This release is a major upgrade for the Filesystem Library, in preparation for submission to the C++ Standards Committee. Features of this release include:
Rationale for some of the changes is also provided.
Cass templates basic_path, basic_filesystem_error, and basic_directory_iterator provide the basic mechanisms for internationalization, in ways very similar to the C++ Standard Library's basic_string and similar class templates. The following typedefs are also provided:
typedef basic_path<std::string, ...> path; typedef basic_path<std::wstring, ...> wpath; typedef basic_filesystem_error<path> filesystem_error; typedef basic_filesystem_error<wpath> wfilesystem_error; typedef basic_directory_iterator<path> directory_iterator; typedef basic_directory_iterator<wpath> wdirectory_iterator;
The string type used by Boost.Filesystem basic_path (std::string, std::wstring, or whatever) is called the internal string type. The string type used by the operating system for paths (often char*, sometimes wchar_t*) is called the external string type. Conversion between internal and external types is performed by path traits classes. The specific conversions for path and wpath is implementation defined, with normative encouragement to use the operating system's preferred file system encoding. For many modern POSIX-based file systems the wpath external encoding is UTF-8, while for modern Windows file systems such as NTFS it is UTF-16.
The operational functions in operations.hpp are provided with overloads for path, wpath, and user-defined basic_path's. A "do-the-right-thing" rule applies to implementations, ensuring that the correct overload will be chosen.
Prior versions of the library required users of class path to identify the format (native or generic) and name error-checking policy, either via a second constructor argument or via a default mechanism. That approach caused complaints, particularly from users not needing the name checking features. The interface has now been simplified:
Additionally, basic_filesystem_error has been put on a diet and generally simplified.
Error codes have been moved to a separate library, Boost.System.
"//:"
has been introduced as a path escape prefix to identify
native paths. Rationale: simplifies basic_path constructor interfaces, easier
use for platforms needing explicit native format identification.
In discussions and bug reports on the Boost developers mailing list, it became obvious that Boost.Filesystem's exists(), symbolic_link_exists(), and is_directory() predicate functions were poorly specified. There were suggestions to add an is_accessible() function, but Peter Dimov argued that this amounted to papering over the lack of a clear specification and would likely lead to future problems.
Peter suggested that an interesting way to analyze the problem was to ask what the expectations were for true and false values of the various predicates. See the table below.
As part of the predicate discussions, particularly with Rob Stewart, it became obvious that sometimes applications need access to raw status information without any possibility of an exception being thrown. The status() function was added to meet this need. It also proved clearer to specify the semantics of predicate functions in terms of status().
About the same time, Jeff Garland suggested that an is_file() predicate would compliment is_directory(). In working on the analysis below, it became obvious that the expectations for is_file() were different from the expectations for !is_directory(), so is_file() was added.
On some operating systems, it is possible to have a directory entry which is not for either a directory or a file. The is_other() function identifies such cases.
Some conditions reported by operating systems as errors (see footnote) clearly simply indicate that the predicate is false, rather than indicating serious failure. But other errors represent serious hardware or network problems, or permissions problems.
Some people, particularly Rob Stewart, argue that in a function like is_directory(), any error should simply cause the function to return false. If there is actually an underlying problem, it will be detected it due course when a directory_iterator or fstream operation is attempted.
That view is was rejected because of the following considerations:
However, the discussion did identify that there are valid cases where non-throwing behavior is a requirement, and a programmer may prefer to deal with file or directory attributes and errors at a very low, bit-mask, level. Function status() was proposed to meet those needs.
In the table below, p is a non-empty path.
Unless otherwise specified, all functions throw on hardware or general failure errors, permission or access errors, symbolic link loop errors, and invalid path errors. If an O/S fails to distinguish between error types, predicate operations return false on such ambiguous errors.
Expectations identify operations that are expected to succeed or fail, assuming no hardware, permission, or access right errors, and no race conditions.
| Expression | Expectations | Semantics |
| is_directory(p) | Returns true if p is found and is a directory, else false. If true, then directory_iterator(p) would succeed. If false, then directory_iterator(p) would fail. |
Throws: if status() & error_flag Returns: status() & directory_flag |
| is_file(p) | Returns true if p is found and is not a directory, else
false. If true, then ifstream(p) would succeed. False, however, does not imply ifstream(p) would fail (because some operating systems allow directories to be opened as files, but stat() does set the "regular file" flag.) |
Throws: if status() & error_flag Returns: status() & file_flag |
| exists(p) | Returns is_directory(p) || is_file(p) || is_other(p) | Throws: if status() & error_flag Returns: status() & (directory_flag|file_flag|other_flag) |
| is_symlink(p) | Returns true if p is found by shallow (non-transitive)
search, and is a symbolic link, else false. If true, and p points to q, then for any filesystem function f except those specified as working shallowly on symlinks themselves, f(p) calls f(q), and returns any value returned by f(q). |
Throws: if symlink_status() &
error_flag Returns: symlink_status() & symlink_flag |
| !exists(p) && ((p.has_branch_path() && exists( p.branch_path())
|| (!p.has_branch_path() && !p.has_root_path())) In other words, if the path does not exist, and (the branch does exist, or (there is no branch and no root)). |
If true, create_directory(p) would succeed. If true, ofstream(p) would succeed. |
|
| directory_iterator it(p) | If it != directory_iterator(), assert(exists(*it)||is_symlink(*it)). Note: exists(*it) may throw, and likewise status(*it) may return error_flag - there is no guarantee of accessibility. |
Predicate operations is_directory(), is_file(), is_symlink(), and exists() with the indicated semantics form a self-consistent set that meets expectations.
Although the change to a template based approach required a complete overhaul of the implementation code, the interface as used by existing applications is mostly unchanged. Conversion problems which would otherwise affect user code have been reduced by providing deprecated functions to ease transition. The deprecated functions are:
// class basic_path - 2nd constructor argument ignored: basic_path( const string_type & str, name_check ); basic_path( const typename string_type::value_type * s, name_check ); // class basic_path - old names provided for renamed functions: string_type native_file_string() const; string_type native_directory_string() const; // class basic_path - now defined such that these no longer have any real effect: static bool default_name_check_writable() { return false; } static void default_name_check( name_check ) {} static name_check default_name_check() { return 0; } // non-deducible operations functions assume class path inline path current_path() inline const path & initial_path() // the new basic_directory_entry provides leaf() // to cover the common existing use case itr->leaf() typename Path::string_type leaf() const;
If you do not want the deprecated functions to be included, define the macro BOOST_FILESYSTEM_NO_DEPRECATED.
The greatest impact on existing code is the change of directory iterator
value type from path
to directory_entry
. To ease the
most common directory iterator use case, basic_directory_entry
provides an automatic conversion to basic_path
, and this also
serves to prevent breakage of a lot of existing code. See the
next section for discussion of rationale.
// the new basic_directory_entry provides: operator const path_type &() const;
Several common real-world operating systems (BSD derivatives, Linux, Windows) provide status information during directory iteration. Caching of this status information results in three to six times faster operation for typical predicate operations. (For a directory containing 15,047 files, iteration in 1 second vs 6 seconds on a freshly booted system, and 0.3 seconds vs 0.9 seconds after prior use of the directory.
The efficiency gains from caching such status information were considered too significant to ignore. Because the possibility of race-conditions differs depending on whether the cached information is used or an actual system call is performed, it was considered necessary to provide explicit functions utilizing the cached information, rather than implicitly using the cache behind the scenes.
Three options were explored for exposing the cached status information, with full implementations of each. After initial implementation of option 1 exposed the problems noted below, option 2 was tested as a possible engineering tradeoff. Option 3 was finally chosen as the cleanest design.
| Option | How cache accessed | Pros and Cons |
| 1 | Predicate function overloads (basic_directory_iterator value_type is path) |
|
| 2 | Predicate member functions of basic_directory_iterator (basic_directory_iterator value_type is path) |
|
| 3 | Predicate member functions of basic_directory_entry (basic_directory_iterator value_type is basic_directory_entry) |
|
Elimination of user confusion and general design simplification was the original motivation for elimination of the distinction between native and generic paths.
During design work, a further technical argument was discovered. Consider the
path "c:foo/bar"
. On many POSIX systems, "c:foo"
is a
valid directory name, so we have a two element path and there is no issue of
native versus generic format. On Windows system, however, "c:"
is a
drive specification, so we have a three element path. All calls to the operating
system will result in "c:"
being considered a drive specification;
there is no way that fact-of-life can be changed by claiming the format is
generic. The native versus generic distinction is thus useless and misleading
for POSIX, Windows, and probably most other operating systems.
If paths for a particular operating system did require a distinction be made,
it could be done by requiring that native paths be prefixed with some unique
implementation-defined identification. For example, "native-path:"
.
This would only be required for operating systems where (1) the distinction
mattered, and (2) there was no lexical way to distinguish the two forms. For
example, a native operating system that used the same syntax as the Filesystem
Library's generic POSIX-like format, but processed the elements right-to-left
instead of left-to-right.
Allowing existing user code to continue to work with the updated version of the library has obvious benefits in terms of preserving the effort users have applied to both learning the library and writing code which uses the library.
There is an additional motivation; other than the name checking portion of class path, the existing interface has proven to be useful and robust, so there is no reason to fiddle with it.
During preliminary internationalization discussion on the Boost developer's list, a design was considered for a single path class which could hold either narrow or wide character based paths. That design was rejected because:
The rationale for not including versions of status() which throw exceptions on errors is that (1) the primary purpose of this function is to perform queries at a very low-level, where exceptions are usually unwanted, and (2) exceptions on errors are already provided by the predicate functions. There would be little or no efficiency gain from providing a throwing version of status().
A symlink identifying version of the status() function is distinguished by a second argument. Often separately named functions are more appropriate than overloading when behavior differs, which is the case here, while overloads are more appropriate when behavior is the same but argument types differ (Iain Hanson). Overloading was chosen in this particular case because a subjective judgment that a single function name with an optional "symlink" second argument produced more understandable code. The original implementation of the function used the name "symlink_status", but that just didn't read right in real code.
Vladimir Prus pointed out that for Linux (and presumably other POSIX operating systems) that need to convert wide character paths to narrow characters, the default conversion should not depend on the operating system alone, but on the std::locale("") default. For example, the usual encoding for Russian on Linux (and Russian web sites) is KOI8-R (RFC1489). The ability to safely specify a different locale is also provided, to meet unforeseen needs.
Revised 18 March, 2008
© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2005
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)


