In either case, ensure that the Trezor & BIP32 path you are signing with match those used when creating this vault.
Your Trezor should prompt you to sign the following message:
If you are sending this signature to another signer to be entered manually, copy the 'Signature' field (the long one).
This signature was entered manually from a signature generated by this application on a remote Trezor:
<%{ 'signature_data' {bip32_path: false} }%>


LightHttpServerUnit
LightHttpServerUnit is Light, light http server.
Basic usage is for Unit test like follow.
HttpServer server = new HttpServer(1080);
server.getDefaultHandler()
.addResponse("/", "<html><body>テスト</body><html>")
.addResponse("/json", "{\"request\":\"success\"}", "application/json")
.addResponse("/text", "value", "text", "Shift_JIS");
server.start();
//some test;
server.stop();
or start command line like follow.
./bin/lightHttpServer
and put response files into ./responseContents directory
this component under Apache License 2.0.
author ukiuni.


Specialization : Data Science / Machine Learning
Data Structures and Algorithms | Intro to Artificial Intelligence | Topics in foundation of Computer Science | Data Base Systems for Data Science | Machine Learning | Massive Data Mining | Massive Data Storage and Retrieval | Advanced Data Management | Operating Systems
Data Structures and Algorithms| Operating Systems | Networks | Theory of Computation | Data Mining | Object Oriented Analyis and Design | Software Engineering | Microprocessors | Computer Architecuture and design | TCP /IP Principles | Probability and Statistics | Cloud Computing | Soft Computing | Electroics | Control Systems
I got to work with data from a new and different field to me i.e Semiconnductor industry. The experience has been exciting and full of challenges. One of the biggest challenges was to extract data from mdl files ( binary/ hex / text) files to extract levelling information. After a photo resist is applied to wafers, uniformity of that deposit has to be ensured. I got to work with the following during my tenure as an intern at Global Foundries:
Known to be India's Largest bank, State Bank of India is called a banker to Every Indian. This opportunity was my door to the world of Data Science and shaped my intersts in the direction. I was tasked to find out what were the reasons why women are unable to access financial services provided by government of India as good as the men in the country. As an intern:
A TCS-SBI Enterprise that provides technical solutions to State Bank of India, the biggest bank in India
Rutgers has a department that takes care of Academic requirements of visually challenged students. At Rutgers Accessibility and Disability Services, we make sure that every student obtains equal resources. We make course work accessible for visually challenged students so that they can have their education at Rutgers unencumbered.
Google Page Rank Algorithm is one of the most innovative solutions to rank web pages in a search engine. Initially, web pages were ranked based on the frequency of the key words in the search text but a spam web page can just have a single word repeated thousand to million times and be wrongfully claimed as a popular web page over a legit site which actually has useful related information. Google page rank algorithm is a graph based algorithm that treats all the webpages as nodes of a graph and the importance of a webpage is determined by what webpages point to it. Therefore the legitimacy of the popularity of webpage is given properly. Read more about google page rank algorithm here Here is how I used page rank algorithm to rank tennis players:
Machine Learning has become a buzz word around! How is machine learning done? Split the data into train and test sets and apply an algorithm for sklearn package? Few lines of code and you have the accuracy of model. But the question is how much do you know about your few lines of code? How do we know which algorithm is good for what and what exactly is going on within it. As a part of my Master's program , I got to code few powerful machine learning algorithms from scratch. Some of them are as follows
Suicide is one of the major causes for death across the world. As a part of this project, we read a few tens of papers to see what sort of machine learning algorithms and data science techniques are being used to solve this problem . A questionnaire based survey on Reddit was used in which people answered various questions like age, nationality ans whether a person attempted to commit suicide in the past or not.
While much research has focused on the benefits accruing from access to financial services among the less affluent, and among poor women, and some research is available on measuring such access, most research has been silent on the reasons for the underlying disparity. Our research explores the causes and effects of the exclusion of female-led households from the formal financial services sector. Availing Banking services often places a significant demand on the time of the consumer. Access to drinking water, toilets, bathrooms, kindling wood, electricity, implements improving agricultural productivity and efficiency, and better health care are all factors which affect the time available for women to visit banks. This is exacerbated by the relative lack of bank offices and outlets in rural areas, further raising the barriers for financial services access. Since improving access to and usage of banking services among women requires provision of amenities that increase the “free” time available to womenfolk, programs and policies should be drafted appropriately
A web application that takes a sql or no sql query to execute and return results. The application was connected to AWS data base instances to retrieve and execute the commands.
In today's growing world, any industry has huge volumes of data in textual form. Analyzing textual data manually would be a time consuming and tedious job. One such industry with lot of text data is hospitality ( hotel) industry . Everyday a hotel, might receive thousands of reviews from people. In order to understand the nature of the reviews I performed the following:
In real world, data is not available in a clean and full form. We always have to guess what the missing values in a data or drop the rows that have missing values. Instead of dropping the rows we can predict what goes in the missing values. The most naive approach is to select mean or mode imputation. A more meaninful approach would be to predict values that convey the distribution of data well.


nginx- Start server with a custom configuration file:
nginx -c configuration_file- Start server with a prefix for all relative paths in the configuration file:
nginx -c configuration_file -p prefix/for/relative/paths- Test the configuration without affecting the running server:
nginx -t- Reload the configuration by sending a signal with no downtime:
nginx -s reload


