We started at the forest. We had an eighth each and my friend was already experienced with mushrooms. However, this was my first time and read about mushrooms for many months. I felt prepared and thought it wasnít going to be too intense, but I was wrong, this was going to be the day of my life. We walked along the dirt path, walking on the threshold of reality actually. Everything was perfect I remember. Everything seemed so happy. We arrived at our spot. I sat down in the ivy and my companion gave his headphones. The music was wonderful. I looked around the scene and the light was beating down on the glorious trees. The breeze picked up and the plants were laughing. They danced and laughed in the breeze and then I started to laugh with them. We got up and walked a little. I felt like running. I sprinted a few yards and stopped. I waited for about ten seconds, and then a rush of energy hit me from behind. I felt my soul come back into me.
We found a nice a sitting area on the creek bed, I gazed at all the things in and out of the creek. The water flowed so smoothly and the rocksí colors were so vibrant. I closed my eyes and I saw a pattern of neon blue. These blue lines were moving and forming new patterns before my eyes. I opened my eyes and dipped my hand in the water. I felt like I was apart of the earth. I was in the water and felt life all around me. We were ready to keep moving.
I wanted to listen to my music, but my friend got a little odd. He felt that we had to listen to his headphones and listen to the same song. I didnít mind, so we listen to some crazy song that I donít remember. We found a more open spot on the creek bed. We were standing down there, feeling the medicine flow through us. There was an old log passing low over the creek. My friend attempted to go under it, but it scared him for some reason. I tried and I wasnít up for it myself. We stood around looking at everything, and loving everything. I finally gained the courage to go under the dark log. I was scared to do it and I did it anyway. It was like a right of passage. I felt like I faced all my fears and conquered them.
After a little while we decided to start walking down to the entrance. On our way down I saw a strange dog. It was small and really shaggy, if you know what I mean. As I stared at it, it started to grow longer and longer. It seemed like it was just floating around and was growing to at least five feet, to my eyes that is. We met my step dad, and he drove us home. He felt how happy we were.
The drive was the time when my peak began. I started to laugh for no particular reason and things started to move around in the car. I put on some of my music and everything was flying by us really fast.  The wind was breezing through my hair really fast, and the wind rush boosted my energy.  We had some crackers, talked a little bit and my friend found that he left his skate at the forest. He was depressed for a while. And he talked about life and society. How people are fake and that we are all one. I was feeling like this myself but did not want to talk. He related everything about life to his skateboard, and he needed it. After a while I lied down in the grass and then my peak hit me.
The peak. I was twirling a long blade of grass in the air and it started to leave a trail. Five or six impressions of the grass were trailing behind it. I stared at the grass on the ground, and it was moving and growing. I stared up at the day light moon and I saw something very interesting. I whole bunch of thin rainbows were forming a tunnel to the moon. There was a rainbow tunnel to the moon, and I wanted to walk through it. I turned my head, and a cloud was growing bigger and bigger. Everything around me was growing. I then thought that time did not exist. I knew that everything happened at the present moment.
I was thinking about this for a while and then a plane flew overhead. I saw the sound waves it was giving off in the sky. They were huge ripples in the sky, and more and more started to appear. Then it felt like I was under water. I felt light and there were water ripples above me on the surface. I looked at the sunset and the rays were expanding out to the sky. The sun was huge. And I felt like I was apart of the sun. Then realized that I was one with the universe. I looked at the trees and looked at them like equal beings of this lifetime. I loved everything. I got up and ran to a tree. I jumped into it. I thought the tree pulled me into it because it happened so fast. I hugged the tree and felt its life and soul become one with mine. My friend wanted to go meet up with some friends so I thought why not. We left our area and I remember being sad that I was leaving the beautiful place that I just grew up in. I expanded my knowledge and appreciation for life in that meadow.
We met up some people and nothing really happened. I remember being pissed off about being with people. I wanted to be with mellow people who wanted to talk philosophy. I stayed anyway and just lived in the moment. I kept on saying in my head that this day was the day of life. I loved the world and the universe so much more. And I loved my family more than anything. I will eat sacred mushrooms again for sure, and will be ready to expand my mind even more. I feel now that we all make our own lives, and we are just living to be ourselves.  Anything is possible now, its up to you to believe it or not.
Nameste
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


--- layout: post title: A glimmer of hope. date: '2008-05-02T17:52:00-07:00' tags: - Virtual Console - Earthbound - hope - Nintendo is screwing us again tumblr_url: http://supplethink.tumblr.com/post/51170941907/a-glimmer-of-hope ---
Earthbound for the wii given a rating by the ESRBDiscuss.


--- title: Home description: A little bit of Haskell. A little bit of Emacs. --- $intro$
…or you can find more in the archives.


- Details
-
Published: 02 May 2014
Companies that used to solely outsource to India have started hunting for new prospects. From the outrageous attrition rates and low quality scores, it is apparent India is no longer the leader for software development outsourcing. But, what about Poland? Some companies are shifting their focus from India to Poland, but is making the switch right for you? By understanding what makes Poland a better option than India you can weigh your options more efficiently.
Attrition Rates Slow Productivity
In Indian development firms, the annual attrition rate still averages about 50 percent, while smaller Indian development firms have a 100 percent attrition rate. That means if your project spans over a year (as most do) you could see half to all of your development team change over. In Poland, jobs are more stable and attrition rates rest below 10 percent – which means there is more reliability.
IP Security and Risks
Indian development firms are known for their relaxed approach to internet security. In fact, they have often been accused of taking their customers’ codes and creating their own software version from it. While steps are being taken to prevent this from happening in the future, there are still no intellectual property rights in India, which means your project could be stolen. In Poland, on the other hand, the European Union has strict IP laws – similar to the United States. That means your project would be safer than if you sent it to India.
Talent
Poland has a strong number of developers, and they’re one of the hottest countries for Web 2.0 technology. In India, most software development focuses on IT, but they have limited resources when it comes to finding quality senior developers.
Cost Considerations
There is always a significant price difference between European and Indian software development companies. Back in the day, Indian developers only cost $1 to $2k each month, but India is now increasing payment by 20 percent every half year. The junior engineers in India are cheaper than Poland, but in a few more years India will surpass Poland in costs – making them no longer the economical choice.
Quality and Communication Barriers
India is notorious for providing low-quality products. This is due to a significant communication and cultural barrier. As a US based organization, you will spend more funds correcting the issues of an Indian developer. But, in Poland, English is used just as frequently – meaning you are less likely to run into communication errors or quality issues because of language barriers.
Work With a Software Development Firm with Strong Ties to Poland
Neubloc has a team of development professionals in Poland that provide us with the ability to work around the clock. Also, by having strong ties to Poland, we offer our clients better quality products, faster delivery and less delays than those companies that outsource to Indian based development firms.


Corgi Hide-and-Seek
Find the Corgis!
Find three corgis in a row before you find one of the other adorable animals.
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!
Click here!


WITNESS LIST Natural Resources Committee February 27, 2003 -11:00A SB 236 FOR: Turner, Bob Consultant (Texas Sheep & Goat Raisers), Austin, TX Yanta, Zachary Rancher (Texas Farm Bureau), Runge, TX ON: Kennedy, Boyd Attorney (Texas Parks & Wildlife Department), Austin, TX Nunley, Gary State Director (Texas Wildlife Damage Management Service), San Antonio, TX Sinclair, David Game Warden (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department), Austin, TX SB 347 Registering, but not testifying: For: Marsh, Floyd General Manager (Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer Conservation District), Austin, TX Mondez, David Attorney (Barton Springs Edwards Aquifer Conservation District), Austin, TX


CEO and founder
Co-founder
Evangelist
CEO and founder
"I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling"
Co-founder
"As I lie close to the earth, a thousand unknown plants"
CFO
"Then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes"
CTO
"Heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul"
CEO and founder
I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand.
Co-founder
Then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul.
Evangelist
I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater.
CFO
Artist than now. When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes.
O my friend -- but it is too much for my strength -- I sink under the weight of the splendour of these visions!
CEO & Founder
CFO
CTO
Sales VP
CEO and founder
Co-founder
CFO
CTO
Co-founder
CFO
CTO
CEO and founder
CTO
Web dev
Co-founder
CFO
Back-end dev
Co-founder
Evangelist
Designer
I throw myself down among the tall grass by the trickling stream; and, as I lie close to the earth, a thousand.
Then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul.
I should be incapable of drawing a single stroke at the present moment; and yet I feel that I never was a greater.
Artist than now. When, while the lovely valley teems with vapour around me, and the meridian sun strikes.