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HPImageOperation Class Reference
| Inherits from | NSOperation |
| Declared in | HPImageOperation.h HPImageOperation.m |
Overview
An image operation that gets queued and run by HPRequestManager
This is an NSOperation subclass that’s capable of resizing a given image file according to target dimensions and a scaling method, caching the resulting image using HPCacheManager and returning it either as raw data or as a UIImage instance.
Tasks
-
identifier
NSString identifier for this operation
property -
indexPath
NSIndexPath identifier for this operation
property -
+ cacheKeyWithHash:targetSize:contentMode:imageFormat:
Generates a cache key with the given options
-
– initWithImage:targetSize:contentMode:cacheKey:imageFormat:
Initializes an image operation
-
– addCompletionBlock:
Adds a completion block for this operation
Properties
identifier
NSString identifier for this operation
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *identifier
Discussion
NSString identifier for this operation
This property can be used to cancel load operations for specific actions.
Declared In
HPImageOperation.h
indexPath
NSIndexPath identifier for this operation
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSIndexPath *indexPath
Discussion
NSIndexPath identifier for this operation
This can be used to cancel load operations for specific UITableView rows as the scroll view is moving.
Declared In
HPImageOperation.h
Class Methods
cacheKeyWithHash:targetSize:contentMode:imageFormat:
Generates a cache key with the given options
+ (NSString *)cacheKeyWithHash:(NSString *)hash targetSize:(CGSize)targetSize contentMode:(UIViewContentMode)contentMode imageFormat:(HPImageFormat)format
Parameters
- hash
A unique NSString hash that can be generated from the image URL
- targetSize
Target dimensions for scaling
- contentMode
Scaling mode, available options are:
- UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFit: Scale to fit into the dimensions, this approach might leave empty areas around the image
- UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFill: Scale to fill the target dimensions, this approach might crop the image
- format
Image format, available options are:
- HPImageFormatJPEG: JPEG
- HPImageFormatPNG: PNG
Discussion
Generates a cache key with the given options
Class method for generating a unique cache key for a URL hash, with the target size, content mode and image format.
Declared In
HPImageOperation.h
Instance Methods
addCompletionBlock:
Adds a completion block for this operation
- (void)addCompletionBlock:(void ( ^ ) ( id resources , NSError *error ))block
Parameters
- block
A completion block that receives the resource object and an NSError instance
Discussion
Adds a completion block for this operation
Image operations can have more than one completion block. A block that will be called when this operation is complete can be added using this method.
Declared In
HPImageOperation.h
initWithImage:targetSize:contentMode:cacheKey:imageFormat:
Initializes an image operation
- (id)initWithImage:(UIImage *)image targetSize:(CGSize)targetSize contentMode:(UIViewContentMode)contentMode cacheKey:(NSString *)cacheKey imageFormat:(HPImageFormat)format
Parameters
- image
UIImage instance to be processed
- targetSize
Target dimensions for scaling
- contentMode
Scaling mode, available options are:
- UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFit: Scale to fit into the dimensions, this approach might leave empty areas around the image
- UIViewContentModeScaleAspectFill: Scale to fill the target dimensions, this approach might crop the image
- cacheKey
A unique cache key, if not nil, the image will be cached using this key
- format
Image format, available options are:
- HPImageFormatJPEG: JPEG
- HPImageFormatPNG: PNG
Discussion
Initializes an image operation
Initializes the operation for scaling the given image.
Declared In
HPImageOperation.h