Network Working Group C. Rigney Request for Comments: 2059 Livingston Category: Informational January 1996 RADIUS Accounting Status of this Memo This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract This document describes a protocol for carrying accounting information between a Network Access Server and a shared Accounting Server. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................... 2 1.1 Specification of Requirements ................... 3 1.2 Terminology ..................................... 3 2. Operation ............................................. 3 3. Packet Format ......................................... 4 4. Packet Types .......................................... 6 4.1 Accounting-Request .............................. 7 4.2 Accounting-Response ............................. 8 5. Attributes ............................................ 9 5.1 Acct-Status-Type ................................ 11 5.2 Acct-Delay-Time ................................. 12 5.3 Acct-Input-Octets ............................... 13 5.4 Acct-Output-Octets .............................. 13 5.5 Acct-Session-Id ................................. 14 5.6 Acct-Authentic .................................. 15 5.7 Acct-Session-Time ............................... 16 5.8 Acct-Input-Packets .............................. 17 5.9 Acct-Output-Packets ............................. 17 5.10 Acct-Terminate-Cause ............................ 18 5.11 Acct-Multi-Session-Id ........................... 20 5.12 Acct-Link-Count ................................. 21 5.13 Table of Attributes ............................. 22 Security Considerations ...................................... 24 References ................................................... 24 Acknowledgements ............................................. 24 Chair's Address .............................................. 25 Author's Address ............................................. 25 Rigney Informational [Page 1] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 1. Introduction Managing dispersed serial line and modem pools for large numbers of users can create the need for significant administrative support. Since modem pools are by definition a link to the outside world, they require careful attention to security, authorization and accounting. This can be best achieved by managing a single "database" of users, which allows for authentication (verifying user name and password) as well as configuration information detailing the type of service to deliver to the user (for example, SLIP, PPP, telnet, rlogin). The RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service) document [4] specifies the RADIUS protocol used for Authentication and Authorization. This memo extends the use of the RADIUS protocol to cover delivery of accounting information from the Network Access Server (NAS) to a RADIUS accounting server. Key features of RADIUS Accounting are: Client/Server Model A Network Access Server (NAS) operates as a client of the RADIUS accounting server. The client is responsible for passing user accounting information to a designated RADIUS accounting server. The RADIUS accounting server is responsible for receiving the accounting request and returning a response to the client indicating that it has successfully received the request. The RADIUS accounting server can act as a proxy client to other kinds of accounting servers. Network Security Transactions between the client and RADIUS accounting server are authenticated through the use of a shared secret, which is never sent over the network. Extensible Protocol All transactions are comprised of variable length Attribute- Length-Value 3-tuples. New attribute values can be added without disturbing existing implementations of the protocol. In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements of the specification. These words are often capitalized. Rigney Informational [Page 2] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 1.1 Specification of Requirements MUST This word, or the adjective "required", means that the definition is an absolute requirement of the specification. MUST NOT This phrase means that the definition is an absolute prohibition of the specification. SHOULD This word, or the adjective "recommended", means that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore this item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course. MAY This word, or the adjective "optional", means that this item is one of an allowed set of alternatives. An implementation which does not include this option MUST be prepared to interoperate with another implementation which does include the option. 1.2. Terminology This document uses the following terms: service The NAS provides a service to the dial-in user, such as PPP or Telnet. session Each service provided by the NAS to a dial-in user constitutes a session, with the beginning of the session defined as the point where service is first provided and the end of the session defined as the point where service is ended. A user may have multiple sessions in parallel or series if the NAS supports that, with each session generating a separate start and stop accounting record with its own Acct-Session-Id. silently discard This means the implementation discards the packet without further processing. The implementation SHOULD provide the capability of logging the error, including the contents of the silently discarded packet, and SHOULD record the event in a statistics counter. 2. Operation When a client is configured to use RADIUS Accounting, at the start of service delivery it will generate an Accounting Start packet describing the type of service being delivered and the user it is Rigney Informational [Page 3] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 being delivered to, and will send that to the RADIUS Accounting server, which will send back an acknowledgement that the packet has been received. At the end of service delivery the client will generate an Accounting Stop packet describing the type of service that was delivered and optionally statistics such as elapsed time, input and output octets, or input and output packets. It will send that to the RADIUS Accounting server, which will send back an acknowledgement that the packet has been received. The Accounting-Request (whether for Start or Stop) is submitted to the RADIUS accounting server via the network. It is recommended that the client continue attempting to send the Accounting-Request packet until it receives an acknowledgement, using some form of backoff. If no response is returned within a length of time, the request is re- sent a number of times. The client can also forward requests to an alternate server or servers in the event that the primary server is down or unreachable. An alternate server can be used either after a number of tries to the primary server fail, or in a round-robin fashion. Retry and fallback algorithms are the topic of current research and are not specified in detail in this document. The RADIUS accounting server MAY make requests of other servers in order to satisfy the request, in which case it acts as a client. If the RADIUS accounting server is unable to successfully record the accounting packet it MUST NOT send an Accounting-Response acknowledgment to the client. 3. Packet Format Exactly one RADIUS Accounting packet is encapsulated in the UDP Data field [1], where the UDP Destination Port field indicates 1813 (decimal). When a reply is generated, the source and destination ports are reversed. Rigney Informational [Page 4] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the RADIUS data format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Code | Identifier | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | Authenticator | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Attributes ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- Code The Code field is one octet, and identifies the type of RADIUS packet. When a packet is received with an invalid Code field, it is silently discarded. RADIUS Accounting Codes (decimal) are assigned as follows: 4 Accounting-Request 5 Accounting-Response Identifier The Identifier field is one octet, and aids in matching requests and replies. Length The Length field is two octets. It indicates the length of the packet including the Code, Identifier, Length, Authenticator and Attribute fields. Octets outside the range of the Length field should be treated as padding and should be ignored on reception. If the packet is shorter than the Length field indicates, it should be silently discarded. The minimum length is 20 and maximum length is 4096. Authenticator The Authenticator field is sixteen (16) octets. The most significant octet is transmitted first. This value is used to authenticate the messages between the client and RADIUS accounting server. Rigney Informational [Page 5] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Request Authenticator In Accounting-Request Packets, the Authenticator value is a 16 octet MD5 [3] checksum, called the Request Authenticator. The NAS and RADIUS accounting server share a secret. The Request Authenticator field in Accounting-Request packets contains a one- way MD5 hash calculated over a stream of octets consisting of the Code + Identifier + Length + 16 zero octets + request attributes + shared secret (where + indicates concatenation). The 16 octet MD5 hash value is stored in the Authenticator field of the Accounting-Request packet. Note that the Request Authenticator of an Accounting-Request can not be done the same way as the Request Authenticator of a RADIUS Access-Request, because there is no User-Password attribute in an Accounting-Request. Response Authenticator The Authenticator field in an Accounting-Response packet is called the Response Authenticator, and contains a one-way MD5 hash calculated over a stream of octets consisting of the Accounting- Response Code, Identifier, Length, the Request Authenticator field from the Accounting-Request packet being replied to, and the response attributes if any, followed by the shared secret. The resulting 16 octet MD5 hash value is stored in the Authenticator field of the Accounting-Response packet. Attributes Attributes may have multiple instances, in such a case the order of attributes of the same type SHOULD be preserved. The order of attributes of different types is not required to be preserved. 4. Packet Types The RADIUS packet type is determined by the Code field in the first octet of the packet. Rigney Informational [Page 6] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 4.1. Accounting-Request Description Accounting-Request packets are sent from a client (typically a Network Access Server or its proxy) to a RADIUS accounting server, and convey information used to provide accounting for a service provided to a user. The client transmits a RADIUS packet with the Code field set to 4 (Accounting-Request). Upon receipt of an Accounting-Request, the server MUST transmit an Accounting-Response reply if it successfully records the accounting packet, and MUST NOT transmit any reply if it fails to record the accounting packet. Any attribute valid in a RADIUS Access-Request or Access-Accept packet is valid in a RADIUS Accounting-Request packet, except that the following attributes MUST NOT be present in an Accounting- Request: User-Password, CHAP-Password, Reply-Message, State. Either NAS-IP-Address or NAS-Identifier MUST be present in a RADIUS Accounting-Request. It SHOULD contain a NAS-Port or NAS- Port-Type attribute or both unless the service does not involve a port or the NAS does not distinguish among its ports. A summary of the Accounting-Request packet format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Code | Identifier | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | Request Authenticator | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Attributes ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- Code 4 for Accounting-Request. Identifier The Identifier field MUST be changed whenever the content of the Attributes field changes, and whenever a valid reply has been Rigney Informational [Page 7] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 received for a previous request. For retransmissions where the contents are identical, the Identifier MUST remain unchanged. Note that if Acct-Delay-Time is included in the attributes of an Accounting-Request then the Acct-Delay-Time value will be updated when the packet is retransmitted, changing the content of the Attributes field and requiring a new Identifier and Request Authenticator. Request Authenticator The Request Authenticator of an Accounting-Request contains a 16- octet MD5 hash value calculated according to the method described in "Request Authenticator" above. Attributes The Attributes field is variable in length, and contains a list of Attributes. 4.2. Accounting-Response Description Accounting-Response packets are sent by the RADIUS accounting server to the client to acknowledge that the Accounting-Request has been received and recorded successfully. If the Accounting- Request was recorded successfully then the RADIUS accounting server MUST transmit a packet with the Code field set to 5 (Accounting-Response). On reception of an Accounting-Response by the client, the Identifier field is matched with a pending Accounting-Request. Invalid packets are silently discarded. A RADIUS Accounting-Response is not required to have any attributes in it. Rigney Informational [Page 8] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the Accounting-Response packet format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Code | Identifier | Length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | | | Response Authenticator | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Attributes ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- Code 5 for Accounting-Response. Identifier The Identifier field is a copy of the Identifier field of the Accounting-Request which caused this Accounting-Response. Response Authenticator The Response Authenticator of an Accounting-Response contains a 16-octet MD5 hash value calculated according to the method described in "Response Authenticator" above. Attributes The Attributes field is variable in length, and contains a list of zero or more Attributes. 5. Attributes RADIUS Attributes carry the specific authentication, authorization and accounting details for the request and response. Some attributes MAY be included more than once. The effect of this is attribute specific, and is specified in each attribute description. The end of the list of attributes is indicated by the Length of the RADIUS packet. Rigney Informational [Page 9] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type The Type field is one octet. Up-to-date values of the RADIUS Type field are specified in the most recent "Assigned Numbers" RFC [2]. Values 192-223 are reserved for experimental use, values 224-240 are reserved for implementation-specific use, and values 241-255 are reserved and should not be used. This specification concerns the following values: 1-39 (refer to RADIUS document [4]) 40 Acct-Status-Type 41 Acct-Delay-Time 42 Acct-Input-Octets 43 Acct-Output-Octets 44 Acct-Session-Id 45 Acct-Authentic 46 Acct-Session-Time 47 Acct-Input-Packets 48 Acct-Output-Packets 49 Acct-Terminate-Cause 50 Acct-Multi-Session-Id 51 Acct-Link-Count 60+ (refer to RADIUS document [4]) Length The Length field is one octet, and indicates the length of this attribute including the Type, Length and Value fields. If an attribute is received in an Accounting-Request with an invalid Length, the entire request should be silently discarded. Value The Value field is zero or more octets and contains information specific to the attribute. The format and length of the Value field is determined by the Type and Length fields. The format of the value field is one of four data types. Rigney Informational [Page 10] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 string 0-253 octets address 32 bit value, most significant octet first. integer 32 bit value, most significant octet first. time 32 bit value, most significant octet first -- seconds since 00:00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970. The standard Attributes do not use this data type but it is presented here for possible use within Vendor-Specific attributes. 5.1. Acct-Status-Type Description This attribute indicates whether this Accounting-Request marks the beginning of the user service (Start) or the end (Stop). It MAY be used by the client to mark the start of accounting (for example, upon booting) by specifying Accounting-On and to mark the end of accounting (for example, just before a scheduled reboot) by specifying Accounting-Off. A summary of the Acct-Status-Type attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 40 for Acct-Status-Type. Length 6 Rigney Informational [Page 11] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Value The Value field is four octets. 1 Start 2 Stop 7 Accounting-On 8 Accounting-Off 5.2. Acct-Delay-Time Description This attribute indicates how many seconds the client has been trying to send this record for, and can be subtracted from the time of arrival on the server to find the approximate time of the event generating this Accounting-Request. (Network transit time is ignored.) Note that changing the Acct-Delay-Time causes the Identifier to change; see the discussion under Identifier above. A summary of the Acct-Delay-Time attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 41 for Acct-Delay-Time. Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. Rigney Informational [Page 12] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 5.3. Acct-Input-Octets Description This attribute indicates how many octets have been received from the port over the course of this service being provided, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct- Status-Type is set to Stop. A summary of the Acct-Input-Octets attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 42 for Acct-Input-Octets. Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. 5.4. Acct-Output-Octets Description This attribute indicates how many octets have been sent to the port in the course of delivering this service, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop. Rigney Informational [Page 13] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the Acct-Output-Octets attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 43 for Acct-Output-Octets. Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. 5.5. Acct-Session-Id Description This attribute is a unique Accounting ID to make it easy to match start and stop records in a log file. The start and stop records for a given session MUST have the same Acct-Session-Id. It is strongly recommended that the Acct-Session-Id be a printable ASCII string. For example, one implementation uses a string with an 8-digit upper case hexadecimal number, the first two digits increment on each reboot (wrapping every 256 reboots) and the next 6 digits counting from 0 for the first person logging in after a reboot up to 2^24-1, about 16 million. Other encodings are possible. Rigney Informational [Page 14] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the Acct-Session-Id attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | String ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 44 for Acct-Session-Id. Length >= 3 String The String field SHOULD be a string of printable ASCII characters. 5.6. Acct-Authentic Description This attribute MAY be included in an Accounting-Request to indicate how the user was authenticated, whether by RADIUS, the NAS itself, or another remote authentication protocol. Users who are delivered service without being authenticated SHOULD NOT generate Accounting records. A summary of the Acct-Authentic attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 45 for Acct-Authentic. Rigney Informational [Page 15] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. 1 RADIUS 2 Local 3 Remote 5.7. Acct-Session-Time Description This attribute indicates how many seconds the user has received service for, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop. A summary of the Acct-Session-Time attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 46 for Acct-Session-Time. Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. Rigney Informational [Page 16] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 5.8. Acct-Input-Packets Description This attribute indicates how many packets have been received from the port over the course of this service being provided to a Framed User, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop. A summary of the Acct-Input-packets attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 47 for Acct-Input-Packets. Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. 5.9. Acct-Output-Packets Description This attribute indicates how many packets have been sent to the port in the course of delivering this service to a Framed User, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct-Status-Type is set to Stop. Rigney Informational [Page 17] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the Acct-Output-Packets attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 48 for Acct-Output-Packets. Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets. 5.10. Acct-Terminate-Cause Description This attribute indicates how the session was terminated, and can only be present in Accounting-Request records where the Acct- Status-Type is set to Stop. A summary of the Acct-Terminate-Cause attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 49 for Acct-Terminate-Cause Rigney Informational [Page 18] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets, containing an integer specifying the cause of session termination, as follows: 1 User Request 2 Lost Carrier 3 Lost Service 4 Idle Timeout 5 Session Timeout 6 Admin Reset 7 Admin Reboot 8 Port Error 9 NAS Error 10 NAS Request 11 NAS Reboot 12 Port Unneeded 13 Port Preempted 14 Port Suspended 15 Service Unavailable 16 Callback 17 User Error 18 Host Request The termination causes are as follows: User Request User requested termination of service, for example with LCP Terminate or by logging out. Lost Carrier DCD was dropped on the port. Lost Service Service can no longer be provided; for example, user's connection to a host was interrupted. Idle Timeout Idle timer expired. Session Timeout Maximum session length timer expired. Admin Reset Administrator reset the port or session. Admin Reboot Administrator is ending service on the NAS, for example prior to rebooting the NAS. Rigney Informational [Page 19] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Port Error NAS detected an error on the port which required ending the session. NAS Error NAS detected some error (other than on the port) which required ending the session. NAS Request NAS ended session for a non-error reason not otherwise listed here. NAS Reboot The NAS ended the session in order to reboot non-administratively ("crash"). Port Unneeded NAS ended session because resource usage fell below low-water mark (for example, if a bandwidth-on-demand algorithm decided that the port was no longer needed). Port Preempted NAS ended session in order to allocate the port to a higher priority use. Port Suspended NAS ended session to suspend a virtual session. Service Unavailable NAS was unable to provide requested service. Callback NAS is terminating current session in order to perform callback for a new session. User Error Input from user is in error, causing termination of session. Host Request Login Host terminated session normally. 5.11. Acct-Multi-Session-Id Description This attribute is a unique Accounting ID to make it easy to link together multiple related sessions in a log file. Each session linked together would have a unique Acct-Session-Id but the same Acct-Multi-Session-Id. It is strongly recommended that the Acct- Multi-Session-Id be a printable ASCII string. Rigney Informational [Page 20] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 A summary of the Acct-Session-Id attribute format is shown below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | String ... +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 50 for Acct-Multi-Session-Id. Length >= 3 String The String field SHOULD be a string of printable ASCII characters. 5.12. Acct-Link-Count Description This attribute gives the count of links which are known to have been in a given multilink session at the time the accounting record is generated. The NAS MAY include the Acct-Link-Count attribute in any Accounting-Request which might have multiple links. A summary of the Acct-Link-Count attribute format is show below. The fields are transmitted from left to right. 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Type | Length | Value +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Value (cont) | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Type 51 for Acct-Link-Count. Rigney Informational [Page 21] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Length 6 Value The Value field is four octets, and contains the number of links seen so far in this Multilink Session. It may be used to make it easier for an accounting server to know when it has all the records for a given Multilink session. When the number of Accounting-Requests received with Acct-Status-Type = Stop and the same Acct-Multi-Session-Id and unique Acct-Session- Id's equals the largest value of Acct-Link-Count seen in those Accounting-Requests, all Stop Accounting-Requests for that Multilink Session have been received. An example showing 8 Accounting-Requests should make things clearer. For clarity only the relevant attributes are shown, but additional attributes containing accounting information will also be present in the Accounting-Request.  Table of Attributes The following table provides a guide to which attributes may be found in Accounting-Request packets. No attributes should be found in Accounting-Response packets except Proxy-State and possibly Vendor- Specific. # Attribute 0-1 User-Name 0 User-Password 0 CHAP-Password 0-1 NAS-IP-Address [4] 0-1 NAS-Port 0-1 Service-Type 0-1 Framed-Protocol Rigney Informational [Page 22] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 0-1 Framed-IP-Address 0-1 Framed-IP-Netmask 0-1 Framed-Routing 0+ Filter-Id 0-1 Framed-MTU 0+ Framed-Compression 0+ Login-IP-Host 0-1 Login-Service 0-1 Login-TCP-Port 0 Reply-Message 0-1 Callback-Number 0-1 Callback-Id 0+ Framed-Route 0-1 Framed-IPX-Network 0 State 0+ Class 0+ Vendor-Specific 0-1 Session-Timeout 0-1 Idle-Timeout 0-1 Termination-Action 0-1 Called-Station-Id 0-1 Calling-Station-Id 0-1 NAS-Identifier [4] 0+ Proxy-State 0-1 Login-LAT-Service 0-1 Login-LAT-Node 0-1 Login-LAT-Group 0-1 Framed-AppleTalk-Link 0-1 Framed-AppleTalk-Network 0-1 Framed-AppleTalk-Zone 1 Acct-Status-Type 0-1 Acct-Delay-Time 0-1 Acct-Input-Octets 0-1 Acct-Output-Octets 1 Acct-Session-Id 0-1 Acct-Authentic 0-1 Acct-Session-Time 0-1 Acct-Input-Packets 0-1 Acct-Output-Packets 0-1 Acct-Terminate-Cause 0+ Acct-Multi-Session-Id 0+ Acct-Link-Count 0 CHAP-Challenge 0-1 NAS-Port-Type 0-1 Port-Limit 0-1 Login-LAT-Port Rigney Informational [Page 23] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 [4] An Accounting-Request MUST contain either a NAS-IP-Address or a NAS-Identifier, and it is permitted (but not recommended) for it to contain both. The following table defines the above table entries. 0 This attribute MUST NOT be present 0+ Zero or more instances of this attribute MAY be present. 0-1 Zero or one instance of this attribute MAY be present. 1 Exactly one instance of this attribute MUST be present. Security Considerations Security issues are briefly discussed in sections concerning the authenticator included in accounting requests and responses, using a shared secret which is never sent over the network. References [1] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, USC/Information Sciences Institute, August 1980. [2] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1994. [3] Rivest, R., and S. Dusse, "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321, MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, RSA Data Security Inc., April 1992. [4] Rigney, C., Rubens, A., Simpson, W., and S. Willens, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2058, January 1997. Acknowledgments RADIUS and RADIUS Accounting were originally developed by Livingston Enterprises for their PortMaster series of Network Access Servers. Rigney Informational [Page 24] RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 Chair's Address The RADIUS working group can be contacted via the current chair: Carl Rigney Livingston Enterprises 6920 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 220 Pleasanton, California 94566 Phone: +1<PHONE_NUMBER> EMail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Author's Address Questions about this memo can also be directed to: Carl Rigney Livingston Enterprises 6920 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 220 Pleasanton, California 94566 EMail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Rigney Informational [Page 25]


