A value in JavaScript is always of a certain type. For example, a string or a number.
There are eight basic data types in JavaScript. Here, we’ll cover them in general and in the next chapters we’ll talk about each of them in detail.
We can put any type in a variable. For example, a variable can at one moment be a string and then store a number:
Programming languages that allow such things, such as JavaScript, are called “dynamically typed”, meaning that there exist data types, but variables are not bound to any of them.
The number type represents both integer and floating point numbers.
There are many operations for numbers, e.g. multiplication *
, division /
, addition +
, subtraction -
, and so on.
Besides regular numbers, there are so-called “special numeric values” which also belong to this data type: Infinity
, -Infinity
and NaN
.
Infinity
represents the mathematical Infinity ∞. It is a special value that’s greater than any number.
We can get it as a result of division by zero:
js run alert(1 / 0); // Infinity
Or just reference it directly:
js run alert(Infinity); // Infinity
NaN
represents a computational error. It is a result of an incorrect or an undefined mathematical operation, for instance:
js run alert("not a number" / 2); // NaN, such division is erroneous
NaN
is sticky. Any further operation on NaN
returns NaN
:
js run alert("not a number" / 2 + 5); // NaN
So, if there’s a NaN
somewhere in a mathematical expression, it propagates to the whole result.
```smart header=“Mathematical operations are safe” Doing maths is “safe” in JavaScript. We can do anything: divide by zero, treat non-numeric strings as numbers, etc.
The script will never stop with a fatal error (“die”). At worst, we’ll get NaN
as the result. ```
Special numeric values formally belong to the “number” type. Of course they are not numbers in the common sense of this word.
We’ll see more about working with numbers in the chapter info:number.
In JavaScript, the “number” type cannot represent integer values larger than (253-1)
(that’s<PHONE_NUMBER>740991
), or less than -(253-1)
for negatives. It’s a technical limitation caused by their internal representation.
For most purposes that’s quite enough, but sometimes we need really big numbers, e.g. for cryptography or microsecond-precision timestamps.
BigInt
type was recently added to the language to represent integers of arbitrary length.
A BigInt
value is created by appending n
to the end of an integer:
As BigInt
numbers are rarely needed, we don’t cover them here, but devoted them a separate chapter info:bigint. Read it when you need such big numbers.
smart header="Compatibility issues" Right now, `BigInt` is supported in Firefox/Chrome/Edge/Safari, but not in IE.
You can check MDN BigInt compatibility table to know which versions of a browser are supported.
A string in JavaScript must be surrounded by quotes.
In JavaScript, there are 3 types of quotes.
"Hello"
.'Hello'
.`Hello`
.Double and single quotes are “simple” quotes. There’s practically no difference between them in JavaScript.
Backticks are “extended functionality” quotes. They allow us to embed variables and expressions into a string by wrapping them in ${…}
, for example:
```js run let name = “John”;
// embed a variable alert(Hello, *!*${name}*/!*!
); // Hello, John!
// embed an expression alert(the result is *!*${1 + 2}*/!*
); // the result is 3 ```
The expression inside ${…}
is evaluated and the result becomes a part of the string. We can put anything in there: a variable like name
or an arithmetical expression like 1 + 2
or something more complex.
Please note that this can only be done in backticks. Other quotes don’t have this embedding functionality!
js run alert("the result is ${1 + 2}"); // the result is ${1 + 2} (double quotes do nothing)
We’ll cover strings more thoroughly in the chapter info:string.
```smart header=“There is no character type.” In some languages, there is a special “character” type for a single character. For example, in the C language and in Java it is called “char”.
In JavaScript, there is no such type. There’s only one type: string
. A string may consist of zero characters (be empty), one character or many of them. ```
The boolean type has only two values: true
and false
.
This type is commonly used to store yes/no values: true
means “yes, correct”, and false
means “no, incorrect”.
For instance:
let nameFieldChecked = true; // yes, name field is checked
let ageFieldChecked = false; // no, age field is not checked
Boolean values also come as a result of comparisons:
```js run let isGreater = 4 > 1;
alert(isGreater); // true (the comparison result is “yes”) ```
We’ll cover booleans more deeply in the chapter info:logical-operators.
The special null
value does not belong to any of the types described above.
It forms a separate type of its own which contains only the null
value:
In JavaScript, null
is not a “reference to a non-existing object” or a “null pointer” like in some other languages.
It’s just a special value which represents “nothing”, “empty” or “value unknown”.
The code above states that age
is unknown.
The special value undefined
also stands apart. It makes a type of its own, just like null
.
The meaning of undefined
is “value is not assigned”.
If a variable is declared, but not assigned, then its value is undefined
:
```js run let age;
alert(age); // shows “undefined” ```
Technically, it is possible to explicitly assign undefined
to a variable:
```js run let age = 100;
// change the value to undefined age = undefined;
alert(age); // “undefined” ```
…But we don’t recommend doing that. Normally, one uses null
to assign an “empty” or “unknown” value to a variable, while undefined
is reserved as a default initial value for unassigned things.
The object
type is special.
All other types are called “primitive” because their values can contain only a single thing (be it a string or a number or whatever). In contrast, objects are used to store collections of data and more complex entities.
Being that important, objects deserve a special treatment. We’ll deal with them later in the chapter info:object, after we learn more about primitives.
The symbol
type is used to create unique identifiers for objects. We have to mention it here for the sake of completeness, but also postpone the details till we know objects.
The typeof
operator returns the type of the argument. It’s useful when we want to process values of different types differently or just want to do a quick check.
It supports two forms of syntax:
typeof x
.typeof(x)
.In other words, it works with parentheses or without them. The result is the same.
The call to typeof x
returns a string with the type name:
typeof undefined // "undefined"
typeof 0 // "number"
typeof 10n // "bigint"
typeof true // "boolean"
typeof "foo" // "string"
typeof Symbol("id") // "symbol"
*!*
typeof Math // "object" (1)
*/!*
*!*
typeof null // "object" (2)
*/!*
*!*
typeof alert // "function" (3)
*/!*
The last three lines may need additional explanation:
Math
is a built-in object that provides mathematical operations. We will learn it in the chapter info:number. Here, it serves just as an example of an object.typeof null
is "object"
. That’s an officially recognized error in typeof
behavior, coming from the early days of JavaScript and kept for compatibility. Definitely, null
is not an object. It is a special value with a separate type of its own.typeof alert
is "function"
, because alert
is a function. We’ll study functions in the next chapters where we’ll also see that there’s no special “function” type in JavaScript. Functions belong to the object type. But typeof
treats them differently, returning "function"
. That also comes from the early days of JavaScript. Technically, such behavior isn’t correct, but can be convenient in practice.There are 8 basic data types in JavaScript.
number
for numbers of any kind: integer or floating-point, integers are limited by ±(253-1)
.bigint
is for integer numbers of arbitrary length.string
for strings. A string may have zero or more characters, there’s no separate single-character type.boolean
for true
/false
.null
for unknown values – a standalone type that has a single value null
.undefined
for unassigned values – a standalone type that has a single value undefined
.object
for more complex data structures.symbol
for unique identifiers.The typeof
operator allows us to see which type is stored in a variable.
typeof x
or typeof(x)
."string"
.null
returns "object"
– this is an error in the language, it’s not actually an object.In the next chapters, we’ll concentrate on primitive values and once we’re familiar with them, we’ll move on to objects.


LOLITA Cast: Jeremy Irons, Dominique Swain, Melanie Griffith, Frank Langella Director: Adrian Lyne Screenplay: Stephen Schiff based on the novel by Vladimir Nabokov Australian theatrical release: April 8, 1999 Reviewed by Luke Buckmaster
On the Buckmaster scale of 0 stars (bomb), to 5 stars (a masterpiece): 4 stars
One might describe Lolita as simply a road movie with a pedophile and a young girl - at least, that would be the easy way of explaining it. There is a bad taste that lingers all through this film; even in its sweetened moments, there is a sense that nothing will end righteously. Behind the films characters and behind its doomed central romance, there is a cynical but simultaneously passionate depiction of the nature of forbidden love. Director Adrian Lyne takes a lengthy amount of time building the relationship between his two protagonists, before coming in for the kill in the last forty-five or so minutes of the film. He molds the bad taste into an immoral atmosphere, all the while making sure that the sins he examines are told in an engaging and profound manner. The result is an enticing and literate mixture of triumph and disaster, sorrow and pleasure. Told with subtlety and elegance, Lolita is a gentle but expressive experience, and one that is portrayed vividly and openly.
You can bet your bottom dollar that no film this year will have created as much controversy as this one. With the large amount of media spotlight on the film, it's almost as if seeing Lolita is a crime - and for all the wrong reasons. I don't understand why many individuals and organizations were so intent on having the film banned - do they think that if we ignore the issue of pedophilia, it will go away? As my colleague Peter Thompson explained on the Sunday TV program, "if Lolita discourages even one person from pursuing his or her desires at the expense of another person, of any age, it will have more than justified itself." And justified itself it has. I don't believe that Lolita encourages pedophilia at all - it really discourages it, since the film ends with a painful and heart-breaking tragedy, which is one of the foremost reasons to see it.
 Humbert fell head over heals in love as a teenager, and the death of his girl friend at a young age marred him for life. So much so, that he has never stopped searching for her. As he matured, his romantic interests did not, so when he stumbles upon the beautiful 14 year old Dolores "Lolita" Haze (Dominique Swain) he is instantly mesmerized. Humbert lodges in the home of Lolita's mother Charlotte Haze (Melanie Griffith) and then marries her, just to stay close to his true object of affection.
When Charlotte is conveniently removed from their lives, Humbert and Lolita's relationship advances. Lolita realizes the manipulative power she has over Humbert, and what began as meaningless flirting materializes into a contingency of sexual manipulation. As Humbert becomes obsessed by the seductive young girl, he takes away from her the very thing he was attracted to - her innocence.
Jeremy Irons is perfectly cast as professor Humbert, a character whose every action needed to performed with a weighty but gentle presence. Irons fulfills that criteria beautifully, and gives a performance that's virtually faultless. Every look and every move that Humbert makes is carried with subtle expression and gorgeous artistry; Jeremy Irons is completely convincing and incredibly moving. I wouldn't hesitate to say that he is one of the best actors working today. On the other side of the spectrum - in age, and in experience - Dominique Swain (who appeared in John Woo's Face/Off) is fine. She animates Lolita with needed energy, and only ever looks slightly unconvincing in her final scene (though the damage made is minimal). Together, Irons and Swain make an obliging screen couple, although their togetherness is intentionally never entirely comfortable to watch.
Stephen Schiff's screen adaptation of the classic novel by Vladimir Nabokov retains its literacy and coherency. The film never adds subplots for the sake of having subplots - everything is edited precisely and its key scenes never run too long. The photography by Howard Atherton provides some nice visual touches, especially in the final few scenes that, together, provide a disturbingly provocative climax. Shot, edited and performed with elegance, Lolita is a powerful and artistic film with a grim core. Ignore the droves of people who condemn it, and listen to those who take it seriously - Lolita is a painfully beautifully piece that, aside from the controversy it has gathered, is really not about politics at all - its about a relationship that cannot feasibly end happily.
Read more of my reviews at In Film Australia http://infilmau.iah.net
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


What Do I Know of Desire
I.
I say to you, bring me the meat
of my maker on a golden plate.
Tip his mouth to mine and force
the honey from it.
Kiss the bitter of the unbeliever’s
tongue, the parching red.
Notice: a burn present
on the underside of my left arm,
grinning. Notice too the bone
between my lips, like road-kill
trapped beneath the chemical
girth of the sun.
II.
In the trappings of night,
I gleam with aftermath,
sweet dew imprinted on a bed sheet
in a room with no windows.

