If you've paid any attention, you'll have noticed there's a ton of new version control systems. It's a little odd, really -- the community languished with CVS for such a long time. CVS got lots of really important things right, but as we all know it also was a mess. Then Subversion and Arch came along with two different models -- one based closely on CVS (Subversion), and one based on a new distributed model. Arch seems crufty and difficult, or maybe it's just that its designer has a somewhat crufty and difficult personality... but clearly that branch of design has had an explosion of implementations, where Subversion remains alone (though far more successful).
People treat the benefit of distributed development as self-evident, but I don't agree. The best real justification I've seen of the centralized model is Greg Hudson's Why Bitkeeper Isn't Right For Free Software, which is still relevant since it wasn't about the BK license or proprietary software. All the arguments against BK on the basis of license have been clearly proven, but the model remains relevant. The basic argument Greg makes is that the Linux development process is an anomaly and doesn't apply to most projects.
But I think this can be taken further. There's nothing wrong with the centralized model. There is something wrong with the way we are using Subversion (and CVS before it). The wrongness isn't that you need a server, or a network connection, or disk space. It's that you need commit privileges.
I see these issues as the important ones that source control can solve for open source:
The distributed systems do some work on (1), usually by not needing a "server" (except maybe for rsync and any web server). But frankly the "server-less" systems they set up are usually much more complex in practice than a single well-maintained server. Now that Subversion has fixed many of its server problems (with fsfs among other things), server maintenance is really not a problem. And we share the work around; there are far fewer servers than developers, and that works fine.
But more practically, I think distributed systems enable private work in a way that is bad for the community. I think the private workflow so touted by distributed systems is a total non-feature, even an anti-feature. Open source development should happen in the open; that's what people usually want to do, and that's what we should encourage at every opportunity.
The distributed systems offer nothing for (2). Centralized systems allow you to list the files and branches and whatnot. Subversion made an important improvement on CVS by making the branching and tagging very transparent, where it was somewhat invisible and mysterious in CVS. That makes a real and practical difference in the usability of branching.
Honestly I don't know how distributed systems compare on (3) and (4). Subversion could definitely be better, but I don't think that has anything to do with centralization. I find handling patches very difficult, but I think merging branches in Subversion is generally easier, and with far more room for improvement. As an aside, I don't see why the exchange of patches in email is even relevant in a usable and complete system -- emailing files around is a crappy interface for everyone. Making it less crappy is missing the point; email is not a good file transfer protocol. But because Linus does everything in email... sigh.
But centralized version control does need to become more open. The difference between someone with commit access and some random contributor should be reduced. Anonymous commits should be allowed (or commits with a very low registration threshold -- strict anonymity isn't really important here). The tools should be usable enough that we can say "we don't accept patches, we only accept pointers to branches in our repository". Maybe we could even say "we accept bug reports, but we prefer bug reports in the form of commits into our bug_example/ directory". We should stop using Wikis, and just use web frontends to our version control.
There's great potential in version control -- but it's all in usability and tools, security and scaling, not the mathematical appeal of patch management algorithms.
People like to talk about the benefit of open source's distributed development, but I think the communal aspect is just as important. We all already know that a successful open source developer must play well with others, much both follow and lead in different projects, must be able to handle and resolve personal and technical conflicts. We succede when we work in public; so why should we be so drawn to version control that encourages isolation, where everything is a fork?
I wish you would have went into this level of detail a month ago or so when we were talking about setting up a public repository for patterns. You're making a ton of sense here. I think you could have a workable model w/ subversion if you could figure out how to:
- Self-register or distribute identity. Anonymous write is a non-starter...
- Tier access such that newly registered users can create new branches in a sandbox area with full write access but not be able to write outside of their own branches until they were granted higher access.
