Meet the Deedles (1998)
Director: Steve Boyum Cast: Paul Walker, Steve Van Wormer, A.J. Langer, John Ashton, Dennis Hopper, Robert Englund Screenplay: James Herzfeld Producers: Aaron Meyerson, Dale Pollock Runtime: 90 US Distribution: Disney Rated PG: toilet humor
By Nathaniel R. Atcheson<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Perhaps the most disturbing thing about a film as painfully awful as Meet the Deedles is that there are people in this world who thought conscious members of the human race would enjoy it. I typically don't find low humor entertaining, but I can tell when it's been done with a little bit of intelligence. Meet the Deedles is not intelligent, nor is it funny, entertaining, or bearable in even the loosest sense of the word.
See, it's about these two brothers, Stuart and Phil Deedle (Paul Walker and Steve Van Wormer). They're a couple of surf bums who live in Hawaii with their rich father. One day, they get kicked out of school for missing a day, so their father sends them away to a camp in Wyoming to make men out of them.
But wait, all of this setup is useless, because when they get to Wyoming, there's a big mountain man-looking fellow there who claims that the camp was his but that the government took it away from him. So, after an elaborate escape from him, the Deedles end up taking a couple of women's clothes to wear; at this point, they skateboard down the mountain and crash land in the offices of Yellowstone park, where they are subsequently mistaken for the two women whose clothes they stole. They are recruited to be park rangers-in-training, and their job is to solve the prairie dog problem that is consuming the entire park.
See, the prairie dogs are present because a psycho (Dennis Hopper) hates the head park ranger (John Ashton) and wants to make him look bad by destroying Old Faithful (a geyser). Somebody sat down at their computer one day and said, "I think I'll write a brainless movie about a couple of surfers who go to camp, but then go to be park rangers." Meet the Deedles is the product of this line of thinking.
The film starts off terrible, with the brothers getting pulled out of bed on their birthday and then being forced by a bunch of friends to parasail. But, when the school police man (the school police in Hawaii apparently use boats) tracks them down, they outsmart him by flying over him and making him wipe out. This moment is poorly filmed and boring, and pointless, and it's hard to do the stupidity of the stunt justice in words: it needs to be seen.
The whole film, really, is as bad. It never let up, and it never got funny. The film also resorts to toilet humor, which I never like in any situation. Feces and flatulence should be reserved for . . . anything other than movies. The toilet humor makes its way into this film because the Deedles use a high-powered laxative to get the prairie dogs out, but it's in gas form so it goes into the air where birds can breath it, and then quickly dump their waste on the head park ranger.
Walker and Van Wormer are innocuous, and I can at least say that they are not to blame for this heinous disaster. They play their character-less characters competently, but the material is just too awful to accept. A.J. Langer, whom I like, manages to make her lines sound good, but she is wasted. And Dennis Hopper, as I'm sure you can imagine, doesn't give his all as this particular psycho.
I'm trying to think . . . I know there was one thing I laughed at in the movie. Well, I can't remember. I do remember, however, that writer James Herzfeld throws in a lot of jokes that only adults who keep up on current events would understand. Too bad they aren't funny, but that's not the real problem--the target audience for Meet the Deedles are boys between ten and thirteen (I'm guessing). There were two kids sitting in front of me in the film, and they were squirming silently the entire film. Two guys my age were behind me, and they expressed their distaste after the film was over. The only guy laughing also found the bird feces funny, so he doesn't count.
I thought Disney used to make good films. The last three I've seen from them--Krippendorf's Tribe, Flubber, and now Meet the Deedles--are all bad films. But they aren't just bad: they're offensive, audience-insulting garbage. Meet the Deedles is a film that should appeal to no one.  And, as I said, intelligence is not one of its strong points.
1/2* out of **** (1/10, F)
Visit FILM PSYCHOSIS at http://www.pyramid.net/natesmovies
Nathaniel R. Atcheson
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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: 2tb storage cloud storge and media server with pi author: display_name: vishvendra login: vishvendra email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: vishvendra author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 382 wordpress_url: http://vishvendrasingh.com/?p=382 date: '2016-10-23 19:31:19 +0530' date_gmt: '2016-10-23 19:31:19 +0530' categories: - cloud - raspberry-pi tags: - Cloud - raspberry pi comments: [] ---
hi there, 2tb storage cloud storge and media server with pi in cost of
5880 Rs = 2tb-disk
1450 RS = sata to usb 3.0
3000 Rs = pi
700 Rs = power supply
750 Rs = hdmi
700 Rs = 32GB Memory card
550 Rs = Fan & power supply
1800 Rs = Router 300N
90 Rs = Ethernet cable
=14920 Rs
and I can say I saved a lot of money not buying a costly media server for home and made it myself. Just happy its ready to dance. So many ideas I have thought to work on. Will be posting about them soon. And I tried this server with HD movie it just showed a little flicker in one of the 4 little cores. I couldn't believe it could handle that much load. So I hope for personal use I wont have to face crashing. It is having a nice fan attached for air suction. Guy u can comment if u got any questions.


--- layout: nodes.liquid section: smartContract date: Last Modified title: "Consuming Price Feeds" permalink: "docs/get-the-latest-price/" whatsnext: {"Historical Price Data":"/docs/historical-price-data/", "Price Feeds API Reference":"/docs/price-feeds-api-reference/", "Price Feeds Contract Addresses":"/docs/reference-contracts/"} metadata: title: "Consuming Price Feeds" description: "How to use Chainlink Price Feeds in your smart contracts." image: 0: "/files/OpenGraph_V3.png" --- {% markdown %} Price data feeds are available on the following networks: - [EVM-compatible networks](#ethereum-network-examples) - [Solana network](#solana-network-examples) To get a full list of supported blockchains for price feeds, see the [Price Feeds Contract Addresses](../reference-contracts/) page. > 📘 Note > > The full list of price feeds for each network are available from [Price Feed Contracts](../reference-contracts/). > 📘 New Feed Registry > You can now use the [Feed Registry](../feed-registry/) to reference price feed assets by name or currency identifier instead of pair/proxy address. ## Ethereum network examples You can get the latest price of Ethereum (ETH) inside smart contracts. For development and testing, use the [ETH/USD Price Feed](https://kovan.etherscan.io/address/0x9326BFA02ADD2366b30bacB125260Af641031331) on the Kovan testnet. You can consume price feed data using examples from one of the following languages: - [Solidity](#solidity) - [Javascript](#javascript) - [Python](#python) ### Solidity To consume price data, your smart contract should reference [`AggregatorV3Interface`](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink/blob/master/contracts/src/v0.6/interfaces/AggregatorV3Interface.sol), which defines the external functions implemented by Price Feeds. ```solidity Kovan {% include samples/PriceFeeds/PriceConsumerV3.sol %} ```
The `latestRoundData` function returns five values representing information about the latest price data. See [Price Feeds API Reference](../price-feeds-api-reference/) for more details. ### Javascript ```javascript Kovan {% include samples/PriceFeeds/PriceConsumerV3.js %} ``` {% endmarkdown %} {% markdown %} ### Python ```python Kovan {% include samples/PriceFeeds/PriceConsumerV3.py %} ``` ## Solana network examples Chainlink Price Feeds run live on the [Solana Devnet](https://explorer.solana.com/?cluster=devnet) with sub-second updates. Chainlink’s Solana deployment has no dependencies on external blockchain networks such as Ethereum. To get the full list of Chainlink Price Feeds running on the Solana Devnet, see the [Solana Feeds](/docs/solana-price-feeds/) page. You can view the program ID that owns these price feeds in the [Solana Devnet Explorer](https://explorer.solana.com/address/2yqG9bzKHD59MxD9q7ExLvnDhNycB3wkvKXFQSpBoiaE?cluster=devnet). ### Rust To learn how to deploy and interact with these price feeds using Solana and Rust, follow the README instructions on the [Devnet Deployment Demo](https://github.com/smartcontractkit/chainlink-solana-demo). This demo shows you how to complete the following tasks: - Deploy your own program that uses Chainlink Data Feeds - Interact with an account that stores state from a deployed program In comparison to Solidity, the combination of an account and a program is equivalent to a smart contract on an EVM chain. The demo shows you how to work with a program that you deploy, but you can refactor the client section to work with a program ID of your choice. State and logic are separated in Solana. ## How Do Price Feeds Get Their Data? Price Feeds are aggregated from many data sources by a decentralized set of independent Node Operators. The [Decentralized Data Model](../architecture-decentralized-model/) describes this in detail. ## More Aggregator Functions Getting the latest price is not the only data that can be retrieved from aggregators. You can also retrieve historical price data. To find out more, move on to [Historical Price Data](../historical-price-data/). {% endmarkdown %}


--- layout: post title: Rails article in Infoweek.ch (German) categories: - documentation author: admin published: true date: 2005-05-16 05:47:00.000000000 +01:00 ---
Jens-Christian Fischer has written an article about Ruby on Rails for Infoweek.ch and they’ve granted him permission to distribute the PDF of it from his blog. It’s all in German, which isn’t my strongest side, but it looks very nice. Great work, Jens-Christian.