If I know anything, it is the maw
of my historic caught fooling
in another man’s mouth.
Touched Nerve. Bodily Insult.
I stain myself for warmth, see.
I lather in my stew.
III.
At night I touch myself
and it is the same as crying.
Once, in a wild misinterpretation,
I tried to picture myself all the way
through and became so distracted
by my slack-jawed expression
that I could not complete.
IV.
This is where shame kicks
down the wooden door and tugs
at my arms. I shake my head like
the rain is holding it.  I cum and
feel ashamed that I had nothing
at all to do with it. Perhaps my
body, in a biblical sense,
is synonymous with a physical
shame not immediately felt,
though inflicted gradually
by way of ubiquitous haunt.
For instance, I tremble in rooms
I know to be warm. I lift my skirt
and bones orchestrate their clatter
on the kitchen floor.
V.
 She is blamed
for her pleasure and stripped
of a name. The man she communes
with does not constitute an utterance,
is never once threatened by
the surface of a killing stone.
The adulteress is saved
only in the promise that she
sleeps alone, or only with the man
who is a ghost in this story.
In my version, I sleep with
many ghosts, birth many
oceans. My skin, lost beneath
the surface of my hands. I sin,
repeat. Repeat.
VI.
As if solitude demands it
I sleep now in the nude beneath
the buffer of a corpse cold sheet.
Once, over cheese fries,
I asked a friend a question that answered
itself: Am I insecure?
She responded:
You’re eating cheese fries.
Later on, I told her I could masturbate
without using my hands.
This is a lie. I did not actually
tell her this. But pleasure is a finger
-less talent of mine. It is one
I have been doing this entire time.
Spencer Williams is a transgender poet from Chula Vista, California. She is the author of the chapbook Alien Pink (The Atlas Review, 2017). Her work has appeared in or is forthcoming from Cosmonauts Avenue, Fractal, Potluck, and earthwords.


A group of human beings with their own uniqee way of living and agricultural practices makes a civilisation.
Alka Gupta
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>980*****98


The x1 attribute defines the start of the line on the x-axis.
The y1 attribute defines the start of the line on the y-axis.
The x2 attribute defines the end of the line on the x-axis.
The y2 attribute defines the end of the line on the y-axis.
Stroke-width controls width
Stroke-dasharray creates the dashed lines
Stroke-linecap defines different types of endings to an open path
cx and cy attributes define the x and y coordinates of the center of the circle.
If cx and cy are omitted, the circle's center is set to (0,0)
Ellipse has an x and a y radius that differs from each other, while a circle has equal x and y radius
cx and cy define the center of the ellipse
rx defines the horizontal radius and rydefines the vertical radius.
2 ellipses, one within the other
Fill opacity range: 0 to 1
for rounded corners, radius attributes rx and ry define roundededness.
The points attribute defines the x and y coordinates for each corner of the polygon
There are 5 line commands for node paths:
The example below defines a path that starts at position 150,0 with a line to position 75,200 then from there, a line to 225,200 and finally closing the path back to 150,0 by calling Z, the "close path" command:
Complex quadratic Bézier curve, where A and C are the start and end points, B is the control point:
C x1 y1, x2 y2, x y (or c dx1 dy1, dx2 dy2, dx dy)
More curves:
SVG filters are defined within a <defs> element. The <defs> element is short for definitions and contains definition of special elements (such as filters).
The <filter> element is used to define an SVG filter. The <filter> element has a required id attribute which identifies the filter. The graphic then points to the filter to use.
The <feOffset> element is used to create drop shadow effects. The idea is to take an SVG graphic (image or element) and move it a little bit in the xy plane.
The first example offsets a rectangle (with <feOffset>), then blend the original on top of the offset image (with <feBlend>):
The image can be blurred (with <feGaussianBlur>):
Now, treat the shadow as a color:


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Private Sharing guide


In Chapter 7 on State and Modularity, we learned how to use assignment as a tool for modeling the real world. In the preceding chapter we came face-to-face with some of the complications that assignment can raise if used along with concurrency. The root cause of the problem is that a variation in the object being modeled will lead to a state variation in the program as well. Along with the problems of concurrent assignments, objects with varying state has another drawback – they are ignorant of their own history. In other words, once a state change has occurred, it is not possible to figure out how the object looked at a point in time in the past.
In this chapter we will explore another way to model change without assignments. The idea, at an abstract level, is to represent the varying
object as a function f(x, t), which return the state of the object x
at time t
. This function can be implemented
using an association list or a hash table which maps a time to the state of x
at that time. This will work as long as we don't
want the state at an arbitrary time in the future or in the past. But for this abstraction to be useful, we should be able to represent very large
or even infinite sequences of states. Slogan realizes this idea in the form of lazy sequences.
Before looking at how lazy sequences help us model systems with state without ever using assignment, we should get familiar with the programming technique that make these sequences possible. This technique is known as lazy or delayed evaluation.
If we are allowed to package an expression in such a way that it can be evaluated later on demand, we have delayed evaluation in our language. In fact you already know how to do delayed evaluations! When we package an expression as a function, we are effectively delaying the evaluation of that expression until the function is called. For example, if we want an expensive computation to be evaluated only when its value is actually needed by the program, we package the expression into a function. We call that function at the point in the program where the value needs to be computed and used.
let expensive_computation = ^() { showln("performing long computation...")
task_sleep(2)
12345 }
expensive_computation()
//> performing long computation...
// 12345
expensive_computation()
//> performing long computation...
// 12345
The problem with the expensive_computation
function is that each time it is called, the whole computation is repeated again.
A better version of the function will cache the result once computed and return that value when the function is called again.
let expensive_computation = let (cached_result = false)
^() if (cached_result) cached_result
else { showln("performing long computation...")
task_sleep(2)
cached_result = 12345
cached_result }
expensive_computation()
//> performing long computation...
// 12345
expensive_computation()
// 12345
This optimization is known as memoization. Slogan provides
the delay operator (~
) for expressing memoized functions easily.
Any expression can be delayed by prefixing it
with the delay operator. The delay operator's return value is an object called the promise which can be forced
to evaluate and return the expression's value. This value is cached by the promise object and returned when it is forced again.
We can rewrite the expensive_computation
function using delay as shown below:
let expensive_computation = ~{ showln("performing long computation...")
task_sleep(2)
12345 }
expensive_computation
// <promise>
force(expensive_computation)
//> performing long computation...
// 12345
force(expensive_computation)
// 12345
With that introduction to delayed expressions, we are in a position to understand sequences that can conceptually extend to infinity. The fundamental data structure that can be used to represent a sequence of values is the list. As we saw earlier in this book, a list is just a pair of pairs that is terminated by an empty list. To make this clear, look at the following definitions of two lists with similar layouts:
let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
let ys = 1:2:3:4:5:[]
ys
// [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
xs == ys
// true
The problem with lists created from pairs is that they have to eventually terminate. What if we need a list from which we can fetch values to our soul's content? This can be achieved by making a pair whose head is the first value in the sequence and whose tail is a promise to generate the next value when required. This idea is expressed in the function below, which represents an infinite sequence of integers:
function infinite_integers(i)
i:~infinite_integers(i+1)
Infinite_integers
calls itself recursively to generate the next value in the sequence, but that call is delayed until the next value is
actually needed. So calling the function will not go into an infinite loop.
let xs = infinite_integers(1)
xs
// [1, ...]
head(xs)
// 1
head(force(tail(xs)))
// 2
To have to explicitly force each element in the sequence can be a bit awkward. The functions first
,
rest
and nth
know how to access elements in a sequence,
invoking force
at the right places.
first(xs)
// 1
first(rest(xs))
// 2
nth(0, xs)
// 1
nth(10, xs)
// 11
In Slogan, list is the default data structure for representing and manipulating a sequence of values. When coupled with
higher-order functions like map
, fold
and
filter
,
programs that manipulate lists can lead to elegant solutions to many data transformation problems. To illustrate this, consider
a program for computing the sum of all prime numbers in an interval. As a first attempt, let us define the program in an iterative style:
function sum_primes(a, b)
letfn loop (count = a, accum = 0)
if (count > b) accum
else if (is_prime(count)) loop(inc(count), count + accum)
else loop(inc(count), accum)
// usage example:
sum_primes(1, 20)
// 77
sum_primes(10000, 1000000)
//<PHONE_NUMBER>7
We can define this function in a more declarative style by using the higher-order functions we saw in Chapter 6.
Though the second sum_primes
is shorter and sweeter than the first, it is grossly inefficient when it comes to memory consumption.
Filter
cannot do any work until range
returns a whole list. Then a new list is generated by filter
which
is reduced to a sum by fold
.
The inefficiency in using lists becomes painfully apparent if we use the same paradigm to compute the second prime in a large interval:
function nth_prime(n, a, b)
nth(n, filter(is_prime, range(a, b)))
nth_prime(1, 1, 20)
// 3
nth_prime(1, 10000, 1000000)
// 10009
The function does find the nth prime, but the computational overhead is outrageous for calls that search over a large range of
numbers. For instance, the call nth_prime(10000, 1000000)
will construct a list of almost a million integers, filter this
list by testing each element for primality, and then ignore almost all of the result. If we were programming in the iterative style,
we would interleave the enumeration and the filtering, and stop when we reached the second prime.
With lazy sequences we can achieve the best of both worlds: We can formulate programs elegantly as sequence manipulations,
while attaining the efficiency of incremental computation. There are higher-order functions that can work with lists and lazy sequences
alike. Filter
and map
are two examples. When working with lazy sequences, they will construct only that
part of the sequence that is actually required for the current computation. As the computation makes progress,
more of the sequence will be realized maintaining an illusion of an infinite stream of values.
Both the sum_primes
and nth_prime
functions can be rewritten to take advantage of generic functions that
takes lazy sequences as arguments. Specifically, we have to replace the call to range
with
enumerate
and the call to fold
with
accumulate
. While range
returns a fully realized list of values,
enumerate
will give us a lazy sequence of the same values.
First we will write the sum_primes
function using the new sequence functions:
function sum_primes(a, b)
accumulate(`+`, 0, filter(is_prime, enumerate(a, b)))
When we call sum_primes
with a large range, it will return immediately with a lazy sequence of sums, deferring the actual
computation of the sum only when it is explicitly requested by a sequence accessor such as nth
:
let s = sum_primes(10000, 1000000)
nth(10000, s)
// 628132235
The performance enhancement we get for the nth_prime
function is even more profound.
function nth_prime(n, a, b)
nth(n, filter(is_prime, enumerate(a, b)))
nth_prime(1, 10000, 1000000) // this call will return immediately
// 10009
As we saw in Chapter 7, one of the major benefits of introducing assignment is that we can increase the modularity of our systems by hiding or encapsulating its state in local variables. Let us revisit this idea with the example of a simple Pseudo-random Number Generator. First let us implement a purely functional version of the PRNG that do not make use of local state or assignments1.
function rand(seed)
rand_update(seed)
function rand_update(x)
let (a = 27, b = 26, m = 127)
modulo(a * x + b, m)
The functional purity of the rand
function comes with a cost, users must take care of passing the accurate current state of the
PRNG to each successive call to the function. This is because its implementation is not modular enough to hide and keep track of its
internal state.
rand(10)
// 42
rand(42)
// 17
rand(17)
// 104
By bringing assignment to the scene, we will be able to create PRNG objects that can keep track of their own internal state and are more modular.
function make_rand(seed)
let (x = seed)
^() { x = rand_update(x)
x }
let r = make_rand(10)
r()
// 42
r()
// 17
r()
// 104
If we realize the PRNG using lazy sequences, we will be able to have the benefits of modularity by not incurring the costs
associated with assignment. With lazy sequences, we will have a stream of random numbers
produced by successive calls to rand_update
.
function rand(seed)
let (x = rand_update(seed))
x:~rand(x)
let rs = rand(10)
nth(0, rs)
// 42
nth(2, rs)
// 104
nth(99, rs)
// 20
We get considerable modularity with this approach, yet we do not have to maintain a changing local state.
Generators are functions that can behave as if they return an infinite sequence of values. A generator function can be made to return
a value before its body is fully evaluated. This is accomplished by calling the yield
expression, which
returns a pair of the return value and an object known as an iterator. The iterator object knows how to restart the function where
yield
was called. If the function is written in such a way that it will return another
value:iterator
pair, the caller effectively gets a sequence of infinite values.
In the next example, we will write a function that will give us an infinite sequence of random numbers, generated with the help of
yield
.
function rand(seed)
letfn loop (x = rand_update(seed))
{ yield x
loop(rand_update(x)) }
let rs = rand(10)
first(rs)
// 42
first(rest(rs))
// 17
first(rest(rs))
// 104
Note that once an iterator is asked to move forward, there is no way to ask it to get a value from the past. Because of this, they may not be a
stand-in replacement for lazy sequences created by the delay
operator. A function that generates an iterator should also not call
itself recursively. Instead use a named letfn
as shown in the example.
By default, yield
returns void
. The next
function can
be called to pass a user-defined value to yield
, which will become its return value. Please see the reference
on next
for more information.
The traversal on an iterator can be wrapped into a convenience function. This is achieve by calling the
iterator
constructor. This call will return a function that can be called to traverse the iterator.
Each call to this function will result in returning the next value from the iterator. When all values run out, this function will return
false
.
let iter = iterator(rand(100))
iter()
// 59
iter()
// 95
As we saw in the previous sections, first
and rest
are the generic means for accessing many types of sequences.
Their genericity is not limited to built-in sequences like lists, lazy sequences and generators. You can define your own custom sequence objects
that can be destructured with these functions. This can is accomplished by defining the object as a closure that responds to the
'first
and 'rest
messages.
In this section we will define a custom sequence that respond to these messages and see how it automatically gets fitted into the larger context of the language. The data structure we are going to define is simply called a bag.  These objects can be taken out one by one, but there is no guarantee to the order in which they will come out, similar to picking out items from a real bag without looking into it.
The following program defines the bag
data structure. The constructor make_bag
takes a finite sequence as argument.
This is sequence is shuffled and stored in a local list. The returned object redirects the first
and rest
messages to
this list.
function make_bag(objects)
letfn (objs = shuffle(objects))
^(msg)
| 'first -> first(objs)
| 'rest -> rest(objs)
// utility functions for shuffling a sequence.
function shuffle(objects)
letfn loop (objs = objects, result = [])
if (not(objs)) result
else let (len = count(objs))
if (len == 0) result
else let (i = random_integer(len))
loop(remove_nth(i, objs), nth(i, objs):result)
function remove_nth(n, objects)
letfn loop (objs = objects, i = 0, result = [])
if (not(objs)) reverse(result)
else if (i == n) loop(rest(objs), i + 1, result)
else loop (rest(objs), i + 1, first(objs):result)
This is how you would use the new bag sequence:
let b = make_bag([1,2,3,4,5])
// the results you get may be different,
// because the list is randomly shuffled by the bag.
first(b)
// 4
first(rest(b))
// 3
// destructuring a bag:
let [a,b,c,d,e] = b;
[a,b,c,d,e]
// [4, 3, 1, 2, 5]
You can make the bag data structure more versatile by overriding the ref
and
ref_set
messages. See the references for more information.
1The algorithm we use to generate random numbers may not be suitable for real-world use.
For production code, use the built-in functions random_integer
or
random_real
.