I wonder if a simple web front end might not help accomplish a lot of this. A form takes a username/password + source branch and create a new "free branch" somewhere and spits that out as a result. This could also have a web/machine interface that you could probably wrap with five lines of bash/curl to have a nice little CLI:
$ svn_share -u username http://example.com/reposhare/trunk Hello username, we don't know you. Enter a password for jailed access... Password: ********* Your branch is http://example.com/repo/username/01/The command might be best as a wrapper around svn co that would have basic logic for establishing the account and creating one of these "free branches" and then checking it out.
This leads to some problems:
- Branch bombs - The branching mechanism is cheap but you'd have to put some kind of basic constraints around creation.
- Stale branch detection - It would be nice to have some heuristic for determining if a branch was actually valuable and to clean up those that aren't.
At any rate, I'm interested in hearing more on this if you've thought about implementation at all.
I was trying to figure out how to set up Apache for this sort of situation in Apache auth -- I haven't had a chance to revisit it since then (sysadmining, blech), but I think there's a special tool for svn permissions which is pretty granuar.
For self-registration it might be sufficient simply to use some simple webapp that manages .htaccess files, maybe with a little something for forgotten passwords and whatnot (a parrallel record of email addresses would have to be kept).
I am worried about security though, especially since Subversion is written in C. C does not encourage confidence in security. Not a big issue when you trust everyone you authorize, but if authorization is opened up...
# Ian Bicking
Wouldn't the Wikepedia model be helpful here as a model for thinking about security? It seems to me that some of security concerns might not be _that_ big a deal since you can just roll back to a previous version if someone pollutes the tree.
I'm thinking of security like buffer overflows, or people adding gigantic files to the repository which cause the database size to explode (since deleted items remain in the repository database).
# Ian Bicking
One way to do this would be to hook the authentication into something like Bugzilla. We did that at work so that both subversion and bugzilla had the same set of users with just one place to have to deal with them -- the username was a full email address for subversion. This also gives the ability to self-register, reset passwords, etc. A few changes to bugzilla would probably allow patches to point to subversion changes and allow sharing write access to branches.
# David Ward
Have you checked out Mercurial? I wrote a short post about it recently.
I'll have to throw my approval in on this one as well. I have been using GNU Arch for some time now, and although it is a powerful SCM, it's definitely not the easiest thing to use. Bazaar has addressed some of these issues while remaining compatible with GNU Arch. Tom Lord has pre-released GNU Arch 2.0, which is another complete rewrite that borrows ideas from Linus' Git. It's not a feature-complete SCM yet, but it appears to be picking up steam. Hopefully, he'll incoporate the usibility features in Bazaar into the new version.
I have not jumped on the Subversion bandwagon, partially because it had such a rocky start right about the time I was looking for a new SCM. I have it installed, but only to pull your source code, at which point I slough it off to whatever SCM I might be playing with at the time.
I have not used monotone because of its dependence upon OpenSSL libraries and the inability to incorporate GPG/OpenPGP utilities (though that's such a little nit that I should probably reconsider). I'm also not entirely comfortable with having to cut-n-paste SHA-1 strings just to get a branch I want. (Git suffers from this, too.) Mercurial incorporates a versioned tagging system that allows you to set arbitrary names to revisions and travels with the archive. You can also set local tags that do not get transfered, which allows you to make less "official" notes about what a branch or revision represents. +1 for Mercurial.
Codeville has some interesting merging algorithms, but ease of use is by far the more important thing to consider. Darcs has gotten some bad press regarding its memory consumption and long operations when merging with large histories, though these might be fixed by now. (Plus, it's written in Haskell!? Who uses that?!) Canonical is sponsoring the development of Bazaar-ng, another python-based SCM that borrows ideas from GNU Arch and Bazaar. I don't really know where it is in a feature-wise comparison, but it's a relatively new project. Now that GNU Arch 2.0 is in alpha, I'm not sure if bazaar-ng is going to take the new direction (I haven't been following that closely lately).