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Priorities of This Week
Previous
Next
Projects List
Pinterest
Netflix
Youtube
Spotify
Quick List
Done
Done
Done
Done
My Motivation Today
Done
Done
Done
Done
Quick Links
Google Classroom
Gmail
Calendar
Google Sheets
Google Docs
Google Slides
Youtube
Netflix
Todays Focus
Done
Done
Done
Done
Who I Strive to Be
Done
Done
Done
Done
My Dreams
Done
Done
Done
Done
Extras
Done
Done
Done
Done
Notes
F


TO LIVE A film review by Ben Hoffman Copyright 1994 Ben Hoffman
Perhaps at present one of the best directors in the world is Zhang Yimou, mainland China's prolific filmmaker. In 1988, his RED SORGHUM caught the attention of the West with the story of village wine makers warding off the Japanese. This was followed in 1990 with JU DOU, the tragedy of illicit love in a society dominated by males. RAISE THE RED LANTERN, in 1991, had the intriguing story of a young girl who at her parents' insistence marries a wealthy man in whose house she becomes "the Fourth Mistress." 1993 brought us into the current world of China with THE STORY OF QUI JU, a woman who attempts to fight the bureaucracy.
In TO LIVE, we cover some forty-plus years in China that include Mao's The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guard, and the terrible toll on ordinary people. Yimou uses one family's travails as an illustration of what happened to the many millions who had to live through those years. As this review is being written, the film is banned in China even though it includes nothing of the current turmoil, imprisonments, etc.
As in most of Yimou's films, his favorite (on and off the screen), the beautiful actress Gong Li plays the lead. Here she is a mother with a young son and daughter, and a husband (Ge You) who, addicted to gambling, ends up losing their home. The film covers his career in the army, his trade, which is that of a puppeteer, (of a kind I have never before seen), his return to his home after the war to find that things have changed in many ways, mostly politically. The extremism of the Left appears no more gentle than the kind found among the Right in other countries of the world.
If anyone knows how to tell a story, to get you involved with "the big picture" as well as the individuals in it, Zhang Yimou is our man.
In Chinese with English subtitles.
4 bytes 4 Bytes = Absolutely must see. 3 Bytes = Too good to be missed. 2 Bytes = So so. 1 Byte = Save your money.
Ben Hoffman
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Command-line Interface
The command-line interface provides access to all of COLMAP’s functionality for
automated scripting. Each core functionality is implemented as a command to the
colmap
executable. Run colmap -h
to list the available commands (or
COLMAP.bat -h
under Windows). Note that if you run COLMAP from the CMake
build folder, the executable is located at ./src/colmap/exe/colmap
. To start the
graphical user interface, run colmap gui
.
  If no CUDA enabled device is available, you can
manually select to use CPU-based feature extraction and matching by setting the
--SiftExtraction.use_gpu 0
and --SiftMatching.use_gpu 0
options.
Help
The available commands can be listed using the command:
$ colmap help
Usage:
colmap [command] [options]
Documentation:
https://colmap.github.io/
Example usage:
colmap help [ -h, --help ]
colmap gui
colmap gui -h [ --help ]
colmap automatic_reconstructor -h [ --help ]
colmap automatic_reconstructor --image_path IMAGES --workspace_path WORKSPACE
colmap feature_extractor --image_path IMAGES --database_path DATABASE
colmap exhaustive_matcher --database_path DATABASE
colmap mapper --image_path IMAGES --database_path DATABASE --output_path MODEL
...
Available commands:
help
gui
automatic_reconstructor
bundle_adjuster
color_extractor
database_creator
delaunay_mesher
exhaustive_matcher
feature_extractor
feature_importer
image_deleter
image_rectifier
image_registrator
image_undistorter
mapper
matches_importer
model_aligner
model_analyzer
model_converter
model_merger
model_orientation_aligner
patch_match_stereo
point_triangulator
poisson_mesher
rig_bundle_adjuster
sequential_matcher
spatial_matcher
stereo_fusion
transitive_matcher
vocab_tree_builder
vocab_tree_matcher
vocab_tree_retriever
And each command has a -h,--help
command-line argument to show the usage and
the available options, e.g.:
$ colmap feature_extractor -h
Options can either be specified via command-line or by defining
them in a .ini project file passed to `--project_path`.
-h [ --help ]
--project_path arg
--database_path arg
--image_path arg
--image_list_path arg
--ImageReader.camera_model arg (=SIMPLE_RADIAL)
--ImageReader.single_camera arg (=0)
--ImageReader.camera_params arg
--ImageReader.default_focal_length_factor arg (=1.2)
--SiftExtraction.num_threads arg (=-1)
--SiftExtraction.use_gpu arg (=1)
--SiftExtraction.gpu_index arg (=-1)
--SiftExtraction.max_image_size arg (=3200)
--SiftExtraction.max_num_features arg (=8192)
--SiftExtraction.first_octave arg (=-1)
--SiftExtraction.num_octaves arg (=4)
--SiftExtraction.octave_resolution arg (=3)
--SiftExtraction.peak_threshold arg (=0.0066666666666666671)
--SiftExtraction.edge_threshold arg (=10)
--SiftExtraction.estimate_affine_shape arg (=0)
--SiftExtraction.max_num_orientations arg (=2)
--SiftExtraction.upright arg (=0)
--SiftExtraction.domain_size_pooling arg (=0)
--SiftExtraction.dsp_min_scale arg (=0.16666666666666666)
--SiftExtraction.dsp_max_scale arg (=3)
--SiftExtraction.dsp_num_scales arg (=10)
The available options can either be provided directly from the command-line or
through a .ini file provided to --project_path
.
Commands
The following list briefly documents the functionality of each command, that is
available as colmap [command]
:
gui
: The graphical user interface, see Graphical User Interface for more information.automatic_reconstructor
: Automatically reconstruct sparse and dense model for a set of input images.project_generator
: Generate project files at different quality settings.feature_extractor
,feature_importer
: Perform feature extraction or import features for a set of images.exhaustive_matcher
,vocab_tree_matcher
,sequential_matcher
,spatial_matcher
,transitive_matcher
,matches_importer
: Perform feature matching after performing feature extraction.mapper
: Sparse 3D reconstruction / mapping of the dataset using SfM after performing feature extraction and matching.hierarchical_mapper
: Sparse 3D reconstruction / mapping of the dataset using hierarchical SfM after performing feature extraction and matching. This parallelizes the reconstruction process by partitioning the scene into overlapping submodels and then reconstructing each submodel independently. Finally, the overlapping submodels are merged into a single reconstruction. It is recommended to run a few rounds of point triangulation and bundle adjustment after this step.image_undistorter
: Undistort images and/or export them for MVS or to external dense reconstruction software, such as CMVS/PMVS.image_rectifier
: Stereo rectify cameras and undistort images for stereo disparity estimation.image_filterer
: Filter images from a sparse reconstruction.image_deleter
: Delete specific images from a sparse reconstruction.patch_match_stereo
: Dense 3D reconstruction / mapping using MVS after running theimage_undistorter
to initialize the workspace.stereo_fusion
: Fusion ofpatch_match_stereo
results into to a colored point cloud.poisson_mesher
: Meshing of the fused point cloud using Poisson surface reconstruction.delaunay_mesher
: Meshing of the reconstructed sparse or dense point cloud using a graph cut on the Delaunay triangulation and visibility voting.image_registrator
: Register new images in the database against an existing model, e.g., when extracting features and matching newly added images in a database after runningmapper
. Note that no bundle adjustment or triangulation is performed.point_triangulator
: Triangulate all observations of registered images in an existing model using the feature matches in a database.point_filtering
: Filter sparse points in model by enforcing criteria, such as minimum track length, maximum reprojection error, etc.bundle_adjuster
: Run global bundle adjustment on a reconstructed scene, e.g., when a refinement of the intrinsics is needed or after running theimage_registrator
.database_creator
: Create an empty COLMAP SQLite database with the necessary database schema information.database_merger
: Merge two databases into a new database. Note that the cameras will not be merged and that the unique camera and image identifiers might change during the merging process.model_analyzer
: Print statistics about reconstructions.model_aligner
: Align/geo-register model to coordinate system of given camera centers.model_orientation_aligner
: Align the coordinate axis of a model using a Manhattan world assumption.model_converter
: Convert the COLMAP export format to another format, such as PLY or NVM.model_cropper
: Crop model to specific bounding box described in GPS or model coordinate system.model_splitter
: Divide model in rectangular sub-models specified from file containing bounding box coordinates, or max extent of sub-model, or number of subdivisions in each dimension.model_merger
: Attempt to merge two disconnected reconstructions, if they have common registered images.color_extractor
: Extract mean colors for all 3D points of a model.vocab_tree_builder
: Create a vocabulary tree from a database with extracted images. This is an offline procedure and can be run once, while the same vocabulary tree can be reused for other datasets. Note that, as a rule of thumb, you should use at least 10-100 times more features than visual words. Pre-trained trees can be downloaded from https://demuc.de/colmap/. This is useful if you want to build a custom tree with a different trade-off in terms of precision/recall vs. speed.vocab_tree_retriever
: Perform vocabulary tree based image retrieval.
Visualization
If you want to quickly visualize the outputs of the sparse or dense reconstruction pipelines, COLMAP offers you the following possibilities:
The sparse point cloud obtained with the
mapper
can be visualized via the COLMAP GUI by importing the following files: chooseFile > Import Model
and select the folder where the three files,cameras.txt
,images.txt
, andpoints3d.txt
are located.The dense point cloud obtained with the
stereo_fusion
can be visualized via the COLMAP GUI by importingfused.ply
: chooseFile > Import Model from...
and then select the filefused.ply
.The dense mesh model
meshed-*.ply
obtained with thepoisson_mesher
or thedelaunay_mesher
can currently not be visualized with COLMAP, instead you can use an external viewer, such as Meshlab.


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Custom Shop Color is a high grade board that is sorted for Clear One Face utilization. It has middle to long cuttings 24"-60" (600mm-1.54m). The grade can be used in panels, case good fronts, tops, cabinets, and just about anything with a Clear 1 face application. The sound back also works well for knotty applications, which makes it a very versatile grade. Its only difference from standard Custom Shop is that it will have discoloration from sticker shadow, blue stain, and various other occurrences.
| 4/4 | 5/4 | 6/4 | 8/4 | 10/4 | 12/4 | 13/16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6'1" | • | ||||||
| 7'1" | • | ||||||
| 8'1" | • | • | • | • | |||
| 8'3" | • | ||||||
| 8'3" S.P | • | ||||||
| 10'1" | • | • | • | • | |||
| 12'1" | • | ||||||
| Special | • |
S.P = SolidPack
Widths, Lengths & Cuttings
- 4.5" (114mm) minimum
- With up to 5% narrows
- 6' (1.83m) minimum
- 3" x 24" (76mm x 610mm), or 4" x 24" (101mm x 610mm)
- No limit to the number of cuttings allowed
Notes
GlossaryCustom Shop Color admits all boards of two feet and over surface measure, yielding no less than 66.6% Clear One Face cuttings.
Side bend is limited to 1" (25mm). Pin knots are not considered defect.