Features
Print and Play Gamer carries feature articles and reviews of RPG games, including Dungeon World, Dungeon Crawl Classics and Beyond the Wall, and OSR 'zines such as Wormskin and Black Pudding. It's also examined printable miniatures lines, like Trash Mob Minis and Dave Graffam Games, as well as battle reports for wargames like Advanced Song of Blades and Heroes.
Tutorials
The PnPG blog also features tutorials showing readers how Jeff creates his printable miniatures and terrain. Current tutorials focus on using GIMP to modify existing cardstock miniatures and format them in PDFs. Upcoming how-tos will demonstrate Jeff's methods for creating new miniatures from found images, as well as techniques for getting minis and terrain printed and assembled for play.


Table of Contents
In this tutorial we will write and compile a very simple SIMD kernel to become familiar with the basics of Boost.SIMD.
Objectives
In this tutorial we will:
- Introduce the basic SIMD register abstraction, boost::simd::pack
- Load data from memory into a boost::simd::pack
- Perform a simple arithmetical calculation and print the result
- Store the results back into memory
- Compile and run the code
- Observe the different outputs from compiling the same code on different processors
Getting Started
Boost.SIMD is a header only library which means that each of its components is accessible through its corresponding include. The first step is to include the file which give you the main boost::simd::pack.
In a similar way, all Boost.SIMD functions and constants may be accessed through their respective headers. For example to access boost:simd::cos, you must include:
Similarly, constant values may be accessed as follows:
All functions and constants are included in the same way.
- Note
- All of Boost.SIMD functionality is wrapped in the
boost::simd
namespace. The easiest way to do this is to assign an alias to it:This saves you from having to type the full namespace every time you call a Boost.SIMD function.
Basic Building Block
boost::simd::pack
boost::simd::pack can be considered analogous to an SIMD register on your (or any other) machine. Operations performed on packs - from elementary operations such as addition to complicated functions such as sin(x) - will be performed using SIMD registers and operations if supported by your hardware. As shown in the following example, data must be manually loaded into and stored from these registers.
A boost::simd::pack may contain many different primitive types, depending on the target machine. A type alias for a pack of float is declared as follows:
Loading Data into a Pack
One way to construct a boost::simd::pack is to simply declare (default-construct) it. Such a pack may not zero-initialized and thus may contain arbitrary values.
Another way to construct a boost::simd::pack is to fill it with a single value. This so-called splatting constructor takes one scalar value and replicates it in all elements of the pack.
You may also construct a pack by passing a pointer to a block of contiguous, aligned memory.
- Note
- This vector uses a custom memory allocator to ensure that the memory used for storage of the data is correctly aligned for the target architecture. Please see Memory Alignment for a detailed explanation of this.
When constructing a pack in this manner, you must ensure that there is sufficient data in the block of memory to fill the pack. For example, on an AVX enabled machine, a SIMD vector of float32
contains 8
elements, or has a cardinal of 8
. Therefore, there must be at least 8
elements in the block of memory pointed to by this pointer. This same code compiled for the Intel KNL, would require that the block of memory contain 16
elements, otherwise there would be undefined behaviour at runtime. When writing vectorized code, care should be taken to write the code in as generic a manner as possible to ensure portability across architectures.
- Note
- Other functions exist to explicitly load data from unaligned memory, non-contiguous data and other more complex scenarios. These functions are presented in later tutorials.
You may also construct a pack by passing a range of elements, however the length of this range must be equal to the cardinal of the pack.
- Note
- Please note that very few architectures provide an efficient way of loading data in this manner as there is no guarantee that the data is contiguous. Such a load should only be used in very specific circumstances and never inside a critical loop.
Here, we have introduced pack_t::static_size
which is the cardinal of the pack.
Finally, you can also initializes every element of the boost::simd::pack itself by enumerating them.
That this constructor makes the strong assumption that the number of elements in the constructor matches the cardinal of boost::simd::pack on the target machine. Unless required, it is generally good practice to avoid depending on a fixed size for boost::simd::pack unless the algorithm specifically requires it. The use of another constructor is strongly recommended over this one.
Operations on Pack
Once initialized, operations on boost::simd::pack instances are similar to scalar operations as all operators and standard library math functions are provided. In order to access all of these functions and operators, such as boost::simd::plus, you must include the relevant header:
A simple arithmetical operation is performed as follows:
Storing the Result in memory
The result may be saved to memory as follows:
Finally, we print the contents of a boost::simd::pack by using the operator<<
overload provided.
Compiling the Code
The compilation of using Boost.SIMD is rather straight-forward: you must pass the path of the Boost.SIMD include folder to your compiler as well as the path of your installation of Boost. It is strongly recommended that you enable all of your compiler optimizations, for example, -O3
for g++, to exploit the full performance potential of Boost.SIMD. You should also pass the required compiler flag for your target architecture to enable the SIMD extensions, especially if you are cross-compiling. The exhaustive list of all compiler flags for all supported compilers is provided in the the Quick Start guide.
For example, on gcc
:
g++ my_code.cpp -O3 -DNDEBUG -o my_code -I/path/to/boost.simd/ -mavx
If use an IDE such as Visual Studio or XCode, set these flags and paths in your project settings.
- Warning
- Some compilers, such as Microsoft Visual Studio, do not propagate the fact a given architecture specific option is triggered. In this case, you must also define an architecture specific preprocessor symbol. For example, if you want to use SSE4.2 on Visual Studio, set the /ARCH:SSE2 flag and define
BOOST_SIMD_ASSUME_SSE4_2
as a preprocessor definition.
- Warning
- We recommend using a 64bit compiler as this results in significantly better performance.
Results
When the above program is compiled, this output should be seen:
{42,42,42,42,42,42,42,42}
Let's take a look at the generated assembly code (using objdump
for example) :
This shows that Boost.SIMD performed as expected: the code has been vectorized! This may be seen by the emitted *ps
instructions. Note how the abstractions introduced by boost::simd::pack are completely free, they do not incur any runtime penalty. The generated assembly is identical to that generated by handwritten SIMD instructions!