That brings us back to Mercurial. It's a mouthful to say, but the commandline is a terse hg COMMAND style. It's very cvs-like in the way it feels, yet shares a lot of properties with monotone and codeville. It is self-hosting and can publish over HTTP. A CGI front-end is provided so you can incoporate it with your favorite web server. The CGI/web front-end looks a lot like gitweb, the Perl git front-end on kernel.org, though there have been recent patches to the list that really improve on the presentation. Plus, it's FAST! (And written in Python, non-the-less.)
Hi; yes, I actually saw that on del.icio.us, and it's what got me thinking about version control again.
It sounds like the developer on Mercurial has the technical parts down well. I don't know about usability, especially since it seems like it's a contender for Linux development, and I think Linux developers (or maybe just Linus) have distorted ideas about usable version control.
I don't know what the technical foundation of Bazaar-NG is, but they seem the most concerned with basic usability issues. Other ones can be better or worse in terms of usability -- Arch is pretty horrible from what I can tell, and Darcs is pretty straight-forward. Many of them put so much emphasis on the distributed part, that continuous integrating (the norm in Subversion or CVS) is an Excersize Left Up To The Reader.
It is interesting that this latest generation of version control systems is very heavy on Python (Mercurial, Bazaar-NG, Codeville, and I think I'm forgetting something else...)
# Ian Bicking
From a usability perspective, Mercurial is quite similar to both CVS and SVN. Commands that "mean the same" in CVS and Mercurial have the same names, flags, and so on.
Linus definitely has extremely peculiar notions about version control, but those are all firewalled in git/cogito, and have not bled elsewhere.
Darcs is yet another one -- http://darcs.net/DarcsWiki
I've just started playing with it for personal projects. CVS is too crufy, and Subversion has too many requirements for my personal stuff (though we moved from VSS to Subversion at the office and have never been happier).
Back to darcs -- the commands are easy. It seems to be distribuated when you want it to be and centralized when you want. The fact that you can immediately mail patches back and forth, and pull any source tree off the web and into are cool features.
"But centralized version control does need to become more open. The difference between someone with commit access and some random contributor should be reduced"
True to a very large extent and it focusses on a very important issue. Subversion has a very specific problem when used with free/open source projects. It pretends that patch management is none of it's business, since all it promises to be is a better CVS. But remember that CVS itself is probably two decades old and should not be setting the bar for any version control software beyond a certain extent. Now we know after a decade+ of distributed software development in which not everyone has commit privilieges, that there are problems with the way patches are handled. But it probably best not to depende on the SVN project itself to do this. As you note in another excellent point:- "There's great potential in version control -- but it's all in usability and tools, security and scaling, not the mathematical appeal of patch management algorithms.". Tortoise SVN and SVK are the only two SVN based projects that have had any real impact. I am not sure though about that bit about "patch management algorithms". It's a prominent shortcoming/defect in SVN that it does have a real handle on objects through object IDs - there is no way to clearly answer the question "Is file A on branchA the same as the file A on trunk"; also lacking is true renames. Merge Tracking will not really be possible unless these are sorted out.
Hmmm... Your idea of anonymous commits seems like a possible source of unintended consequences.  I love wikis, but there is a significant maintenance cost, due to flaws in human nature. You'd almost have to automatically build on every commit, and roll back changes that no worky-worky, and then black list bogus committers somehow. The haters of open source would likely DOS a lot of projects. Ultimately, there is a huge learning curve before stepping into any project. Even if I know python (and I consider myself a medium-weight), I probably can't do useful work until I've interacted significantly with the team, beyond trivial bugfixing. So, I'm luke-warm on the idea.
I think new people shouldn't be able to commit to the trunk, but they should be able to make their own branches. There remain some DoS possibilities, no doubt, but those are all simply bugs. There might be a lot of those bugs, of course...