>>
<<
Usr
Pri
JfC
LJ
Phr
Dic
Voc
!:
Help
Primer
Explicit-to-tacit translator
There is a primitive which automatically converts one-line explicit definitions to an equivalent tacit definition. You can learn a lot about tacit programming by writing one line explicit definitions, converting them to tacit form, and studying the resulting tacit definition.
Let's do this with an explicit fahrenheit definition. A left argument of 3 to : creates an explicit definition. A left argument of 13 to : creates a tacit definition.
fx =: 3 : '32 + y. * 9 % 5' NB. 3 explicit
ft =: 13 : '32 + y. * 9 % 5' NB. 13 tacit
Use the Edit|Configure to select Linear Display.
ft
32 + 1.8 * ]
At first glance this is confusing as it introduces several new things at once. The first thing to do is to look at the boxed display.
Use the Edit|Configure to select the Box Display.
ft
+--+-+---------+
|32|+|+---+-+-+|
| | ||1.8|*|]||
| | |+---+-+-+|
+--+-+---------+
At the top level of boxing there are 3 boxes. This is a train with three elements: noun verb verb. The train noun verb verb is treated as noun"_ verb verb and this is a fork. You can take this thing apart by giving names to the parts and looking at them separately.
The first element of the fork is the phrase 32"_ . Give this a name and experiment with it a bit as a monadic verb.
left =: 32"_
left 123
32
left i.5
32
Whatever you give left as an argument, it just returns 32. You've seen the " conjunction before, but not with a constant left argument. Let's look this up in the J Dictionary. When you turn to the definition for rank you will notice that there are three pages of definitions, each with its own header. The three headings are:
Rank m " n
Rank u " n
Assign rank m " v u " v mv lv rv
The different definitions are for the rank conjunction used with different types of arguments. In the headings m and n indicate noun arguments and u and v indicate verb arguments. Your earlier use of " involved a verb left argument and a noun right argument and is covered by the second definition. Both 32 and _ (infinity) are nouns so it is the first definition that is relevant.
Reading the definition for m " n makes it clear that the observations are correct. With a right rank of _ , the derived verb applies to its entire right argument, and no matter what it is, it returns the left argument, which is 32.
Let's look at the right element of the fork.
right =: ] * 1.8"_
right 23
41.4
right 10
18
Let's not worry about the details of the definition, but again, by observation, what the verb right does is to multiply its argument by 1.8 (which is 9%5).
The final definition is a fork.
ff =: left + right
ff 100
212
ff 0
32
Compare your custom built tacit definition with the automatically translated one and note how different they are.
32&+@(1.8&*)
32+]*1.8"_
Tacit programming is very rich and varied and is tightly tied to adverbs and conjunctions such as bond, atop, and rank, and to trains such as hook and fork.
>>
<<
Usr
Pri
JfC
LJ
Phr
Dic
Voc
!:
Help
Primer


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Create an interactive interpreter object.
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Send command to the interpreter to be executed. Because this may be called recursively, we append a new list onto the commandBuffer list and then append commands into that. If the passed in command is part of a multi-line command we keep appending the pieces to the last list in commandBuffer until we have a complete command. If not, we delete that last list. |
Compile and run source code in the interpreter.
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Return list of auto-completion options for a command. The list of options will be based on the locals namespace. |
Return call tip text for a command. Call tip information will be based on the locals namespace. |
| Home | Trees | Indices | Help |
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| Generated by Epydoc 3.0.1 on Mon Nov 22 14:59:44 2010 | http://epydoc.sourceforge.net |


#include <World.h>
§ World()
§ Build()
§ DisplayPixel()
| void World::DisplayPixel |
( |
const int |
row, |
|
|
const int |
column, |
|
|
const RGBColor & |
raw_color |
|
) |
| const |
Saves color information in a pixel.
§ HitObjects()
Checks if an object has been hit by a ray.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- Information about the surface of the object hit.
§ LuaState
§ m_AmbientPtr
| std::shared_ptr<Light> World::m_AmbientPtr |
§ m_BackgroundColor
§ m_CameraPtr
| std::shared_ptr<Camera> World::m_CameraPtr |
§ m_Lights
List of the lights in the scene.
§ m_Objects
List of the objects in the scene.
§ m_Pixels
List of the pixels in the view plane.
§ m_TracerPtr
| std::shared_ptr<Tracer> World::m_TracerPtr |
§ m_ViewPlane
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


Calc MMR
MMR Score
MMR Calculator
Cities
Calculate
Resources
Money
$
0
Food
0
Gasoline
0
Munitions
0
Steel
0
Aluminum
0
Units
Soldiers
0
Tanks
0
Aircraft
0
Ships
0
Spies
0
Missiles
0
MMR Score Calculator
Cities
Food
Gas
Munitions
Steel
Aluminum
Calculate
0
Resource
Weight
Score
Food
5%
0
Gasoline
30%
0
Munitions
25%
0
Steel
30%
0
Aluminum
10%
0
How MMR is calculated is explained
here


{{ title }}
{% if dataset_select is not defined %}Wildcards can be used in specified fields. Use _ for single characters or % for multiple characters.
E.g. ("Miss_ng" will find "Missing", "Miss%" will find "Missing")
{% else %}Note: Strict searching must be checked for searches using non-fuzzy fields (e.g. Badge)
{% endif %}


walktrough.Rmd
This document gives you a walkthrough of the package and describes several usecases. I assume you have knowledge of downloading and installing a package.
library(dplyr)# for this specific part
tibble::tribble(
~Term, ~explanation,
"API", "Application Programming Interface, a term most often used when describing an internet endpoint (but also used within a single piece of software to describe what parts can be used by other programs). An internet API allows us to send a request to a service and recieve a standardized result back.",
"OMDBapi", "Open Movie Database API",
".Renviron", "When R starts it reads in this file and adds all keys to it's configuration. This allows you to access keys without ever putting them in your console."
)
#> # A tibble: 3 x 2
#> Term explanation
#> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 API Application Programming Interface, a term most often used whe…
#> 2 OMDBapi Open Movie Database API
#> 3 .Renviron When R starts it reads in this file and adds all keys to it's…
To use the service, you need a key. This key identifies you for OMDBapi. Go to the website omdbapi.com and click on get key or go directly to http://omdbapi.com/apikey.aspx
If you want to support the OMDBapi authors on Patreon use that option otherwise use the free option, and input your email adres.
I think you recieve an email with the key in it.
You don’t have to add this key to a file, you can call every function with the key argument filled. However this makes it difficult to share a script (it has you secret key in that file!).
We want R to have access to the key and not retype the key with every request. That is why we save the key to a file that is read by R on startup. This file is called .Renviron (the dot means it’s normally hidden from view) Either go manually to ~/.Renviron (On windows )
file.edit("~/.Renviron")
More info on: https://csgillespie.github.io/efficientR/3-3-r-startup.html#renviron and https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/Startup.html
Or use the convenience function I added to this package:
library(imdb)
add_key_to_renviron("fillInYourKeyHere")
If you leave the key empty a prompt will ask you for the key (that way it never gets recorded in your .Rhistory file).
Use the title to search for a movie.
This returns a dataframe with a row for every match.
library(imdb)
movies <- imdbMovies(moviename = "2001 a space odyssey")
movies[,c(1:7,15:18)]
#> Title Year Rated Released Runtime Genre
#> 1 2001: A Space Odyssey 1968 G 12 May 1968 149 min Adventure, Sci-Fi
#> Director Metascore imdbRating imdbVotes imdbID
#> 1 Stanley Kubrick 82 8.3 503,419 tt0062622
This downloads a dataframe with all episodes.
library(imdb)
series <- imdbSeries("The Orville")
#> Warning in imdbSeries("The Orville"): NAs introduced by coercion
series
#> Title Released Episode imdbRating imdbID
#> 1 Old Wounds 2017-09-10 1 7.4 tt5773550
#> 2 Command Performance 2017-09-17 2 NA tt6408626
#> 3 About a Girl 2017-09-21 3 7.9 tt6483038
#> 4 If the Stars Should Appear 2017-09-28 4 8.5 tt6483046
#> 5 Pria 2017-10-05 5 8.2 tt6483048
#> 6 Krill 2017-10-12 6 8.3 tt6723482
#> 7 Majority Rule 2017-10-26 7 8.4 tt6845666
#> 8 Into the Fold 2017-11-02 8 NA tt6850950
#> 9 Cupid's Dagger 2017-11-09 9 8.1 tt6850956
#> 10 Firestorm 2017-11-16 10 8.4 tt6850958
#> 11 New Dimensions 2017-11-30 11 8.2 tt6850962
#> 12 Episode #1.12 <NA> 12 NA tt6850966
#> 13 Mad Idolatry 2017-12-07 12 8.7 tt5943640
#> Season
#> 1 1
#> 2 1
#> 3 1
#> 4 1
#> 5 1
#> 6 1
#> 7 1
#> 8 1
#> 9 1
#> 10 1
#> 11 1
#> 12 1
#> 13 1
Use the enrichIMDB function to add more information to the series you downloaded.
series <- enrichIMDB(df = series)
#> Warning in enrichIMDB(df = series): NAs introduced by coercion
series[1:2,]
#> imdbID runtime director
#> 2 tt5773550 45 min Jon Favreau
#> 3 tt6408626 60 min James L. Conway
#> writer
#> 2 Seth MacFarlane (created by), Seth MacFarlane
#> 3 Seth MacFarlane (created by)
#> actors
#> 2 Seth MacFarlane, Adrianne Palicki, Penny Johnson Jerald, Scott Grimes
#> 3 Seth MacFarlane, Adrianne Palicki, Penny Johnson Jerald, Scott Grimes
#> plot
#> 2 Newly promoted Captain, Ed, is taken back when his ex-wife is assigned as his First Officer.
#> 3 Alara must take command of the Orville when Ed and Kelly end up imprisoned in a replica of their old home.
#> votes
#> 2 2476
#> 3 NA
If you have imdbID’s and want more information about a that title you can use the imdbTitleId function to download that specific information from the API.
 The place he lives is in fact a big studio with hidden cameras everywhere, and all his friends and people around him, are actors who play their roles in the most popular TV-series in the world: The Truman Show. Truman thinks that he is an ordinary man with an ordinary life and has no idea about how he is exploited. Until one day... he finds out everything. Will he react?
#> Language Country
#> 1 English USA
#> Awards
#> 1 Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 38 wins & 65 nominations.
#> Posterlink
#> 1<EMAIL_ADDRESS>#> Metascore imdbRating imdbVotes imdbID
#> 1 90 8.1 770,648 tt0120382
I’m sorry, I don’t have more. You can always ask a question by opening an issue on github.