|
YAGP 0.2
|
A repository citation from a source (SOUR) record. More...
Inherits SharpGEDParser.Model.StructCommon, and SharpGEDParser.Model.NoteHold.
Classes | |
| class | CallNum |
| Call number data for formal repositories. More... | |
Properties | |
| List< CallNum > | CallNums [get] |
| Call number information for formal repositories. More... | |
| List< Note > | Notes [get] |
| NOTEs or informal repository data for this source. More... | |
| string | Xref [get, set] |
| The identifier of the REPO record. More... | |
| Properties inherited from SharpGEDParser.Model.StructCommon | |
| List< UnkRec > | Errors [get] |
| Problems encountered at this level. More... | |
| List< LineSet > | OtherLines [get] |
| Any other lines encountered in the record. More... | |
| Properties inherited from SharpGEDParser.Model.NoteHold | |
| List< Note > | Notes [get] |
| Any NOTE references associated with a record. More... | |
A repository citation from a source (SOUR) record.
A cross-reference to a repository (REPO) record. The repository record identifies where this source is held.
|
get |
Call number information for formal repositories.
Will be an empty list if none.
|
get |
NOTEs or informal repository data for this source.
Will be an empty list if none.
|
getset |
The identifier of the REPO record.


Jack Sage:
Hum. You don't have any summon, do you? Why do you covet a gift that is not intended for you? You can receive the Memories of a Newbie for summons only if you bring a summon.
Back


---
layout: home
title:
permalink: /
---
Stu Sontier is an experimental photographer working across analogue and digital fields. His work is concerned with photographic materiality, failing technology and compromised ecologies.
This site collects digital works that are shown as cleanNFTs (using the Tezos coin) on hicetnunc.xyz
View the primary collection here.
untitled failed print with printer wheel strike 2019


This blogpost explains how to build a parallel coordinate chart to
explore the maximum ages recorded for different species of lemurs by
sex with R
and ggplot2
. This article
includes a step-by-step walkthrough of the construction of a highly
customized parallel coordinate chart that uses a variety of custom
fonts, colors, annotations, and legends.
This page showcases the work of Georgios Karamanis, built for the TidyTuesday initiative. You can find the original code on his Github repository here.
Thanks to him for accepting sharing his work here! Thanks also to Tomás Capretto who split the original code into this step-by-step guide! 🙏🙏
As a teaser, here is the plot we’re gonna try building:
Today’s chart uses the
tidyverse
and ggrepel
. The tidyverse
is going to load the very well known
dplyr
and ggplot2
libraries, among others,
and ggrepel
will make it extremely easy to automatically
position labels.
library(tidyverse)
library(ggrepel)
This post uses the Fira Sans Compressed and the Faune fonts. If you are a little unsure about how to work with custom fonts in R, this post is for you.
The data for this post originally comes from the Duke Lemur Center and was cleaned by Jesse Mostipak. This guide uses the dataset released for the TidyTuesday initiative on the week of 2021-08-24. You can find the original announcement and more information about the data here. Thank you all for making this work possible! 🙏🙏
Two datasets are needed today. The first one, called
lemurs
, has information about the lemurs themselves,
while taxonomy
is going to be helpful to obtain the latin
names of the species.
<- readr::read_csv(
lemurs "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2021/2021-08-24/lemur_data.csv"
)
<- readr::read_csv(
taxonomy "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rfordatascience/tidytuesday/master/data/2021/2021-08-24/taxonomy.csv"
)
Now let’s compute the largest age recorded and the number of animals by species and sex:
<- lemurs %>%
lem_longev # Keep unique combinations of the following variables.
distinct(dlc_id, taxon, sex, age_max_live_or_dead_y) %>%
# Drop observations with Not Determined sex
filter(sex != "ND") %>%
# Compute highest age and the number of lemurs for each specie and sex
group_by(taxon, sex) %>%
summarise(longev = max(age_max_live_or_dead_y, na.rm = TRUE), n = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
# Pivot the data so we have two columns for each 'age_max' and 'count',
# one if for Females and the other is for Males
pivot_wider(id_cols = taxon, names_from = sex, values_from = c(longev, n)) %>%
# Create a column with the colors.
# When female live longer, use blue. Otherwise, use orange.
group_by(taxon) %>%
mutate(
color = if_else(longev_F > longev_M, "#3A8AD8", "#F2A039"),
taxon_id = cur_group_id()
%>%
) ungroup() %>%
# Clean one of the taxon names that is misspelled
mutate(taxon = if_else(taxon == "CMED", "CMEAD", taxon)) %>%
# Merge aggregated data with the taxonomy to obtain species names
left_join(taxonomy)
Let’s store the names of the font families in two variables
= "Fira Sans Compressed"
family1 = "Faune" family2
Let’s get started by plotting a very simple parallel plot. This plot is made of two components: segments and points.
<- ggplot(lem_longev) +
plt geom_segment(aes(y = longev_F, yend = longev_M, x = 1, xend = 2, color = color)) +
geom_point(aes(y = longev_F, x = 1, color = color, size = n_F)) +
geom_point(aes(y = longev_M, x = 2, color = color, size = n_M)) +
scale_color_identity()
plt
That was a pretty good start. Now it’s time to add the labels for the species. This is when the chart gets really insightful because the labels allow us to identify each species and compare them.
Fortunately, there’s ggrepel
which is going to make
extremely easy to automatically adjust the position of the labels.
Let’s do it!
<- plt +
plt geom_text_repel(
data = subset(lem_longev, taxon_id %% 2 != 0),
aes(y = longev_M, x = 2, label = latin_name),
nudge_x = 0.1, hjust = 0, direction = "y", family = family1,
point.padding = 1, segment.size = 0.2, color = "grey15"
+
) geom_text_repel(
data = subset(lem_longev, taxon_id %% 2 == 0),
aes(y = longev_F, x = 1, label = latin_name),
nudge_x = -0.1, hjust = 1, direction = "y", family = family1,
point.padding = 1, segment.size = 0.2, color = "grey15"
+
) scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0.5, 2.5))
plt
It’s worth remarking some arguments in the
geom_text_repel()
function. First,
direction = "y"
. This tells the text can only be shifted
in the vertical direction, which ensures the labels are horizontally
aligned. Then we also have nudge_x
, which adjust where
the text starts horizontally, and hjust
that determines
if the text is left aligned (hjust=0
) or right aligned
(hjust=1
).
The next step is to add some annotations. First, horizontal lines and labels to indicate the ages on the vertical axis. Then, other labels on the sides telling which side represents which sex.
This step is also about customizing the legend. This legend is going to tell what is being represented by the dot sizes.
Finally, the following chunk also changes the background color and removes the tick marks from both axis.
Notice the plot is built from scratch again. This is because
ggplot2
uses something known as the
painter model, which means that elements are drawn in the
same order they are included in the plot. In other words, if you want
some labels to be placed behind the segments, you need to add them
earlier, as follows:
<- ggplot(lem_longev) +
plt # Add horizontal lines in the bacground representing the years axis
annotate(
"segment", x = 1.1, xend = 1.9,
y = seq(10, 40, by = 1), yend = seq(10, 40, by = 1),
alpha = 0.2, size = 0.2
+
) # Add points with the same color than the background. These are the
# background of the text indicating the ages
annotate(
"point", x = 1.5, y = seq(10, 40, by = 5),
size = 16, color = "grey96"
+
) # Add the ages
annotate(
"text", x = 1.5, y = seq(10, 40, by = 5),
label = seq(10, 40, by = 5), size = 8, alpha = 0.2,
family = family2, fontface = "bold", color = "darkgreen"
+
) # Add annotation indicating which sex is on each side
annotate(
"text", x = c(0.9, 2.1), y = 11.25,
label = c("Female", "Male"), hjust = c(1, 0), family = family2,
fontface = "bold", size = 10, alpha = 0.3, color = "darkgreen"
+
) # Same lollipops as above
geom_segment(aes(y = longev_F, yend = longev_M, x = 1, xend = 2, color = color)) +
geom_point(aes(y = longev_F, x = 1, color = color, size = n_F)) +
geom_point(aes(y = longev_M, x = 2, color = color, size = n_M)) +
# Same labels as above
geom_text_repel(
data = subset(lem_longev, taxon_id %% 2 != 0),
aes(y = longev_M, x = 2, label = latin_name),
nudge_x = 0.1, hjust = 0, direction = "y", family = family1,
point.padding = 1, segment.size = 0.2, color = "grey15"
+
) geom_text_repel(
data = subset(lem_longev, taxon_id %% 2 == 0),
aes(y = longev_F, x = 1, label = latin_name),
nudge_x = -0.1, hjust = 1, direction = "y", family = family1,
point.padding = 1, segment.size = 0.2, color = "grey15"
+
) scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0.5, 2.5)) +
scale_color_identity() +
# This scale determine how the legend for the size is created
scale_size_continuous(
range = c(0.5, 5),
breaks = seq(0, 120, by = 20),
name = "Total number of lemurs hosted at DLC by species and sex"
+
) # Use a completely empty theme
theme_void() +
# Build a theme from scratch
theme(
# Set background color to grey96
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "grey96", color = NA),
# Send legend to bottom
legend.position = "bottom",
# Customize text of individual elements in the legend
legend.text = element_text(family = family1, color = "darkgreen"),
# Customize text of the legend title
legend.title = element_text(family = family1, color = "darkgreen"),
# Customize margin, the 10 is added to the top of the legend.
legend.margin = margin(10, 0, 0, 0)
)
plt
The chart above is just one step away from being publication-ready. This final touch consists of adding a good title and a subtitle to clearly describe what you see in the chart, and a caption giving appropriate credit to the author of the visualization and the people who made the data available.
<- plt +
plt labs(
title = "Longest lived lemurs at the Duke Lemur Center",
subtitle = "Maximum age recorded in years (living or dead), by species and sex",
caption = "Source: Duke Lemur Center · Graphic: Georgios Karamanis"
+
) theme(
plot.title = element_text(
hjust = 0.5, size = 28, family = family2,
face = "bold", color = "darkgreen"
),plot.subtitle = element_text(
margin = margin(7, 0, 0, 0), hjust = 0.5,
size = 18, family = family1, color = "grey30"
),plot.caption = element_text(
hjust = 0.5, size = 10, color = "grey30", family = family1
),plot.margin = margin(20, 20, 20, 20)
)
plt
It’s been so exciting to work on this chart! 🤩


Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agents arrested Douglas Spencer, 51, after the Nicoma Park Police Department requested assistance on a report of alleged inappropriate touching of a minor child by one of their officers.
The alleged incidents were several years apart and involved two 14-year-old females, according to OSBI.
Spencer was arrested Friday morning at the Nicoma Park Police Department and booked into the Oklahoma County jail on a $450,000 bond.
He is accused of rape in the first degree by instrumentation and indecent or lewd acts to a child under 16.
The OSBI investigation is ongoing.


struct att_ctrl_t {
double dt;
att_ctrl_t();
att_ctrl_t(const vec3_t &roll_pid,
const vec3_t &pitch_pid,
const vec3_t &yaw_pid);
~att_ctrl_t();
};
Attitude controller
vec4_t att_ctrl_update(att_ctrl_t &controller,
const vec4_t &setpoints,
const vec4_t &actual,
const double dt);
Update attitude controller with setpoints
(roll, pitch, yaw, z), actual
(roll, pitch, yaw, z) and time step dt
in seconds [s].
Returns Motor command (m1, m2, m3, m4)


Modern Migration is a non-profit collective of writers, researchers and photographers.
We publish news, opinion and long-form investigative journalism related to all aspects of migration in the modern world, including immigration and the refugee crisis.
Our long-term goal is to explain and perpetuate understanding of how modern migration works and the ways in which it affects our everyday lives.
Please visit our submissions page for guidelines on how to submit your work.


Which code is simpler?
Now you don't have to guess!
var foo = function () { return 'foo'; };
function foo() { return 'foo'; };
Compare!
results


Learn how to join the band, what life is like in the Marching Illini, and about other opportunities through Fighting Illini Athletic Bands.
SEE SPECIAL EVENTSGet the details on this season's variety of surprises, like special guests, parades, ceremonies, or exhibition performances.
LEARN ABOUT USRead about the rich and historic past of the world's first college marching band, along with the traditions and innovations formed along the way.
FOLLOW USGet the latest scoop on our performances, rehearsals, and endeavors on and off the field, like the annual Marching Illini Sousaphone 5K.
EXPERIENCE USSee dramatic visuals materialize, feel powerful music in the stands, or march with us to Memorial Stadium -- there's nothing like the Marching Illini live.
SUPPORT USFrom purchasing merchandise to sharing hashtags, learn more about all the ways you can make a difference in moving the Marching Illini forward.
PRESEASON CAMPGet hyped for this season's historic week of record talent for music and marching, all while joining together as an Illini family like none other.
JULY 30TH SECTIONALYou won't want to miss this opportunity to get an early taste of what the 2016 season has to offer. Practice with a large ensemble and meet up with fellow section members.


Hi, my name is Abdullahi Adan, a tech student at Moringa School. Currently undergoing a training on coding skills using Command terminal, HTML, CSS and Markdown to design and develop simple webpages. I aspire to be a Full Stack Developer in the near future and I really look forward to writing more codes.


This site requires JavaScript in order to function
Sample Application
Enter your name:
Hello {{name}}!
List of contries with locale:
{{"Country: " + country.name + ", Locale: " + country.locale}}


HC stays demolition of Belur Ambedkar Nagar slum
by Shivakumar MenasinakaiThe Karnataka High Court passed an interim order staying the demolition of Belur Ambedkar Nagar slum in Yamalur.
The slum at NAL Wind Tunnel road is home to over 120 families for the past 40 years.
A division bench comprising Chief Justice Abhay S Oka and Pradeep Singh Yerur passed the order on a public interest litigation filed by Belur B R Ambedkar Nagar Residents Welfare Association which sought a stay on the scheduled demolition on Thursday by the Karnataka Slum Development Board.
Clifton D’Rosario, the petitioners’ advocate, submitted that the slum — located on a 4-acre-37-gunta land — houses families belonging to the economically and socially weaker sections of society. Most of the residents are daily-wage labourers, domestic workers and auto-rickshaw drivers.
The advocate said several families are second-generation residents and the children are almost entirely third-generation. He also argued that the area was declared as a slum under Section 3 of the Karnataka Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1973.
The Karnataka Slum Development Board, however, put up a notice at the Anganwadi in the area, stating that as per the order of the National Green Tribunal, they have to remove encroachments on what was once a lakebed.
He said the action of the board violates the petitioners’ fundamental right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.
The court stayed the demolition scheduled for Thursday morning and issued notices to the slum board and the state government.


 More...
|
| |
| int | get_width () const |
| | The scene width. More...
|
| |
| int | get_height () const |
| | The scene height. More...
|
| |
| void | set_width (int width) |
| | Set the scene width. More...
|
| |
| void | set_height (int height) |
| | Set the scene height. More...
|
| |
| float | get_aspect_ratio () const |
| | The aspect ratio. More...
|
| |
| std::pair< float, float > | compute_u_v (float i, float j) const |
| | Compute the (u,v) from (i,j), i, j in [0,1]. More...
|
| |
| std::pair< float, float > | compute_i_j (float u, float v) const |
| | Compute the (i,j) from (u,v), u, v in [w, h]. More...
|
| |
| std::array< Vec3, 3 > | get_ortho_basis () |
| | Get the associated orthonormal basis. More...
|
| |
| void | set_plane_normal (const Vec3 &normal) |
| | Set the image plane normal. More...
|
| |
| void | set_film (std::unique_ptr< Film > film) |
| | Set the film. More...
|
| |
| Film * | get_film () |
| | Get the film. More...
|
| |
Represents a generic camera.
- Author
- Vitor Greati


DfE enquiries
Central newsdesk 020 7783 8300
General enquiries 0370 000 2288
Written statement to Parliament
The Education Secretary responds to recommendations from the School Teachers' Review Body about pay for low-paid unqualified teachers.
The School Teachers’ Review Body’s (STRB) recommendations on pay for those unqualified teachers who earn a full-time equivalent salary of £21,000 or less are being published today. The recommendations cover the first of two matters which were referred to the STRB in October 2010. I am grateful for the careful consideration which the STRB has given to this matter.
Copies of the STRB’s analysis and recommendations are available in the Vote Office, the Printed Paper Office and the Libraries of the House and from the Office of Manpower Economics .
The STRB has recommended that a non-consolidated payment of £250 should be made to those unqualified teachers who earn £21,000 or less; that the £250 is pro-rated for part-time unqualified teachers; and that consultation should seek to identify a simple and cost-effective method of payment.
I am grateful to the STRB for these recommendations which will apply to those unqualified teachers on scale points 1 to 3 and subject to consultees’ views, I intend to accept these recommendations.
My detailed response contains further information on these issues.
School Teachers’ Review Body’s (STRB’s) recommendations on pay for those unqualified teachers who earn a full-time equivalent salary of £21,000 or less and response from the Secretary of State for Education (Michael Gove).
[The following sets out the STRB’s recommendations which were published on 21 March 2011, together with the response from the Secretary of State for Education. The STRB’s recommendations below are in bold.]
The Secretary of State for Education (Michael Gove): The STRB’s analysis and recommendations on pay for those unqualified teachers who earn a full-time equivalent salary of £21,000 or less are being published today. The recommendations cover the first matter which was referred to the STRB in October 2010. Copies of the analysis and recommendations are available in the Vote Office, the Printed Paper Office and the Libraries of the House and from the Office of Manpower Economics .
In making its recommendations, the STRB was required to have regard to items a-e set out in the remit letter of 27 October 2010. The recommendations apply to those unqualified teachers earning £21,000 or less in the context of the two-year public sector pay freeze that will affect teachers from September 2011; and the Chief Secretary to the Treasury’s instruction that there should be a minimum award of £250 in each of these two years. I am grateful for the careful attention the STRB has given to this matter.
The STRB is due to submit its 20th Report, which will include the recommendations set out below as well as recommendations on whether there should be a limit on the value of discretions that can be applied to head teachers’ pay, by 30 March. I propose, therefore, that the statutory consultation on the STRB’s recommendations (below) should wait until the 20th Report and my response to that report are published in due course. I will, however, accept comments in the meantime on the pay recommendations for unqualified teachers earning £21,000 or less.
The STRB has recommended that:
I am grateful to the STRB for its consideration of this issue and, subject to consultees’ views, I intend to implement the payment from September 2011. I also intend, subject to consultees’ views, for the school’s relevant body to decide how the £250 payment should be implemented.
Central newsdesk 020 7783 8300
General enquiries 0370 000 2288
Published: 21 March 2011