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Video embeds are responsive and scale with the width of the main content block with the help of FitVids.
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And here’s a Vimeo embed for testing purposes.
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|
NATS C Client with JetStream and Streaming support
3.7.0-beta
The nats.io C Client, Supported by Synadia Communications Inc.
|
Modules | |
| JetStream Assets Management | |
| Publishing | |
| Subscribing | |
| Messages | |
Functions | |
| NATS_EXTERN natsStatus | jsOptions_Init (jsOptions *opts) |
| Initializes a streaming context options structure. | |
| NATS_EXTERN natsStatus | natsConnection_JetStream (jsCtx **js, natsConnection *nc, jsOptions *opts) |
| Returns a new JetStream context. | |
| NATS_EXTERN void | jsCtx_Destroy (jsCtx *js) |
| Destroys the JetStream context. | |
JetStream.
| NATS_EXTERN natsStatus jsOptions_Init | ( | jsOptions * | opts | ) |
Use this before setting specific stream context options and passing it to JetStream APIs.
| opts | the pointer to the jsOptions to initialize. |
| NATS_EXTERN natsStatus natsConnection_JetStream | ( | jsCtx ** | js, |
| natsConnection * | nc, | ||
| jsOptions * | opts | ||
| ) |
A JetStream context is used for messaging and assets management.
Since the underlying NATS connection is used for communication, the NATS connection should stay valid while using the JetStream context. That is, do not close/destroy the NATS connection before destroying the JetStream context.
| js | the location where to store the pointer to the newly created jsCtx object. |
| nc | the pointer to the natsConnection object from which to get the JetStream context. |
| opts | the pointer to the jsOptions object, possibly NULL . |
| NATS_EXTERN void jsCtx_Destroy | ( | jsCtx * | js | ) |
Releases memory used by the context object.
| js | the pointer to the jsCtx object to destroy. |


module Formatcil: sig
.. end
An Interpreter for constructing CIL constructs
val cExp : string -> (string * Cil.formatArg) list -> Cil.exp
Constructs an expression based on the program and the list of arguments.
Each argument consists of a name followed by the actual data. This
argument will be placed instead of occurrences of "%v:name" in the pattern
(where the "v" is dependent on the type of the data). The parsing of the
string is memoized. * Only the first expression is parsed.
val cLval : string -> (string * Cil.formatArg) list -> Cil.lval
Constructs an lval based on the program and the list of arguments.
Only the first lvalue is parsed.
The parsing of the string is memoized.
val cType : string -> (string * Cil.formatArg) list -> Cil.typ
Constructs a type based on the program and the list of arguments.
Only the first type is parsed.
The parsing of the string is memoized.
val cInstr : string -> Cil.location -> (string * Cil.formatArg) list -> Cil.instr
Constructs an instruction based on the program and the list of arguments.
Only the first instruction is parsed.
The parsing of the string is memoized.
val cStmt : string ->
(string -> Cil.typ -> Cil.varinfo) ->
Cil.location -> (string * Cil.formatArg) list -> Cil.stmt
val cStmts : string ->
(string -> Cil.typ -> Cil.varinfo) ->
Cil.location -> (string * Cil.formatArg) list -> Cil.stmt list
Constructs a list of statements
val dExp : string -> Cil.exp -> Cil.formatArg list option
Deconstructs an expression based on the program. Produces an optional
list of format arguments. The parsing of the string is memoized.
val dLval : string -> Cil.lval -> Cil.formatArg list option
Deconstructs an lval based on the program. Produces an optional
list of format arguments. The parsing of the string is memoized.
val dType : string -> Cil.typ -> Cil.formatArg list option
Deconstructs a type based on the program. Produces an optional list of
format arguments. The parsing of the string is memoized.
val dInstr : string -> Cil.instr -> Cil.formatArg list option
Deconstructs an instruction based on the program. Produces an optional
list of format arguments. The parsing of the string is memoized.
val noMemoize : bool ref
If set then will not memoize the parsed patterns
val test : unit -> unit
Just a testing function


Here at United World we try our best to promote tolerance of differences and world peace. Everyone is unique in their own way and we should celebrate our differemces, instead of tearing each other down.
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vice-versa (on returning from view source to normal editing mode). Also,
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- emoticonYes: "[(y)]",
- emoticonNo: "[(n)]",
- emoticonAngel: "[0:-)]",
- emoticonCrying: "[:'(]"


Mr.Paint is a software let you and your friends draw together!
Mr.Paint is created by myself and almost costs all my spare time. So please consider 【support me】 if possible.
Or, 【sharing this page】 with your friends!
Miss.Paint is the server of Mr.Paint, which makes it possible to create your own Mr.Paint server.
However, it's not ready for public yet.


Data transformers¶
Before a Vega-Lite or Vega specification can be passed to a renderer, it typically has to be transformed in a number of ways:
- Pandas Dataframe has to be sanitized and serialized to JSON.
- The rows of a Dataframe might need to be sampled or limited to a maximum number.
- The Dataframe might be written to a
.csv
of.json
file for performance reasons.
These data transformations are managed by the data transformation API of Altair.
Note
The data transformation API of Altair should not be confused with the transform
API of Vega and Vega-Lite.
A data transformer is a Python function that takes a Vega-Lite data dict
or
Pandas DataFrame
and returns a transformed version of either of these types:
from typing import Union
Data = Union[dict, pd.DataFrame]
def data_transformer(data: Data) -> Data:
# Transform and return the data
return transformed_data
Built-in data transformers¶
Altair includes a default set of data transformers with the following signatures.
Raise a MaxRowsError
if a Dataframe has more than max_rows
rows:
limit_rows(data, max_rows=5000)
Randomly sample a DataFrame (without replacement) before visualizing:
sample(data, n=None, frac=None)
Convert a Dataframe to a separate .json
file before visualization:
to_json(data, prefix='altair-data'):
Convert a Dataframe to a separate .csv
file before visualiztion:
to_csv(data, prefix='altair-data'):
Convert a Dataframe to inline JSON values before visualization:
to_values(data):
Piping¶
Multiple data transformers can be piped together using pipe
:
from altair import pipe, limit_rows, to_values
pipe(data, limit_rows(10000), to_values)
Managing data transformers¶
Altair maintains a registry of data transformers, which includes a default data transformer that is automatically applied to all Dataframes before rendering.
To see the registered transformers:
>>> import altair as alt
>>> alt.data_transformers.names()
['default', 'json', 'csv']
The default data transformer is the following:
def default_data_transformer(data):
return pipe(data, limit_rows, to_values)
The json
and csv
data transformers will save a Dataframe to a temporary
.json
or .csv
file before rendering. There are a number of performance
advantages to these two data transformers:
- The full dataset will not be saved in the notebook document.
- The performance of the Vega-Lite/Vega JavaScript appears to be better for standalone JSON/CSV files than for inline values.
There are disadvantages of the JSON/CSV data transformers:
- The Dataframe will be exported to a temporary
.json
or.csv
file that sits next to the notebook. - That notebook will not be able to re-render the visualization without that temporary file (or re-running the cell).
In our experience, the performance improvement is significant enough that
we recommend using the json
data transformer for any large datasets:
alt.data_transformers.enable('json')
We hope that others will write additional data transformers - imagine a transformer which saves the dataset to a JSON file on S3, which could be registered and enabled as:
alt.data_transformers.register('s3', lambda data: pipe(data, to_s3('mybucket')))
alt.data_transformers.enable('s3')


@exceptions
| Exception | Condition |
|---|---|
| DivideByZeroException | Attempt to divide by zero. |
Public Sub Main() Dim x As Int64 Dim y As Int64 Dim r As Int64 x = CInt64(500) y = CInt64(55) r = Int64.Modulus(x, y) Debug.Print CorString.Format("The remainder of {0} / {1} = {2}.", x, y, r) End Sub 'This code produces the following. ' The remainder of 500 / 55 = 5.


