist over longer times than over even ground.
Another example of removing heat to reach saturation is advection fog. In this case, the surface started out cold. Warmer winds then move in moisture, the warm incoming air loses heat by conduction and saturation vapour pressure drops. This can happen, for example, when warm air from land moves over a colder ocean. In a sense, it is the opposite of sea smoke.
3. Adiabatic expansion of air:
In the atmospheric sciences, this is arguably the most important way to reach saturation and condensation as it leads to cloud formation. As an air parcel (containing water vapour) rises, it cools adiabatically, which lowers saturation pressure and leads to condensation. Next, we will examine different categories of clouds and their properties.
Clouds¶
Cloud categorisation is more systematic than it may appear at first. We will have a look at a few common types. Pay attention to the recurring compounds in cloud names.
Cumulus clouds (from latin for “pile”) are characterised by a puffy appearance and greater thickness. Simple cumulus clouds are typically found in the lower troposphere. Altocumulus clouds, on the other hand, are found in the mid-troposphere. (Alto can be translated as “mid”). They sometimes form rippled patterns, which is created from rising (leading to condensation) and sinking (preventing condensation) air masses. A general rule of thumb is that subsidence prevents clouds (and thus condensation and precipitation) from forming. The ripple pattern lines up in the wind direction. Cirrocumulus clouds are typically found in the upper troposphere. (Cirro translates as “ringlet” and refers to high altitude clouds of ice crystals and supercooled droplets quickly turning to ice).
Cumulonimbus clouds “pile up” even more than simple cumulus clouds and can reach tropopause, where they start spreading laterally underneath the stable stratosphere. They consist of droplets in its lower parts and ice crystals in upper parts. They are associated with atmospheric instability, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms and cold fronts.
Stratus clouds (translating from the latin “strato-” meaning “layer”) are low-level clouds forming blanket-like covers. Altostratus refer to mid-level stratus type clouds, and Cirrostratus clouds are high-level stratiform clouds consisting of ice crystals. They tend o be brigther than other status clouds and create a milky shimmer in the sky.
Stratocumulus or cumulostratus are a dark “puffy” clouds cover. They can have a similar appearance to altocumulus clouds and can also create ripple patterns. However, the individual clouds/compontents are larger in stratocumulus clouds.
Nimbostratus clouds, like cumulunimbus, are amorphous, multi-layer clouds that are dark and very uniform in appearance and associated with wide-spread continuous precipitation without thunder.
Orographic clouds are produced by air being forced/advected over mountains. As air is lifted, it expands, cools, reaches saturation and water starts to condense. As air decends on the lee side of mountains, the process is reversed: Air condenses and warms adiabatically and excess water evaporates, resulting in warm, dry air. If air lost moisture to precipitation on its way, it warms to higher temperatures on the lee side than it was on the other side at the same altitude. The resulting dry, warm down-slope wind is referred to as föhn or foehn.
Note
Have you picked up on the general naming scheme for clouds? See if you can apply this to clouds you see in the coming weeks and put it in context of what you learned about adiabatic expansion.
Formation Mechanisms¶
Rain forms either by coalescence, i.e. the merging of drop(let)s into larger drops, or by the Wegener - Gergeron - Findeisen process. The former is important in the lower latitudes, while the latter is more important in the higher latitudes.
The Wegener - Bergeron - Findeisen process can be summarised by the following steps:
Supercooled water droplets in the atmosphere find a freezing nucleus (e.g. dust particles) and riming starts. The ice formed by riming can serve as a nucleus to more supercooled water droplets and it draws them in. As more droplets are drawn in and freeze, the surrounding humidity decreases, resulting in surrounding droplets evaporating/shrinking. Eventually, the ice begins to fall as a snowflake, which can pick up more droplets on its way through riming.
As snow begins to fall through warmer layers in the lower troposphere, it begins to melt and turns into rain. Rain formed by this process is therefore often referred to as cold rain, which is the most common type of train in extratropical latitudes.
Precipitation Types¶
To a large degree, the atmosphere’s thermal layering determines the precipitation type. If the top of clouds are above 0°C, warm rain is formed by coalescence. If the top of the cloud is below 0°C and enough of the atmosphere below is above 0°C, we observe the ice phase process at the top and melting at the bottom. This results in cold rain. If the entire cloud is below 0°, the ice phase process is observed at the top and there is no melting at the bottom, resulting in snow.