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Build an open source lab, capable of providing a space for students to develop their projects
Promote integration between high school and university schools, encouraging students to join the university community
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To be, or not to be, that is the question
广岛纪念原爆68周年
莎士比亚 《哈姆雷特》
Hamlet（Act 3 scene 1）
To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to suffer
The Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune,
Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them: to die, to sleep
No more; and by a sleep, to say we end
The Heart-ache, and the thousand Natural shocks
That Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep,
To sleep, perchance to Dream; Aye, there's the rub,
For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause. There's the respect
That makes Calamity of so long life:
For who would bear the Whips and Scorns of time,
The Oppressor's wrong, the proud man's Contumely,
The pangs of despised Love, the Law’s delay,
The insolence of Office, and the Spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
When he himself might his Quietus make
With a bare Bodkin? Who would Fardels bear,
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
But that the dread of something after death,
The undiscovered Country, from whose bourn
No Traveller returns, Puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have,
Than fly to others that we know not of.
Thus Conscience does make Cowards of us all,
And thus the Native hue of Resolution
Is sicklied o'er, with the pale cast of Thought,
And enterprises of great pitch and moment,
With this regard their Currents turn awry,
And lose the name of Action. Soft you now,
The fair Ophelia? Nymph, in thy Orisons
Be all my sins remembered.
生存还是毁灭？
这是个问题。
究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残,还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净。
去死，去睡就结束了，如果睡眠能结束我们心灵的创伤和肉体所承受的千百种痛苦，那真是生存求之不得的天大的好事。
去死，去睡，去睡，也许会做梦！
唉，这就麻烦了，即使摆脱了这尘世可在这死的睡眠里又会做些什么梦呢？
真得想一想，就这点顾虑使人受着终身的折磨,谁甘心忍受那鞭打和嘲弄，受人压迫，受尽侮蔑和轻视，忍受那失恋的痛苦，法庭的拖延，衙门的横征暴敛，默默无闻的劳碌却只换来多少凌辱。
但他自己只要用把尖刀就能解脱了。
谁也不甘心，呻吟、流汗拖着这残生，可是对死后又感觉到恐惧，又从来没有任何人从死亡的国土里回来，因此动摇了，宁愿忍受着目前的苦难而不愿投奔向另一种苦难。
顾虑就使我们都变成了懦夫，使得那果断的本色蒙上了一层思虑的惨白的容颜，本来可以做出伟大的事业，由于思虑就化为乌有了，丧失了行动的能力。
日本半岛
日本旭日旗
广岛纪念原爆68周年
日本基本国情汇编
更多资讯，请访问： retter2012.com 。
西太平洋地区的未来海权
主要研究结果：
长期以来，美国在西太平洋的利益和影响力以海权为根
本。然而，中国却将美国的海上力量视作一种威胁，因而积
极发展自身的反舰和海军力量。
翻开历史，新兴海上力量与老牌海上强国之间的竞争早有先
例，其中，英德之争和美日之争都付诸于战争。
为了保护自身利益同时避免冲突，美国应发展分散和多样化
的、生存能力更强的海上力量，同时与盟友乃至中国（理想
情况下）合作以保障地区海上安全。
日本基本国情汇编
更多资讯，请访问： retter2012.com 。
美国在西太平洋的利益依靠海权来捍卫。然而，
中国却将美国在西太平洋的海权视作一种威
胁，认为不仅对其区域利益形成掣肘，还是其
通往远洋、获取资源和开拓市场的潜在障碍。中国正在
不断壮大其在东亚海域的海上力量，部署先进的反舰导
弹、潜艇等打击力量，对美国舰队构成威胁。如果美国
选择退却或者海权有所削弱，这一重要地区的局势会变
得不稳定，或者落入中国的势力范围。所以，美国应该未
雨绸缪。
因此，大卫 龚培德（David C. Gompert）在《海权
与西太平洋地区的美国利益》一文中指出，东亚海域将上
演新兴海上力量挑战老牌强国的经典案例。这种竞争可
能会导致对抗、危机或战争。龚培德借鉴了美国海军理
论家阿尔弗雷德 塞耶 马汉（Alfred Thayer Mahan）的
海权理论，历史上典型的三次海权竞赛以及目前美中两国
的利益和实力，提出美国该如何维持其海权并在该地区
与中国达成共处原则（modus vivendi）。
新兴海上力量挑战老牌强国的历史案例
马汉的理论源自于他对英国皇家海军成就了其工商业繁荣
乃至帝国辉煌的观察结果。他认为，海权是一个世界强
国的重要元素，一方面要保障自身进入海域的能力（海洋
控制），另一方面要对敌国实行海上封锁（海上阻绝）。
马汉的思想梳理了十九世纪末二十世纪初各国争夺制海
权的局面，并得到德国和日本官方以及包括西奥多 罗斯
福在内的美帝国主义提倡者们的研究与实践。
在十九世纪晚期，新崛起的美国对传统海洋霸主
英国发起挑战。为了争夺领地，跻身世界强国并驱走外
国势力，美国在大陆占据主动并实现经济工业化的基础
上，开始寻求制海权。英国作为当时的海军强国，没有
阻止美国海上力量走向强大，一方面是因为英国正面临
着其他更紧迫的挑战，另一方面，两国经济相互依存并
拥有共同利益（包括在海上安全方面）。
英国之所以避免与美国发生冲突，部分原因在于其
面临另一股新兴海上力量：德意志帝国。其时，德国将
英国的海上力量视作其海外扩张的威胁，而且是其通往
世界强国之路的障碍。英国则认为德国欲在欧洲图谋霸
权，是对英国海上力量的战略威胁。于是，英国一手加
强皇家海军的建设，又与沦落的老冤家法国结盟。随之
而来的是英德海军军备竞赛，对抗不断升级，最终酿成
第一次世界大战。
第三次海权争夺发生在二十世纪二十年代，日本帝
国为了夺取领地、市场和资源企图控制东亚海域，对其海
军进行大肆扩充和现代化建设。美国直到二十世纪三十
年代才幡然醒悟，开始增加部署其太平洋舰队，这对日
本赖以维持侵略扩张和壮大战争机器的生命线构成威
胁。面对海上封锁，日本终于按捺不住，对美国珍珠港
舰队发动了袭击。
对比以上三个案例，英美之争的结局显然是最令人
鼓舞的，最后形成了海上共存、合作以及联盟。但是，
与英美之争一案不同，美国不会将东亚海域的霸主地位
拱手让予中国。英德之争是一个更令人揪心、可能也更贴
切的案例，结果却惨淡收场，由此引发一个问题：为何
英德两国不能在保障海上安全的共同利益下达成一种合
作的解决方案？
中国海上力量在东亚崛起及潜在对策
美中两国在经济上相互依存，全球利益趋于一致，但在
东亚却相持不下。虽然中国还不具备全球海上力量，但
为了保护区域贸易航线，中国海军正在从海岸防御延伸到
争议海域。最值得关注的是，中国军方正在发展信息技
术，以大力提高和扩展用导弹、潜艇和网络武器锁定水
面舰艇（尤其是美国航母）的能力。
面对中国斥巨资加快发展反舰技术的局面，美国军
舰要防御远程导弹和静音潜艇的代价异常高昂，难度也
越来越大，而且可能徒劳无益。面对一个强劲坚决的对
手, 弹道导弹防御或反潜作战等现有技术都无法与攻击性
武器的发展并驾齐驱。
目前，美国海空军联合采用“空海一体战”，通过由
感测设备和武器系统组成的“杀伤链”，对抗中国的反舰
和其他反介入能力。尽管这是一个不错的方案，但却容
易受到中方网络攻击，而且可能需要美国先发制人。此
外，由于大部分打击目标位于中国本土，该方案可能会导
致局势升级。一种更好的办法是充分利用网络技术，并
且化整为零，打造更加分散和多样化的、能够远程打击
的小型隐蔽武器，同时辅以无人机和网络战。可是，再
分散、隐蔽性再好的武器也可能成为被袭击的目标。再
者，因为受经费制约和工业体系的惯性，美国海军不太可
能迅速建设这种生存能力更强的海上力量。在此期间，
美国海上力量将会暴露出更多的弱点，并影响到地区局
势稳定。
合作方案
考虑到技术发展趋势、时间因素以及东亚地区的战略重
要性，政治手段是海权竞赛以外的另一种回应策略。美
国可以联合地区盟友乃至与中国（理想情况下）开展海上
安全合作。与美国和其他东亚国家一样，中国极其依赖
海运贸易，海运贸易分别占其贸易总额的95％和经济总量
的近50％。
美国应提出一项东亚海上安全合作伙伴计划，邀
请所有在确保区域航行自由方面有着共同利益的国家加
入。这种合作伙伴关系的宗旨是不以武力解决争端，保
障和平时期的民用贸易航行不受威胁。实际上，解决该
地区复杂的海事法律纠纷不应该作为合作伙伴关系的先
决条件，但参与各方应承诺避免武装冲突。
如果该地区其他的新兴海上力量加入，将促使中国
也加入，从而形成一种多边安全机制。中国日益强大及其
在该地区的强硬态度，引起周边邻国的不安。由于担心陷
入孤立境地，中国的政治领导人可能不顾军方反对，寻求
多边合作。虽然把中国纳入东亚海上安全合作伙伴关系计
划不能排除海权竞争或冲突，但却能够增强互信，减少
可能引发中美敌对行动的误判。
总而言之，美国应减少对航母等水面舰艇部队的依
赖，同时寻求与新兴海上力量建立合作关系。中美两国都
有理由避免在东亚地区的冲突。随着技术的发展，两国
的海上封锁能力正变得越来越强，同时却失去绝对的制
海权，兀自追求海上战略优势已无法确保两国的海上安
全。美国在海洋事务上有技术和政治两种战略选择，可
以提高危机稳定性，降低对抗强度以及减少冲突风险。
同时，美国也应转向一种生存能力更强的防御姿态，那么
即使与中国爆发冲突，最终仍然可以获胜。
日本基本国情汇编
更多资讯，请访问： retter2012.com 。
The Future of Sea Power in the Western Pacific
Key findings:
U.S. interests and influence in the Western Pacific depend
on sea power, as they long have. Yet China regards U.S.
sea power as menacing and so is expanding its own in
the form of advanced anti-naval and naval capabilities.
This looming rivalry between an established sea power
and a rising one has historical precedents, two of which—
Britain versus Germany and America versus Japan—
ended in war.
To protect its interests yet avoid conflict, the United States
should develop distributed, diverse, survivable forces
while cooperating with its friends and, ideally, China, to
manage regional maritime security.
American interests in the Western Pacific depend on
sea power. Yet China views nearby U.S. sea power as a
threat, a counterweight to its regional interests, and a
potential barrier to its access to the world’s oceans, resources,
and markets. China is expanding its sea power in East Asian
waters, deploying advanced anti-ship missiles, submarines,
and other capabilities that threaten the U.S. fleet. Because
this vital region could become unstable or fall under China’s
sway if U.S. sea power were to recede or become vulnerable,
the United States will react to this challenge.
Thus, as David C. Gompert explains in Sea Power and
American Interests in the Western Pacific, a classic case of a
rising sea power challenging an established one is shaping
up in East Asian waters. Such rivalry can lead to confrontation,
crisis, or war. Gompert applies the sea-power theory of
American naval theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan, the history
of three rivalries between established and rising sea powers,
and current U.S. and Chinese interests and capabilities to
propose how the United States can sustain its sea power and
reach a modus vivendi with China in the region.
Previous Cases of a Rising Sea Power Challenging
an Established One
Mahan’s theories grew out of his observations on how Great
Britain’s Royal Navy enabled its industrial, commercial, and
imperial success. Mahan concluded that sea power is key to
world power and requires the ability to safeguard one’s own
maritime access (sea control) and to prevent such access by
enemies (sea denial). Mahan’s ideas shaped the great seapower
rivalries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and
were studied and applied by German and Japanese officers
as well as by proponents of American imperialism, including
Theodore Roosevelt.
The United States and Great Britain in the late 19th
century provide one example of a rising sea power challenging
an established one. The United States, having established
continental control and industrialized its economy, turned
to sea power in order to obtain possessions, achieve world
power, and rid its hemisphere of foreign presence. Great
Britain, then the predominant sea power, chose not to oppose
growing U.S. sea power, partly because it faced more pressing
challenges elsewhere and partly because of the two countries’
economic interdependence and convergence of interests,
including in maritime security.
Great Britain avoided conflict with the United States
in part because it faced another rising sea power: Imperial
Germany, which regarded British sea power as a threat to
its overseas access and an impediment to becoming a world
power. Britain regarded Germany’s hegemonic potential in
Europe and its challenge to British sea power as a strategic
threat. It responded by strengthening the Royal Navy
and allying with its old enemy and Europe’s weaker power,
France. The ensuing naval arms race and rising levels of
Anglo-German animosity contributed to the conditions that
led to World War I.
In a third example, Imperial Japan by the 1920s sought
control of East Asian waters to acquire possessions, markets,
and resources, so it relentlessly expanded and modernized its
navy. Belatedly, the United States responded by increasing
and deploying its fleet forward in the Pacific in the 1930s,
posing a threat to the lifelines on which Japan depended to
maintain its conquests and expand its war-making ability.
Facing sea denial, Japan felt compelled to attack the U.S.
fleet at Pearl Harbor.
Of the three cases, the most encouraging, obviously, is
the Anglo-American one, which ended in maritime coexistence,
cooperation, and eventual alliance. The United States,
however, is not about to defer to China in East Asia as Britain
deferred to the United States in the Western Hemisphere.
The more worrisome and perhaps more relevant case is the
Anglo-German one, which ended badly, raising the question
of why London and Berlin could not find a cooperative solution,
given a common interest in maritime security.
Emerging Chinese Sea Power in East Asia and
Potential Counters
The United States and China are economically interdependent
and have convergent global interests, but they are at
loggerheads in East Asia. While China has not embraced
global sea power, it is moving from coastal defense to extending
its naval reach into disputed water in order to protect
regional trade routes. Of most concern, the Chinese military
is exploiting information technology to greatly improve and
extend its targeting of surface ships, especially U.S. aircraft
carriers, with missiles, submarines, and cyber weapons.
Defending U.S. ships against extended-range missiles
and quiet submarines is difficult, expensive, and probably
futile in the face of China’s accelerating, well-funded antinaval
build-up. With known technologies, neither ballistic
missile defense nor anti-submarine warfare can keep pace
with the offensive enhancements of such a large, capable,
and resolute rival.
The U.S. Navy, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force,
is responding with “Air-Sea Battle” to counter China’s antinaval
and other anti-access capabilities by targeting its “kill
chain” of sensors and weapons. While this is a worthwhile
option, it could become vulnerable to Chinese cyber attack,
might require the United States to strike first or preemptively,
and could be escalatory, in that most targets are on
Chinese territory. A better approach is to take full advantage
of networking technology and shift toward more distributed,
numerous, diverse, elusive, small, long-range, and hard-tofind
naval strike forces, while also exploiting drones and
cyber-war. Yet even more distributed and less visible U.S.
forces may become targetable. Moreover, the U.S. Navy is
unlikely to shift rapidly to such survivable sea power, given
fiscal constraints and institutional-industrial inertia. Meanwhile,
the vulnerability of U.S. sea power will increase, and
regional stability could suffer.
Options for Cooperation
Given technological trends, an unfavorable timeline, and the
strategic importance of East Asia, the United States should
also pursue a political alternative to sea-power rivalry, engaging
its regional partners and, ideally, China itself in cooperative
maritime security. Like the United States and other
countries in East Asia, China depends vitally on the security
of seaborne trade, which accounts for 95 percent of its total
trade and nearly 50 percent of its economy.
The United States should propose an East Asian maritime
security partnership, inviting all states that share its
interest in assured access and passage to join. Such cooperation
could be predicated on the norms that disputes should
be settled nonviolently and that civilian shipping engaged in
peaceful, peacetime trade should not be threatened. Realistically,
resolving the region’s complex maritime legal disputes
should not be a precondition for the partnership, but a pledge
to refrain from force should be.
Participation of other increasingly capable navies in the
region could encourage China to join and bolster a multilateral
approach to security. As China has become more
powerful and assertive within the region, its neighbors have
become more wary of it; fear of becoming isolated could
cause Chinese political leaders to overrule military opposition
to multilateral cooperation. While China’s participation in
an East Asian maritime security partnership would not preclude
naval competition or conflict, it could reduce mistrust
and mistakes that might trigger Sino-U.S. hostilities.
In sum, the United States should reduce dependence on
concentrated surface forces, such as aircraft carriers, while
pursuing a cooperative alternative to relations with the rising
sea power. China and the United States have reason to avoid
conflict in East Asia. Because technology is producing growing
capabilities for sea denial and may deprive both powers of
assured sea control, the pursuit of strategic advantage at sea
may leave both with diminished maritime security. The United
States has technological and political options at sea that can add
crisis stability, lessen the intensity of rivalry, and reduce the risk
of conflict, even as it shifts toward a more survivable posture
that would enable it to prevail if conflict with China occurs.
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and
decisionmaking through research and analysis.
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Draw.Dot
Syntax
Draw.Dot (x, y, Color : int)
Description
The Draw.Dot procedure is used to color the dot (pixel) at location (x, y) using the specified Color.
Example
This program randomly draws dots with random colors. The maxx, maxy and maxcolor functions give the maximum x, y and color values.
View.Set ("graphics")
var x, y, c : int
loop
x := Rand.Int (0, maxx) % Random x
y := Rand.Int (0, maxy) % Random y
c := Rand.Int (0, maxcolor) % Random color
Draw.Dot (x, y, c)
end loop
Details
The screen must be in a "graphics" mode. If the screen is not in a "graphics" mode, an error will occur. See View.Set for details.
Status
Exported qualified.
This means that you can only call the function by calling Draw.Dot, not by calling Dot.
See also
View.Set, maxx, maxy and the various procedures in the Draw unit.