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Introduction:
Let’s Find Out is a multifaceted brand activation event across Nigeria; its major objective is to serve as a Research and Development initiative aimed at finding out what people generally really do understand about Domestic Violence/ Abuse through the deployment of a (well-tailored and simple to answer ) questionnaire
Objectives:
The quarterly support group is for all men at RISK of Relationship Abuse AND All those who wish to support them or improve their situation. We offer practical one-one support and assistance to men and their children experiencing intimate partner abuse
We offer a non-judgmental support to reduce the disadvantage of male victims of domestic abuse facing the civil and family justice system without a paid lawyer, enabling them to access justice. We give men the space and time to share their stories and experiences and to gain support from each other who have similar experiences.
The Basement Project Recovery Program has been designed by people who have been affected by alcohol and drug issues, with the aim of helping others attain a lifestyle free from addiction, abuse, and the fear. The program aim is to help you get clean from alcohol and/or drugs and for you to understand more about the nature of the addictive illness. With this understanding, you will be able to manage a life free from addiction.
Similar to the Men Together initiative, Women Together is a quarterly support group for all women at RISK of Relationship Abuse AND All those who wish to support them or improve their situation.
We offer practical one-one support and assistance to women and their children experiencing intimate partner abuse.
Also, we showcase voluntary testimonials from women who have suffered similar abuse in the past – to encourage those who are currently being abused speak out, and get much-required HELP.
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JBehave provides the following artifacts, defined as POM artifacts:
| Module | Versions |
|---|---|
| jbehave-core | lookup |
| jbehave-groovy | lookup |
| jbehave-guice | lookup |
| jbehave-pico | lookup |
| jbehave-spring | lookup |
| jbehave-ant | lookup |
| jbehave-maven-plugin | lookup |
| jbehave-distribution | lookup |
Once a version has been chosen, each artifact will declare the dependencies required.


NEHEMIAH
1
1 I am Nehemiah son of Hacaliah. I am writing this account of what I did when I returned to Jerusalem. During the twentieth year after King Artaxerxes began to rule the Persian Empire, in the month of Kislev. I was in Susa, the capital of Persia.
2 My brother Hanani came to see me. He and some other men were from Judah. I asked them questions about the small number of Jews who had escaped from the Babylonian exile, and about the city of Jerusalem.
3 They said to me, "The Jews who survived the captivity are living there in Judah with great difficulty and shame. The wall of the city was pushed down at many places so an army could easily come through it, and not only so, but the gates of the city have been completely destroyed by fire."
4 When I heard that, I sat down and cried. For many days I mourned and fasted, and I prayed to the God who is in heaven.
5 I said, "Yahweh, you are the God who is in heaven.  I pray during the day and at night for your Israelite people. I confess that we have sinned. Even I and my family have sinned against you.
7 We have acted very wickedly. Many years ago your servant Moses gave us your laws and all the decrees you commanded us to do, but we did not keep them.
8 But please remember what you told your servant Moses. You said, 'If you do live with faith and obedience before me, I will scatter you among the nations.
9 But if you return to me and obey my commands, even if you have been exiled to a very remote place, I will gather all of you up and bring you back to this place where I showed you how great and glorious I am.'
10 We are your servants. We are the people whom you have delivered from slavery by your very great power. You did that because you are able to do whatever you desire.
11 Yahweh, please hear my prayer, I who am your servant. Please hear the prayers of all your people who have great joy when they honor you for who you are and what you do. Now I pray you would give me success when I go to the king; and protect me as I make a request of the king that could put my life in jeopardy. Give me mercy."
I was serving as one of the most trusted servants to the king.


Biography
Hi there, thanks for visiting my page! My name is Carly, I'm a student at Code Fellows in the Code 201 course currently. I live in the Seattle area, and feel very fortunate to call this place home. When I'm not learning to code, I enjoy spending as much time as I can outside. I enjoy skiing, mountain biking, road cycling, hiking, and surfing.
Education History
I graduated from Snohomish High School, and went on to attend Western Washington University. While at Western, I bounced around between a few potential majors: pre-physical therapy/kinestiology, biology, secondary education, and mathematics. I graduated in 2014 with a BS in Mathematics. It was tough, but I learned a lot about hard work and perseverance trying to get through the program. A lot of it felt way over my head, and I often question why I did it. I thought I wanted to become a secondary education math teacher, but graduated from school feeling so defeated and burned out with school that I had to find something else. I learned a lot about myself those few (yes, more than 4...) years at Western, and I know what I learned will serve me well in some way in the future.
- High School: Snohomish High School, Graduated 2008
- College: Western Washington University, Graduated 2014
- Additional courses: Accounting studies at Bellevue College
Job Experience
Here is an overview of my job experience. I come to Code Fellows with a background in recruiting, specifically for the financial services and tech industries.
- Recruiter // CFO Selections, Feb 2015 - Nov 2019
- Business Operations and Accounting Assistant // Accounting Solutions Partners, Feb 2015 - Nov 2019
- Recruiter // Bandwidth, Nov 2019 - Feb 2020
- Recruiter (part-time) // CFO Selections, April 2020 - Sept 2020
My Goals
Here are some of my top goals for the next few months and beyond:
- Build confidence in my abilities and potential.
- Refine my communication skills, be able to confidently talk about myself and my pitch.
- Graduate from Code Fellows!
- Once I've graduated, land a job with a company I really believe in and am excited about.
- Keep working hard on refining my coding craft.
- Give back and teach others the new skills I've had the opportunity to learn.
My Top Ten: Favorite Places
- Whistler, BC
- San Juan Islands, WA
- Hood Canal, WA
- Westport, WA
- Winthrop, WA
- Park City, UT
- Iceland
- Banff National Park, AB
- Tofino, BC
- Sweden


Installation¶
Fivepseq is designed to run on Unix systems with python 2.7 or python 3.x.
Dependencies¶
To set up fivepseq, the following python packages need to be pre-installed manually using pip (if you don’t have pip you may install it as described here ).
Paste the following lines into the shell terminal:
pip install --upgrade numpy pysam cython
pip install plastid
In order to enable exporting vector and portable image files, you’ll also need to have phantomjs installed as follows:
conda install phantomjs selenium pillow
Fivepseq installation¶
Clone the project from github:
git clone https://github.com/lilit-nersisyan/fivepseq.git
Navigate into the fivepseq directory and install:
python setup.py install
To check if fivepseq was installed correctly, type the following in the command line:
fivepseq --version
This should display the currently installed version of fivepseq. To display commandline arguments you may type:
fivepseq --help
Fivepseq module installation¶
In order to install fivepseq as a python module, you may use pip:
pip install fivepseq


Etymology: Rama means dwelling and Sita means plough in Sanskrit. Each of the names is significant, with Rama being all pervasive and Sita being the symbol of fertility.
Spiritual and Scientific Significance
Spiritually The Ramayana personifies Rama as an embodiment of ideal qualities. As a son, friend, husband, master and ruler. He was an Ideal without any parallel. Rama has 16 traits that can be followed by a human to walk the path of righteousness. Rama possessed lots of qualities that serve as a benchmark for any person wishing to reach the highest level of being.