Your payment for 500 dollars is recievedCommunity Payments and Expenses
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Please make the payment as soon as possible.
Late Fees of 50 Dollars will be added in case, payment is not done on time.
Please make the payment as soon as possible.
Late Fees of 50 Dollars will be added in case, payment is not done on time.
A Boardmember recorded an expense of 100 Dollars for Gym Equipments.


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Half-Life format string %m = minutes %h = hour %d = day %t = month
Example output
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Enter your password to be stored:


Vision
Mission
ABOUT US
We are a team of developers that belong to the Platzi Master program who are responsible for implementing, developing and supporting Social Job, a platform created in 2020 with the aim of creating a global community that allows sharing job vacancies and contributing to fight unemployment. and improve people's opportunities.
Vision
Mission
Our mission is to help combat the pandemic caused this year through a network of users who collaborate in the publication of job offers and thus combat unemployment.
Central Develop's vision is to make this platform the largest community in the world for the publication of job offers.


Armadillo's Numbers Game
Time Penalty! 2s
Time's Up!!!
Instructions
- Press 'Start'
- You have 30 seconds on the clock to click each card in numerical order, starting smallest to largest
- If you successfully select all the correct numbers you will progress to the next level
- A penalty screen will appear if you click the cards in the incorrect order. This will stop you from interacting with the game for 2 seconds
- When time's up, you'll be shown your score and will have the option to replay the game


Ever wonder how long your shiny new SLC SSD will last? It's funny how bad people are at estimating just how long "100,000 writes" are going to take when spread over a device that spans several thousand of those blocks over several gigabytes of memory. Not to mention even newer drives that can take even more of a beating before going down. So yeah, let's crunch some numbers for that:
Note how I crunched numbers with the full 6Gbit/s throughput of SATA 3.0. We don't actually have drives that can deliver that kind of throughput, much less sustained for several years. You also typically won't find any natural scenario where you'll keep writing gigabytes of random data to an SSD like that. And by "that" I mean "sustained for days, months or years." And OS write caching hasn't been taken into consideration either.
As for the "10% Threshold" line, that's because SSDs typically contain about 10% of spare blocks hidden from the OS and used to replace dead blocks on the drive transparently.  Individual drives may contain fewer or more spares, but 10% seems a solid average at this time.
Net result: next time someone says "I wouldn't put my swap/log files on that flash drive," you'll know better. Might be a good idea to link this article for them while you're at it. Although I do have to admit that I had to make a few assumptions to plot those graphs here, but see below...
As a few helpful comments on slashdot pointed out, I have in fact only considered SSDs using SLC NAND chips. That's because, personally, I've only ever bought high-end SSDs, so it kind of came natural to me. I took the 100k P/E cycle estimate from this here datasheet, section 1.5 'Product Features'. As for the 1M stat, I assumed those for 'newer' SLCs following this press release.
A lot of consumer grade SSDs use MLC NANDs or worse, which will fry out a lot sooner. But then you probably still won't be writing to those constantly at speeds the drive doesn't even support, now would you? In any event, the calculations below should work for those as well, just plug in fewer erase cycles and a lower maximum throughput into the equations.
 Personally, I think every graph that doesn't describe how it was calculated is worthless - so let's see how I came up with those two above.
Flash drives and SSDs only degrade when actually written to. More specifically we can assume they degrade during a block erase operation, as flash chips need to be erased in order to be written to. So in order to estimate the life span of an SSD we have to estimate the number of erased blocks for a given time span.
Since we're trying to make a point here, we'll use the theoretical maximum write speed we could possibly run across at this point: the maximum link speed for SATA 3.0, which happens to be larger than any other relevant interface or drive speed so it's a solid upper bound.
Note: the original article did not take 8b/10b coding as used by SATA 3.0 into account, which decreases the throughput by 20%. The current graphs have been updated to reflect this new maximum throughput.
For the calculations we'll assume the following:
This seems a reasonable estimate given typical contemporary flash chips.
The drive firmware should be able to compensate for suboptimal writes well enough to bundle small writes together to fill up whole erase blocks. At peak throughputs this results in the drive needing to erase a block at a rate of:
Notice that this rate decreases with the write throughput, meaning that at more realistic throughput levels the drive will have to erase fewer blocks than that per second. I'd assume that the higher throughput we're using for our calculations would thus compensate for a suboptimal write bundling algorithm in the drive's firmware.
I seem to have trouble finding accurate statistics for this rather important metric. Contemporary flash chip descriptions seem to indicate an average of either 100,000 or 1,000,000 writes before a given block is likely to be dead. Unfortunately, most specification sheets on SSDs seem to omit the definition of "average" here. Thus I'll simply assume that number to be based on a Gaussian distribution and further assume a somewhat generous standard deviation of 10%.
This means that we should be able to use the following formula - a variant of the cumulative distribution function - to estimate the probability of a given block to be broken after a given number of writes to it:
Note that erf is the Gauss error function, writes is the number of writes performed to a block and write count is either 100,000 or 1,000,000 - we'll crunch the numbers for both.
The formula above gives us the probability of blocks in a given erase block to be broken after a given number of writes. Obviously any given SSD will have more than one erase block, and that number is easily calculated as:
To find out how many blocks are broken after a given number of writes, we'll further assume that we have a perfect write leveling algorithm on the drive's firmware. That means that no matter which (logical) block we write to in software, the drive will distribute the erase and write operation to a truly random physical block. This greatly simplifies calculations by allowing us to apply the law of large numbers to our model, and it shouldn't be far off either - that is, after all, the purpose of write leveling.
With this additional assumption we use the following formula:
If we plot this with writes on the x axis, then the y axis will be average number of broken blocks - that is we're essentially having (number of erase blocks) separate probability experiments running in parallel, which multiplied by the probability of an individual block breaking is the number of those blocks that have broken so far.
If we bring the previous resulting formulas together, we find that we simply need to scale our probability calculation by the number of erased blocks/time to get an estimate of how long we need to write to a drive before it starts breaking.
The resulting formula for our plot is thus:
Substituting variables yields:
This plot indicates how many of the drive's erase blocks have broken so far, on a scale from 0 (none) to 1 (all of them) on the y axis and the elapsed time on the x axis. Interestingly, the exact erase block size we used to come up with the formula is not needed for this calculation.
The plots include a guiding line at 0.1 - this is because SSDs are built with approximately 10% spare blocks to compensate for burnt out flash chips. After 10% of the blocks are broken you'll start to "see" them in software - before that you won't notice anything because the drive firmware will hide them. Or at least it's supposed to, anyway.
We can now use a tool like gnuplot to render the plot with appropriate variables subsituted, e.g. like this for a 64GB drive at 100k writes:
speed=6
size=64
writecount=100000
set yrange [0:1]
set xrange [800000:20000000]
plot (0.5*(1+erf(((x*(speed*1000*1000*1000/10)/(size*1000*1000*1000))-writecount)/sqrt(2*((writecount*0.1)**2)))))
Alternatively, we could also have plotted the number of broken blocks directly:
Unfortunately this plot makes it harder to compare different SSD models, as the number of erase blocks depends on the size of the device. I still thought it'd be worth mentioning.