{% extends "admin_base.html" %} {% block title %}Access not authorized{% endblock %} {% block content %}
You are trying to access the admin console for {{ server_name }} without being logged in as the owner. {% if user %} You are currently logged in as {{ user.nickname }} < {{ user.email }}>. You may need to log out, and log back in to access the admin console. {% endif %}
If you have lost access to the owner account, please contact {{ settings.author }}.
{% endblock %}


IDF tank flips over during military drill along Lebanese border
by News DeskBEIRUT, LEBANON (10:20 A.M.) – A tank belonging to the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) was reported to have flipped over during a military drill along the Lebanese border on Monday.
According to the website Hamodia, the tank was damaged after being overturned, but no one was hurt.
“The tank was traveling on a road along the northern border in heavy fog, along a mountainous,” the publication said, adding “an investigation has been opened into the specific circumstances of the incident.
A photo later shared on Hezbollah’s military media Telegram channel showed the alleged overturned tank; they said the photo was taken from uncited Israeli media channel.


We have appointed a data protection officer for our company.
{{this.firstname}} {{this.lastname}} {{this.street}} {{this.streetnumber}} {{this.postalcode}} {{this.city}}
Telephone: {{this.telephone}} Email: {{this.email}}


Sequence your drum sounds! Select the notes you want to be played in your drum loop by clicking on them. Click here to listen to your loop, and here when you're done!


RnSap - SAP RFC
Most the time, when in need to make SAP RFC calls, we have requirements for simple functions: - Read a Table (Done)
(TODO) - Commit Work - Do Goods Movement - Create Purchase Order - Post Finance Document
This Gem simplifies that process, making it simple to get information back from SAP into Ruby/Rails apps.
Background
The NetWeaver SAP RFC framework allows for C/C++ calls to SAP Remote Function Call routines, called Function Modules.
There are always some concerns when doing lib calls, as requirements are not always thought to be the same way as in Ruby.
In some scenarios, we need to have the return as class instances.
This gem carries the calls, returning Ruby-like class instances as return, that you can than use in your projects
Dependencies
This project depends on the ‘nwrfc’ gem, which in turn depends on Ruby ffi to make library calls.
This project also depends on the SAP NW RFC library, which is only available through the SAP connectors, which can be found at their homepage https://support.sap.com/en/product/connectors/nwrfcsdk.html.
Unfortunatelly, it’s required to have SAP access and authorization to download this file.
Current development stage
I’m in a early stage development and I would deeply appreciate support from the community to implement the functionalities foreseen for this gem, as well as propose fixes to issues.
For this matter, this gem licence is MIT, therefore you can use and modify it as much as you want, as long as you do the proper reference to my gem.
Code example
The code below: - Carries a SAP Table reading, returning the fields requested in an array of objects with the name of that table - fields: array with SAP field names - read_table: takes the SAP table name and which fields as arguments. The ‘where’ clause isn’t implemented yet - list: returns an array of Lfa1 objects, containing an attribute for each SAP field requested
Connecting to SAP
Although this example shows ‘open’ user, password and connection options, keep in mind you can use (since Rails 5.2) the Secrets option to securelly store data.
“by
declare SAP logon info and creates the connection
logon_info = { ‘user’ => ‘user’, ‘passwd’ => ‘password’, # ‘trace’ => 2, ‘client’ => ‘100’, ‘ashost’ => ‘server.com’, ‘sysnr’ => ‘00’ } conn = RnSap::Sap.new(logon_info)
“
Reading the entire content of a table
In this example the table LFA1 (Vendor’s A segment - cross company view) is read entirely, retreaving the vendor Name, its code and its country.
“by
declare which fields will be read from SAP
fields = %w[NAME1 LIFNR LAND1]
list returns an array of Lfa1 objects
list = conn.read_table(‘lfa1’, fields, [])
puts “——– LFA1 - lista final ———” puts “Count: #listlist.count”
list.each do |item| puts( “Vendor: #itemitem.lifnr / #itemitem.land1 / #itemitem.name1”) end
“Reading with filters*
In this example the table MARA (Material general view) is read with the filter for Material Type (MTART) being “Raw Material” (ROH)
“by
fields = %w[MATNR MTART MEINS] list = conn.read_table(‘mara’, fields, [MATNR = ROH])
puts “——– MARA - lista final ———” puts “Count: #listlist.count”
list.each do |item| puts( “Material: #itemitem.matnr / #itemitem.mtart / #itemitem.meins”) end
“
Passing additional parameters via Hash
From version 0.3.0 onwards, it’s now possible to pass Hash parameters as well. The method now assumes that the entire result should be returned, but now also allows to inform from which row the result is expected (Row Skip) and how many result rows (if available) are expected (Row Count).
“by
================= Reading tables - hash parameters ====================
The ‘where’ clauses are passed as an array of strings
@list3 = conn.read_table({ name: ‘MARA’, fields: fields, clauses: [MTART = ROH], row_skip: 1, row_count: 2 })
puts ‘——– MARA - Filtered for Raw Materials - Skip: 1 row; Count: 2 rows ———’ puts “Count: #<EMAIL_ADDRESS>@list3.each do |item| puts(“Material: #itemitem.matnr / Creator: #itemitem.ernam”) end
“


abstract fun onError(@NonNull error: PurchasesError): Unit
Will be called after the call has completed with an error.
error - PurchasesError: A [PurchasesError] containing the reason for the failure of the call
error