Rama’s alter ego is Ravana, described as a demon with ten heads. These ten heads are the six vices, namely desire, anger, greed, infatuation, pride and jealousy and Manas (mind), Buddhi(intellect), Chitta (will) and Ahamkaara (Ego). Since these ten are present in every human being, all men have the qualities of Ravana. Ultimately, Rama slays ten headed Ravana, which signifies - whoever beheads all these ten heads, rises above these qualities becomes a Rama, achieves god realization.
Rama is the central figure in the famous Hindu epic Ramayana and is believed to have been born around 5114BC. This fact has been collaborated through astrological and archaeological dating. Thus, Rama is not a mythological person, nor can the Ramayana be considered or called a mythology.
Popular Belief
Hindus believe Rama is the 7th incarnation of Vishnu. Rama, along with his brother Laskshmana and devote follower, Hanumana were instrumental in defeating armies of Asuras during their period of exile. There are many legends associated with Rama, the most famous one being his victory over an almost immortal and the most powerful Asura King of all time, the Rakshas (demon) King Ravana.
Rama was the prince of Ayodhya and Son of King Dashrath and Queen Kausalya. He was sent to exile of 14 years on the whim of Kaikeyi (a wife of King Dashrath) as she wanted her son Bharath to be anointed as the King of Ayodhya. Rama being the ideal son went into exile accompanied with his obedient and loving wife Sita, protective and perfect brother Lakshman (who also insisted upon joining his brother). Rama spent 14 years in the forests and killed many evil Asuras (Demons).
Consorts:
Hindu’s regard Rama as the ideal Purusha (Ideal Man) and his wife Sita as Prakrithi (Nature). Scientifically their combination is interpreted as, Rama and Sita are inseparable.
Worship Festival:
The chanting of the mantra Hare Krishna-Hare Rama is one of the most common and wide spread ways Rama is worshippe
Associated Festival:
Ramnavami and Dusshera are the festivals celebrated in honor of Rama. On Dusshera Rama had vanquished Ravana who had abducted his wife. And so, a big effigy of Ravana is burnt to symbolize the same on this day.


{% extends '_base_email.html' %} {% block content %}
{{ _('To irrevocably delete your user profile, click on the following link or copy and paste it to your browser:') }}
{{ _('This link is only valid for the next %(validity)d minutes.', validity=validity) }}
{{ _('If you have not requested to delete your user account simply ignore this message. However, we highly recommend to change your password immediately.') }}
{% endblock %}


What is Rails?
Written by Mikhail Delos Trinos on February 13, 2015
In 2004 David Heinemeier Hansson developed Ruby on Rails or Rails, while working on "Basecamp" a project management tool by 37signals. He released Rails to be open sourced in 2005,and in 2006, Apple announced that it would ship Rails as part of its Leopard operating system. Rails is an open source web application framework that is written in the programming language Ruby. Rails uses best practice software paradigms such as Model View Controller (MVC), Active Record Pattern (ARP) and Convention over Configuration (COC).
PA MVC is a software architecture that implements user interfaces. The MVC allows the user to use an application in 3 componenets. The user uses a controller in order to make changes to the model / program. Once the input from the user is receive through the controller, the controller then manipulates the model / program with the parameters set by the user. The model / program then takes the information from the controller and updates its state meaning that when there have been changes made it complies to those changes and forwards those changes to the view. The view requests information from the model / program in order to display an output for the user. This whole cycle then loops back to the user.


The Shape Expressions (ShEx) language describes RDF graph structures. Shape Expressions can specify the nodes that can appear as subjects or objects in a graph, which predicates may be associated with given subjects/objects and which objects/subjects may be associated with particular subject-predicate/object-predicate combinations. Shape Expressions can specify cardinalities, data types, and the structures that a given subject or object may or may not appear in.
Shape Expressions are intended for use in:
This document introduces ShEx to people familiar with basic concepts of RDF[[rdf11-concepts]]. It develops a set of examples based on a simple issue tracking application to introduce the major features of ShEx. This primer is a companion to the language specification that serves as a language reference and full specification.
This quick introduction can be viewed as a separate document or as part of the full primer.
Shape Expressions (ShEx), is a language for describing RDF graph structures. A ShEx definition (Schema) identifies the rules that the elements (triples) in an RDF graph must meet in order to be considered conformant. It specifies the possible subjects, predicates, objects and combinations thereof that may or may not appear in a given graph. A given subject or object node in an RDF graph may be tested against a ShEx Schema to determine whether it conforms the stated criteria and, if not, why not. A ShEx Schema can also be used to determine whether all triples in a given RDF graph directly or indirectly conform to a ShEx Schema definition. If all triples in the graph conform, the graph itself can be considered to be "conformant".
Like the joke about how to sculpt a statue of an elephant, "Start with a block of marble and remove everything that
doesn't look like an elephant.", we can start with simplest possible ShEx schema, ":S1 {}
",
which matches any subject in an RDF graph that are ... subjects; a pretty exhaustive list.
Just as each tap on the chisel "constrains" the marble block to look more like an elephant, each ShEx constraint
in a ShEx schema reduces number of possible graphs that match the specified requirements. The ShEx
schema, ":S2 {rdf:type [foaf:Person]}
" matches any subject in an RDF graph that appears as the
subject of any number of triples as long as rdf:type
predicate and the object of that triple is foaf:Person
. Subjects with rdf:type
predicates, rdf:type
predicates or an rdf:type
predicate whose object
is not foaf:Person
do not "conform" to this definition.
One can continue to refine the ShEx definition -- the definition in the previous paragraph can be extended to say:
":S3 {rdf:type [foaf:Person]; foaf:knows @:S3
" - that conformant subjects participate in at least two
two triples -- one of which must be "?s rdf:type foaf:Person" and the second of which must have an foaf:knows
predicate and an object that
This document describes the how to create ShEx definitions, how they are used and what combinations of subjects, predicates and objects are considered conformant.
A ShEx Schema is based on two fundamental constructs: the node constraint and the triple constraint. A node constraint defines a set of possible values for a given RDF Node. @@Do we want to point folks at the definition of "Node", etc? A triple constraint defines a set of possible RDF triples. All other ShEx constructs, including keywords, grouping mechanisms, syntactic conventions, and matching procedures provided by the ShEx model are used to modify, qualify or contextualize these two basic building blocks.
Picture an RDF database (graph) that carries information about enrolles in a school. Put yourself in the position of a data manager who wants to ensure that every student "record" in this graph references at least one and at most two guardians, whose identifiers must be IRI's.
The following ShEx Schema shows how you might accomplish this:
PREFIX school: <http://school.example/#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX ex: <http://ex.example/#> school:Enrollee { # Node constraint ex:hasGuardian IRI {1,2} }
PREFIX ex: <http://ex.example/#> PREFIX inst: <http://example.com/users/> inst:Student1 ex:hasGuardian inst:Person2, inst:Person3 .try it
PREFIX ex: <http://ex.example/#> PREFIX inst: <http://example.com/users/> inst:Student2 ex:hasGuardian inst:Person4, inst:Person5, inst:Person6 .try it
The next example begins by simplifying the example above, where the IRI adds a triple constraint on the data predicate foaf:age, which must have a value matching the node constraint school:enrolleeAge, which is cited in the triple constraint by reference.
PREFIX ex: <http://ex.example/#> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> PREFIX school: <http://school.example/#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> school:enrolleeAge xsd:integer MinInclusive 13 MaxInclusive 20 school:Enrollee { foaf:age @school:enrolleeAge ; ex:hasGuardian IRI {1,2} }
PREFIX ex: <http://ex.example/#> PREFIX inst: <http://example.com/users/> PREFIX school: <http://school.example/#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> inst:Alice foaf:age 13 ; ex:hasGuardian inst:Person2, inst:Person3 . inst:Bob foaf:age 15 ; ex:hasGuardian inst:Person4 . try it
PREFIX ex: <http://ex.example/#> PREFIX inst: <http://example.com/users/> PREFIX school: <http://school.example/#> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> inst:Claire foaf:age 12 ; ex:hasGuardian inst:Person5 . inst:Don foaf:age 14 . try it
When the ShEx schema is tested against the RDF data in the examples above, four RDF data nodes (inst:Alice, inst:Bob, inst:Claire, inst:Don) are evaluated against a single shape (school:Enrollee) to yield a validation result, summarized below. Implementations of ShEx may be configured to provide more verbose validation results.