It was another glorious May day, work was horrendously whipping me as usual. Another day of pulling wire, working on my hands and knees and getting screamed at seemed to be in order; fear not, said I; today was going to be different. My body aches, my mind screamed; I craved a day off. While wading in my own sorrows of life and debating on attending the excrement I know as 'work'. I came across a mystic, magical gnome who wooshed down my chimney and into my living room. He said unto me -- 'Dear sir, I have news for you, you are to take this glorious day off, and consume goods of relaxation and enjoyment.'.
'Gnome', I said, 'Where are these goods?', and he handed them to me, in good faith and joyous giving. Cradled in my palm were two baby blue god sends at 30mg a piece, and one nice little ball of the devil's dandruff.
I sat down at my computer, called in sick and began my journey. I fluffed up some of this dander of the devil, sour, vile smelling hideous crystalline dandruff and insuffulated it. 2 Minutes and a few sips of water later, I was doing most excellent. I busted down four more lines for a total of 6 and the dandruff was depleted. I sat around and waited, the dandruff swarming my mind, breaking down and out. I was perspiring like a mammal in heat. I was soaring up the euphoria scale, sitting in my cargo pants and guinness shirt, relaxed in my tipped back chair, in my own home setting; alone with my cat and all the food and drink I could ever need.
I thought of going outside, working on my project vehicles, but alas, I was stuck to the chair, glued by an impenetrable force, the two god-like baby blue pills were staring right at me, whispering through the wind, eat me they said, snort me they demanded. So I did. Both, all 60mg, up the nose is where it goes. 10 Minutes later cloud 9 came a calling. They wanted to invite me to space and beyond. So I traversed. All of the intake of the goods took about 30 minutes. Within an hour I was practically drooling, but the dandruff had worn off -- unlike the usual come down from it, the 60mg of oc helped me come down in a light and fluffy way, no unwarranted nuisance headaches or drip.
----------------------------------------------------------
The experience lasted for almost 4 hours, but as I said above, the coke bit the dust after about an hour. It was really quite good I must say, was fire-like going up the nose though. The oc's were a good deal of powder to put up there along with the coke but I was able to handle it.
The whole experience was very climax-oriented. The coke was the big star of the whole show, but since it only lasts for so long, the oxycodone helped out to close the curtains and clean up the house.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