Basic grid layouts to get you familiar with building within the Semantic-UI grid system.
Get three equal-width columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops. On mobile devices, tablets and below, the columns will automatically stack. If you want it to shrink rather than stack, you can remove the "stackable" class.
.column
.column
.column
Get three columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops of various widths. Remember, grid columns should add up to sixteen for a single horizontal block. More than that, and columns start stacking no matter the viewport.
.four.wide.column
.eight.wide.column
.four.wide.column
Get two columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops.
.ten.wide.column
.six.wide.column
No grid classes are necessary for full-width elements.
Per the documentation, nesting is easy—just put a row of columns within an existing column. This gives you two columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops, with another two (equal widths) within the larger column. At mobile device sizes, tablets and down, these columns and their nested columns will stack.
.ten.wide.column
.eight.wide.column
.eight.wide.column
.six.wide.column
The Semantic grid system has three tiers of classes: mobile (phones), tablet (tablets), computer (desktops and larger desktops). You can use nearly any combination of these classes to create more dynamic and flexible layouts.
Here, you would see the computer, tablet, mobile only columns appear and disappear when you change the browser's viewport width.
.ten.wide.computer.only.column
.six.wide.computer.only.column
.computer.only.column
.computer.only.column
.computer.only.column
.column
.column
.ten.wide.computer.only.column
.six.wide.computer.only.column
.ten.wide.tablet.only.column
.six.wide.tablet.only.column
.mobile.only.column
.ten.wide.mobile.only.column
.computer.tablet.only.column
.computer.tablet.only.column
.computer.tablet.only.column
Grid will automatically clear previous columns, which presents clear floats with uneven content.
.eight.wide.mobile
.four.wide.tablet
.four.wide.computer
.eight.wide.mobile
.four.wide.tablet
.four.wide.computer
.eight.wide.mobile
.four.wide.tablet
.four.wide.computer
.eight.wide.mobile
.four.wide.tablet
.four.wide.computer
Reversed grid allows you to reverse the order of columns according to devices.
Doubling grid will double columns' width for each device jump.
Change the width of browser to see the responsive effects.
Left
Middle
Right
.column
.column
.column


| Opcode | Instruction | Op/En | 64-Bit Mode | Compat/Leg Mode | Description |
| 0C ib | OR AL, imm8 | I | Valid | Valid | AL OR imm8. |
| 0D iw | OR AX, imm16 | I | Valid | Valid | AX OR imm16. |
| 0D id | OR EAX, imm32 | I | Valid | Valid | EAX OR imm32. |
| REX.W + 0D id | OR RAX, imm32 | I | Valid | N.E. | RAX OR imm32 (sign-extended). |
| 80 /1 ib | OR r/m8, imm8 | MI | Valid | Valid | r/m8 OR imm8. |
| REX + 80 /1 ib | OR r/m8*, imm8 | MI | Valid | N.E. | r/m8 OR imm8. |
| 81 /1 iw | OR r/m16, imm16 | MI | Valid | Valid | r/m16 OR imm16. |
| 81 /1 id | OR r/m32, imm32 | MI | Valid | Valid | r/m32 OR imm32. |
| REX.W + 81 /1 id | OR r/m64, imm32 | MI | Valid | N.E. | r/m64 OR imm32 (sign-extended). |
| 83 /1 ib | OR r/m16, imm8 | MI | Valid | Valid | r/m16 OR imm8 (sign-extended). |
| 83 /1 ib | OR r/m32, imm8 | MI | Valid | Valid | r/m32 OR imm8 (sign-extended). |
| REX.W + 83 /1 ib | OR r/m64, imm8 | MI | Valid | N.E. | r/m64 OR imm8 (sign-extended). |
| 08 /r | OR r/m8, r8 | MR | Valid | Valid | r/m8 OR r8. |
| REX + 08 /r | OR r/m8*, r8* | MR | Valid | N.E. | r/m8 OR r8. |
| 09 /r | OR r/m16, r16 | MR | Valid | Valid | r/m16 OR r16. |
| 09 /r | OR r/m32, r32 | MR | Valid | Valid | r/m32 OR r32. |
| REX.W + 09 /r | OR r/m64, r64 | MR | Valid | N.E. | r/m64 OR r64. |
| 0A /r | OR r8, r/m8 | RM | Valid | Valid | r8 OR r/m8. |
| REX + 0A /r | OR r8*, r/m8* | RM | Valid | N.E. | r8 OR r/m8. |
| 0B /r | OR r16, r/m16 | RM | Valid | Valid | r16 OR r/m16. |
| 0B /r | OR r32, r/m32 | RM | Valid | Valid | r32 OR r/m32. |
| REX.W + 0B /r | OR r64, r/m64 | RM | Valid | N.E. | r64 OR r/m64. |
Notes: * In 64-bit mode, r/m8 can not be encoded to access the following byte registers if a REX prefix is used: AH, BH, CH, DH.
| Op/En | Operand 1 | Operand 2 | Operand 3 | Operand 4 |
| I | AL/AX/EAX/RAX | imm8/16/32 | NA | NA |
| MI | ModRM:r/m (r, w) | imm8/16/32 | NA | NA |
| MR | ModRM:r/m (r, w) | ModRM:reg (r) | NA | NA |
| RM | ModRM:reg (r, w) | ModRM:r/m (r) | NA | NA |
Performs a bitwise inclusive OR operation between the destination (first) and source (second) operands and stores the result in the destination operand location. The source operand can be an immediate, a register, or a memory location; the destination operand can be a register or a memory location. (However, two memory operands cannot be used in one instruction.) Each bit of the result of the OR instruction is set to 0 if both corresponding bits of the first and second operands are 0; otherwise, each bit is set to 1.
This instruction can be used with a LOCK prefix to allow the instruction to be executed atomically.
In 64-bit mode, the instruction’s default operation size is 32 bits. Using a REX prefix in the form of REX.R permits access to additional registers (R8-R15). Using a REX prefix in the form of REX.W promotes operation to 64 bits. See the summary chart at the beginning of this section for encoding data and limits.
DEST ← DEST OR SRC;
The OF and CF flags are cleared; the SF, ZF, and PF flags are set according to the result. The state of the AF flag is undefined.
| #GP(0) | If the destination operand points to a non-writable segment. If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. If the DS, ES, FS, or GS register contains a NULL segment selector. |
| #SS(0) | If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit. |
| #PF(fault-code) | If a page fault occurs. |
| #AC(0) | If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made while the current privilege level is 3. |
| #UD | If the LOCK prefix is used but the destination is not a memory operand. |
| #GP | If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. |
| #SS | If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit. |
| #UD | If the LOCK prefix is used but the destination is not a memory operand. |
| #GP(0) | If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. |
| #SS(0) | If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit. |
| #PF(fault-code) | If a page fault occurs. |
| #AC(0) | If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made. |
| #UD | If the LOCK prefix is used but the destination is not a memory operand. |
Same as for protected mode exceptions.
| #SS(0) | If a memory address referencing the SS segment is in a non-canonical form. |
| #GP(0) | If the memory address is in a non-canonical form. |
| #PF(fault-code) | If a page fault occurs. |
| #AC(0) | If alignment checking is enabled and an unaligned memory reference is made while the current privilege level is 3. |
| #UD | If the LOCK prefix is used but the destination is not a memory operand. |


About
Michael Hobbs is a chiropractor, a movement educator and a running coach. He completed his Masters of Chiropractic at Macquarie University, graduating as Dux and First in Clinical Studies. He has been the recipient of national and international scholarships for sports chiropractic and has won awards for his own published research on improving patient management outcomes, which he has presented at conferences around Australia. He is the co-founder of Runners Playground, an online running coaching company, and the medical director for an international marathon team, which in 2019 took 106 runners to run the New York marathon, in doing so raising a record breaking $250,000+ USD for charity.
He consults clients online and in private practice in Sydney CBD and Wollongong, Australia. He also teaches courses and workshops on movement, rehabilitation, pain science, somatics, embodiment and running.
Michael's practice philosophy is based on the latin root of the word 'Doctor', which means "to teach". He believes his role is as a teacher, a guide and a support to help his clients help themselves move pain-free and perform at their peak. He utilises a range of techniques to support this, including:
- Movement and gait analysis (including running technique analysis)
- Soft tissue therapy and massage including active release techniques
- Dry needling
- Joint manipulation and mobilisation
- Kinesiology
- Kinesio Tape
- Somatic and embodiment techniques
- Rehabilitation exercises
- Strength and conditioning fundamentals
- Training and exercise principles