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| school:Enrollee | inst:Alice | pass | |
| school:Enrollee | inst:Bob | pass | |
| school:Enrollee | inst:Claire | fail | No foaf:age supplied. |
| school:Enrollee | inst:Don | fail | foaf:age 14 greater than 13. |
Most applications that share data do so using prescribed data structures. While RDFS and OWL enable one to make assertions about the objects in some domain, ShEx describes data structures. (See Section 5, "Relationship of ShEx to RDF and OWL" for more details.) A ShEx schema:
While ShEx schemas have many uses, they can all be described in terms of a validation process. For instance, when ShEx is used to document data structures for a SPARQL database or service interface, the schema defines the set of RDF graphs involved in that service.
The ShEx validation process is controlled by a shape map that specifies how the constructs of a ShEx schema relate to the components of RDF data graphs. The methods for constructing and expressing shape maps, which include the selection of node-shape pairs by means of queries, APIs, protocols, manual selection, or by the use of SHACL "target" properties, is beyond the scope of this primer.
In the Shape Expressions model, RDF data is seen from the standpoint of its structural components, or abstract syntax. An RDF graph is a collection of triples. A triple is a data structure composed of three RDF terms. An RDF term may be an IRI, blank node (BNode), or literal. In a triple, RDF terms are arranged in a fixed order, or directed arc, from subject to predicate to object. From the standpoint of ShEx, a triple may be seen as having an outgoing arc from a subject or an incoming arc to an object. RDF data may be serialized in any of several interchangeable concrete syntaxes designed for a variety of application requirements. Readers unfamiliar with any of these terms may want to consult an introduction to RDF before continuing with the rest of this primer.@@@cite The relationship between ShEx and RDF is discussed in more detail in section 4.@@@
ShEx provides a language for describing an RDF graph in terms of the abstract-syntactic components enumerated above. A ShEx Schema, the counterpart of an RDF Graph, is a collection of shape expressions. A shape expression is a logical combination of node constraints and shapes. Node constraints define the characteristics of matching RDF nodes. A shape describes a collection of RDF triples touching a given RDF node in terms of triple constraints that specify a matching RDF triple in terms of its predicate, direction (whether it is an incoming or outgoing arc with respect to a node), cardinality (how many triples should match), or value (characteristics of the RDF object node).
In the ShEx Model, a given RDF Data Graph is tested against a ShEx Schema to yield a Validation Result.
In the example above, the RDF data nodes inst:Alice, inst:Bob, inst:Claire and inst:Don are tested against a simple ShEx shape labeled school:Enrollee.
In the validation process, each of four nodes in the RDF data is treated, in turn, as a focus node, and triples involving that node are tested against a triple constraint.
This triple constraint has a single node constraint: a literal datatype constraint asserting that the object of a matching triple is of type xsd:string
.
ShEx may be serialized using any of three interchangeable concrete syntaxes: Shape Expressions Compact Syntax or ShExC, a compact syntax meant for human eyes and fingers; ShExJ, a JSON-LD[[json-ld]] (Javascript) syntax meant for machine processing; and ShExR, the RDF interpretation of ShExJ expressed in RDF Turtle syntax[[turtle]]. The schemas in this Primer may be viewed in ShExC syntax (by default) or JSON-LD syntax by pressing 'c' or 'j' in the browser or by clicking on the following radio buttons:
@@@Sentence pointing to https://shexspec.github.io/ns/
This document uses a running example illustrated by the following graph in which an Issue which is submitted by some person and potentially assigned to the same person or someone else.
These issues can have a status of unassigned
or assigned
.
The following node constraints can be used alone, or in combination.
my:UserShape { foaf:name xsd:string }
{ "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape",
"expression": {
"type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name",
"value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } } } }
MinInclusive
, MinExclusive
, MaxInclusive
, MaxExclusive
, TotalDigits
, FractionDigits
) and string facets, which apply to all RDF literals (Length
, MinLength
, MaxLength
, Pattern
). In the ShExC syntax, facet names are not case-sensitive.
my:UserShape { ex:shoeSize xsd:float MinInclusive 5.5 maxInclusive 12.5 }
{ "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape",
"expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:shoeSize",
"value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#float",
"mininclusive": 5.5, "maxinclusive": 12.5 } } } }
Literal
, IRI
, BNode
, or NonLiteral
, a union of the kinds IRI
and BNode
. In the ShExC syntax, node kinds are not case-sensitive.
my:UserShape { foaf:mbox IRI }
{ "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape",
"expression": {
"type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox",
"value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "IRI" } } } }
my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned] }
{ "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape",
"expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:status",
"value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:unassigned", "ex:assigned" ] } } } }
my:IssueShape { ex:reportedBy @my:UserShape }
{ "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape",
"expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedBy",
"value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:PersonShape" } } } }
Triple constraints are evaluated against all of the triples in an RDF graph that touch a given data node. From a ShEx perspective, the RDF data node of interest is a focus node. Triple constraints typically identify a predicate and describe matching triples as having the focus node as the subject in a triple with the given predicate. (The exception is the inverse triple constraint, which describes matching triples as having the focus node as the object.) Triple constraints may specify how many matching triples are required and what kinds of object are expected.
The following simple example has one shape, my:UserShape, with a single triple constraint on the property foaf:name. A value constraint within the triple constraint says that the object of a foaf:name triple must be an RDF literal with a datatype of xsd:string. A conforming node in an RDF data graph will have exactly one such triple.
# schema (ShExC) my:UserShape { foaf:name xsd:string }
// schema (JSON) { my:UserShape: { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } } } }
inst:User1 foaf:name "Bob Smith"^^xsd:string . inst:User2 foaf:name "Bob Smith" .
inst:User3 foaf:name "Joe Jones"^^xsd:string ; foaf:name "Joseph Jones"^^xsd:string . inst:User4 foaf:name "Bob Smith"^^xsd:anyURI .
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:UserShape | inst:User1 | pass | |
| my:UserShape | inst:User2 | pass | Literals in Turtle have a default datatype of xsd:string. |
| my:UserShape | inst:User3 | fail | Expected exactly one foaf:name arc. |
| my:UserShape | inst:User5 | fail | Expected an xsd:string, not a xsd:anyURI. |
The following regular expression conventions are used to specify cardinalities other than the default of "exactly one" (see the example in Section 1, with cardinality "one or two").
The above examples show just one triple constraint per shape. Most realistic shape declarations will include multiple constraints. In the ShExC syntax, triple constraints are separated by a semi-colon.
my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned]; ex:reportedBy @my:UserShape }
To illustrate this, we can declare a schema for the data described in the introduction. (Mousing over the the following list items items will highlight the corresponding elements in the example text.) Our first example issue must doesn't include ex:reproducedBy as illustrated in the image above, but it must have:
value set
ex:unassigned or ex:assigned,value shape
referencing my:UserShape.The user referenced by the ex:reportedBy property must have:
literal datatype
of xsd:stringnode kind
of IRI.# schema (ShExC) my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned]; ex:reportedBy @my:UserShape } my:UserShape { foaf:name xsd:string; foaf:mbox IRI+ }
// schema (JSON) { "type": "Schema", "shapes": { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:state", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:unassigned", "ex:assigned" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedBy", "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:UserShape" } } ] } }, "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" }, "min": 1, "max": "*" } ] } } } }
# passing data PREFIX ex: http://ex.example/# PREFIX foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/ PREFIX xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# inst:Issue1 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned ; ex:reportedBy inst:User2 . inst:User2 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
# failing data PREFIX ex: http://ex.example/# PREFIX foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/ PREFIX xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# inst:Issue3 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned ; ex:reportedBy inst:User4 . inst:User4 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith", "Robert Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
In the top example, inst:Issue1 conforms to my:IssueShape because every predicate identified in my:IssueShape corresponds to a triple with a subject of inst:Issue1.
Note that a shape composed of triple expressions with a minimum cardinality of zero will match any literal or RDF node which does not appear in the data:
my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned] ?; ex:reportedBy @my:UserShape * }
For both properties, the minimum number of triples is zero so any RDF data node will match this shape as long as it does not have conflicting ex:state or ex:reportedBy properties. Since no RDF literal may be the subject of RDF triples, any literal would satisfy this shape.