--- title: Serialize a model to an R object type: docs repo: https://github.com/rstudio/keras menu: main: name: Serialize a model to an R object - keras parent: keras-reference aliases: - /reference/keras/serialize_model.html - /keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /guide/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /tools/tools/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /installation/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /tutorials/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /guide/tools/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /deploy/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /tools/keras/reference/serialize_model.html - /tutorials/tools/keras/reference/serialize_model.html ---
Model objects are external references to Keras objects which cannot be saved
and restored across R sessions. The serialize_model()
and
unserialize_model()
functions provide facilities to convert Keras models to
R objects for persistence within R data files.
serialize_model(model, include_optimizer = TRUE)
unserialize_model(model, custom_objects = NULL, compile = TRUE)
| model | Keras model or R "raw" object containing serialized Keras model. |
| include_optimizer | If |
| custom_objects | Mapping class names (or function names) of custom (non-Keras) objects to class/functions (for example, custom metrics or custom loss functions). This mapping can be done with the dict() function of reticulate. |
| compile | Whether to compile the model after loading. |
serialize_model()
returns an R "raw" object containing an hdf5
version of the Keras model. unserialize_model()
returns a Keras model.
The save_model_hdf5()
function enables saving Keras models to
external hdf5 files.
Other model persistence:
get_weights()
,
model_to_json()
,
model_to_yaml()
,
save_model_hdf5()
,
save_model_tf()
,
save_model_weights_hdf5()


GUI testing
- functional programming reactive programming user interface testing 5 min read
Defining the problem
To generate a set of test cases, test designers attempt to cover all the functionality of the system and fully exercise the GUI itself. The difficulty in accomplishing this task is three-fold:
- to deal with domain size and with sequences.
- In addition, the tester faces more difficulty when they have to do regression testing.
- in addition to testing behaviour, the tester must also test for visual appearance
Size of the domain and sequences
Unlike a CLI (command line interface) system, a GUI has many operations that need to be tested. A relatively small program such as Microsoft WordPad has 325 possible GUI operations1 In a large program, the number of operations can easily be an order of magnitude larger.
The second problem is the sequencing problem. Some functionality of the system may only be accomplished with a sequence of GUI events. For example, to open a file a user may have to first click on the File
menu, then select the Open
operation, use a dialog box to specify the file name, and focus the application on the newly opened window. Increasing the number of possible operations increases the sequencing problem exponentially. This can become a serious issue when the tester is creating test cases manually.
Regression testing
Regression testing becomes a problem with GUIs as well. A GUI may change significantly, even though the underlying application does not. A test designed to follow a certain path through the GUI may then fail since a button, menu item, or dialog may have changed location or appearance.
This is a very serious problem as a GUI is often built iteratively, and as such changes with a much higher frequency that the core application, laeding to constantly having to revisit existing tests.
Behavior vs. appearance
GUI specifications fall in several categories :
- behaviour
- navigation
- actions and their visual trigger (button, form etc.)
- visual feedback to user actions (error messages, etc.)
- look
- style, layout, alignment, content, colour, size, scrollbar, readability, etc.
Problems related to testing the behavioural part of the GUI have been described in the previous sections (domain size and sequences). The specific challenges linked to visual testing are :
- regression testing, as described previously. Any changes, even small, in the visual appearance can lead to the invalidation of many tests down the road
- visual appearance itself may respond to a complex logic (responsive design, media-query, etc.) which have to be simulated, extending by then considerably the test domain
Test methods
The key methods used for GUI testing are :
- Manual testing. Under this approach, graphical screens are checked manually by testers in conformance with the requirements stated in the business requirements document.
- Automated record and replay. Mainly done by automation tools. This is done in two parts. During
Record
, test steps are captured by the automation tool. Duringplayback
, the recorded test steps are executed on the application under test. - Automated inputs. Similar to the previous testing method, this method allows to simulate programmatically user inputs, and observe the output of the application under test.
- Model-based testing. Under this method, the expected behaviour of the GUI is predicted by a formal model incorporating a representation of GUI inputs and state. The actual GUI behaviour is checked to be consistent with the expected behaviour.
- Visual testing (a.k.a. visual checking or visual regression testing). The term Visual Testing (VT) is used to refer to that part of GUI testing concerned with testing the visual properties of GUI elements and Visual Defect (VD) is the term that will be used to refer for those defects reported by this type of testing2.