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Use of CGI James Dean in new film sparks an outcry
James Dean hasn’t been alive in 64 years, but the Rebel Without A Cause actor has been cast in a new film about the Vietnam War.
The filmmakers behind the independent film Finding Jack said a computer-generated Dean will play a co-starring role in the upcoming production.
The digital Dean is to be assembled through old footage and photos and voiced by another actor.
Digitally manipulated posthumous performances have made some inroads into films. But those have been largely roles the actors already played, including Carrie Fisher and Peter Cushing, who first appeared together in Star Wars and were prominently featured in the 2016 spinoff Rogue One.
James Dean was known as Hollywood's rebel
But the prospect of one of the movies’ most beloved former stars being digitally resurrected was met with widespread criticism after the news was first reported by The Hollywood Reporter.
Captain America actor Chris Evans was among those who called the plans disrespectful and wrongheaded.
“Maybe we can get a computer to paint us a new Picasso. Or write a couple new John Lennon tunes,” Evans said on Twitter.
“The complete lack of understanding here is shameful.”
Rights to Dean’s likeness were acquired by the filmmakers and the production company Magic City Films through CMG Worldwide.
The company represents Dean’s family along with the intellectual property rights associated with many other deceased personalities including Neil Armstrong, Bette Davis and Burt Reynolds.
Mark Roesler, chairman and chief executive of CMG, defended the usage of Dean and said the company has represented his family for decades.
Noting that Dean has more than 183,000 followers on Instagram, Roesler said he still resonates today.
“James Dean was known as Hollywood’s rebel and he famously said ‘if a man can bridge the gap between life and death, if he can live after he’s died, then maybe he was a great man. Immortality is the only true success,'” said Roesler.
“What was considered rebellious in the ’50s is very different than what is rebellious today, and we feel confident that he would support this modern day act of rebellion.”
Adapted from Gareth Crocker’s novel, Finding Jack is a live-action film about the US military’s abandonment of canine units following the Vietnam War.
Directors Anton Ernst and Tati Golykh are set to begin shooting on November 17.
Dean had just three leading roles before he died in a car crash in 1955 at the age of 24: Rebel Without A Cause, East of Eden and Giant.


{% include "partials/header.html" %}
{% include "partials/navbar.html" %}
Application Name:
Why do you want access to Dank Memer Imgen


Class: Aws::SES::Types::IdentityNotificationAttributes
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb |
Overview
Represents the notification attributes of an identity, including
whether an identity has Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon
::Aws::SNS
) topics set for bounce, complaint, and/or delivery notifications,
and whether feedback forwarding is enabled for bounce and complaint
notifications.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#bounce_topic ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon
::Aws::SES::Resource
Name (ARN) of the Amazon SNS topic where Amazon SES publishes bounce notifications. -
#complaint_topic ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon
::Aws::SES::Resource
Name (ARN) of the Amazon SNS topic where Amazon SES publishes complaint notifications. -
#delivery_topic ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon
::Aws::SES::Resource
Name (ARN) of the Amazon SNS topic where Amazon SES publishes delivery notifications. -
#forwarding_enabled ⇒ Boolean
rw
Describes whether Amazon SES forwards bounce and complaint notifications as email.
-
#headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled ⇒ Boolean
rw
Describes whether Amazon SES includes the original email headers in Amazon SNS notifications of type
Bounce
. -
#headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled ⇒ Boolean
rw
Describes whether Amazon SES includes the original email headers in Amazon SNS notifications of type
Complaint
. -
#headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled ⇒ Boolean
rw
Describes whether Amazon SES includes the original email headers in Amazon SNS notifications of type
Delivery
.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Aws::Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#bounce_topic ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon ::Aws::SES::Resource
Name (ARN) of the Amazon SNS topic where Amazon
::Aws::SES
publishes bounce notifications.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#complaint_topic ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon ::Aws::SES::Resource
Name (ARN) of the Amazon SNS topic where Amazon
::Aws::SES
publishes complaint notifications.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#delivery_topic ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon ::Aws::SES::Resource
Name (ARN) of the Amazon SNS topic where Amazon
::Aws::SES
publishes delivery notifications.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#forwarding_enabled ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Describes whether Amazon SES forwards bounce and complaint
notifications as email. true
indicates that Amazon SES forwards
bounce and complaint notifications as email, while false
indicates
that bounce and complaint notifications are published only to the
specified bounce and complaint Amazon SNS topics.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Describes whether Amazon SES includes the original email headers in
Amazon SNS notifications of type Bounce
. A value of true
specifies that Amazon SES includes headers in bounce notifications,
and a value of false
specifies that Amazon SES does not include
headers in bounce notifications.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Describes whether Amazon SES includes the original email headers in
Amazon SNS notifications of type Complaint
. A value of true
specifies that Amazon SES includes headers in complaint
notifications, and a value of false
specifies that Amazon SES does
not include headers in complaint notifications.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Describes whether Amazon SES includes the original email headers in
Amazon SNS notifications of type Delivery
. A value of true
specifies that Amazon SES includes headers in delivery
notifications, and a value of false
specifies that Amazon SES does
not include headers in delivery notifications.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-ses/lib/aws-sdk-ses/types.rb', line 2100
class IdentityNotificationAttributes < Struct.new( :bounce_topic, :complaint_topic, :delivery_topic, :forwarding_enabled, :headers_in_bounce_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_complaint_notifications_enabled, :headers_in_delivery_notifications_enabled) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


= $_SESSION['message'] ?>
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Example<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Gender:
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Female
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Luxury Train in India not just gets you to places but they get you there in style. Presenting seamless fusion of romance of a bygone era with contemporary finesse, luxury rail journeys in India offer unparalleled ways to explore the true essence of Indian culture. Indian Luxury Trains (ILT) is India's first luxury train travel portal brings together all luxury trains operating across India on a single platform.


Paweł Fertyk
Slides:
pyladies-pygame.pfertyk.me
Workshop:
github.com/pfertyk/workshop-pyladies-pygame/blob/master/game.py
Red, Green, Blue
Python tuple: (R, G, B)
0 <= R, G, B <= 255
| (0, 0, 0) | |
| (0, 0, 60) | |
| (0, 0, 255) | |
| (0, 255, 0) | |
| (255, 0, 0) | |
| (255, 0, 255) | |
| (255, 255, 255) |
surface.blit(other_surface, (x, y))
surface = pygame.transform.rotozoom(
original_surface,
angle, # in degrees, counterclockwise
scale # set to 1.0 for rotation only
)
font = pygame.font.Font(
None, # filename
64 # in pixels
)
...
text_surface = font.render(
'Hello', # text
1, # antialias
(200, 200, 0) # color
)
pygame.mixer.init()
pygame.init()
sound = pygame.mixer.Sound('laser.wav')
...
sound.play()
Fixing sound lag:
pygame.mixer.init(buffer=1024)
Make the ESC key (K_ESCAPE) close the game
from itertools import chain
...
for obj in chain(asteroids, bullets, starship):
obj.animate()
obj.draw(SCREEN)
Starship can be None:
chain(asteroids, bullets, (starship, ) if starship else ())
Display the number of asteroids left:
Hint: use the radius
Save the best (winning) score in a file
import os.path
best_score = 0
if os.path.isfile('score.txt'):
...
else:
...
Creating a file if it doesn't exist:
with open('score.txt', 'w+') as score_file:


QueenArmies::QueenBranch Class Reference
Custom brancher for Peacable queens. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual bool | status (const Space &home) const |
| Check status of brancher, return true if alternatives left. | |
| virtual Gecode::Choice * | choice (Space &home) |
| Return choice. | |
| virtual Choice * | choice (const Space &, Archive &e) |
| Return choice. | |
| virtual ExecStatus | commit (Space &home, const Gecode::Choice &_c, unsigned int a) |
| Perform commit for choice _c and alternative a. | |
| virtual Actor * | copy (Space &home, bool share) |
| Copy brancher during cloning. | |
| virtual size_t | dispose (Space &) |
| Delete brancher and return its size. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static void | post (QueenArmies &home) |
| Post brancher. |
Detailed Description
Custom brancher for Peacable queens.
Custom brancher that tries to place white queens so that they maximise the amount of un-attacked squares that become attacked.
Definition at line 167 of file queen-armies.cpp.
Member Function Documentation
| virtual bool QueenArmies::QueenBranch::status | ( | const Space & | home | ) | const [inline, virtual] |
Check status of brancher, return true if alternatives left.
Implements Gecode::Brancher.
Definition at line 203 of file queen-armies.cpp.
| virtual Gecode::Choice* QueenArmies::QueenBranch::choice | ( | Space & | home | ) | [inline, virtual] |
| virtual ExecStatus QueenArmies::QueenBranch::commit | ( | Space & | home, | |
| const Gecode::Choice & | _c, | |||
| unsigned int | a | |||
| ) | [inline, virtual] |
Perform commit for choice _c and alternative a.
Implements Gecode::Brancher.
Definition at line 243 of file queen-armies.cpp.
Copy brancher during cloning.
Implements Gecode::Actor.
Definition at line 253 of file queen-armies.cpp.
| static void QueenArmies::QueenBranch::post | ( | QueenArmies & | home | ) | [inline, static] |
Post brancher.
Definition at line 257 of file queen-armies.cpp.
| virtual size_t QueenArmies::QueenBranch::dispose | ( | Space & | ) | [inline, virtual] |
Delete brancher and return its size.
Reimplemented from Gecode::Actor.
Definition at line 261 of file queen-armies.cpp.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- examples/queen-armies.cpp (Revision: 12001)


The Complex Portal is released monthly and data on individual complexes is available for download in both PSI-MI XML2.5 and XML3.0 formats (see the PSI website for a detailed format description). The files are grouped by species. We have now also developed ComplexTAB, a flatfile format to enable simpler parsing or loading into Microsoft Excel. A separate ComplexTAB file has been produced for each species - details on the format are available here . All files are available from the ftp site and will be updated as we add new complexes with every data release.


National Research and Development Plan: Research on Biological Characteristics of the Tropical Disease Related Invasion vectors and Pathogens
Meeting introduction：
2016 meeting1
2016 meeing2
2016 meeting3
2015 meeting1
2015 meeting2
2015 meeting3
2015 meeting4