CONTENTS
Main
Dashboard
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Remote control IP
Click here to redirect
Graphs and Data
Live Charts
Distance1
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Speed
Data Analytics
TEAM 16 :
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DATA FROM ONEM2M
Distance1
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DATA ANALYTICS:
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new Pipeline(source)
- Source:
Image processing pipeline.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
source |
String | Image filename to load. |
Members
(static) threads
Gets or sets the internal image processing thread pool size. By default, the pool size is equal to the number of cpu cores on the system. Setting threads to 0 will reset the pool size to the default.
Methods
bytes(optionsopt) → {Pipeline}
Configures the pipeline to output the image as raw bytes.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
options |
Object |
<optional> |
Properties
|
Returns:
- Type
- Pipeline
contain() → {Pipeline}
Resize an image only if it's width or height are larger that the resize bounding box.
Returns:
- Type
- Pipeline
filter(filter, options) → {Pipeline}
The resize algorithm to use.
Note, some image decoders support scaling during decoding (such as SVG). If available, this will be the preferred resizing strategy. If disableDecoderScaling is specified in options, the image will be loaded at it's normal size and resized with this filter.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
filter |
Filter | Resize filter algorithm. |
||||||
options |
Properties
|
Returns:
- Type
- Pipeline
fit() → {Pipeline}
Resize an image to fill as much of the resize bounding box as possible.
Returns:
- Type
- Pipeline
ignoreAspectRatio() → {Pipeline}
Ignore image aspect ratio when resizing.
Returns:
- Type
- Pipeline
resize(width, height) → {Pipeline}
Resize an image.
The width and height may not be the final output dimensions, but an upper bound of a resize operation. The width and height create a resizing bounding box.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
width |
Maximum output width. |
|
height |
Maximum output height. |
Returns:
- Type
- Pipeline
toBuffer() → {Promise.<Buffer>}
Output image to a Buffer. All image processing occurs in a background thread that will not block Node's main loop. If the background thread pool is full, the operation will be queued until a thread is available.
The returned buffer has an extended field header of type Header, containing the image and Buffer details.
If no format is specified, the default format will be bytes.
Returns:
- Type
- Promise.<Buffer>
toBufferSync() → {Buffer}
Output image to a Buffer. This operation occurs synchronously on Node's main thread.
The returned buffer has an extended field header of type Header, containing the image and Buffer details.
If no format is specified, the default format will be bytes.
Returns:
- Type
- Buffer
toHeader() → {Promise.<Header>}
Get the source image's header. The image header loading occurs in a background thread that will not block Node's main loop. If the background thread pool is full, the operation will be queued until a thread is available.
Returns:
- Type
- Promise.<Header>
toHeaderSync() → {Header}
Get the source image's header. This operation occurs synchronously on Node's main thread.
Returns:
- Type
- Header


My Holidays is a free, open-source web service which serves up the dates of only the holidays you care about. Data is available either via a webcal feed or JSON. Simply select the holidays you care about below and use the generated URLs to get the dates into your app, iCal, Google Calendar, etc.


National Students’ Council elects new executive
by Saint Lucia National Students’ Council(PRESS RELEASE) — On Monday, November 18, 2019, a new executive of the Saint Lucia National Students’ Council was elected during its Annual General Assembly at the Vladimir Lucien Human Resource and Development Centre, Gros Islet.
The general conference was attended by 10 students’ councils from schools around the island.
The program commenced with remarks from Minister of Education Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development, Dr. Gale Rigobert.
She expressed gratitude to the students present at the organization’s highest decision-making forum and encouraged participants to appreciate the opportunity to exercise students’ rights.
Following an exciting program which saw addresses from Ms. Louise Victor, the General Assembly proceeded to elect a new executive for the year 2019-2020.
The new executive of the National Students’ Council is as follows:
President – Zannika Emilien (Sir Arthur Lewis Community College)
Vice President (Districts 1-4) – Katelin Samuel (Sir Arthur Lewis Community College)
Vice President (Districts 5-8) –Waylan Didier (Vieux Fort A Level southern campus)
General Secretary – Faith Ernest (Sir Arthur Lewis Community College)
Assistant Secretary – Marissa Paul (Leon Hess Comprehensive Secondary School)
Treasurer – Jainashel Gabriel (Sir Arthur Lewis Community College)
Public Relations Officer – Danielle Charles (Sir Arthur Lewis Community College)
The executive elections were eagerly contested with a total of 13 candidates vying for positions.
The executive was sworn in by Mr. Nyus Alfred, president of the St. Lucia National Youth Council.
The election process was conducted by the Electoral Committee comprising of Chairperson Mr. Ajani Lebourne; Second Vice President of NYC Ms. Anya Edwin; First Vice President of the NYC, Youth Officer employed with the Ministry of Youth Development and Sports, Mr. Nickson Barry; Programmes Officer of NYC, Mr. Rahym Augustin Joseph, and teacher at the Corinth Secondary School Ms. Ronisha Alexander.
The elections were supervised by Alymphia Lionel, civic and voter education coordinator at the Electoral Department.
Headline News
-
Qiana Joseph to participate in Women’s T20 Grand Slam Franchise Tournament November 20, 2019 12:55 AM
-
Saint Lucia misses Gold Cup playoffs after falling to Montserrat November 20, 2019 12:08 AM
-
US government warns of travel to Dominica; calls for restraint November 19, 2019 6:34 PM
-
Dominica’s opposition leader strikes back; blames police for unrest in Roseau November 19, 2019 6:19 PM
-
OECS chairman calls for “calm” in Dominica November 19, 2019 5:19 PM
-
UPDATE: Dominica’s PM condemns unrest in Roseau; blames opposition UWP (see video) November 19, 2019 4:23 PM
-
Saint Lucian in Taiwan’s top TV singing contest November 19, 2019 8:06 AM
-
Turmoil in Dominica as protesters and police clash (see video) November 19, 2019 7:55 AM
-
Mayor Francis unhappy over disarmament of cop by bandits November 19, 2019 7:34 AM