Model-based testing
Model-based testing allows to :
- use algorithms to figure out all of the usage paths for an application to pare down the number to get a maximum in coverage and a minimum of tests, and …
- automate generation of such test cases
The cost associated to this approach is linked precisely to the construction of the behaviour model. Such endeavour requires complete documentation for applications (and updating and fully maintaining that documentation throughout the entire development process).
A common approach is to modelize GUI behaviour via extended finite state machines. The use of state machines for specifying user interfaces has been explored as early as mid-1980s in 3. At that time, however, state machines were applied to textual user interfaces, which are much simpler to model and analyze (for example, they do not involve callbacks). With the advent of flexible, dynamically modifiable GUI systems research in the human-computer interface (HCI) area has focused primarily on dynamic aspects of GUI-based systems, where state machines appear to be less useful. However, in the domain of static GUI with a low number of states, EFSMs are quite appropriate and yield high-level and accurate models of user expectations of the system4.
References
- Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_testing [return]
- Ayman Issa, Jonathan Sillito, Vahid Garousi. Visual Testing of Graphical User Interfaces: an Exploratory Study Towards Systematic Definitions and Approaches. WSE ‘12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Web Systems Evolution (WSE). Pages 11-15. http://people.ucalgary.ca/~sillito/work/wse2012.pdf [return]
- A.I. Wasserman. Extending state transition diagrams for the specification of human-computer interaction. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,11(8):699–713, August 1985. [return]
- Vivien Chinnapongse, Insup Lee, Oleg Sokolsky, Shaohui Wang, and Paul L. Jones, “Model-Based Testing of GUI-Driven Applications”, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Software Technologies for Embedded and Ubiquitous Systems 5860, 203-214. November 2009. http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/423/ [return]


2019 BMW X4 M40i Review: 5 Things You Need To Know
by Kyle EdwardThe BMW X4 is a niche vehicle, appealing to those looking for the driving characteristics of a 5-Series sedan but with the ground clearance and practicality of an X3 SAV (sports activity vehicle). If acceleration is top of mind, you can spring for the sporty M40i model which will set you up for a 0-60 time of just 4.6 seconds. When it comes to pricing for 2020, the base X4 xDrive 30i starts at $51,100, and if you want the potent engine from the M40i, get ready to write a check for $61,000.
Power From The M40i
If you're looking to spice up your daily commute, the more powerful X4 M40i comes equipped with an incredible inline 6-cylinder engine that puts out 355 hp @ 5500 rpm and 365 ft-lbs. of torque @ 1520 rpm. That's way more power than this 4,300+ pound SAV needs but it's an absolute blast to drive as more power is always better.
I was truly surprised at just how well the X4 M40i performed on the road. Not only does the inline 6 turbocharged engine provide a massive boost of torque, but throwing it around tight curves it actually feels light and nimble, as the suspension and steering setup makes you forget you're driving a crossover. When was the last time you took a freeway entrance ramp and had fun? If the answer is never, then perhaps the X4 M40i is your answer.
BMW is known for creating luxury vehicles with a focus on performance and the X4 M40i doesn't let driving pleasure go by the wayside just because it's a crossover.
Sportback Styling
If the X4 was 6 inches lower, it could comfortably be called a Sportback sedan, and the silhouette certainly doesn't look like your typical crossover. It has coupe-like styling with a low roofline and a large rear hatch with wraparound tail lights. Personally, I love the design as it is truly something different, combining the look of a sportback sedan with the convenience and practicality of a larger vehicle.
Fantastic Surround View Camera System
BMW has incorporated its incredible 3D view camera system into the X4, which allows you to view your vehicle from many different angles that are generally not available. This makes parking a breeze, plus it's always a cool feature to show off and gives passengers the ‘wow’ factor should you choose to show off.
Full Suite of Tech Available
Depending on the option packages you choose from, the X4 has active cruise control with stop & go, active lane-keeping assist with side collision avoidance, and front cross-traffic alert among several others. All systems are easy to use and are complemented nicely with graphics on the digital instrument cluster.
Solid Yet Bland Interior
The interior itself is well constructed, the seats are very comfortable, while the infotainment and climate controls are integrated in familiar BMW fashion. However, in all of the efficiency, the interior design overall lacks a kind of excitement. Perhaps that's partly due to the boring tan interior color scheme my particular test model came in, but more could have been done to make the interior stand out on an otherwise excellent vehicle.
Final Thoughts
If you're looking for a fun-to-drive crossover with plenty of power on tap and the look of a sportback sedan, then the BMW X4 M40i is a solid choice. What it lacks in interior aesthetic, it makes up for with an incredible powertrain and unique exterior design. If you're interested in the X4, you should also give the Mercedes-Benz GLC Coupe a look. It incorporates similar styling dynamics and a gorgeous interior.