Mary Berger
05.28.20
With over 550 student organizations at Ohio University, there’s essentially a group for everyone. Especially for students who may find themselves feeling culturally alone or outcast. Luckily for freshmen and any news students, many of these organizations will be represented at Welcome Weekend’s Involvement Fair on College Green.
OU is diverse in its student base as it is in its organizations. Many student orgs work to make a second home for new students. Here are a few orgs that spoke to The Post about who they are and what they do:
The International Student Union, or ISU, is an umbrella organization for all international students and organizations, M.M. Chumbow, PR and marketing director at ISU, said in a message.
ISU fosters inclusivity and intercultural exchange, Chumbow explained.
“The organization stands as an advocate of unity, diversity and global mindset in the campus. Further, ISU provides funding to its member organizations to cultivate cross-cultural understanding,” Chumbow said in a message.
ISU puts on many events throughout the year, but one of its staples is the annual International Dinner, or IDinner, Chumbow added.
“(The International Dinner is) an occasion featuring meals, music, dance and performances presented by the Ohio University community from around the world,” Chumbow said in a message. “The event is open for Ohio University students and administration, as well the Athens community.”
Another annual event ISU puts on is International Week. During the spring, ISU presents a whole week of events promoting global engagement, Chumbow said.
“(International Week) features several panels on global issues, different opportunities to try out food and music from different cultures, as well as the Street Fair, which takes place at the end of the week and is open to all vendors and the entire Athens community,” Chumbow said in a message.
ISU is welcome to all international students and organizations, as well as other student orgs, Chumbow said.
“(We want OU to) feel like home (for Indian students). (We want them to) feel comfortable -- feel like they have a community to fall back on, that there are people here to help them get acclimated.”Previn Pandey, President of the Indian Student Union
The Indian Students Association, or ISA, works to spread cultural awareness, Previn Pandey, president of ISA, said. The ISA holds a couple big events each semester. In the fall, they celebrate Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights. In the spring, they celebrate Holi, the festival of colors.
“One of the main reasons why we put on these events throughout the year is to spread cultural awareness about India and Indian culture and have Indians represented within the OU community,” Pandey said.
Last year’s Indian Cultural Night had a great turnout, Puneet Sundar, treasurer of ISA, said. A total 340 people came out to the Baker Ballroom to celebrate, he said. Indian Cultural Night happened to be on Diwali, too.
ISA is sponsored by ISU, Pandey added. ISU is ISA’s overarching organization. For Pandey there are some unique nuances to being an Indian student at OU. ISA’s goal is to help people get the resources they need when they come to OU, from places to stay to rides to the airport.
“(We want OU to) feel like home (for Indian students),” Pandey said. “(We want them to) feel comfortable -- feel like they have a community to fall back on, that there are people here to help them get acclimated.”
The Interfaith Project is a relatively new organization. It is a radically-inclusive student org whose goal is to help and grow with fellow Bobcats, Audrey Mullen, co-president of the Interfaith Project, said.
The Interfaith Project kicked off with a dine-and-discuss on religion, Mullen, a rising senior studying history, explained.
“We are basically a group that happened because I am Lutheran and one of my friends is Jewish and we were talking about how there's a lot of misconceptions about both religions from both sides,” Mullen said. “A lot of conversations like (asking) ‘is that what you believe?’ I learned a lot, she learned a lot. It’s interesting to talk about different perspectives, beliefs and stuff.”
Mullen said the group wanted to be a discussion-based organization where everyone can learn about each other as human beings, something we all have in common. She said the Interfaith Project wants to expand and possibly work toward advocacy and diversity on campus.
“A lot of religions have a history of persecution,” Mullen said. “(We’d) like to work with the LGBT Center ... we want to work with the Women's Center, Multicultural Center. We want to work to advocate for every Bobcat.
Mullen added that the Interfaith Project isn’t just for those who practice a religion. Agnostics and atheists enjoy the group, too.
“Just because you don't subscribe to a religion doesn't mean you don't have a worldview,” Mullen said. “It’s a place (for people) to go and voice their opinions and concerns … We just want to provide a forum for that.”
emPOWERed is a newer student org, too, Shea Shelton, president of emPOWERed, said. emPOWERed is an organization for women-identifying individuals. The group helps women build professional skills through activities such as resume workshops, but also works to do fun social events like going out for meals together.
emPOWERed holds weekly meetings in Baker, Shelton, a rising senior studying Spanish education, added.
“(It’s) a fun space for women to hang out,” Shelton said.
emPOWERed organizes fundraisers and events, like yoga sessions or Chipotle fundraisers for the group. emPOWERed also does local work; early last semester they made Valentine’s Day cards for My Sister’s Place, a nearby women’s and children’s shelter.
While the org aims to be an empowering space for women-identifying people, nobody will be turned down from emPOWERed, Shelton said. This fall, she hopes emPOWERed does more fundraising and possibly hosts a date party. emPOWERed will be at the Involvement Fair this fall, too.
To find more student orgs, check out BobcatConnect or the Campus Involvement Center. Or, students can get hands-on experience by attending the Student Involvement Fair at this year’s Welcome Weekend.
Back


In machine learning, it is common to train a single large model (with a large number of parameters) or ensemble of multiple smaller models using the same dataset.
While such large models help to improve the performance of the system, they also make it difficult and computationally expensive to deploy the system.
The paper proposes to transfer the knowledge from such “cumbersome” models into a single, “simpler” model which is more suitable for deployment. This transfer of knowledge is referred to as “distillation”.
Train the cumbersome model using the given training data in the usual way.
Train the simpler, distilled model using the class probabilities (from the cumbersome model) as the soft target. Thus, the simpler model is trained to generalise the same way as the cumbersome model.
If the soft targets have high entropy, they provide much more information than the hard targets and the gradient (between training examples) would vary lesser.
One approach is to minimise the L2 difference between logits produced by the cumbersome model and the simpler model. This approach was pursued by Buciluǎ et al.
The paper proposes a more general solution which they name “distillation”. The temperature of the final softmax is increased till the cumbersome model produces a set of soft targets (from the final softmax layer). These soft targets are then used to train the simpler model.
It also shows that the proposed approach is, in fact, a more general case of the first approach.
In the simplest setting, the cumbersome model is first trained with a high value of temperature and then the same temperature value is used to train the simpler model. The temperature is set to 1 when making predictions using the simpler model.
It helps to add an auxiliary objective function which corresponds to the cross-entropy loss with the correct labels. The second objective function should be given a much lower weight though. Further, the magnitude of the soft targets needs to be scaled by multiplying with the square of temperature.
The paper reports favourable results for distillation task for the following domains:
Image Classification (on MNIST dataset)
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
An extra experiment is performed where the baseline model is trained using both hard targets and soft targets alternatively. Further, only 3% of the total dataset is used.
The model using hard targets overfits and has poor test accuracy while the model using soft targets does not overfit and gets much better test accuracy. This shows the regularizing effect of soft targets.
Training ensemble specialists for very large datasets (JFT dataset - an internal dataset at Google)
The experiment shows that while training a single large model would take a lot of time, the performance of the model can be improved by learning a small number of specialised networks (which are faster to train).
Though it is yet to be shown that the knowledge of such specialist models can be distilled back into a single model.


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We have mixed and open teams in both the Basingstoke & District Badminton League ( BDBL ) and Newbury District Badminton League ( NDBA ).
BH Pegasus Badminton Club


Overview
The AeroGear UnifiedPush Server is a server that allows sending native push messages to different mobile operating systems. Currently the server supports
About the UnifiedPush Server
The AeroGear UnifiedPush Server offers a unified Notification Service API to the above mentioned Push Network Services. When a push message request is sent to the UnifiedPush Server, it is internally translated into the format of these 3rd party networks. This gives a server the ability to send Push notifications to different mobile platforms.
| When using the UnifiedPush Server, please keep in mind that Push notification is a signalling mechanism and that it is not suitable to be used as a data carrying system (e.g. use in a chat application). |
Privacy note
As explained in the How the UnifiedPush Server works section, the payload of the push notification is delivered to 3rd party Push Network providers, like Google or Apple.
| It is highly recommended to not sent any send sensitive personal or confidential information belonging to an individual (e.g. a social security number, financial account or transactional information, or any information where the individual may have a reasonable expectation of secure transmission) as part of any Push Notification! |
For analytic purposes on our Dashboard we store the content of the alert key sent to the UnifiedPush Server. The content of the alert key belongs to the metadata, which is deleted after 30 days, using a nightly job within the UnifiedPush Server.
Use-cases and scenarios
Different use-cases and scenarios are supported. Below are a few to give an idea how the UnifiedPush Server can be used:
-
MyWarehouseInc-backend can send notification messages to different groups (e.g. discounts for only iOS (or only Android) users)
-
MyInsuranceCorp-backend can send “notification messages” to different variants of its mobile Applications:
-
App for the Customers
-
App for the employed Sales Agents
-
-
Publishing Company:
-
MyPublishing-Company-backend sends update “notification messages” to all of its apps (free and premium - regardless of the mobile OS)
-
Targeting: Sending push messages to different groups of users. For instance, availability of “advanced content” is only notified to the paying customers (e.g. those that run the premium app).
-
-
A company has different backends (small/simple apps for different tasks) - and these different backends could be able to reach all (or some) of the company’s mobile apps.
Motivation: Easy use of Push Notifications for any (JBoss/AeroGear powered) mobile application, that is backed by JBoss technology (e.g. LiveOak, Drools, etc.).
Useful Terminology
Before we get into details, it’s important that we have a good lexicon.
Variant
A variant of the PushApplication, representing a specific mobile platform, like iOS or Android, or even more fine grain differentiation like iPad or iPhone. There can be multiple variants for a single PushApplication (e.g. HR Android, HR iPad, HR iPhone free or HR iPhone premium). Each supported variant type contains some platform specific properties, such as a Google API key (Android) or passphrase and certificate (Apple).
Installation
Represents an actual device, registered with the UnifiedPush Server. User1 running HR Android app, while User2 runs HR iPhone premium on his phone.
Sender Endpoint API
A RESTful API that receives Push Notification Message requests for a PushApplication or some of its different Variants. The Server translate this request into the platform specific details and delivers the payload to the 3rd party cloud provides, which eventually might deliver the message to the physical device.
How the UnifiedPush Server Works
The AeroGear UnifiedPush Server can be seen as a broker that distributes push messages to different 3rd party Push Networks. The graphic below gives a little overview:
-
One PushApplication and at least one mobile platform variant must be created (see Using the Admin UI).
-
The variant credentials that are generated and stored by the UnifiedPush Server must be added to the mobile application source, enabling the application running on the mobile device to register with the UnifiedPush Server once it is installed on mobile devices (see tutorials).
-
Sending a push message can happen in different ways: The AdminUI can be used to send a (test) message to registered devices, as explained in Sending a Push Notification. However, in a real-world scenario the Push Notification Message request is triggered from a backend application, which sends its requests using the Sender API. Different SDKs for different languages are supported (see Sending a Push Notification from Code).
-
The push request is then translated into platform specific details for the required variant Push Network. The Dashboard of the AdminUI gives a status report if a message is sent to the Push Network, as described in Dashboard.
-
The UnifiedPush Server does not directly deliver the message to the mobile device. This is done by the appropriate variant Push Network. Note: There can be latency in the actual delivery. Most Push Networks, such as APNs or GCM, do not guarantee to deliver messages to mobile devices.
Now that you are familiar with the basics of the UnifiedPush Server it is time for the Installation and configuration part!