The Game A film review by Marty Mapes Copyright 1997 Marty Mapes
*** (out of 4) THE GAME is an exciting, tense mystery, but I suspect it won't stand the test of time. Like THE CRYING GAME, half the fun is seeing the movie before you know how it ends.
Millionaire investor Nicholas Van Orten (Michael Douglas) receives a birthday gift certificate from his uncultured brother Conrad (Sean Penn). The certificate is good for a Game at a company called CRS. Conrad will not explain the Game except to promise that it will change Nicholas's life. Nicholas, who is too busy for such nonsense, tucks away the certificate and abruptly ends their lunch.
A few days later, Nicholas finds himself in the same building as CRS. Having herard some intriguing word of mouth about the Game, he stops in to ask a few questions.
The "few questions" turns into an application to play the Game, which drags on into hours and hours of psychological and physical testing (which Michael Douglas' character would have walked out on, had not the plot required that he stay).
Once the Game has begun, Nicholas still doesn't know what the game is, but he gets the idea one night when he goes home . . . .
Obviously mysterious things begin to happen to Nicholas, which he correctly identifies as being rigged by CRS. But fewer and fewer obvious mysteries occur as more and more coincidences and accidents (?) Happen. Without knowing beforehand, it is impossible to be sure which theory is correct.
Congratulations should go to Fincher and screenwriters John D. Brancato and Michael Ferris. Tension and suspense in movies are relatively easy to achieve, but inventing a satisfying ending is not. THE GAME avoids that pitfall. Without revealing the specifics of the ending, I can say only that it felt right. With 20/20 hindsight I can see that no other ending would have worked as well (especially in light of my theories set forth at the end of this review).
On top of a satisfying story line, the movie had lots else going for it. One thing is director David Fincher. Looking at his three big features (ALIEN3, SEVEN, and this one), it is apparent that Fincher has a great eye for how his films will look in the theater. He uses the blacks of night and shadow (and luxury cars) to great effect, merging the black on the screen with the darkness of the theater. One never knows when or where something may pop up from the black patches of the screen.
Also, the music was very good. It set the mood but it was not overbearing. At the end when Nicholas is embraced by the black bag, the music could have triumphantly swelled, which would have been utterly inappropriate. Instead, the music warmly welcomed Nicholas home, which was a more creative and appropriate tone. I find that lately, when I like the score to a movie, Howard Shore is inevitably the composer - as he is here. (His score for COP LAND was great and solemn, and the CRASH soundtrack was so outstanding that I bought the CD).
Still, the movie is not perfect. When the paranoia and tension are working, THE GAME is a nail-biter. But that pace is hard to sustain for a long time and there are gaps where the action seems to stagnate. Also, there is a lot of visual complexity to THE GAME which almost calls for a second viewing. But because the movie is so gimmick-oriented, it doesn't seem to welcome a repeat audience.
Finally, THE GAME is an interesting study because it works as a metaphor for moviegoing. Both Nicholas' Game and our moviegoing seem strange at first. We have better things to do than to waste our time on some frivolous fantasy. Some good word of mouth usually has to draw us in.
When Nick applies for the Game, and we go to the moves, we are aware, for a time, that we are choosing to play along. For Nicholas, the can't-miss-it clown in the driveway is a fascinating development, but it's obviously part of the Game. For us, maybe we haven't totally settled in yet. The popcorn isn't finished or the latecomers are still walking down the aisles. We know we're at the movies. But when Nick's Game really gets interesting is when he's not sure that it IS a game. Likewise, a good movie can draw us in make us forget about or own "reality" for a while. If Nick's Game had ended differently, the metaphor would be broken, but because it ended how it did, it makes a very nice metaphor for the moviegoing experience.
Taking the metaphor to another level, the party at the end of the movie was Oscar night; the employees of CRS were really the filmmakers in Hollywood, congratulating each other, comparing notes from the year, and partying big.
A good mystery movie is satisfying but it can never be great. That's because nobody wants to see it a second time. Once you know how it ends, a second viewing just isn't that interesting. That's too bad in this case, because there's a lot to be gleaned from this movie.
Check out more current movie reviews at http://www.indra.com/~mmapes/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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{%extends "master.html"%} {%block title%}{{"Past Broadcasts" if broadcasts else "Highlights"}}{%endblock%} {%block header%}{{"Past Broadcasts" if broadcasts else "Highlights"}}{%endblock%} {%block headextra%} {%endblock%} {%block content%} {%for vid in videos%} {{vid['html']|safe}}


I love to learn and explore! You can use my favorite toys or treats to teach me new things.
Cheek and chin scratches make me so happy!
My purr motor is always running.
I have been diagnosed with dental disease which means I may need dental cleanings or extractions in the future.