About
I am Bruno Yzeiri, a student interest in most things. In this blog I try to explore some of the phenomena that surround me with a scientific approach. I do this both to share code, ideas and knowledge and to build knowledge myself and explore more topics.
Given enough time I hope I will be able output work in Biology, Linguistics, Physics and many other fields.
In my spare time I like to read and pratice sports (boxing and weightlifting).
Currently living in (the outskirts of) Paris while pursuing my MSc in Data Science at Ecole Polytechnique and HEC Paris.


Content warning: This article discusses suicide.
Photo provided by Terry St. Peter
November 9 Date, 2022
Content warning: This article discusses suicide.
People enlist to join the U.S. Armed Forces for a variety of reasons. Some act upon their patriotic urge to serve their country. For others, the appeal lies in the desire to see the world.
At Ohio University, there are around 700 Veterans enrolled. These are classified as students who served or are currently serving in the U.S. military. Whether that be serving as a pilot for the Air Force, or a corpsman for the Marine Corps, 700 Bobcats want to protect their country.
Transitioning to college is hard for anyone, but transitioning from a soldier to a student is a whole new ballgame. Many student Veterans are older than their peers and have experienced much more of what life has to offer. Tardiness is no longer punished with pushups; uniforms are the only acceptable form of attire.
More than the situational changes is the evolution of identity. Especially for those no longer on active duty, a giant piece of who they are is different. No longer a defendant of the Constitution but rather a member of civilian life.
The military and mental health
Military service often affects Veterans’ mental health. According to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the number of Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, varies by service era. Between 11-20% of Veterans who served in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom have PTSD.
Amber Everett is among the 12 million adults in the U.S. who have PTSD. Everett, who uses a pseudonym to keep anonymity on the condition of privacy, is an Air Force Veteran. Stationed at a garrison, a military post, Everett worked mostly with drones and full-motion video. Essentially, she supported downrange troops via computers.
With her brother in the Air Force and her dad being in the Army, Everett wanted a challenge so the military was the natural next step. Using her passion for math, Everett aced the entrance exam and began her service.
Prior to her military service, Everett said she never really had any difficulties with her mental health. Besides being an angsty teen, she said everything was smooth sailing. Now, Everett has been diagnosed with PTSD, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety.
“It kind of all started when I started killing people for a living. Every time I see a new doctor, they give me a new label.”- Amber Everett
Everett said her main symptom is nightmares. Whether asleep or awake, she said flashbacks are frequent and can be triggered by various things.
Everett discussed a class she was in where police brutality and Islamophobia were frequent topics and weren't always talked about in the most careful of ways. Although holding no ill feelings toward the professor, Everett feels there are better ways to talk about certain triggering topics. She suggests faculty provide a questionnaire to learn their students' triggers.
"I'm not saying she's doing it bad at all," Everett said. "I'm just saying people need to better know their audience. I know people like to talk about snowflakes or whatever, but it's a real f—---- deal."
A big obstacle Everett faced was overcoming hearing common words that she associated with her service. Having worked with a lot of video and digital equipment, everyday words such as "camera," "video," or "cellphone" used to send her in a spiral.
"There was about a year and a half to two years where I could not play video games,
Everett said. "I used to play video games a lot when I was younger … I had a really hard time separating my memories and the reality from the game itself."
According to Stop Soldier Suicide, Veterans are 57% higher risk of suicide than those who haven't served. Suicide is also the second leading cause of death in Veterans under age 45.
Having survived past suicide attempts herself, Everett said her first attempt was while she was still in the service, a little less than a year before her separation. She spoke about having to help herself through that.
"There's a point in life where you have to choose to live, regardless of the baggage that you carry," Everett said. "That's a very difficult point to reach and going through all this, I feel like I've reached it."
If any Veterans are contemplating suicide, visit this website or dial 988 for the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline.
From basic training to the books
In most cases, enlistees sign up for four years of active duty and four years of inactive duty. For all six branches of the military, Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Marine and Space Force, the requirements to join are relatively similar. All interested parties must be at least 17 years of age to enlist and be U.S. citizens or possess a Green Card.
After taking a variety of tests, receiving a high school diploma or GED, meeting with a career counselor and completing the service's physical requirements and fitness standards, aspiring service men and women are permitted to take the oath of enlistment.