Avaje Inject - v4 docs
Fast and light dependency injection library for Java and Kotlin developers.
| License | Source | API Docs | Issues | Releases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apache2 | Github | Javadoc | Github | Latest 4.4 |
Uses Java annotation processing generating source code for dependency injection. That puts the work of performing dependency injection to build time rather than runtime increasing the speed of application start. There is no use of reflection or classpath scanning.
DI is generated source code allowing developers to see how it works and we can use existing IDE tools to search where code is called such as constructors and lifecycle methods. We can add debug breakpoints into the DI code as desired and step through it just like it was manually written code.
For a background on why avaje inject exists and a quick comparison with other DI libraries such as Dagger2, Micronaut, Quarkus and Spring goto - Why.
DI Library size
|
Do we care about the size of a DI library? Why is dagger and avaje-inject so much smaller? avaje-inject exists with the view that it can be really small and provide JSR-330 dependency injection using source code generation. It does not include AOP (which can be done separately), it does not include external configuration / properties (we can use avaje-config or something else). It just does DI. |
Releases for javax and jakarta
The move of JEE to the eclipse foundation meant a change in package from javax
to jakarta
for various APIs including JSR-330 dependency injection API.
Today we have the choice of using the javax.inject
dependency or using the new
jakarta.inject
dependency.
Want to use javax.inject?
Use version 3.4 of
avaje-inject with the dependency on javax.inject
(maintained on master branch).
Want to use jakarta.inject?
Use version 4.4 of
avaje-inject with the dependency on jakarta.inject
(maintained on jakarta-master branch).
Based on JSR-330
avaje inject is based on JSR-330: Dependency Injection for Java - javax.inject / jakarta.inject with some extensions similar to Spring DI.
JSR-330 provides:
Spring DI like extensions to JSR-330
@Factory + @Bean
In addition to the JSR-330 standard we use @Factory + @Bean which work the same as Spring DI's @Configuration + @Bean and also Micronaut's @Factory + @Bean.
Teams will often use @Factory/@Bean
to provide dependencies that
are best created programmatically - typically depending on external configuration,
environment settings etc.
Factory provides a more convenient alternative to the JSR-330 javax.inject.Provider<T> interface and is also more natural for people who familiar with Spring DI or Micronaut DI.
@Primary @Secondary
Additionally we use @Primary @Secondary annotations which work the same as Spring DI's @Primary @Secondary and also Micronaut DI's @Primary @Secondary. These provide injection priority in the case of injecting when multiple injection candidates are available.
Dependencies
Maven
See the basic example at: examples/basic-di/pom.xml
Add avaje-inject as a dependency.
<dependency>
<groupId>io.avaje</groupId>
<artifactId>avaje-inject</artifactId>
<version>4.4</version>
</dependency>
Add avaje-inject-generator annotation processor as a dependency with provided scope.
<!-- Annotation processor -->
<dependency>
<groupId>io.avaje</groupId>
<artifactId>avaje-inject-generator</artifactId>
<version>4.4</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
Note that if there are other annotation processors and they are specified via maven-compiler-plugin annotationProcessorPaths then we add avaje-inject-generator there instead.
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<annotationProcessorPaths> <!-- All annotation processors specified here -->
<path>
<groupId>io.avaje</groupId>
<artifactId>avaje-inject-generator</artifactId>
<version>4.4</version>
</path>
<path>
... other annotation processor ...
</path>
</annotationProcessorPaths>
</configuration>
</plugin>
Gradle
See the example at: examples/javalin-gradle-java-basic/build.gradle
Gradle 5.2+
Use Gradle version 5.2 or greater which has better support for annotation processing.
Also review the IntelliJ IDEA Gradle settings - see below.
Dependencies
Add avaje-inject as a compile dependency and avaje-inject-generator as an annotation processor.
dependencies {
...
compile('io.avaje:avaje-inject:4.4')
annotationProcessor('io.avaje:avaje-inject-generator:4.4')
}
Kotlin KAPT
See example at: https://github.com/dinject/examples/blob/master/basic-di-kotlin-maven/pom.xml
For use with Kotlin we register avaje-inject-generator as a kapt
processor
to the Kotlin compiler rather than annotationProcessor.
dependencies {
...
compile('io.avaje:avaje-inject:4.4')
kapt('io.avaje:avaje-inject-generator:4.4')
}
IntelliJ IDEA with Gradle
We want to delegate the build
to Gradle (to properly include the annotation processing)
so check our IDEA settings.
Settings / Build / Compiler / Annotation processors
Ensure that Enable annotation processing
is disabled so
that the build is delegated to Gradle (including the annotation processing):
Settings / Build / Build tools / Gradle
Make sure Build and run
is delegated to Gradle.
Optionally set Run tests using to Gradle
but leaving it to IntelliJ IDEA should be ok.
JPMS - Java module system
avaje-inject supports the java module system. Add a requires clause and provides clause like the following:
module org.example {
requires io.avaje.inject;
// explicitly register the generated BeanContextFactory
provides io.avaje.inject.spi.BeanContextFactory with org.example._DI$BeanContextFactory;
}
With JPMS we need to explicitly specify the generated BeanContextFactory
in a provides
clause.
Injection
@Singleton
Put @Singleton
on beans that we want dependency injection on.
These are beans that are created ("wired") by dependency injection and put into the context.
They are then available to be injected into other beans.
@Inject
Put @Inject
on the constructor that should be used for constructor dependency injection.
Note that if there is only one constructor
we don't need to put the @Inject
on it.
If we want to use field injection put the @Inject
on the field. Note that the field must not
be private
and must not be final
for field injection.
Constructor injection
@Singleton
public class CoffeeMaker {
private final Pump pump;
private final Grinder grinder;
@Inject
public CoffeeMaker(Pump pump, Grinder grinder) {
this.pump = pump;
this.grinder = grinder;
}
...
The above CoffeeMaker is using constructor injection. Both a Pump and Ginder will be injected into the constructor when the DI creates (or "wires") the CoffeeMaker.
If there is only 1 constructor it is used for dependency injection and we don't need
to specify @Inject
.
In general we do not expect to see logic in constructors as this typically makes it more difficult to write tests. If we see logic in a constructor then it is likely that we should try and move that logic to a Factory method instead.
Kotlin constructor
With Kotlin we frequently will not specify @Inject with only one constructor. The CoffeeMaker constructor injection then looks like:
@Singleton
class CoffeeMaker(private val pump: Pump , private val grinder: Grinder) {
fun makeCoffee() {
...
}
}
Field injection
@Singleton
public class CoffeeMaker {
@Inject
Pump pump;
@Inject
Grinder grinder;
...
With field injection the @Inject
is placed on the field and the field must not be private
and it must not be final
.
Constructor injection preferred
Generally there is a preference to use constructor injection over field injection as constructor injection:
- Promotes immutability / use of final fields / proper initialisation
- Communicates required dependencies at compile time. Helps when dependencies change to keep test code in line.
- Helps identify when there are too many dependencies. Too many constructor arguments is a more obvious code smell compared to field injection. Promotes single responsibility principal.
Field injection for circular dependencies
We use field injection to handle circular dependencies. See below for more details.
Kotlin field injection
For Kotlin we can consider using lateinit on the property with field injection.
@Singleton
class Grinder {
@Inject
lateinit var pump: Pump
fun grind(): String {
...
}
}
Method injection
For method injection annotate the method with @Inject
.
@Singleton
public class CoffeeMaker {
Grinder grinder;
@Inject
void setGrinder(Grinder grinder) {
this.grinder = grinder;
}
...
Mixed constructor, field and method injection
We are allowed to mix constructor, field and method injection. In the below example the Grinder is injected into the constructor and the Pump is injected by field injection.
@Singleton
public class CoffeeMaker {
@Inject
Pump pump;
private final Grinder grinder;
public CoffeeMaker(Grinder grinder) {
this.grinder = grinder;
}
Circular dependencies
When we have a circular dependency then we need to use field injection on one of the dependencies.
For example, lets say we have A and B where A depends on B and B depends on A. In this case we can't use constructor injection for both A and B like:
// circular dependency with constructor injection, this will not work !!
@Singleton
class A {
B b;
A(B b) { // constructor for A depends on B
this.b = b;
}
}
@Singleton
class B {
A a;
B(A a) { // constructor for B depends on A
this.a = a;
}
}
With the above circular dependencies for A and B constructor injection avaje-inject can not determine the order in which to construct the beans. avaje-inject will detect this and product a compilation error outlining the beans involved and ask us to change to use field injection for one of the dependencies.
We can not use constructor injection for both A and B and instead we must use field injection on either A or B like:
@Singleton
class A {
@Inject // use field injection
B b;
}
@Singleton
class B {
A a;
B(A a) {
this.a = a;
}
}
The reason this works is that field injection occurs later after all the
dependencies are constructed. avaje-inject uses 2 phases to
"wire" the beans and then a 3rd phase to execute the @PostConstruct
lifecycle methods:
- Phase 1: Construct all the beans in order based on constructor dependencies
- Phase 2: Apply field injection on all beans
- Phase 3: Execute all
@PostConstruct
lifecycle methods