--- title: 'Languages: Imperative, Object-Oriented, and Functional' tags: [ computers, software, languages, oop, fp, programming, structured ] picture: technonerdmonster music: 'Savitzky: "When I Was a Lad"' mood: didactic location: Somewhere in cyberspace layout: post posted: Thu Jul 5 22:36:47 PDT 2018 ---
Even if you're not a programmer (and most of the people I expect to be reading this aren't) you've probably heard one of your geek friends mentioning "object-oriented" programming. You might even have heard them mention "functional" programming, and wondered how it differs from non-functional programming. The computer curmudgeon can help you.
If you are a programmer, you probably know a lot of this. You may find a few items of historical interest, and it might be useful explaining things to the non-programmers in your life.
As you may recall from last month's post on computer languages, the first programming languages were assembly languages -- just sequences of things for the computer to do, one after another (with a few side-trips). This kind of language is called "imperative", because each statement is a command telling the computer what to do next: "load a into register 2!" "add register 2 to register 3!" "roll over!" "sit!" You get the idea.
Most programmers use "statement" instead of "command" for these things even though the latter might be more correct from a grammatical point of view; a "command" is something one types at a terminal in order to run a program (which is also called a "command").
Most of the earlier programming languages (with one notable exception that we'll get to later) were also imperative. Fortran, Cobol, and Algol were the most prominent of these; most of today's languages descend more-or-less from Algol. (By the way, the Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 60 is something I always point to as an example of excellent technical writing.)
Imperative languages make a distinction between statements, which do things (like "a := 2", which puts the number 2 into a variable called "a"), and "expressions", which compute results. Another way of saying that is that an expression has a value (like 2+2, which has a value of 4), and a statement doesn't. In earlier languages that value was always a number; later languages add things like lists of symbols and strings of characters enclosed in quotes.
Algol and its descendents lend themselves to what's called "Structured Programming" -- control structures like conditionals ("if this then {that} else {something-else}") and loops (for x in some-collection do {something}) let you build your program out of simple sections that nest together but always have a single entrance and exit. Notice the braces around those sections. Programming languages have different ways of grouping statements; braces and indentation are probably the most common, but some languages use "if ... fi" and "do ... done".
Languages also have ways of packaging up groups of statements so that they can be used in different places in the program. These are called either "subroutines" or "functions"; if a language has both it means that a function returns a value (like "sqrt(2)", which returns the square root of 2) and a subroutine doesn't (like "print('Hello world!')", which prints a familiar greeting.) Subroutines are statements, and functions are expressions. The expressions in parentheses are called either "arguments" or "parameters" -- I was bemused to find out recently that verbs have arguments, too. (A verb's arguments are the subject, and the direct and indirect objects.)
Back when smalltalk was sports and the weather, And an object was what you could see, And we watched "Captain Video" in black-and-white, Before there was color TV. -- "When I Was a Lad"
As long as we're on the subject of objects, ...
In the mid 1960s Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard, working at the University of Oslo, developed a language called Simula, designed for simulating objects and events in the real world. Objects are things like cars, houses, people, and cats, and Simula introduced software objects to represent them. Objects have "attributes": my car is blue, my cats are both female, my wife has purple hair. Some of these attributes are objects in their own right: a car has wheels, a cat has four legs and a person has two legs and two arms. Some of these are variables: sometimes my driveway has a car in it, sometimes it doesn't, and sometimes it has two or three.
What this means is that objects have state. A car's speed and direction vary all the time, as does the position of a cat's tail. An object is a natural way to bundle up a collection of state variables.
An object also can do things. In a program, objects rarely do things on their own, some other object tells them what to do. This is a lot like sending the object a message. "Hey, car -- turn left!" "Hey, cat! What color are your eyes?" Software objects don't usually have any of their state on the outside where other parts of the program can see it; they have to be asked politely. That means that the object might be computing something that looks to the outside like a simple state variable -- a car computes its speed from the diameter of its tires and how fast its wheels are turning. All these things are hidden from the rest of the program.
An object has to have a method for handling any message thrown at it, so the documentation of most languages refers to "calling a method" rather than "sending a message". It's the same thing in most cases. As seen from the outside, calling a method is just like calling a function or subroutine, except that there's an extra argument that represents the object. If you think of the message as a command -- an imperative sentence -- it has an implied subject, which is the object you're talking to. Inside the little program that handles the method, the object is represented by a name that is usually either "self" or "this", depending on the language.
One natural thing to do with objects is to classify them, so objects have "classes", and classes tend to be arranged in hierarchies. My cats are cats -- we say that Ticia and Desti are instances of the class "Cat". All cats are animals, so Cat is a subclass of Animal, as are Dog and Person. (In programming languages, classes tend to have their names capitalized. Variables (like "x" or "cat") almost always start with a lowercase letter. Constants (like "Pi", "True", and "Ticia") can go either way.)
An object's class contains everything the computer needs to determine the behavior of its instances: a list of the state variables, a list of the methods it can handle, and so on. Now we get to the fun part.
Simula was just objects and methods tacked on to a "traditional" imperative language -- Algol in that case. Most other "object-oriented" languages work the same way -- C++ is just objects tacked on to C; Python and Perl had objects from the beginning or close to it, but they still include a lot of things -- numbers, strings, arrays, and so on, that aren't objects or (like strings in Java) are pretending to be objects. It doesn't have to be that complicated.
Shortly after Simula was released, Alan Kay at Xerox PARC realized that
you could design a programming language where everything was an
object. The result was Smalltalk, and it's still the best example of a
pure object-oriented language. (It inspired C++ and Java, and
indeed almost all existing OO languages, but very few of them went all the
way. Ruby comes closest of the languages I'm familiar with.) Smalltalk
is turtles objects all the way down.
In Smalltalk numbers are objects -- you can add new methods to them, or
redefine existing methods. (Your program will eventually stop working if
you redefine addition so that 2+2 is 5, but it will keep going for a
surprisingly long time.) So are booleans. True and False are instances
of different subclasses of Boolean, and they behave differently when given
messages like ifTrue:
or ifFalse:
. (I'm not
going to go into the details here; Smalltalk warrants an article all by
itself). Loops are methods, too. The trickiest bit, though, is that
classes are objects. A class is just an instance of Metaclass,
and Metaclass is an instance of itself.
Someone trying to implement Smalltalk has to cheat in a couple of places -- the Metaclass weirdness is one of them -- but they have to hide their tracks and not get caught.
Smalltalk, for all its object orientation, is still an imperative language underneath. A program is still a sequence of statements, even if they're all wrapped up in methods. Objects have state -- lots of it; they're just a good way of organizing it. Alan Kay once remarked that programming in Smalltalk was a lot like training a collection of animals to perform tricks together. Sometimes it's more like herding cats.
But it turns out that you don't need statements -- or even state -- at all! All you need is functions.
About the same time Alan Turing was inventing the Turing Machine, which is basically a computer stripped-down and simplified to something that will just barely work, Alonzo Church was developing something he called the Lambda Calculus, which did something similar to the mathematical concept of functions.
A mathematical function takes a set of inputs, and produces an output. The key thing about it is that a given set of inputs will always produce exactly the same output. It's like a meat grinder -- put in beef, and you get ground beef. Put in pork, and you get ground pork. A function has no state, and no side-effects. State would be like a secret compartment in the meat grinder, so that you get a little chicken mixed in with your ground beef, and beef in your ground pork. Ugh. A side effect would be like a hole in the side that lets a little of the ground meat escape.
Objects are all about state and side effects. You can call a method like
"turn left" on a car (in most languages that would look like
car.turn(left)
) and as a side effect it will change the car's
direction state to something 90 degrees counterclockwise from where it
was. That makes it hard to reason about what's going to happen when you
call a particular method. It's even harder with cats.
Anyway, in lambda calculus, functions are things that you can pass around, pass to other functions, and return from functions. They're first class values, just like numbers, strings, and lists. It turns out that you can use functions to compute anything that you can compute with a Turing machine.
Lambda calculus gets its name from the way you represent functions: To define a function that squares a number, for example, we say something like:
square = λ x: x*x
Now, this looks suspiciously like assigning a value to a variable, and
that's exactly what it's doing. If you like, you can even think of
λ as a funny kind of function that takes a list of symbols and
turns it into a function. You find the value of an expression like
square(3)
by plugging the value 3 into the function's
definition in place of x
. So,
square(3) → (λ x: x*x)(3) → 3*3 → 9
Most functional languages don't allow you to redefine a name once you've bound it to a value; if you have a function like
square
it wouldn't make much sense to redefine it in another part of the program asx*x*x
. This is vary different from imperative languages, where variables represent state and vary all over the place. (Names that represent the arguments of functions are only defined inside any one call to the function, sox
can have different values insquare(2)
andsquare(3)
and nobody gets confused.)
Lambda calculus lends itself to recursive functions -- functions
that call themselves -- and recursion is particularly useful when you're
dealing with lists. You do something to the first thing on the list, and
then combine that with the result of doing the same thing to the rest of
the list.Suppose you have a list of numbers, like (6 2 8 3)
.
If you want another list that contains the squares of those numbers, you
can use a function called map
that takes two arguments: a
function and a list. It returns the result of applying the function to
each element of the list. So
map(square, (6, 2, 8, 3)) → (36, 4, 64, 9)
It's pretty easy to define map
, too. It's just
map = λ (f, l): if isEmpty(l) then l else cons(f(first(l)), map(f, rest(l)))
The
cons
function constructs a new list that consists of its first argument, which can be anything, tacked onto the front of its second argument, which is a list. Usingfirst
andrest
as the names of the functions that get the first item in a list, and the remainder of the list after the first item, is pretty common tese days. Historically, the function that returns the first item in a list is calledcar
, and the function that returns the rest of the list is calledcdr
(pronounced sort of like "could'r").I know, the classic introduction to recursive functions is factorial. Lists are more interesting. Besides, I couldn't resist an excuse for mentioning "car". We'll see "cat" in a future post when I discuss scripting languages.
We call map
a "higher-level" function because it takes a
function as one of its arguments. Other useful higher-level functions
include filter
, which takes a boolean function (one that
returns true or false) and flatmap
, which takes a function
that returns lists and flattens them out into into a single list. (Some
languages call that concatmap
.) Higher-level
functions are what make functional languages powerful, beautiful, and easy
to program in.
Now, Church's lambda calculus was purely mathematical -- Church used it to prove things about what kinds of functions were computable, and which weren't, which is exactly what Alan Turing did with the Turing Machine. We'll save that for another post, except to point out that Church's lambda calculus can compute anything that a Turing machine can compute, and vice versa.
But in 1958 John McCarthy at MIT invented a simple way of representing
lambda expressions as lists, so that they could be processed by a
computer: just represent a function and its arguments as a list with the
function first, followed by its arguments. Trivial? Yes. But
brilliant. His paper included a simple function called eval
that takes a list representing a function and its arguments, and returns
the result. Steve Russell realized that it wouldn't be hard to implement
eval
in machine language (on an IBM 704).
I'll save the details for another post, but the result was a language
called Lisp. It's the second oldest programming language still in use. The
post about LISP will explain how it works (elsewhere I've described
eval
as The most amazing piece of software in the world), and hopefully show
you why Kanef's song The
Eternal Flame says that God wrote the universe in LISP. Programmers
may want to take a look at "Sex and the Single
Link".
I'd be particularly interested in seeing comments from the non-programmers among my readers, if I haven't lost you all by now. Was this post interesting? Was it understandable? Was it too long? Were my examples sufficiently silly? Inquiring minds...


Removing Entities From a Group
1 From the Group Manager, select the group you want to remove elements from.
2 Select Browse > Model Browser (or Minibrowser).
3 Select the items that you want to remove from the Browser’s Elements column (or in the resulting Minibrowser list).
4 In the Group Manager, select Elements > Remove.


The current version of PETSc is 3.9; released April 7, 2018.
PETSc, pronounced PET-see (the S is silent), is a suite of data structures and routines for the scalable (parallel) solution of scientific applications modeled by partial differential equations. It supports MPI, and GPUs through CUDA or OpenCL, as well as hybrid MPI-GPU parallelism. PETSc (sometimes called PETSc/Tao) also contains the Tao optimization software library.
- Scientific applications that use PETSc
- Features of the PETSc libraries (and a recent podcast)
- Linear system solvers accessible from PETSc
-
Related packages that use PETSc
- MLSVM 1.1, Multilevel Support Vector Machineswith PETSc.
- PermonSVM support vector machines and PermonQP quadratic programming
- MOOSE - Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment finite element framework, built on top of libMesh and PETSc
- SLEPc - Scalable Library for Eigenvalue Problems
- COOLFluiD - CFD, plasma and multi-physics simulation package
- Fluidity - a finite element/volume fluids code
- OpenFVM - finite volume based CFD solver
- OOFEM - object oriented finite element library
- libMesh - adaptive finite element library
- FEniCS - sophisticated Python based finite element simulation package
- Firedrake - sophisticated Python based finite element simulation package
- DEAL.II - sophisticated C++ based finite element simulation package
- PHAML - The Parallel Hierarchical Adaptive MultiLevel Project
- Chaste - Cancer, Heart and Soft Tissue Environment
- PyClaw - A massively parallel, high order accurate, hyperbolic PDE solver
- PetIGA - A framework for high performance Isogeometric Analysis
- MFEM - lightweight, scalable C++ library for finite element methods
-
Python Bindings
- petsc4py (documentation) from Lisandro Dalcin at KAUST
- jpetsctao from Hannes Sommer (this does not appear to be functional any longer
- Packages that PETSc can optionally use