It needs to have the right presentation, and have no mistakes.
Employers receive lots of CVs and have to decide quickly who they're going to interview.
Here are some ways to make employers remember your CV for all the right reasons.
Avoid typing errors, poor spelling and grammar
Mistakes can make it seem like you haven't put the time in, or you don't think details are important.
It's a good idea to have your CV checked by someone whose English is good, even if yours is good too.
List achievements, not what you did
Your CV should promote everything you have achieved.
Phrases like 'I was responsible for ordering stock' can make your CV read like a job description. Instead, describe things you did and what the positive result was. For example, 'by closely monitoring sales trends and stock levels, I reduced out of stock instances by 21%'.
You can change the language you use to make yourself sound more dynamic. Instead of saying 'I was involved in the promotion of the company at industry events.' say 'I promoted the company at industry events.' This makes you sound like someone who does things, rather than someone who was just 'involved'.
Write a different CV for each job application
Avoid sending out the same CV to hundreds of employers. Mass mailshots can sound general and unfocused and employers can spot them.
Instead, list your most relevant skills for the job you are applying for. Consider what skills the employer might be looking for, and highlight your relevant experience.
For example, you've got experience in retail and care work, and you're applying for a retail job. Make sure you include more about retail experience than care experience in your CV.
Make it visually appealing and easy to read
Don't include too much information. Avoid long paragraphs with very little white space.
Lists and short sentences make your CV easier to read and easier for recruiters to find the important points.
You don’t need to print your CV on bright coloured paper or over a picture. Do not mix up your fonts for visual effect because it can look messy.
Avoid making your CV too long or too short
A CV should be no more than 2 pages long.
If you've a lot of relevant experience at a high level, you can go over 2 pages.If you're just starting out in your career, 1 page is fine.
If your CV goes back a long way into your work history, make sure the information is relevant to the job you're applying for. A Saturday job you had 20 years ago probably isn't relevant.
Download an example CV template
All our templates are in hosted in google documents and can be downloaded in various formats.


A LITERATURE-FOCUSED HUMANITIES UNIT FOR THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL:
ITS DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
by Dorothy M. Hill
Carnegie-Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania May 1, 1972 Adviser: Dr. Robert C,. Slack


External Sorting: Replacement Selection Proficiency Exercise Help Page
This exercise asks you to reproduce the actions taken by the Replacement Selection algorithm on a random array.
What to do...
Other controls
- If you want to restart the exercise, click the "Reset" button.
- If you want to back up a step and try again, click the "Undo" button.
- If you want to see the correct answer, click the "Model Answer"
button to see a slideshow in a pop-up window.
- Note: Viewing the answer will prevent you from obtaining credit for the current problem instance. So just hit "reset" when you are done viewing the model answer.
- The button with gears on it will let you set some options such as the animation speed (for the slideshow model answer) and whether the array looks like cells or bars.
- The "About" button will tell you about who wrote this, etc.
- The "Help" button got you here.


Among the horses bred under a shed,
Born to be tamed,
One will always be, or two;
Born far from the wild,
Yet with the wild within.
Flogged and whipped on iron skin,
The wild will never die,
The wild will call.
Stable doors will break,
And every fence will fall
When to the beast the wild will call.


Data Structure for Image Element. More...
#include <DPXHeader.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| ImageElement () | |
| Constructor. | |
Public Attributes | |
| U32 | dataSign |
| Data sign (0 = unsigned, 1 = signed). | |
| U32 | lowData |
| Reference low data code value. | |
| R32 | lowQuantity |
| Reference low quantity represented. | |
| U32 | highData |
| Reference high data code value. | |
| R32 | highQuantity |
| Reference high quantity represented. | |
| U8 | descriptor |
| Descriptor. | |
| U8 | transfer |
| Transfer characteristic. | |
| U8 | colorimetric |
| Colorimetric Specification. | |
| U8 | bitDepth |
| Bit depth, valid values are 8,10,12,16,32,64. | |
| U16 | packing |
| Packing. | |
| U16 | encoding |
| Encoding. | |
| U32 | dataOffset |
| Offset to data. | |
| U32 | endOfLinePadding |
| End-of-Line Padding. | |
| U32 | endOfImagePadding |
| End-of-Image Padding. | |
| ASCII | description [32] |
| Description of Image Element. |
Data Structure for Image Element.
| dpx::ImageElement::ImageElement | ( | ) |
Constructor.
Bit depth, valid values are 8,10,12,16,32,64.
Colorimetric Specification.
Offset to data.
Data sign (0 = unsigned, 1 = signed).
Description of Image Element.
Descriptor.
Encoding.
End-of-Image Padding.
End-of-Line Padding.
Reference high data code value.
Reference high quantity represented.
Reference low data code value.
Reference low quantity represented.
Packing.
Transfer characteristic.


Class: Aws::APIGateway::Types::Authorizer
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: |
(unknown) |
Overview
Represents an authorization layer for methods. If enabled on a method, API Gateway will activate the authorizer when a client calls the method.
Returned by:
Instance Attribute Summary collapse
-
#auth_type ⇒ String
Optional customer-defined field, used in Swagger imports/exports.
-
#authorizer_credentials ⇒ String
Specifies the credentials required for the authorizer, if any.
-
#authorizer_result_ttl_in_seconds ⇒ Integer
The TTL in seconds of cached authorizer results.
-
#authorizer_uri ⇒ String
[Required] Specifies the authorizer\'s Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
-
#id ⇒ String
The identifier for the authorizer resource.
-
#identity_source ⇒ String
[Required] The source of the identity in an incoming request.
-
#identity_validation_expression ⇒ String
A validation expression for the incoming identity.
-
#name ⇒ String
[Required] The name of the authorizer.
-
#provider_arns ⇒ Array<String>
-
#type ⇒ String
[Required] The type of the authorizer.
Instance Attribute Details
#auth_type ⇒ String
Optional customer-defined field, used in Swagger imports/exports. Has no functional impact.
#authorizer_credentials ⇒ String
Specifies the credentials required for the authorizer, if any. Two options are available. To specify an IAM Role for Amazon API Gateway to assume, use the role\'s Amazon Resource Name (ARN). To use resource-based permissions on the Lambda function, specify null.
#authorizer_result_ttl_in_seconds ⇒ Integer
The TTL in seconds of cached authorizer results. If greater than 0, API Gateway will cache authorizer responses. If this field is not set, the default value is 300. The maximum value is 3600, or 1 hour.
#authorizer_uri ⇒ String
[Required] Specifies the authorizer\'s Uniform Resource Identifier
(URI). For TOKEN authorizers, this must be a well-formed Lambda function
URI. The URI should be of the form
arn:aws:apigateway:`{region}:lambda:path/{service_api}`
. Region
is
used to determine the right endpoint. In this case, path
is used to
indicate that the remaining substring in the URI should be treated as
the path to the resource, including the initial /
. For Lambda
functions, this is usually of the form
/2015-03-31/functions/[FunctionARN]/invocations
#id ⇒ String
The identifier for the authorizer resource.
#identity_source ⇒ String
[Required] The source of the identity in an incoming request. For TOKEN authorizers, this value is a mapping expression with the same syntax as integration parameter mappings. The only valid source for tokens is \'header\', so the expression should match \'method.request.header.[headerName]\'. The value of the header \'[headerName]\' will be interpreted as the incoming token.
#identity_validation_expression ⇒ String
A validation expression for the incoming identity. For TOKEN authorizers, this value should be a regular expression. The incoming token from the client is matched against this expression, and will proceed if the token matches. If the token doesn\'t match, the client receives a 401 Unauthorized response.
#name ⇒ String
[Required] The name of the authorizer.
#provider_arns ⇒ Array<String>
#type ⇒ String
[Required] The type of the authorizer. Currently, the only valid type is TOKEN.
Possible values:
- TOKEN
- COGNITO_USER_POOLS