Circular dependencies more commonly occur with more than 2 beans. For example, lets say we have A, B and C where:
- A depends on B
- B depends on C
- C depends on A
With A, B, C above they combine to create a circular dependency. To handle this we need to use field injection on one of the dependencies.
Optional
We can use java.util.Optional<T>
to inject optional dependencies.
These are dependencies that might not be provided / might not have an available implementation
/ might only be provided based on configuration (a bit like a feature toggle).
@Singleton
class Pump {
private final Heater heater;
private final Optional<Widget> widget;
@Inject
Pump(Heater heater, Optional<Widget> widget) {
this.heater = heater;
this.widget = widget;
}
public void pump() {
if (widget.isPresent()) {
widget.get().doStuff();
}
...
}
}
Spring DI Note
Spring users will be familiar with the use of @Autowired(required=false)
for wiring optional dependencies. With avaje-inject we instead use Optional
to inject optional dependencies.
@Nullable
As an alternative to Optional we can use @Nullable
to indicate that a dependency
is optional / can be null. Any @Nullable
annotation can be used, it does not
matter which package the annotation is in.
@Singleton
class Pump {
private final Heater heater;
private final Widget widget;
@Inject
Pump(Heater heater, @Nullable widget) {
this.heater = heater;
this.widget = widget;
}
public void pump() {
if (widget != null) {
widget.doStuff();
}
...
}
}
List
We can inject a java.util.List<T>
of beans that implement an interface.
@Singleton
public class CombinedBars {
private final List<Bar> bars;
@Inject
public CombinedBars(List<Bar> bars) {
this.bars = bars;
}
Set
We can inject a java.util.Set<T>
of beans that implement an interface.
@Singleton
public class CombinedBars {
private final Set<Bar> bars;
@Inject
public CombinedBars(Set<Bar> bars) {
this.bars = bars;
}
Provider
A Singleton bean can implement javax.inject.Provider<T>
to create a bean to
be used in injection.
@Singleton
public class FooProvider implements Provider<Foo> {
private final Bazz bazz;
FooProvider(Bazz bazz) {
this.bazz = bazz;
}
@Override
public Foo get() {
// maybe do interesting logic, read environment variables ...
return new BasicFoo(bazz);
}
}
Note that the alternative to using the javax.inject.Provider<T>
interface is
to instead use @Factory
and @Bean
as it is more flexible and convenient than the the provider interface.
Spring DI Note
The JSR 330 javax.inject.Provider<T>
interface is functionally the same
as Spring DI FactoryBean<T>
.
@Factory
Factory beans allow us to programmatically creating a bean. Often the logic is based on external configuration, environment variables, system properties etc.
We annotate a class with @Factory
to tell us that it contains methods
that create beans. The factory class can itself have dependencies and the methods
can also have dependencies.
@Factory @Bean are equivalent to Spring DI @Configuration @Bean and Micronaut @Factory @Bean.
@Bean
We annotate methods on the factory class that create a bean with @Bean
.
These methods can have dependencies and will execute in the appropriate order
depending on the dependencies they require.
Example
@Factory
class Configuration {
private final StartConfig startConfig;
/**
* Factory can have dependencies.
*/
@Inject
Configuration(StartConfig startConfig) {
this.startConfig = startConfig;
}
@Bean
Pump buildPump() {
// maybe read System properties or environment variables
return new FastPump(...);
}
/**
* Method with dependencies as method parameters.
*/
@Bean
CoffeeMaker buildBar(Pump pump, Grinder grinder) {
// maybe read System properties or environment variables
return new CoffeeMaker(...);
}
}
@Bean initMethod & destroyMethod
With @Bean
we can specify an initMethod
which will be executed on startup like @PostConstruct
.
Similarly a destroyMethod
which execute on shutdown like @PreDestroy
.
Example
@Factory
class Configuration {
...
@Bean(initMethod = "init", destroyMethod = "close")
CoffeeMaker buildCoffeeMaker(Pump pump) {
return new CoffeeMaker(pump);
}
}
The CoffeeMaker has the appropriate methods that are executed as part of the lifecycle.
class CoffeeMaker {
void init() {
// lifecycle executed on start/PostConstruct
}
void close() {
// lifecycle executed on shutdown/PreDestroy
}
...
}
Optional @Bean
We can use Optional<T>
to indicate that the method produces
an optional dependency.
Often the dependency is only provided based on external configuration a bit like a feature toggle / config toggle. For example, we might do this in a CI/CD environment until such time that the dependency is always "ON" in all environments and then we change to make the dependency not optional.
Example - Optional dependency
@Factory
class Configuration {
/**
* Optionally provide MessageQueue.
*/
@Bean
Optional<MessageQueue> buildQueue() {
if (...) { // maybe read external config etc
// Not providing the dependency (kind of like feature toggle)
return Optional.empty();
}
return Optional.of(...);
}
}
Use of @Factory @Bean
It is good to use @Factory
for all the dependencies we want to
create programmatically. Many teams will have a standard location/package they use to
put a "configuration factory bean" where all programmatically created dependencies are
defined as a general approach.
If we see logic in constructors then we typically would try to move that logic to a factory bean method and keep the constructors simple. Logic in constructors typically makes it harder from a testing perspective.
@Primary
A bean with @Primary
is deemed to be highest priority and will be injected and used
when it is available. This is functionally the same as Spring and Micronaut @Primary.
There should only ever be one bean implementation marked as @Primary for a given dependency.
Example
// Highest priority EmailServer
// Used when available (e.g. module in the class path)
@Primary
@Singleton
public class PreferredEmailSender implements EmailServer {
...
@Secondary
A bean with @Secondary
is deemed to be lowest priority and will only be injected
if there are no other candidates to inject. We use @Secondary
to indicate a
"default" or "fallback" implementation that will be superseded by any other available implementation.
This is functionally the same as Spring and Micronaut @Secondary.
Example
// Lowest priority EmailServer
// Only used if no other EmailServer is available
@Secondary
@Singleton
public class DefaultEmailSender implements EmailServer {
...
Use of @Primary and @Secondary
@Primary
and @Secondary
are used when there are
multiple candidates to inject. They provide a "priority" to determine which dependency to
inject and use when injecting a single implementation and multiple candidates are available
to inject.
We typically use @Primary and @Secondary when we are building multi-module applications. We have multiple modules (jars) that provide implementations. We use @Secondary to indicate a "default" or "fallback" implementation to use and we use @Primary to indicate the best implementation to use when it is available. avaje-inject DI will then wire depending on which modules (jars) are included in the classpath.
Qualifiers
@Named
When we have multiple beans that implement a common interface and we can qualify
which instance is used by specifying @Named
on the beans and where
they are injected.
Lets say we have a Store interface with multiple implementations. We can have multiple implementations with @Named qualifier like the example below.
@Named("blue")
@Singleton
public class BlueStore implements Store {
...
}
@Named("red")
@Singleton
public class RedStore implements Store {
...
}
Alternatively if we are creating the instances using @Factory @Bean methods we can similarly put @Named on the @Bean methods.
@Factory
public class StoreFactory {
@Bean @Named("red")
public Store createRedStore() {
return new RedStore(...);
}
@Bean @Named("blue")
public Store createBlueStore() {
return new BlueStore(...);
}
}
We can then specify which @Named instance to inject by specifying the qualifier.
@Singleton
public class OrderProcessor {
private final Store store;
public OrderProcessor(@Named("red") Store store) {
this.store = store;
}
...
@Singleton
public class OrderProcessor {
@Inject @Named("red") // field injection
Store store;
...
@Qualifier
Instead of using @Named we can create our own annotations using @Qualifier
.
This gives a strongly typed approach to qualifying the beans rather than using string literals in
@Named so could be better when there is a lot of named/qualified beans.
example
import javax.inject.Qualifier;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
@Qualifier
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Blue {}
Then we can use our @Blue annotation.
@Blue
@Singleton
public class BlueStore implements Store {
...
@Singleton
public class StoreManager {
private final Store store;
public StoreManager(@Blue Store store) {
this.store = store;
}
...
Lifecycle
@PostConstruct
Put @PostConstruct
on a method that we want to run on startup just after all the
beans have been wired.
Typically we open a resource like network connections to a remote resource (cache, queue, database etc).
@Singleton
public class CoffeeMaker {
@PostConstruct
void onStartup() {
// connect to remote resource ...
...
}
...
@PreDestroy
Put @PreDestroy
on a method that we want to run on shutdown.
Typically we want this method to close resources.
@Singleton
public class CoffeeMaker {
@PreDestroy
void onShutdown() {
// close resources
...
}
...
Context
SystemContext
SystemContext
provides application scope to an underlying
BeanContext and convenience methods to access the beans from that
underlying BeanContext.
example
// Get a bean from the context
CoffeeMaker coffeeMaker = SystemContext.getBean(CoffeeMaker.class);
coffeeMaker.brew();
// Get all the beans that implement an interface
List<WebRoutes> webRoutes = SystemContext.getBeans(WebRoutes.class);
// register them with Javalin
Javalin app = Javalin.create();
app.routes(() -> webRoutes.forEach(WebRoutes::registerRoutes));
app.start(8080);
SystemContext.context()
We use SystemContext.context() to get the underlying BeanContext
.
example
// Get the underlying context
BeanContext context = SystemContext.context();
// Get a bean from the context
CoffeeMaker coffeeMaker = context.getBean(CoffeeMaker.class);