The following is an exhaustive list of use cases for QRadar usage:
Responding to advanced persistent threats (APT) is resource intensive, time consuming and time sensitive. From advanced threat actors to nation states, attackers operate low and slow to avoid setting off alarms and pose some of the greatest risk to organizations.
The majority of cyberattacks are from insider threats, but many organizations fail to address internal dangers. Whether originating from a malicious or careless employee, partner or contractor, such risks are difficult to detect and often go unnoticed for months or years.
The majority of enterprise workloads are now in the cloud. And even though a hybrid IT environment has become the norm, most organizations lack a comprehensive view of risks and threats. Without this visibility, effective threat defense and misconfiguration prevention is impossible.
Protecting critical data is at the core of a security protocol. It’s a multifaceted endeavor and takes a multilayered approach.
Alerts are the foundation of security best practices to stop an intrusion before it causes damage. The overall goal is to react faster, coordinate better and react smarter across the organization through shared information.
Applying risk policies to vulnerabilities alerts administrators to high risk exposures. Once vulnerabilities are discovered on network devices, applications or software context is central to knowing what needs immediate attention.
QRadar integrates with our SOAR solution, IBM Security Resilient®, to provide proactive, fast and intelligent responses to data privacy breaches with full compliance. Our SOAR Privacy Module supports 174 privacy incident reporting regulations worldwide to help organizations meet breach disclosure requirements within the timeframes required by law. QRadar itself has obtained vital compliance certifications which validate our product security so that you can feel confident in our solutions, including DHS CDM Approved Product List , FIPS 140-2 Level 1 and Level 2: Cert #2737 and #2554 , SOC 2, NIAP/Common Criteria , and enabling NIST 800-53 Security Controls.
Responding to advanced persistent threats (APT) is resource intensive, time consuming and time sensitive. From advanced threat actors to nation states, attackers operate low and slow to avoid setting off alarms and pose some of the greatest risk to organizations.
Scenario
Security operation centers faced with overwhelming amounts of data must narrow the funnel and accelerate throughput without creating
false positives to effectively mitigate a threat. Less noise allows analysts to focus on the critical events and IOCs.
Scheduled database queries give attackers the chance to do more damage but real time monitoring enables faster detection. Real time event
processing provides immediate notification before an attack spreads, and real-time event log enrichment specifies critical environmental
data.
Solution
Scenario
Security teams must find the initial point of attack and figure out how the malicious payload was disseminated beyond the point of
entry.
Compromised entities need to be quarantined to prevent the spread of the attack. What, if any, peripheral actions were taken to
circumvent cleanup activities.
Solution
Scenario
Unusual or illogical volume, time or geography in connection can indicate an attack, which can be through rogue services and systems,
malware and worm propagation, communication with IP blacklist and unauthorized or tunneled services.
Hosts exhibiting infection behaviors must be addressed and remote attackers blocked before they make it into the network. Back scatter
must be identified as well as traffic that’s allowed from and/or to known blacklisted sources. Ports should be scanned to verify security
policies.
Solution
Scenario
With many pre-built scripts, this difficult to detect attack has become a tool of choice for conducting file less malware attacks and
provides unprecedented access to a machine's inner core — including unrestricted access to Windows APIs.
Commands are executed from memory without ever writing to disk and can be used to gather data, steal system information, dump
credentials, pivot between systems, create backdoors and more.
Solution
Scenario
Many organizations do not monitor their DNS traffic for malicious activity. But DNS as a tunnel can be established while hiding data
inside the DNS requests, which can be turned into real data on the destination DNS server.
Malicious software uses DNS to get data out of the company network or receive commands/updates from a command and control server.
Solution
The majority of cyberattacks are from insider threats, but many organizations fail to address internal dangers. Whether originating from a malicious or careless employee, partner or contractor, such risks are difficult to detect and often go unnoticed for months or years.
Scenario
Privileged users like network engineers, IT security pros, IT auditors, database and systems admins, developer and data center
managers can modify or delete data, including audit logs. They can also access corporate resources and other sensitive information even
though that access is not needed to perform their job.
These privileged users are often targeted by APT attacks.
Solution
Scenario
Attackers take control of user credentials or hosts within an organizational network and carry out stealth attacks for months or
years. An average data breach goes undiscovered for an average of 197 days and takes another 69 days to remediate.
Detecting and subverting attacks quickly is urgent.
Solution
Scenario
Abnormal authentication behavior is characterized by one or more of the following: volume, time, geography, login failures followed by
success, failed authentication, concurrent VPN connections, shared accounts and passwords modified by unknown user.
Early warning signs are needed for actions like brute force attacks, password guessing and misconfigured applications.
Solution
Scenario
Attackers will gain access to a less protected, lower privileged asset and then escalate privileges and seek out interesting targets
on the network. Once compromised, they will attempt to move through the organization’s infrastructure to gain even more access across the
network.
Malicious intent that blends with business justified activity is difficult to detect, and a lack of network visibility compounds the
challenge. A large number of false positives go uninvestigated.
Solution
The majority of enterprise workloads are now in the cloud. And even though a hybrid IT environment has become the norm, most organizations lack a comprehensive view of risks and threats. Without this visibility, effective threat defense and misconfiguration prevention is impossible.
Scenario
Cloud footprints now extend beyond traditional IT across multiple public and private clouds. Security teams must understand the risks
associated with cloud-based applications and services usage as part of a modern security posture.
Discovery and awareness lead to better policy enforcement and higher data/user protection in the cloud. Restricting access to risky
applications is a must for enterprise cloud security.
Solution
Scenario
Enterprises are rapidly migrating applications to public and private cloud environments, which offer lower storage and compute costs,
outsourced infrastructure management, near unlimited scalability, high availability and reliability.
With these workloads hosted on evolving — and often disparate — third-party platforms, enhanced visibility is required for adept security
monitoring and threat detection.
Solution
Scenario
With cloud across multiple environments and geographies, some recent high-profile breaches of cloud applications were caused by
vulnerabilities introduced by misconfigured cloud resources.
A hybrid infrastructure calls for the ability to detect when resource access permissions are improperly configured, which opens up
sensitive data repositories to the public.
Solution
Scenario
Rapid growth of PaaS and containers as the next wave of virtualization has created a new greenspace for threat actors to attack and
propagate malware. With the move to microservices based architectures comes an important need to monitor these dynamic applications.
Deep visibility into container-based applications and orchestration tools like Kubernetes is vital to protect valuable workloads in the
cloud.
Solution
Scenario
When moving to the cloud, traditional perimeters break down and potential attack surfaces widen. As a result, more sophisticated
attacks with multiple entry points — predominantly in the multi-cloud arena — are occurring.
Real-time security analytics are needed across a hybrid infrastructure to protect enterprise applications and data from external threat
actors and malicious insiders.
Solution
Protecting critical data is at the core of a security protocol. It’s a multifaceted endeavor and takes a multilayered approach.
Scenario
Protecting critical data is at the core of a security protocol. It’s a multifaceted endeavor and takes a multilayered approach.
Solution
Scenario
Not all assets are of equal value in an organization. The ones holding high value data or having access to high value systems are
prime targets for many attackers.
Network configuration changes in complex networks can expose previously protected systems without alert. Network misconfigurations often
stay undetected until an attack occurs, leaving high value assets vulnerable.
Solution
Scenario
The goal of many attacks is to gain access to sensitive or personal information. To do so, data must be exfiltrated out of an
organization, usually over the network, and this act can be hidden within what appears to be normal communications.
Visibility to all network communications is important to avoid blind spots. Traffic transmitting data to unauthorized or unknown parties
or malicious targets must be detected
Solution
Scenario
Phishing is often used to gain a foothold in corporate or governmental networks as a part of a larger attack. Threats hide in normal application traffic: DNS, web, email and file transfers and evades antivirus and steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers.
Solution
Alerts are the foundation of security best practices to stop an intrusion before it causes damage. The overall goal is to react faster, coordinate better and react smarter across the organization through shared information.
Scenario
Analyst workloads are often focused on repetitive tasks associated with investigating a threat but should be prioritized to high-value
investigation and response activities.
Manual tasks can be automated and a clear picture of the relationships between artifacts and incidents created to expedite the
process.
Solution
Scenario
Concurrent to the alarming growth rate of cyberattacks — in volume and complexity — security operations are understaffed and under
resourced.
Manual analysis must be automated and unstructured data tapped into and correlated with local security incidents. The MITRE ATT&CK
knowledge base should be adapted to the local environment.
Solution
Scenario
Security analysts are overwhelmed by an endless list of incidents and offenses to investigate.
Connecting multiple symptoms together will show them in a single offense, help find the root cause of a problem, reduce noise and time to
investigate, compel action and help with threat remediation.
Solution
Applying risk policies to vulnerabilities alerts administrators to high risk exposures. Once vulnerabilities are discovered on network devices, applications or software context is central to knowing what needs immediate attention.
Scenario
When zero-day or high profile vulnerabilities are announced, security engineers are forced to rush to identify vulnerable assets and
prioritize patching or remediation activities.
A vulnerability assessment can take days to find answers. The patching process is already overwhelming and there’s no visibility over
which assets are actually at risk and need to be addressed first.
Solution
Scenario
Ever more connections to devices and the cloud bring exponential risk for networks and generate huge amounts of data, making it
difficult for organizations to understand in which areas they are exposed.
Data must be applied to uncover threat patterns, produce more accurate threat analysis and shorten response across the network, endpoints
and in the cloud to minutes from days or weeks.
Solution
Scenario
Any resource that uses a single pair of credentials to authenticate multiple users presents a host of security risks. If a shared
account is breached, knowing which user was logged in at the time is a big part of mapping the attack chain of the incident.
Unknown actors can assume the identity of legitimate users.
Solution
Scenario
Inactive but enabled user and service accounts are prime targets for penetration and lateral movement. Stale but live user accounts
are a great way for hackers to gain a foothold into the infrastructure.
Ghost users will check to see if their user accounts are still active, so access should be restricted to only those who need it. Broken
inheritance and permissions inconsistencies must be eliminated.
Solution
Scenario
More than 99% of attacks occur over the network but most organizations do not have . comprehensive visibility into all devices
communicating on said network.
Employee-owned devices connect to corporate networks without traditional endpoint agents or controls. Logging can be disabled and
applications and network devices can be misconfigured leaving critical assets exposed
Solution
QRadar integrates with our SOAR solution, IBM Security Resilient®, to provide proactive, fast and intelligent responses to data privacy breaches with full compliance. Our SOAR Privacy Module supports 174 privacy incident reporting regulations worldwide to help organizations meet breach disclosure requirements within the timeframes required by law. QRadar itself has obtained vital compliance certifications which validate our product security so that you can feel confident in our solutions, including DHS CDM Approved Product List , FIPS 140-2 Level 1 and Level 2: Cert #2737 and #2554 , SOC 2, NIAP/Common Criteria , and enabling NIST 800-53 Security Controls.
Scenario
All entities that process, store or transmit cardholder data must adhere to the global data security standard — PCI DSS.
Non-compliance results in fines up to $500,000 per offense and $50–$90 per lost record. Organizations could be banned from accepting
credit card payments and face loss of consumer confidence and severe reputation damage.
Solution
Scenario
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) is US legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions
for safeguarding medical information. 154 separate risks underlie this standard.
Federal fines for noncompliance are based on the level of perceived negligence found at the time of the HIPAA violation. Fines can range
from $100 to $50,000 per violation (or per record), with a maximum penalty of $1.5 million per year for each violation.
Solution
Scenario
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) is a US law meant to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent
practices in enterprises and to improve the accuracy of corporate disclosures.
Penalties can be upwards of $5 million in fines and 20 years in prison.
Solution
Scenario
The General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 covers data protection and privacy for all individual citizens of the European Union
(EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It also addresses the transfer of personal data outside the EU and EEA areas.
Infringements could result in a fine of up to €20 million, or 4% of the firm’s worldwide annual revenue from the preceding financial
year, whichever amount is higher
Solution