Value constraints can be combined, for example to say that an issue is both identified by an IRI matching a certain pattern and conforms to a given shape.
# schema (ShExC) my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:accepted ex:resolved]; ex:reproducedBy IRI @my:EmployeeShape /^http:\/\/hr.example/id#[0-9]+/ } my:EmployeeShape { foaf:name xsd:string; ex:department [ex:ProgrammingDepartment] }
// schema (JSON) { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:state", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:accepted", "ex:resolved" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reproducedBy", "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:TesterShape" } } ] } }, "my:EmployeeShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:department", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:Programming" ] } } ] } } }
# passing data inst:Issue1 ex:state ex:accepted ; ex:reproducedBy http://hr.example/id#123 . http://hr.example/id#123 foaf:name xsd:string ; ex:department ex:ProgrammingDepartment .
# failing data inst:Issue1 ex:state ex:accepted ; ex:reproducedBy http://hr.example/id#abc . http://hr.example/id#abc foaf:name xsd:string ; ex:department ex:ProgrammingDepartment .
@@@Validation Result here
In the examples so far, every shape has had an IRI or a blank node for a label. Every shape in ShEx has some label. It is possible to write ShExC without a label, in which case the label is a fresh blank node, different from every other blank node in your schema.
In ShExC, the example in Simple Expressions could be rewritten with the my:IssueShape embedded inline in "{}"s. The JSON representation of ShEx has no corresponding shortcut; it has instead a reference to a shape whose label is a blank node allocated by the parser.
# schema (ShExC) my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned]; ex:reportedBy { foaf:name xsd:string; foaf:mbox IRI+ } }
// schema (JSON) { "type": "Schema", "shapes": { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:state", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:unassigned", "ex:assigned" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedBy", "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "_:b1" } } ] } }, "_:b1": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" }, "min": 1, "max": "*" } ] } } } }
Most schema languages offer a way to express choices. In the following example, a user has either a simple name (foaf:name), or a composite name (foaf:familyName with one or more foaf:givenNames). The user must have exactly one foaf:mbox.
my:UserShape { ( foaf:name xsd:string | foaf:givenName xsd:string+; foaf:familyName xsd:string ); foaf:mbox IRI }
{ "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "OneOf", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:givenName", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" }, "min": 1, "max": "*" }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:familyName", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } } ] } ] }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "IRI" } } ] } } }
inst:User1 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Alice Walker" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:User2 a foaf:Person ; foaf:givenName "Robert" ; foaf:givenName "Paris" ; foaf:familyName "Moses" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
inst:User3 a foaf:Person ; foaf:givenName "Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:User4 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "A" ; foaf:givenName "B" ; foaf:familyName "C" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:User5 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "A" ; foaf:givenName "B" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:UserShape | inst:User1 | pass | |
| my:UserShape | inst:User2 | pass | |
| my:UserShape | inst:User3 | fail | Expected a foaf:familyName arc. |
| my:UserShape | inst:User4 | fail | Expected only one disjunction to pass. |
| my:UserShape | inst:User5 | fail | Extra foaf:givenName arc. |
A value set is a value constraint for enumerating the set of permissible values for a property. The values can be IRIs or literals.
my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned] }
{ "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:status", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:unassigned", "ex:assigned" ] } } } }
my:IssueShape { ex:state ["unassigned" "assigned"] }
{ "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:status", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "\"unassigned\'", "\"assigned\"" ] } } } }
Fixed values are represented as value sets with one member. For example, a required type triple can be expressed in the following two ways using the ShExC syntax:
my:UserShape { rdf:type [foaf:Person] }
{ "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "rdf:type", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "foaf:Person" ] } } } }
my:UserShape { a [foaf:Person] }
A value set can also contain IRI ranges.
An IRI range can be defined as including all IRIs that start with a given base IRI by appending a tilde ("~
").
PREFIX ex: <http://a.example/#> PREFIX excodes: <http://a.example/codes#> PREFIX auxterms: <http://aux.example/terms#> my:UserShape { ex:status [ excodes:~ auxterms:~ ] }
{ "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:status", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "excodes:unassigned", "excodes:assigned" ] } } } }
inst:Issue2 ex:status excodes:resolved .
inst:Issue5 ex:status ex:done.
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue2 | pass | |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue5 | fail | ex:done not in any range. |
An IRI range matches multiple IRIs, from which one may wish to exclude specific IRIs or IRI ranges.
IRI range exclusions are expressed by following an IRI range with: minus sign (-
), whitespace, and a specific IRI, or IRI range, to be excluded from the IRI range. An arbitrary number of IRIs, each prefixed with a minus sign and whitespace, can follow the first.
PREFIX ex: <http://a.example/#> PREFIX excodes: <http://a.example/codes#> PREFIX auxterms: <http://aux.example/terms#> my:IssueShape { ex:status [ excodes:~ - excodes:unassigned - excodes:assigned auxterms:~ - <http://aux.example/terms#med_>~ ] }
// schema (JSON) { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:status", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "excodes:unassigned", "excodes:assigned" ] } } } }
inst:Issue2 ex:status excodes:resolved . inst:Issue3 ex:status excodes:assigned. inst:Issue4 ex:status auxterms:med_sniffles. inst:Issue5 ex:status ex:done.
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue2 | pass | |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue3 | fail | excodes:assigned prohibited. |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue4 | fail | auxterms:med_… arcs. |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue5 | fail | ex:done not in any range. |
A period (.
) can be used with IRI exclusions to say that any IRI is permitted except the excluded IRIs.
# schema (ShExC) my:UserShape { ex:status [ . - excodes:unassigned - excodes:assigned ] }
// schema (JSON) { "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:status", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "excodes:unassigned", "excodes:assigned" ] } } } }
# passing data inst:Shape2 ex:status ex:random .
# failing data - excodes:assigned prohibited inst:Shape3 ex:status excodes:assigned.
Here we change the first example so that instead of an issue having an ex:reportedBy identifying a node corresponding to my:UserShape, the user node has a predicate ex:reportedIssue which identifies the issue. We don't want to assert that every node matching my:UserShape has reported an issue; we simply want to make sure that for every issue, there is some user who reported it.
The direction of the arc is changed by prefixing the triple constraint
with a "^" in ShExC or "inverse": true in JSON:
my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned]; ^ex:reportedIssue @my:UserShape } my:UserShape { foaf:name xsd:string; foaf:mbox IRI+ }
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:state", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:unassigned", "ex:assigned" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedIssue", "inverse": true, "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:IssueShape" } } ] } }, "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" }, "min": 1, "max": "*" } ] } } } }
inst:Issue1 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned . inst:user1 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; ex:reportedIssue inst:Issue1 ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
inst:Issue2 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned ; ex:reportedBy inst:User2 . inst:user2 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:Issue3 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned ; ex:reportedIssue inst:User3 . inst:user3 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:Issue4 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned ; ex:reportedIssue inst:User4 . inst:user4 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Robert" ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>;
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue1 | pass | |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue2 | fail | Missing incoming ex:reportedIssue property. |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue3 | fail | ex:reportedIssue is in the wrong direction. |
| my:IssueShape | inst:Issue4 | fail | Subject of ex:reportedIssue does not match my:UserShape; |
| my:UserShape | inst:User4 | fail | Max cardinality of foaf:name exceeded. |
Note that placing a regular triple constraint
on my:UserShape would require that all users have reported an issue, and is thus different from using the inverse property on my:IssueShape.
In this example, inst:User6 would fail to match my:UserShape:
my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned] } my:UserShape { foaf:name xsd:string; foaf:mbox IRI+; ex:reportedIssue @my:UserShape }
{ "type": "Schema", "shapes": { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:state", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:unassigned", "ex:assigned" ] } } ] } }, "my:UserShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" }, "min": 1, "max": "*" }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedIssue", "inverse": false, "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:IssueShape" } } ] } } } }
inst:Issue4 a ex:Issue ; ex:state ex:unassigned . inst:User6 a foaf:Person ; # fails my:UserShape foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:User7 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; ex:reportedIssue inst:Issue4 ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
A schema may specify triples that must not appear in the data.