coffeeMaker.brew();
BeanContext
The methods on BeanContext that we use to obtain beans out of the context are:
getBean(type)
Return a single bean given the type.
StoreManager storeManager = beanContext.getBean(StoreManager.class);
StoreManager.processOrders();
getBean(type, qualifier)
Return a single bean given the type and name.
Store blueStore = beanContext.getBean(Store.class, "blue");
blueStore.checkOrders();
getBeans(type)
Return the list of beans that implement the interface.
// e.g. register all routes for a web framework
List<WebRoute> routes = beanContext.getBeans(WebRoute.class);
getBeansWithAnnotation(annotation type)
Return the list of beans that have an annotation.
// e.g. register all controllers with web a framework
// .. where Controller is an annotation on the beans
List<Object> controllers = beanContext.getBeansWithAnnotation(Controller.class);
The classic use case for this is registering controllers or routes to web frameworks like Sparkjava, Javlin, Rapidoid etc.
getBeansByPriority(type)
Return the list of beans that implement the interface sorting by priority.
// e.g. filters that should be applied in @Priority order
List<Filter> filters = beanContext.getBeansByPriority(Filter.class);
BeanContext.newBuilder()
For testing purposes we sometimes want to wire the beans but provide test doubles, mocks, spies for some of the dependencies. We do this using BeanContext builder.
withMock()
We can use withMock()
to have Mockito mocks
injected in place of the normal behaviour.
@Test
public void myComponentTest() {
try (BeanContext context = BeanContext.newBuilder()
.withMock(Pump.class)
.withMock(Heater.class)
.withMock(Grinder.class, grinder -> {
// setup the mock
when(grinder.grindBeans()).thenReturn("stub response");
})
.build()) {
// Act
CoffeeMaker coffeeMaker = context.getBean(CoffeeMaker.class);
coffeeMaker.makeIt();
Grinder grinder = context.getBean(Grinder.class);
verify(grinder).grindBeans();
}
withSpy()
We can use withSpy()
to get the beans to be enhanced with Mockito Spy.
We typically want to do this when we want the bean to have most or all of it's behaviour and only stub out some of it's behaviour and track it's interactions.
@Test
public void myComponentTest() {
try (BeanContext context = BeanContext.newBuilder()
.withSpy(Pump.class, pump -> {
// setup the spy, only stub out pumpWater()
doNothing().when(pump).pumpWater();
})
.build()) {
// or setup here ...
Pump pump = context.getBean(Pump.class);
doNothing().when(pump).pumpSteam();
// act
CoffeeMaker coffeeMaker = context.getBean(CoffeeMaker.class);
coffeeMaker.makeIt();
verify(pump).pumpWater();
verify(pump).pumpSteam();
}
}
withBeans()
We can use withBeans()
to supply our own test doubles.
@Test
public void myComponentTest() {
// create our test doubles to use
Pump pump = mock(Pump.class);
Grinder grinder = mock(Grinder.class);
try (BeanContext context = BeanContext.newBuilder()
.withBeans(pump, grinder)
.build()) {
// act
CoffeeMaker coffeeMaker = context.getBean(CoffeeMaker.class);
coffeeMaker.makeIt();
// assert
assertThat(...)
}
}
Modules
Single module apps
When we are wiring dependencies that are all part of a single jar/module then we don't really care about modules. All the dependencies that are being injected are known and provided by the same jar/module.
In a single module app there is only 1 BeanContext.
Multi-module apps
When we are wiring dependencies that span multiple jars/modules then we to provide more
control over the order in which each modules dependencies are wired. We provide this control
by using @ContextModule
.
In a multi-module app there is 1 BeanContext per module and avaje-inject needs to determine the order in which the modules are wired. It does this using the module provides and dependsOn.
Unnamed modules
When we don't specify @ContextModule on a module it is an unnamed module. In effect a module name is derived from the top most package and that module has no provides or dependsOn specified.
@ContextModule
Use @ContextModule
to explicitly name a module and define the features it provides
and the features it dependsOn. The provides and dependsOn effectively control
the order in which modules are wired.
@ContextModule(name = "feature-toggle")
We use the @ContextModule
annotation to give a module an explicit name.
Module dependsOn
Modules that depend on functionality / beans from other modules specify in dependsOn
the modules that should provide beans they want to inject.
@ContextModule(name = "job-system", dependsOn = {"feature-toggle"})
With the above example the "job-system" module expects bean(s) from the "feature-toggle" module to be available for injecting into it's bean graph.
For avaje-inject internally this defines the order in which the bean contexts in each of the modules are created. avaje-inject finds all the modules in the classpath (via Service loader) and then orders the modules based on the dependsOn values. In the example above the "feature-toggle" bean context must be built first, and then the beans it contains are available when building the "job-system" bean context.
Why avaje inject exists
Short History of DI on the JVM
For a short history of DI on the JVM see below and refer to PicoContainer - inversion of control history
- 1998 - Avalon
- 2003 - Spring and PicoContainer
- 2005 - Guice
- 2009 - JSR 330 javax.inject
- 2013 - Dagger1
- 2015 - Dagger2
- 2018 - Micronaut
- 2018 - Avaje-Inject (dinject)
- 2019 - Quarkus
Stefano Mazzocchi popularises the term, Inversion of Control and the Apache Avalon project starts.
Spring and PicoContainer lead the initial adoption of DI. Java 5 came out with new language features which included annotations and generics which lead to the creation of Guice.
In 2009 developers from Spring, Guice, Redhat and some others got together to define JSR-330 - dependency injection for Java.
Some Guice developers went on to develop Dagger which I believe was the first dependency injection library that used Java annotation processing to generate code for DI. This moves work that was previously done at runtime to build time and made Dagger significantly faster and lighter than Guice. Dagger becomes heavily adopted for Android applications.
Using Java annotation processing to move dependency injection work from run time to build time is common approach by Dagger, Micronaut, avaje-inject and Quarkus.
Around 2018 the pain points of using Spring DI with Kubernetes and resource limited containers becomes more obvious. The way Spring DI works means that at startup time it performs a lot of work that includes classpath scanning, heavy use of reflection and defining dynamic proxies. This makes it relatively slow and hungry for both CPU and memory resources. With cloud deployment where we pay for CPU and memory some developers start looking for another approach to DI which puts more (or virtually all) of that work to build time using Java annotation processing [as Dagger2 had been doing in the Android space for some years].
In 2018 Micronaut and avaje-inject (this library) are released which use Java annotation processing to perform most of DI at build time rather than runtime. In 2019 Quarkus is released which similarly uses Java annotation processing but is based on CDI.
Quick comparison to other DI libraries
Why not use Dagger2?
Dagger2 is not particularly orientated for server side developers with no lifecycle support (@PostConstruct/@PreDestroy) and does not have some features that we like from Spring DI (@Factory/@Bean + @Primary/@Secondary).
Why not use Quarkus?
Quarkus comes with a DI implementation based on CDI. If CDI is your thing you'd look at Quarkus.
Why not Micronaut?
Micronaut DI and avaje-inject are both heavily influenced by Spring ID and look very similar in feature set.
Micronaut DI was relatively strongly linked to the rest of the Micronaut framework where as avaje-inject is relatively small in comparison and focused on DI alone. Micronaut generates bytecode where as avaje-inject generates source code making the functionality of DI fully transparent to developers.
http servers
avaje-inject is a lightweight DI library that is especially suited to building http based services using Javalin and Helidon SE.
We can build rest controllers and target either Javalin or Helidon SE using as little or as much of either Javalin or Helidon as we like.
Javalin
Create JAX-RS style controllers targeting Javalin. Write controller methods that take the Javalin context as a method argument or have it injected as a request scoped bean.
See here for more details.
Helidon SE
Create JAX-RS style controllers targeting Helidon SE. Write controller methods that take the Helidon server request and/or response as method arguments or have them injected into the controller as request scoped beans.
See here for more details.
Spring DI
@Factory + @Bean
avaje-inject has @Factory + @Bean which work the same as Spring DI's @Configuration + @Bean and also Micronaut's @Factory + @Bean.
@Primary @Secondary
avaje-inject has @Primary and @Secondary annotations which work the same as Spring DI's @Primary @Secondary and also Micronaut DI's @Primary @Secondary.
These provide injection precedence in the case of injecting an implementation when multiple injection candidates are available.
Spring DI translation
| Spring | avaje-inject | JSR-330 |
|---|---|---|
| @Component, @Service, @Controller, @Repository | @Singleton | Yes |
| FactoryBean<T> | Provider<T> | Yes |
| @Inject, @Autowired | @Inject | Yes |
| @Autowired(required=false) | @Inject Optional<T> | Yes |
| @PostConstruct | @PostConstruct | Yes |
| @PreDestroy | @PreDestroy | Yes |
| Non standard extensions to JSR-330 | ||
| @Configuration @Bean | @Factory @Bean | No |
| @Primary | @Primary | No |
| @Secondary | @Secondary | No |
AOP
avaje-inject does not include AOP as other libraries provide build time AOP
for @Transactional
,
Metrics @Timed
and configuration injection via avaje-config.
Performing AOP at build time is important as it removes the runtime cost at startup of using dynamic proxies.
The following are library recommendations for @Transactional, @Value and @Timed.
| Spring | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| @Transactional | Ebean @Transactional |
| @Value | Avaje Config |
| @Timed | Avaje Metrics |