Crate clog [−] [src]
clog
A conventional changelog for the rest of us
About
clog
creates a changelog automatically from your local git metadata. See the clog
s changelog.md for an example.
The way this works, is every time you make a commit, you ensure your commit subject line follows the conventional format. Then when you wish to update your changelog, you simply run clog
inside your local repository with any options you'd like to specify.
NOTE: clog
also supports empty components by making commit messages such as alias: message
or alias(): message
(i.e. without the component)
Usage
There are two ways to use clog
, as a binary via the command line or as a library in your applicaitons.
Binary (Command Line)
In order to use clog
via the command line you must first obtain a binary by either compiling it yourself, or downlading and installing one of the precompiled binaries.
Compiling
Follow these instructions to compile clog
, then skip down to Installation.
- Ensure you have current version of
cargo
and Rust installed - Clone the project
$ git clone https://github.com/thoughtram/clog && cd clog
- Build the project
$ cargo build --release
- Once complete, the binary will be located at
target/release/clog
Using a Precompiled Binary
There are several precompiled binaries readily availbe. Browse to http://wod.twentyfives.net/bin/clog/ and download the latest binary for your particular OS. Once you download and extract the tar file (or zip for Windows), the binary will be located at bin/clog
Installation
Once you have downloaded, or compiled, clog
you simply need to place the binary somewhere in your $PATH
. If you are not familiar with $PATH
read-on; otherwise skip down to Using clog.
Arch Linux
You can use clog-bin
from the AUR, or follow the instructions for Linux / OS X
Linux / OS X
You have two options, place clog
into a directory that is already located in your $PATH
variable (To see which directories those are, open a terminal and type echo "${PATH//:/\n}"
, the quotation marks are important), or you can add a custom directory to your $PATH
Option 1
If you have write permission to a directory listed in your $PATH
or you have root permission (or via sudo
), simply copy the clog
to that directory # sudo cp clog /usr/local/bin
Option 2
If you do not have root, sudo
, or write permission to any directory already in $PATH
you can create a directory inside your home directory, and add that. Many people use $HOME/.bin
to keep it hidden (and not clutter your home directory), or $HOME/bin
if you want it to be always visible. Here is an example to make the directory, add it to $PATH
, and copy clog
there.
Simply change bin
to whatever you'd like to name the directory, and .bashrc
to whatever your shell startup file is (usually .bashrc
, .bash_profile
, or .zshrc
)
$ mkdir ~/bin
$ echo "export PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin" >> ~/.bashrc
$ cp clog ~/bin
$ source ~/.bashrc
Windows
On Windows 7/8 you can add directory to the PATH
variable by opening a command line as an administrator and running
C:\> setx path "%path%;C:\path\to\clog\binary"
Otherwise, ensure you have the clog
binary in the directory which you operating in the command line from, because Windows automatically adds your current directory to PATH (i.e. if you open a command line to C:\my_project\
to use clog
ensure clog.exe
is inside that directory as well).
Using clog from the Command Line
clog
works by reading your git
metadata and specially crafted commit messages and subjects to create a changelog. clog
has the following options availble.
USAGE:
clog [FLAGS] [OPTIONS]
FLAGS:
-F, --from-latest-tag use latest tag as start (instead of --from)
-h, --help Prints help information
-M, --major Increment major version by one (Sets minor and patch to 0)
-m, --minor Increment minor version by one (Sets patch to 0)
-p, --patch Increment patch version by one
-V, --version Prints version information
OPTIONS:
-C, --changelog <changelog> A previous changelog to prepend new changes to (this is like
using the same file for both --infile and --outfile and
should not be used in conjuction with either)
-c, --config <config> The Clog Configuration TOML file to use (Defaults to
'.clog.toml')**
-T, --format <format> The output format, defaults to markdown
(valid values: markdown, json)
-f, --from <from> e.g. 12a8546
-g, --git-dir <gitdir> Local .git directory (defaults to current dir + '.git')*
-i, --infile <infile> A changelog to append to, but *NOT* write to (Useful in
conjunction with --outfile)
-o, --outfile <outfile> Where to write the changelog (Defaults to stdout when omitted)
-r, --repository <repo> Repository used for generating commit and issue links
(without the .git, e.g. https://github.com/thoughtram/clog)
-l, --link-style <style> The style of repository link to generate
(Defaults to github) [values: Github Gitlab Stash]
-s, --subtitle <subtitle> e.g. "Crazy Release Title"
-t, --to <to> e.g. 8057684 (Defaults to HEAD when omitted)
--setversion <ver> e.g. 1.0.1
-w, --work-tree <workdir> Local working tree of the git project
(defaults to current dir)*
* If your .git directory is a child of your project directory (most common, such as
/myproject/.git) AND not in the current working directory (i.e you need to use --work-tree or
--git-dir) you only need to specify either the --work-tree (i.e. /myproject) OR --git-dir (i.e.
/myproject/.git), you don't need to use both.
** If using the --config to specify a clog configuration TOML file NOT in the current working
directory (meaning you need to use --work-tree or --git-dir) AND the TOML file is inside your
project directory (i.e. /myproject/.clog.toml) you do not need to use --work-tree or --git-dir.
Try it!
In order to see it in action, you'll need a repository that already has some of those specially crafted commit messages in it's history. For this, we'll use the clog
repository itself.
Clone the repo
git clone https://github.com/thoughtram/clog && cd clog
Ensure you already
clog
binary from any of the steps aboveThere are many, many ways to run
clog
. Note, in these examples we will be typing the same options over and over again, in times like that we could a clog TOML configuration file to specify those options that don't normally change. Also note, all these CLI options have short versions as well, we're using the long version because they're easier to understand. a. Let's start by picking up only new commits since our last release (this may not be a lot...or none) b. Runclog -r https://github.com/thoughtram/clog --outfile only_new.md
c. By default,clog
outputs tostdout
unless you have a file set inside a TOML configuration file. (Note, we could have used the shell>
operator instead of--outfile
) d. Anything options you set via the CLI will override anything you set the configuration file. e. Let's now tellclog
where it can find our old changelog, and prepend any new commits to that old data f. Runclog -r https://github.com/thoughtram/clog --infile changelog.md --outfile new_combined.md
g. Finally, let's assume like most projects we just want to use one file, and prepend all new data to our old changelog (most useful) h. First make a backup of thechangelog.md
so you can compare it latercp changelog.md changelog.md.bak
i. Runclog -r https://github.com/thoughtram/clog --changelog changelog.md
j. Try viewing any of theonly_new.md
,new_combined.md
,changelog.md.bak
, orchangelog.md
in your favorite markdown viewer to compare them.
As a Library
See the documentation for information on using clog
in your applications.
Try it!
In order to see it in action, you'll need a repository that already has some of those specially crafted commit messages in it's history. For this, we'll use the clog
repository itself.
- Clone the
clog
repository (we will clone to our home directory to make things simple, feel free to change it)
$ git clone https://github.com/thoughtram/clog ~/clog
- Add
clog
as a dependency in yourCargo.toml
[dependencies] clog = "*"
- Use the following in your
src/main.rs
extern crate clog; use clog::Clog; fn main() { // Create the struct let mut clog = Clog::with_dir("~/clog").unwrap_or_else(|e| { // Prints the error message and exits e.exit(); }); // Set some options clog.repository("https://github.com/thoughtram/clog") .subtitle("Crazy Dog") .changelog("changelog.md") .from("6d8183f") .version("0.1.0"); // Write the changelog to the current working directory // // Alternatively we could have used .write_changelog_to("/somedir/some_file.md") clog.write_changelog().unwrap_or_else(|e| { e.exit(); }); }
- Compile and run `$ cargo build --release && ./target/release/bin_name
- View the output in your favorite markdown viewer!
$ vim changelog.md
Default Options
clog
can also be configured using a default configuration file so that you don't have to specify all the options each time you want to update your changelog. To do this add a .clog.toml
file to your repository.
[clog] repository = "https://github.com/thoughtram/clog" subtitle = "my awesome title" link-style = "github" changelog = "mychangelog.md" outfile = "MyChangelog.md" infile = "My_old_changelog.md" output-format = "json" from-latest-tag = true
Now you can update your MyChangelog.md
with clog --patch
(assuming you want to update from the latest tag version, and increment your patch version by 1).
Note: Any options you specify at the command line will override options set in your .clog.toml
Custom Sections
By default, clog
will display three sections in your changelog, Features
, Performance
, and Bug Fixes
. You can add additional sections by using a .clog.toml
file. To add more sections, simply add a [sections]
table, along with the section name and aliases you'd like to use in your commit messages:
[sections] MySection = ["mysec", "ms"]
Now if you make a commit message such as mysec(Component): some message
or ms(Component): some message
there will be a new "MySection" section along side the "Features" and "Bug Fixes" areas.
NOTE: Sections with spaces are suppported, such as "My Special Section" = ["ms", "mysec"]
Companion Projects
- Commitizen - A command line tool that helps you writing better commit messages.
LICENSE
clog is licensed under the MIT Open Source license. For more information, see the LICENSE file in this repository.
Modules
| error | |
| fmt | |
| git |
Structs
| Clog |
The base struct used to set options and interact with the library. |
| SectionMap |
A struct which holds sections to and components->commits map |
Enums
| LinkStyle |