For example, suppose there were a need for free-standing issues -- issues having no ex:component relationships, incoming or outgoing, with any other issues.
This can be expressed by setting the cardinality of triple constraints on the predicate ex:component to zero, meaning that they should match zero triples in the data.
That the shape must also not be the target of incoming triples with the predicate ex:component is expressed by prefixing the triple constraint with a caret (^
).
my:SolitaryIssueShape { ex:state [ex:unassigned ex:assigned]; ex:component . {0} ; ^ex:component . {0} }
TODO
inst:Issue1 a ex:Issue ; rdfs:label "smokes too much" ; ex:state ex:unassigned . inst:Issue2 a ex:Issue ; dc:creator "Alice" ; ex:state ex:unassigned ; ex:component inst:Issue3 . inst:Issue3 a ex:Issue ; rdfs:label "smokes too much" ; ex:state ex:unassigned .
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:SolitaryIssueShape | inst:Issue1 | pass | |
| my:SolitaryIssueShape | inst:Issue2 | fail | Expected zero outgoing ex:component arcs. |
| my:SolitaryIssueShape | inst:Issue3 | fail | Expected zero incoming ex:component arcs. |
Services backed by an RDF triple store may simply accept and store any triples not described in the schema; in such a case, the schema may only identify triples that the service understands and manipulates. At the other extreme are services or databases that accept or emit only the data structures described in a schema. In a ShEx schema, a shape may be defined to match only RDF data nodes that have outgoing triples matching the given set of triple constraints and no other outgoing triples. A shape declaration can be qualified to mean "this set of outgoing triples and no others" by using the keyword CLOSED.
my:OpenUserShape { foaf:name xsd:string; foaf:mbox IRI } my:ClosedUserShape CLOSED { foaf:name xsd:string; foaf:mbox IRI }
// schema (JSON) { "type": "Schema", "shapes": [ { "type": "Shape", "id": "my:OpenUserShape" "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" } } ] } }, { "type": "Shape", "id": "my:ClosedUserShape", "closed": "true", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:mbox", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" } } ] } } ] }
inst:User1 foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:User2 a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Bob Smith" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. inst:User2 foaf:knows inst:User1 ;
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:OpenUserShape | inst:User1 | pass | |
| my:OpenUserShape | inst:User2 | pass | |
| my:ClosedUserShape | inst:User1 | pass | |
| my:ClosedUserShape | inst:User2 | fail | Unexpected rdf:type and foaf:knows arcs. |
The foaf:knows arc invalidates inst:User2 but not inst:User2 because CLOSED applies only to outgoing arcs.
If a shape contains a triple constraint with predicate P, the shape is said to "mention" P. For an RDF data node to match a shape, every outgoing arc from that node that uses a mentioned predicate must match a triple constraint in the shape. This is called "closing a property".
my:UserShape { a [ex:Employee]; a [foaf:Person] }
// schema (JSON) { "type": "Schema", "shapes": { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "rdf:type", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:Employee" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedBy", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "foaf:Person" ] } } ] } } } }
# failing data inst:User4 a foaf:Person, ex:Employee, ex:Manager.
The data with the extra
inst:User4 a ex:Manager .
arc can accepted by adding rdf:type (or a
) as an "EXTRA" predicate, permitting any number of additional arcs with that predicate:
# schema (ShExC) my:IssueShape EXTRA a { a [ex:Employee]; a [foaf:Person] }
// schema (JSON) { "type": "Schema", "shapes": { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "rdf:type", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:Employee" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reportedBy", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "foaf:Person" ] } } ] } } } }
# passing data inst:User4 a foaf:Person, ex:Employee, ex:Manager.
When multiple shapes share some common triple constraints, we can label those triple constraints and refer to the label rather than re-expressing them multiple times. Below, both users and employees are expected to have a foaf:name and foaf:mbox. my:UserShape declares my:entity and my:EmployeeShape includes it.
my:UserShape { $my:entity ( foaf:name LITERAL ; foaf:mbox IRI + ) ; ex:userID LITERAL } my:EmployeeShape { &my:entity ; ex:employeeID LITERAL }
{ "@context": "https://shexspec.github.io/context.jsonld", "type": "Schema", "shapes": [ { "id": "http://my.example/#UserShape", "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [ { "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name", "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "min": 1, "max": "unbounded", "predicate": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/mbox", "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "iri" } } ], "id": "http://my.example/#entity" }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://ex.example/#userID", "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal" } } ] } }, { "id": "http://my.example/#EmployeeShape", "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "EachOf", "expressions": [ "http://my.example/#entity", { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "http://ex.example/#employeeID", "valueExpr": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "nodeKind": "literal" } } ] } } ] }
inst:Employee2 foaf:name "Bob" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; ex:employeeID "e02" . inst:Employee3 ex:employeeID "e03" . try it inst:User1 foaf:name "Alice" ; foaf:mbox<EMAIL_ADDRESS>; ex:userID "u01" .
| Shape | Node | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| my:EmployeeShape | inst:Employee2 | pass | |
| my:EmployeeShape | inst:Employee3 | fail | Expected foaf:name and foaf:mbox arcs. |
| my:UserShape | inst:User1 | pass |
The use of generic predicates sometimes leads to their being used multiple times in the same shape. In the following example, we want to make sure that an issue that is ex:accepted or ex:resolved has been reproduced by a tester and a programmer.
# schema (ShExC) my:IssueShape { ex:state [ex:accepted ex:resolved]; ex:reproducedBy @my:TesterShape; # Make sure it's checked by testing ex:reproducedBy @my:ProgrammerShape # and by a programmer. } my:TesterShape { foaf:name xsd:string; ex:role [ex:testingRole] } my:ProgrammerShape { foaf:name xsd:string; ex:department [ex:ProgrammingDepartment] }
// schema (JSON) { "my:IssueShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:state", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:accepted", "ex:resolved" ] } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reproducedBy", "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:TesterShape" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:reproducedBy", "value": { "type": "ShapeRef", "reference": "my:ProgrammerShape" } } ] } }, "my:TesterShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:role", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:testingRole" ] } } ] } }, "my:ProgrammerShape": { "type": "Shape", "expression": { "type": "group", "expressions": [ { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "foaf:name", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "datatype": "xsd:string" } }, { "type": "TripleConstraint", "predicate": "ex:department", "value": { "type": "NodeConstraint", "values": [ "ex:Programming" ] } } ] } } }
# passing data inst:Issue1 ex:state ex:accepted ; ex:reproducedBy inst:Tester2 ; ex:reproducedBy inst:Programmer3 . inst:Tester2 foaf:name xsd:string ; ex:role ex:testingRole . inst:Programmer3 foaf:name xsd:string ; ex:department ex:ProgrammingDepartment .
# failing data inst:Issue1 ex:state ex:accepted ; ex:reproducedBy inst:Tester2 ; ex:reproducedBy inst:Tester4 . inst:Tester2 foaf:name xsd:string ; ex:role ex:testingRole . inst:Tester4 foaf:name xsd:string ; ex:role ex:testingRole .
Note that ShEx uses a partitioning strategy to find a solution whereby triples in the data are assigned to triple constraints in the schema. It is possible to construct schemas for which it is quite expensive to find a mapping from RDF data triple to ShEx triple constraint that satisfies the schema. In practical schemas, this is rarely a concern as the search space is quite small, however, certain mistakes in a schema can create a large search space.
ShEx is designed to fill a long-recognized gap in Semantic Web technology. The Resource Description Framework language (RDF), and the more expressive Web Ontology Language (OWL), were designed for making statements about things "in the world" or, more precisely, about things in a conceptual caricature of the world. Things in that caricature may include anything from people, books, abstract ideas, and Web pages to planets or refrigerators. By design, RDF and OWL were optimized for aggregating information from multiple sources and for processing incomplete information. If a model in OWL says that a person has two biological parents, and only one parent is described in a given graph, an OWL processor will not report a mismatch between the model and the graph because the second parent is assumed to exist even if it is not described in the data. In other words, the graph could describe the second parent if more triples were supplied. In logic, this is called the "open world assumption".