After some coordination, recruits will receive orders for basic training. For the Army, basic training consists of 10 weeks focused on combat training, specialized training in the desired career field and general military basics such as weapon handling, teamwork and discipline.
Basic training is where Ethan Barnes, a sophomore studying political science as well as the president of the Student Veteran Association, met his best friend, Seth Rogers, a sophomore studying political science, as well. With Barnes being from Toledo and Rogers from Amarillo, Texas, the likelihood of them meeting without the Army was slim to none.
Thanks to Fort Benning, Georgia, however, the two freshly-graduated high schoolers began their time in the service together. Barnes said relationships built during the service are unlike any others. Strangers are thrust into intimate situations where friendship is the only option.
"I've worked a 35 hour shift with my buddy Seth," Barnes said. "That's how you make best friends. What do you talk about for 35 hours? I'll tell you: f—---- everything."
Rogers shares a similar experience to Barnes. His experience with bonds created in the military have to be rivaled.
"I'd say relationships are different because I've made friends at college but there's something different about– and I guess it's more true for the job I had– but there's something different about having a friend who you know is going to have your back in the wildest of situations," Rogers said.
In addition to one on one relationships, Rogers enjoyed the camaraderie that came with the service. The sense of teamwork and codependency is something unique to the experience.
“Just feeling like even though I was kind of a cog in the machine, it was a good machine. And I felt like I was a part of something greater than myself.”- Seth Rogers
Riley Black, a senior studying management and strategic leadership has a different story than her Veteran peers. Enlisting to join the Army National Guard at 17, Black comes from a military family.
Her first six years in the National Guard have almost come to an end. Because of the nature of her branch, Black has been serving and attending college simultaneously. At this point in her military career, she works for the Guard one weekend a month and two weeks in the summer.
Even though it may appear like a lower commitment, there is the chance Black could be activated at any given moment. Black enrolled in the spring of 2019 after spending fall completing Advanced Individual Training. Following a summer in California working for the Guard, Black returned to campus for fall but was not on campus in the spring but rather preparing for deployment overseas.
She was overseas for a year, and she returned in the summer of the following year. After that, she was activated again to help with COVID-19 relief in Columbus. It is clear that earning her degree has been seriously altered by the military, but Black remains positive about her experience thus, grateful to OU.
"I've taken four and a half semesters off," Black said, laughing. "I love serving and being in the military, and I'm very grateful to have a school that has been so supportive of that. It's definitely been worth it."
Thanks to her many credits entering college, Black has only had to spend five years at college to earn her four-year degree. She has an interesting outlook on the process because she said she has avoided burnout. Her easy going nature made it possible for her to switch her surroundings so frequently. However, Black has to deal with being apart from her friends while serving and being at college.
"It's a big change going from being overseas in the Middle East for a year to being in class," Black said. "You just have a different mindset of complaints and stuff. I would definitely say it's been kind of hard sometimes to make those connections just because I feel so different from them sometimes."
Support in a new environment
Terry St. Peter, director of the Veterans and Military Student Services Center, is a retired lieutenant colonel for the U.S. Army. St. Peter, as well as the Center, are responsible for facilitating programs for military-affiliated students at OU.
"We oversee VA education benefits," St. Peter said about the program. "Everything from assisting folks in applying for those benefits, to utilizing those benefits to help problem solving with those."
St. Peter and the Center also help establish their students' policies and procedures. Sometimes, military personnel will get "activated" and required to serve. St. Peter ensures the process of the student withdrawing from school is as smooth as possible.
Additionally, St. Peter is a support system. With him being in the military himself, he can relate to the student's experiences. He strives to make OU a place that uplifts the military rather than burdening its military-affiliated students.
"Making sure that we have policies in place that are going to assist the students and not harm them," St. Peter said. "Making sure that they have an environment that's not going to hinder their learning, making sure they have a welcoming environment across the campus.."
Additionally, to ensure faculty has the resources necessary to be best equipped to teach and interact with Veterans, St. Peter teaches a class to university staff. In his workshop, he incorporates a student panel who discuss their experience.
Additionally, St. Peter also teaches a class for students. Although not mandatory for Veterans, they have the opportunity to enroll in a learning community-style class geared specifically to them.
"I teach a UC 1500 course that is a transition seminar where I focus on things like moving from a military culture to an academic culture," St. Peter said. "It's extremely different."
In the seminar, the class discusses topics ranging from what happens if someone is late to class, to handling a common question geared toward Veterans: "have you ever killed someone?" Because Veterans are in such a different boat than traditional first-year college students, St. Peter believes this class should be mandatory for Veterans.