SQLAlchemy 0.6.3 Documentation
Search:
Version:
0.6.3
Last Updated: 07/15/2010 12:35:47
API Reference
|
Index
(
view source)
Table of Contents
»
API Reference
» sqlalchemy
Previous:
API Reference
Next:
Connections
sqlalchemy
sqlalchemy
¶
Connections
Creating Engines
Connectables
Result Objects
Transactions
Internals
Connection Pooling
Connection Pool Configuration
Custom Pool Construction
Builtin Pool Implementations
Pooling Plain DB-API Connections
SQL Statements and Expressions
Functions
Classes
Generic Functions
Database Schema
Tables and Columns
Constraints
Default Generators and Markers
DDL Generation
Internals
Schema Introspection
Column and Data Types
Generic Types
SQL Standard Types
Vendor-Specific Types
Custom Types
Interfaces
Utilities
Previous:
API Reference
Next:
Connections
© Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors. Created using
Sphinx
1.0b2+.


Copyright
Table of Contents
Index
Full Description
About the Author
Reviews
Colophon
Examples
Reader reviews
Errata
|
Python Programming on Win32
- Mark
Hammond
- Andy
Robinson
- Publisher: O'Reilly
First Edition January 2000
ISBN: 1-56592-621-8, 672 pages
Despite Python's increasing popularity on Windows,
Python Programming on Win32 is the first
book to demonstrate how to use it as a serious Windows
development and administration tool. This book addresses all the
basic technologies for common integration tasks on Windows,
explaining both the Windows issues and the Python code you need to
glue things together.
|


Simple tidying, analysis, and visualization of conjoint (factorial) experiments, including estimation and visualization of average marginal component effects ('AMCEs') and marginal means ('MMs') for weighted and un-weighted survey data, along with useful reference category diagnostics and statistical tests. Estimation of 'AMCEs' is based upon methods described by Hainmueller, Hopkins, and Yamamoto (2014) <doi:10.1093/pan/mpt024>.
| Version: | 0.3.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.5.0) |
| Imports: | stats, sandwich (≥ 2.4-0), survey (≥ 3.33), lmtest, ggplot2 (≥ 2.0), ggstance, scales |
| Suggests: | testthat, knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-07-30 |
| Author: | Thomas J. Leeper [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Thomas J. Leeper <thosjleeper at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/leeper/cregg/issues |
| License: | MIT + file LICENSE |
| URL: | https://github.com/leeper/cregg |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | cregg citation info |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | cregg results |
| Reference manual: | cregg.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Introduction to cregg |
| Package source: | cregg_0.3.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: cregg_0.3.0.zip, r-release: cregg_0.3.0.zip, r-oldrel: not available |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: cregg_0.3.0.tgz, r-oldrel: not available |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cregg to link to this page.