In contrast, real-world data applications must often test the integrity of their data by flagging such omissions as non-conformant, and the ShEx language was designed for use in making such conformance tests. Where an RDF graph describes things in the caricature of the world, a ShEx schema describes things that are actually "in the data" of RDF data graphs. A shape expression refers to an RDF graph as a collection of abstract-syntactic entities: IRIs, blank nodes, literals, and triples, seen either as incoming arcs or outgoing arcs, with subjects, predicates, and objects. Inasmuch as a ShEx schema is tested against a given RDF data graph, and does not consider potential but unknown data outside of that graph, the ShEx model of conformance testing follows the "closed world assumption". That said, a ShEx schema can specify a "closed" interpretation, meaning that data can conform only if it includes only triples specified in the schema, or an "open" interpretation, meaning that data triples not specified in the schema are simply ignored.
It should be noted that a ShEx schema is valid as an RDF expression in an open-world sense. In this interpretation, a ShEx schema describes something in the world, where that "something" happens to be the set of abstract-syntactic components that comprise an RDF graph. However, such an interpretation is of no use in practical terms. The utility of a ShEx schema derives from its use for testing against the abstract-syntactic components "in the data" of an RDF graph to yield a conformance test result.
It should also be noted that a ShEx schema is not an RDF schema, even though both describe RDF data. "RDF Schema" is actually a language for defining RDF vocabularies and for specifying semantic relationships between terms that can be used to infer relationships between RDF resources.[[!rdf-schema]] A ShEx schema provides structural constraints, analogously to relational or XML schemas.
The following namespace prefixes are frequently used in this document:
| Prefix | Namespace | |
|---|---|---|
| rdf: | http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# | |
| xsd: | http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# | |
| Example namespaces | Used in | |
| foaf: | http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ | Friend Of A Friend vocabulary |
| ex: | http://ex.example/ns# | random application ontology |
| my: | http://my.example/ns# | shape declarations |
| inst: | http://inst.example/ns# | instance data |
| test: | http://shex.io/extensions/Test/ | Test language for semantic actions |


|
OR-Tools
7.1
Google Optimization software suite
|
#include <constraint_solver.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef AssignmentContainer< IntVar, IntVarElement > | IntContainer |
| typedef AssignmentContainer< IntervalVar, IntervalVarElement > | IntervalContainer |
| typedef AssignmentContainer< SequenceVar, SequenceVarElement > | SequenceContainer |
Public Member Functions | |
| Assignment (Solver *const s) | |
| Assignment (const Assignment *const copy) | |
| ~Assignment () override | |
| void | Clear () |
| bool | Empty () const |
| int | Size () const |
| int | NumIntVars () const |
| int | NumIntervalVars () const |
| int | NumSequenceVars () const |
| void | Store () |
| void | Restore () |
| bool | Load (const std::string &filename) |
| bool | Load (File *file) |
| void | Load (const AssignmentProto &assignment_proto) |
| bool | Save (const std::string &filename) const |
| bool | Save (File *file) const |
| void | Save (AssignmentProto *const assignment_proto) const |
| void | AddObjective (IntVar *const v) |
| IntVar * | Objective () const |
| bool | HasObjective () const |
| int64 | ObjectiveMin () const |
| int64 | ObjectiveMax () const |
| int64 | ObjectiveValue () const |
| bool | ObjectiveBound () const |
| void | SetObjectiveMin (int64 m) |
| void | SetObjectiveMax (int64 m) |
| void | SetObjectiveValue (int64 value) |
| void | SetObjectiveRange (int64 l, int64 u) |
| IntVarElement * | Add (IntVar *const var) |
| void | Add (const std::vector< IntVar * > &vars) |
| IntVarElement * | FastAdd (IntVar *const var) |
| int64 | Min (const IntVar *const var) const |
| int64 | Max (const IntVar *const var) const |
| int64 | Value (const IntVar *const var) const |
| bool | Bound (const IntVar *const var) const |
| void | SetMin (const IntVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetMax (const IntVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetRange (const IntVar *const var, int64 l, int64 u) |
| void | SetValue (const IntVar *const var, int64 value) |
| IntervalVarElement * | Add (IntervalVar *const var) |
| void | Add (const std::vector< IntervalVar * > &vars) |
| IntervalVarElement * | FastAdd (IntervalVar *const var) |
| int64 | StartMin (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | StartMax (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | StartValue (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | DurationMin (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | DurationMax (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | DurationValue (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | EndMin (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | EndMax (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | EndValue (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | PerformedMin (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | PerformedMax (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| int64 | PerformedValue (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| void | SetStartMin (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetStartMax (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetStartRange (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 mi, int64 ma) |
| void | SetStartValue (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 value) |
| void | SetDurationMin (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetDurationMax (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetDurationRange (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 mi, int64 ma) |
| void | SetDurationValue (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 value) |
| void | SetEndMin (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetEndMax (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetEndRange (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 mi, int64 ma) |
| void | SetEndValue (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 value) |
| void | SetPerformedMin (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetPerformedMax (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 m) |
| void | SetPerformedRange (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 mi, int64 ma) |
| void | SetPerformedValue (const IntervalVar *const var, int64 value) |
| SequenceVarElement * | Add (SequenceVar *const var) |
| void | Add (const std::vector< SequenceVar * > &vars) |
| SequenceVarElement * | FastAdd (SequenceVar *const var) |
| const std::vector< int > & | ForwardSequence (const SequenceVar *const var) const |
| const std::vector< int > & | BackwardSequence (const SequenceVar *const var) const |
| const std::vector< int > & | Unperformed (const SequenceVar *const var) const |
| void | SetSequence (const SequenceVar *const var, const std::vector< int > &forward_sequence, const std::vector< int > &backward_sequence, const std::vector< int > &unperformed) |
| void | SetForwardSequence (const SequenceVar *const var, const std::vector< int > &forward_sequence) |
| void | SetBackwardSequence (const SequenceVar *const var, const std::vector< int > &backward_sequence) |
| void | SetUnperformed (const SequenceVar *const var, const std::vector< int > &unperformed) |
| void | Activate (const IntVar *const var) |
| void | Deactivate (const IntVar *const var) |
| bool | Activated (const IntVar *const var) const |
| void | Activate (const IntervalVar *const var) |
| void | Deactivate (const IntervalVar *const var) |
| bool | Activated (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| void | Activate (const SequenceVar *const var) |
| void | Deactivate (const SequenceVar *const var) |
| bool | Activated (const SequenceVar *const var) const |
| void | ActivateObjective () |
| void | DeactivateObjective () |
| bool | ActivatedObjective () const |
| std::string | DebugString () const override |
| bool | AreAllElementsBound () const |
| bool | Contains (const IntVar *const var) const |
| bool | Contains (const IntervalVar *const var) const |
| bool | Contains (const SequenceVar *const var) const |
| void | CopyIntersection (const Assignment *assignment) |
| void | Copy (const Assignment *assignment) |
| const IntContainer & | IntVarContainer () const |
| IntContainer * | MutableIntVarContainer () |
| const IntervalContainer & | IntervalVarContainer () const |
| IntervalContainer * | MutableIntervalVarContainer () |
| const SequenceContainer & | SequenceVarContainer () const |
| SequenceContainer * | MutableSequenceVarContainer () |
| bool | operator== (const Assignment &assignment) const |
| bool | operator!= (const Assignment &assignment) const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from operations_research::PropagationBaseObject | |
| PropagationBaseObject (Solver *const s) | |
| ~PropagationBaseObject () override | |
| Solver * | solver () const |
| void | FreezeQueue () |
| void | UnfreezeQueue () |
| void | EnqueueDelayedDemon (Demon *const d) |
| void | EnqueueVar (Demon *const d) |
| void | ExecuteAll (const SimpleRevFIFO< Demon * > &demons) |
| void | EnqueueAll (const SimpleRevFIFO< Demon * > &demons) |
| void | set_action_on_fail (Solver::Action a) |
| void | reset_action_on_fail () |
| void | set_variable_to_clean_on_fail (IntVar *v) |
| virtual std::string | name () const |
| void | set_name (const std::string &name) |
| bool | HasName () const |
| virtual std::string | BaseName () const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from operations_research::BaseObject | |
| BaseObject () | |
| virtual | ~BaseObject () |
Definition at line 4996 of file constraint_solver.h.