1.) Navigate and filter units in http://alchemistcodedb.com/units.
2.) Open console (F12) in browser.
3.) Paste the code and hit enter button.
4.) Type tacCompareSummary(60)
and hit that enter button to see the following.
In this example, Units were filtered by Ninja Job and currently set to LVL 60 (i.e. "base (60)"
).
This calculation does not include Job Stat Modifier % like the Unit Planner had.
For example, Yomi has a total of 9% patk job stat modifier for Ninja Job.
In Unit planner she will have appx. 380 patk at LVL 60
Freelancer is a free bootstrap theme created by TAC Stat View. The download includes the complete source files including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript as well as optional LESS stylesheets for easy customization.
Whether you're a student looking to showcase your work, a professional looking to attract clients, or a graphic artist looking to share your projects, this template is the perfect starting point!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close ProjectLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close ProjectLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close ProjectLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close ProjectLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close ProjectLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Mollitia neque assumenda ipsam nihil, molestias magnam, recusandae quos quis inventore quisquam velit asperiores, vitae? Reprehenderit soluta, eos quod consequuntur itaque. Nam.
Close Project


Integration with Cloud Infrastructures
Introduction
All major cloud providers offer persistent data storage in object stores.
These are not classic “POSIX” file systems.
In order to store hundreds of petabytes of data without any single points of failure,
object stores replace the classic file system directory tree
with a simpler model of object-name => data
. To enable remote access, operations
on objects are usually offered as (slow) HTTP REST operations.
Spark can read and write data in object stores through filesystem connectors implemented in Hadoop or provided by the infrastructure suppliers themselves. These connectors make the object stores look almost like file systems, with directories and files and the classic operations on them such as list, delete and rename.
Important: Cloud Object Stores are Not Real Filesystems
While the stores appear to be filesystems, underneath they are still object stores, and the difference is significant
They cannot be used as a direct replacement for a cluster filesystem such as HDFS except where this is explicitly stated.
Key differences are:
- Changes to stored objects may not be immediately visible, both in directory listings and actual data access.
- The means by which directories are emulated may make working with them slow.
- Rename operations may be very slow and, on failure, leave the store in an unknown state.
- Seeking within a file may require new HTTP calls, hurting performance.
How does this affect Spark?
- Reading and writing data can be significantly slower than working with a normal filesystem.
- Some directory structures may be very inefficient to scan during query split calculation.
- The output of work may not be immediately visible to a follow-on query.
- The rename-based algorithm by which Spark normally commits work when saving an RDD, DataFrame or Dataset is potentially both slow and unreliable.
For these reasons, it is not always safe to use an object store as a direct destination of queries, or as an intermediate store in a chain of queries. Consult the documentation of the object store and its connector to determine which uses are considered safe.
In particular: without some form of consistency layer, Amazon S3 cannot be safely used as the direct destination of work with the normal rename-based committer.
Installation
With the relevant libraries on the classpath and Spark configured with valid credentials,
objects can be read or written by using their URLs as the path to data.
For example sparkContext.textFile("s3a://landsat-pds/scene_list.gz")
will create
an RDD of the file scene_list.gz
stored in S3, using the s3a connector.
To add the relevant libraries to an application’s classpath, include the hadoop-cloud
module and its dependencies.
In Maven, add the following to the pom.xml
file, assuming spark.version
is set to the chosen version of Spark:
Commercial products based on Apache Spark generally directly set up the classpath for talking to cloud infrastructures, in which case this module may not be needed.
Authenticating
Spark jobs must authenticate with the object stores to access data within them.
- When Spark is running in a cloud infrastructure, the credentials are usually automatically set up.
spark-submit
reads theAWS_ACCESS_KEY
,AWS_SECRET_KEY
andAWS_SESSION_TOKEN
environment variables and sets the associated authentication options for thes3n
ands3a
connectors to Amazon S3.- In a Hadoop cluster, settings may be set in the
core-site.xml
file. - Authentication details may be manually added to the Spark configuration in
spark-defaults.conf
- Alternatively, they can be programmatically set in the
SparkConf
instance used to configure the application’sSparkContext
.
Important: never check authentication secrets into source code repositories, especially public ones
Consult the Hadoop documentation for the relevant configuration and security options.
Configuring
Each cloud connector has its own set of configuration parameters, again, consult the relevant documentation.
Recommended settings for writing to object stores
For object stores whose consistency model means that rename-based commits are safe
use the FileOutputCommitter
v2 algorithm for performance:
spark.hadoop.mapreduce.fileoutputcommitter.algorithm.version 2
This does less renaming at the end of a job than the “version 1” algorithm.
As it still uses rename()
to commit files, it is unsafe to use
when the object store does not have consistent metadata/listings.
The committer can also be set to ignore failures when cleaning up temporary files; this reduces the risk that a transient network problem is escalated into a job failure:
spark.hadoop.mapreduce.fileoutputcommitter.cleanup-failures.ignored true
As storing temporary files can run up charges; delete
directories called "_temporary"
on a regular basis to avoid this.
Parquet I/O Settings
For optimal performance when working with Parquet data use the following settings:
spark.hadoop.parquet.enable.summary-metadata false
spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema false
spark.sql.parquet.filterPushdown true
spark.sql.hive.metastorePartitionPruning true
These minimise the amount of data read during queries.
ORC I/O Settings
For best performance when working with ORC data, use these settings:
spark.sql.orc.filterPushdown true
spark.sql.orc.splits.include.file.footer true
spark.sql.orc.cache.stripe.details.size 10000
spark.sql.hive.metastorePartitionPruning true
Again, these minimise the amount of data read during queries.
Spark Streaming and Object Storage
Spark Streaming can monitor files added to object stores, by
creating a FileInputDStream
to monitor a path in the store through a call to
StreamingContext.textFileStream()
.
-
The time to scan for new files is proportional to the number of files under the path, not the number of new files, so it can become a slow operation. The size of the window needs to be set to handle this.
-
Files only appear in an object store once they are completely written; there is no need for a workflow of write-then-rename to ensure that files aren’t picked up while they are still being written. Applications can write straight to the monitored directory.
-
Streams should only be checkpointed to a store implementing a fast and atomic
rename()
operation. Otherwise the checkpointing may be slow and potentially unreliable.
Further Reading
Here is the documentation on the standard connectors both from Apache and the cloud providers.
- OpenStack Swift. Hadoop 2.6+
- Azure Blob Storage. Since Hadoop 2.7
- Azure Data Lake. Since Hadoop 2.8
- Amazon S3 via S3A and S3N. Hadoop 2.6+
- Amazon EMR File System (EMRFS). From Amazon
- Google Cloud Storage Connector for Spark and Hadoop. From Google


Parametric 3D building schematics created and updated in a game-like fashion
Building Area:
Building Length:
Building Width:
Number of Floors:
Floor Height:
Perimeter Depth feet:
Window Wall Ratio %:
Overhang Depth in feet:
Orientation degrees:


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Growatt Hybrid: 5KVA 48V Inverter
Growatt Hybrid Inverters is one of the strongest technologies in Inverters and Soar world. It has a lot of protective controls and gives guaranteed customer satisfaction. Lorem ipsumdolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Velit nulla mollitia, totamsapiente commodi voluptatum soluta! Molestiae in dolor lorem50