BABE: PIG IN THE CITY A movie review by Joe Barlow (c) Copyright 1999
STARRING: Magda Szubanski, James Cromwell, Mickey Rooney DIRECTOR: George Miller WRITERS: George Miller and Judy Morris RATED: G RELEASED: 1998
RATING: ** 1/2 (out of a possible ****)
As a critic, "Babe: Pig in the City" paints me into a difficult corner: on one hand, I was charmed by the sheer visual delights which awaited me; on the other, I was mortified that Hollywood actually considers this a "family" film. Parents who are expecting a light-hearted distraction for little Junior had best be warned: young children have no business anywhere near this movie. The simple fact that "Babe: Pig in the City" (which for the sake of brevity will henceforth be referred to as "Babe II") received a G rating is a disconcerting affirmation of just how far out of touch the MPAA is with its own rating system.
"Babe II" is a contradiction in terms, a disquieting but frequently enchanting blend of humor, warmth and darkness that has the misfortune of being marketed as children's entertainment. It's hard to review a film like this, as two of the factors I use to critique movies are: 'How entertained was I?' and 'How successful is the movie in achieving its goals?' With "Babe II," there's a substantial conflict in the answers to these questions: while I was admittedly entertained, I was also shocked by the story's surprisingly dark tone. It's as if director George Miller is trying to mimic the style of Tim Burton's "Batman," but replaces the grim, human characters with funny, colorful animals who talk and sing. Talk about surreal!
The bleak overtones start early, with kindly farmer Arthur Hoggett (James Cromwell) suffering a severe accident for which his beloved pet pig Babe (voiced by Elizabeth Daily) is inadvertently responsible. Unable to work, Hoggett stands in danger of losing his farm to the bank. His wife Esme (Magda Szubanski) takes matters into her own hands, and heads to a county fair to give a demonstration of Babe's sheep-herding skills (depicted in the first film), an event which will help raise the money needed for the mortgage payment. Fate conspires against them, however, and through no fault of their own they miss their connecting flight, leaving them with a multiple-day layover in a strange city.
Eventually finding a hotel that will allow pets, Mrs. Hoggett thinks the worst of her trip is over. She is mistaken. Babe is essentially pig-napped by Fugly Floom (Mickey Rooney), a clown who uses chimpanzees as part of his act. Babe is eager to participate, mistakenly believing that his show-business antics are helping the farm: "I'm a pig on a mission," he explains proudly when the other animals question him. The hotel has its own problems, however: the dozens of animals who live there are a clear violation of city health laws, and the hotel operates much like the Underground Railroad, with animals sheltered in secrecy, out of sight of the villainous law enforcement agencies.
This tone of shadow may not sit well with many viewers, particularly those who liked the upbeat innocence of the first film. "Babe II" is to "Babe" what "The Empire Strikes Back" was to "A New Hope"; a mature, thoughtful work, covered by a layer of darkness. Be aware: animals and human alike are severely injured (and nearly die) on at least three occasions in the film. A chase sequence between Babe and a mob of angry dogs could potentially horrify young children. And a scene in which the hotel is raided by animal catchers is so bleak that I was reminded of the liquidation of the Ghetto, from "Schindler's List." While I did not personally object to the tone, I remain unsure who "Babe II" is supposed to appeal to: families who enjoyed the first film? No, not really. Fans of film noir? No, because they're unlikely to see a movie starring talking animals.
One thing for which Miller cannot be faulted is a lack of vision: the city in "Babe II" looks great, recalling the looming skyscrapers and slippery shadows that marked "The Crow," "Dark City," and the aforementioned "Batman." Comparisons with Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" are unavoidable, and the film beats viewers to the punch by borrowing the name of Lang's wonderous city (the film's working title was "Babe in Metropolis"). As envisioned by Miller, Metropolis is a city unencumbered by both time and space: The Statue of Liberty is visible on the horizon, along with the Eiffel Tower, the Hollywood sign, the canals of Venice, and other instantly recognizable landmarks from around the world. Modern cars share the road with Model-T Fords, and we understand the point: Metropolis exists anywhere and everywhere.
Fans of the original "Babe" may be a little disappointed by the fact that Babe himself isn't really the focus of this outing; although the plucky little pig gets plenty of screen time, the emphasis is more on the interaction of the animals, all of whom work together to solve the various dilemmas, rather than on Babe himself. Most of the important resolutions occur despite, rather than because of, his presence here. That's not to say that Babe is irrelevant to the story; he functions as a sort of lighthouse through the dark events, dispensing advice and wisdom. (A mean stray dog explains, "I have a professional obligation to be malicious." Babe helpfully suggests, "Maybe you should change professions.")
But if Babe is content to stay in the background for much of the time, the story doesn't really suffer. Dozens of animals dot the landscape of Metropolis, all of whom are fun and interesting in their own right (watch for the singing cat choir!). My favorite character by far was a Godfather-like orangatan named Thelonius (voiced by James Cosmo), who possesses a sad weariness that suits his character perfectly. You can actually see the regret in his eyes as certain events unfurl, giving him a better range of expression than some of the human characters. He's a shoo-in for "Best Supporting Chimp."
"Babe II" isn't a bad film by any stretch of the word: I found it visually stunning and a great deal of fun; nonetheless, I think it will distress its intended audience: young children are going to be confused or scared (if not both) by what they discover in this particular city. My relatively low rating of two and a half stars is an attempt at compromise: I liked the film a good deal more than this review indicates, but I can't actually "recommend" it with a clear conscience to anyone under the age of ten.
("Babe: Pig in the City" is scheduled for video release on May 4th.)
E-Mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Joe Barlow on Film: http://www.ipass.net/~jbarlow/film.htm
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The water is absolutely amazing, blue, clear and in the mid 70s.
You can see the bottom go by as you are sailing - it is a
bit unnerving even though it is still 30 to 50 feet deep.
There are soooo many shades of blue as well - from the light
blue shallow sandy areas to the deep dark blues of the deep
areas. We do not have air tanks so snorkeling has been our
thing but since you can see so deep I am not sure we have missed
out on much. Yesterday we were able to snorkel in 10 feet
of water with nursing sharks, rays, and fish (not too bad for
the first week in January).
Our first port of call in the Bahamas was Alice Town in North
Bimini where we cleared customs, immigration and raised our
Bahamas flag. The crossing from Florida to the Bahamas is
always iffy but we had a great day of sailing and the seas were
somewhat calm. From there we made a short stop at New
Providence west end and then it was onto "Iguana land" at Allen
Cay in the Exumas. (all the "Cays" are pronounced "Key")
We anchored in 10 feet of sandy bottom, a bit of a current but
overall very nice. There was some bad weather the next few
days so we thought this would be a great spot to spend time
walking around the island and spying on the iguanas, it is a
natural refuge for iguanas so there were many running around.
There were several other boaters in the anchorage and one girl
had her 2nd birthday. That required a beach party, a
scavenger hunt, and a history lesson in French. The family
is from France so they had made a list of trivia questions for
all the beach goers to answer, before you got any food.
We now have made a huge leap of 5 miles to Highborne Cay and are
anchored in 15 feet of clear blue water. We found wifi at
the anchorage so are jumping at the chance to catch up on emails
and websites. Kris found out here Aunt Bev passed away on
Monday so having the internet is helpful. Derek and Kris
did take a walk and found that if they waited at the bus stop it
might be awhile, at least it was for the other guy. On the
way back they were very thirsty and were excited to see the
signs for a spring. Well the only spring they found was a
rusted one hanging from a tree - people on this island have a
good sense of humor.
Update 01/07/11; blue and bluer water


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