Definition at line 4998 of file constraint_solver.h.
| typedef AssignmentContainer<IntervalVar, IntervalVarElement> operations_research::Assignment::IntervalContainer |
Definition at line 5000 of file constraint_solver.h.
| typedef AssignmentContainer<SequenceVar, SequenceVarElement> operations_research::Assignment::SequenceContainer |
Definition at line 5002 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
explicit |
|
explicit |
|
override |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Clear | ( | ) |
|
inline |
Definition at line 5009 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 5013 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 5016 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 5017 of file constraint_solver.h.
|
inline |
Definition at line 5018 of file constraint_solver.h.
| void operations_research::Assignment::Store | ( | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Restore | ( | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Load | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Load | ( | File * | file | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Load | ( | const AssignmentProto & | assignment_proto | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Save | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) | const |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Save | ( | File * | file | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Save | ( | AssignmentProto *const | assignment_proto | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::AddObjective | ( | IntVar *const | v | ) |
| IntVar* operations_research::Assignment::Objective | ( | ) | const |
|
inline |
Definition at line 5038 of file constraint_solver.h.
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::ObjectiveMin | ( | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::ObjectiveMax | ( | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::ObjectiveValue | ( | ) | const |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::ObjectiveBound | ( | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetObjectiveMin | ( | int64 | m | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetObjectiveMax | ( | int64 | m | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetObjectiveValue | ( | int64 | value | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetObjectiveRange | ( | int64 | l, |
| int64 | u | ||
| ) |
| IntVarElement* operations_research::Assignment::Add | ( | IntVar *const | var | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Add | ( | const std::vector< IntVar * > & | vars | ) |
| IntVarElement* operations_research::Assignment::FastAdd | ( | IntVar *const | var | ) |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::Min | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::Max | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) | const |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Bound | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetMin | ( | const IntVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetMax | ( | const IntVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetRange | ( | const IntVar *const | var, |
| int64 | l, | ||
| int64 | u | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetValue | ( | const IntVar *const | var, |
| int64 | value | ||
| ) |
| IntervalVarElement* operations_research::Assignment::Add | ( | IntervalVar *const | var | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Add | ( | const std::vector< IntervalVar * > & | vars | ) |
| IntervalVarElement* operations_research::Assignment::FastAdd | ( | IntervalVar *const | var | ) |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::StartMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::StartMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::StartValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::DurationMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::DurationMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::DurationValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::EndMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::EndMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::EndValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::PerformedMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::PerformedMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| int64 operations_research::Assignment::PerformedValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetStartMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetStartMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetStartRange | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | mi, | ||
| int64 | ma | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetStartValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | value | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetDurationMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetDurationMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetDurationRange | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | mi, | ||
| int64 | ma | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetDurationValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | value | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetEndMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetEndMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetEndRange | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | mi, | ||
| int64 | ma | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetEndValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | value | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetPerformedMin | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetPerformedMax | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | m | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetPerformedRange | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | mi, | ||
| int64 | ma | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetPerformedValue | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var, |
| int64 | value | ||
| ) |
| SequenceVarElement* operations_research::Assignment::Add | ( | SequenceVar *const | var | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Add | ( | const std::vector< SequenceVar * > & | vars | ) |
| SequenceVarElement* operations_research::Assignment::FastAdd | ( | SequenceVar *const | var | ) |
| const std::vector<int>& operations_research::Assignment::ForwardSequence | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) | const |
| const std::vector<int>& operations_research::Assignment::BackwardSequence | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) | const |
| const std::vector<int>& operations_research::Assignment::Unperformed | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetSequence | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var, |
| const std::vector< int > & | forward_sequence, | ||
| const std::vector< int > & | backward_sequence, | ||
| const std::vector< int > & | unperformed | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetForwardSequence | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var, |
| const std::vector< int > & | forward_sequence | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetBackwardSequence | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var, |
| const std::vector< int > & | backward_sequence | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::SetUnperformed | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var, |
| const std::vector< int > & | unperformed | ||
| ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Activate | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Deactivate | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Activated | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Activate | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Deactivate | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Activated | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Activate | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Deactivate | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Activated | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::ActivateObjective | ( | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::DeactivateObjective | ( | ) |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::ActivatedObjective | ( | ) | const |
|
overridevirtual |
Reimplemented from operations_research::PropagationBaseObject.
|
inline |
Definition at line 5130 of file constraint_solver.h.
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Contains | ( | const IntVar *const | var | ) | const |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Contains | ( | const IntervalVar *const | var | ) | const |
| bool operations_research::Assignment::Contains | ( | const SequenceVar *const | var | ) | const |
| void operations_research::Assignment::CopyIntersection | ( | const Assignment * | assignment | ) |
| void operations_research::Assignment::Copy | ( | const Assignment * | assignment | ) |
|
inline |
Definition at line 5146 of file constraint_solver.h.
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LETHAL WEAPON 4 (1998)
A film review by Steve Kong Edited by Cher Johnson Copyright 1998 Steve Kong
Lethal Weapon 4 is like a ten year high school reunion, or at least what I've heard about them everyone is older and overweight But, the good thing is the familiarity with everyone and Lethal Weapon 4 has familiarity. From the director, Richard Donner, who directed all four films, to most of the actors, everything old is new in Lethal Weapon 4.
Lethal Weapon 4 is more like the third film than the first two. The first two had substance that accompanied the action. For instance, in the first movie, there was a genuine character development scene -- Rigg's first dinner at the Murtaugh house. The second matched the first, an action film with substance. The third, though, was a straightforward action movie.
Many didn't like the third, and I rank it last also, although it was fun. Lethal Weapon 4 is also just about action, with no real character development and no substance.
What makes the Lethal Weapon films so popular is what looks at first to be a cliched but later turns to be original, relationship between Murtaugh and Riggs. Danny Glover and Mel Gibson are perfectly cast in the respective roles. The relationship between Murtaugh and Riggs is reduced to a bunch of onscreen quips and onliners staring with the third film. In the first two, the humor came from the situations, while the third and now fourth rely mostly on oneliners to get laughs. With this in mind, the big draw for the "new" Lethal Weapon, starting with Lethal Weapon 3, franchise is action. And with Lethal Weapon 4 director Richard Donner does not disappoint.
If you liked the first two and thought the third was complete action fluff, than you might not enjoy this fourth installment. However, if you go see Lethal Weapon 4 strictly for action you will walk out happy. The best action scenes are those in which we get to see the restrained Jet Li. But also watch for the scene with Gibson that uses a big rig, a long piece of plastic, and a table.
Jet Li , like Jackie Chan and Chow Yun-Fat, is a world renowned action star -- except in the US. Lethal Weapon 4 marks his introduction to the Hollywood movie market. And what an introduction it is. Li is a kick-butt martial artist who has better moves than Jackie and as much film coolness as Chow. His martial arts scenes feel restrained, though. He can beat the living daylights out of both Gibson and Glover with just his pinky, but he's held back because he's the bad guy.
Gibson and Glover are back doing Riggs and Murtaugh. Neither are doing much new, but that's what I expected. Among the returning players are Renee Russo and Joe Pesci. Russo is, next to Li, the best thing in this movie, bringing a freshness to her role. Pesci should win some award for most annoying performance this year. OK, OK, OK? The newcomer is Chris Rock and he brings some freshness to this aging series.
But let's get to the most important thing the action. The action is incredible. First, as I mentioned before, Jet Li is a very cool addition. But, Donner has a natural eye for action and he has a bunch of standout sequences in the film. Lethal Weapon 4 is not a deep, though provoking movie it's an action fluff movie.
Ultimately, there will be Lethal Weapon 1 and 2 lovers who will disregard Lethal Weapon 4 as a rushed-for-the-money sequel, but it is also a fun film. There are three things to see Lethal Weapon 4 for first is the amazing Jet Li. He brought "oohs" and "ahhs" to the audience I saw the film with. Second is Renee Russo, who is just cool. And third is the action. There are action sequences in Lethal Weapon 4 that are memorable. Lethal Weapon 4 gets a big recommendation from me. This is action-fluff at its best.
--- Steve Kong<EMAIL_ADDRESS>reviews from a guy who loves the cinema http://boiled.sbay.org/boiled/
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