In fact, none of the services the Veterans and Military Student Services Center offers are mandatory for students. According to St. Peter, students are not required to disclose they are a Veteran since it is considered a protected status. He said the thought of a student Veteran not being supported is the hardest part of his job.
“The things that keep me up at night is that they could be struggling without getting the help they needed. They didn't know the resources here because I didn't even know they were here.”- Terry St. Peter
Veterans who are using benefits, such as the GI Bill, must denote their military involvement. Other than that, there is nothing that makes it mandatory, St. Peter said.
St. Peter is transparent about the negative connotations associated with the military, and he feels more could be done to paint servicemen and women in a positive light.
"When you see things about the military, a lot of times you see bad things about the military," he said. "I do think that our military has been tarnished over the last couple of years by some of the stories and stuff."
However, St. Peter acknowledged some of the faults of the U.S. Military.
 "I don't think we have done enough in the military to combat some of the things that have happened… and some of that stuff we deserve. We need to do better, and I'm happy that some of that stuff is being called out, but it does tarnish the overall military profile."
With any transition, there are ups and downs. Instead of camping out in a military base in Iraq, Barnes and Rogers were residents of university dorms. Instead of supporting troops via computers, Everett was wrestling with calculus problems. Even the most trivial of things were different.
"I had a terrible, terrible wardrobe when I got out," Barnes said. "I mean I had a work uniform and then I would go out on the weekends but now, I need like seven days worth of clothes and variety."
Swapping a warzone for a classroom is difficult, especially when it is full of students who are unaware of what their peers have witnessed, done, and experienced.
"Don't be afraid to engage a Veteran and ask them about their time and service," St. Peter said. "Don't be afraid. We welcome that.You will come to find out that most of us would enjoy the opportunity to tell you a little bit about what we did."
© Copyright 2022, The Post, Athens, OH


Ondoheer's Personal Ground
Apps | Tests | Ideas
Bacchus
Manage your wine collection
Bach Manager
Manage your patients
ASOIF
NPC Background Builder


WIDE SARGASSO SEA A film review by Frank Maloney Copyright 1993 Frank Maloney
WIDE SARGASSO SEA is a film directed by John Duigan. The case includes Karina Lombard, Nathaniel Parker, Rachel Ward, and Michael York. Music is by Stewart Copeland. Rated NC-17, for (frontal) nudity and sexual situations.
John Duigan is a great Australian director who has made his reputation with small, personal films including FLIRTING and THE YEAR MY VOICE BROKE. In adapting Jean Rhys' 1966 novel to the screen, Duigan has eschewed the small, the personal, the Australian and given us a slight and slightly dull Gothic romance. He turns the beauty of Jamaica into a moody, dangerous haunt and peoples it with ciphers whose actions we cannot begin to understand, unless we ourselves just happen to be characters in a bodice-ripper. Rhys was bold enough to take the moody hero of JANE EYRE, Edward Rochester (played by Nathaniel Parker), and attempt to explain why he was the way he was to poor dear Jane. Probably not that good of an idea to be begin with. And Duigan cannot help but make more of a muddle of the thing.
Rochester's first wife, mad and locked away in the attic, turns out to have been Antoinette Cosway, the creole daughter of an English planter and ex-slave-holder and his French wife. One nice thing about Antoinette's story is that we get to see Michael York and Rachel Ward in brief parts as the parents.  After some initial difficulties, they settle into one of her family houses tucked up in the mountains and enjoy what is supposed to uninhibited lovemaking. As these things go it isn't much and probably the only reason the film got its NC-17, which Duigan reputedly set out to get, is a lamentably short shot of Parker's penis.
Both of the principals are handsome people and look marvelous in the nude. Duigan hasn't given them a lot to do in or out of their clothes. And most of their actions are pretty hard to fathom. He gets a poison-pen letter that his wife has the seeds of insanity in her and suddenly he no longer loves her. *And* she starts to lose it.
Lombard is no great shakes as an actor and that doesn't help us any to understand her character. Parker's acting is better, but meaningless and unmotivated. Some of the black supporting actors are actually interesting performers especially the woman who plays a combination witch and nanny and another woman who plays one of the servants with a combination of coldness and pity and secret jokes that is quite appealing.
I cannot recommend WIDE SARGASSO SEA to anyone at any price, except die-hard Duigan fans, perhaps.
-- Frank Richard Aloysius Jude Maloney .
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