# Ian Bicking
I work as a team leader in a small/medium-sized developer team, and we are using CVS/subversion successfully, but after playing around with darcs for a toy project, we also think about moving to a SCM without a central server. May be we are a "to agile" or whatever, but sometimes it would be just nice to sync with the repository of my coworker without submitting it to a central server or using branches. And approaching a release all my team members start to merge with a central repository. May be I must say, that I highly appreciate the way Guido (GvR) and Linus manage there projects. And I guess this can be applied to a lot of open source software too. Well, and email is not to bad for patch "movement", isn't it? I think, the way darcs does it, is the best. Some people can commit directly, the rest has to send the patches by mail.
# Oliver Andrich
The ability to submit a patch directly via the version control system so that the project leader(s) can review and merge it as desired would be a great boon. You'd certainly think that SVN could be given explicit support for this feature, and I think that SVN is the best candidate given how much acceptance it has gained.
One thing that should be kept in mind with regards to accepting anonymous or nearly anonymous patches is the whole Linux/SCO nonsense. While only a project as successful as Linux is likely to gain that level of attention, it's always good to have an idea of who is vouching for a piece of code (and whether they wrote it themselves) when you're adding it to your repository.
One of my favorite features of Darcs is the "darcs send" command, which e-mails your changes to the owner of the upstream repository.
In some of my thoughts about building systems on top of Subversion, I've thought about expressing workflow through custom properties, and acting on those in hooks. So instead of patches you'd have branches, and a submission would be a flag/property on the branch that said you were ready for someone to look at it. The "ready for someone to look at it" is almost an indexing operation as much as anything.
Though another possibility might be special conventions. For instance, it would be nice to encapsulate discussions of patches in the version control system as well. Maybe a file (discussion.txt or something) could store that information. This would be like pushing the Trac database into Subversion. I'm not sure if this would work with Subversion in practice, but that's the kind of feature that could make me switch.
That reminds me of Subversion hooks -- there's a lot of power there. I don't think that's transferable to a distributed system.
# Ian Bicking
I believe projects that use distributed models have been using email for that type of message. i.e. "Subject: [MERGE] ab327e678c8"
Distributed version control software is not incompatible with communal, centralized development. In practice, most projects that use distributed software still have one central repository that everyone syncs and submits to. They're not using the distributed software to split development off into isolated forks; they're using it precisely to allow work to be shared more easily without such hard boundaries between established developers and new contributors.
Ian,+1
Another agreement to this.
I find that distributed systems have many more features to the centralized ones and make it easy to set up a repository. I set all of the ones on my site with an rsync command. Also not everyone has access to public subversion repository. Or people don't want to use sourceforge or berilos.
The key point I see missing here is the fact that centralized development is a subset of what a distributed model can do. At Summersault we switched from CVS to darcs, but kept the centralized development model for the most part.
darcs offers us many benefits, including spontaneous branches, interactive commits and updates, a smart patch algebra, and working on private branches we need.
You can read my full write up of our switch from CVS to darcs.
For open source work I also use darcs. We start of using 'darcs send' to exchange patches by e-mail, which works great. For small projects my website works as a central public repo for read only access, and I filter commits through my e-mail.
For larger projects, we can set of a central server for darcs (which is just copying files a web server), and give a group of comitters ssh access to commit there, while others contribute by e-mail.
I use svn for one project and am definitely slowed down because it doesn't offer interactive commits, updates or easy cherrypicking of patches.
Try darcs.
Mark
The key point I see missing here is the fact that centralized development is a subset of what a distributed model can do.
I think there's a good possibility that one of the distributed systems will focus on making centralized development work well. I don't think they've done that yet. They are ignoring something important as a result. Since there's so much competition at the moment hopefully someone will try to differentiate in this way. I can even imagine a centralized fork; just like svk is like fork of svn, the opposite might happen. At least, I hope it does -- I personally am not tied to Subversion.
For larger projects, we can set of a central server for darcs
I think that should be the first thing to happen for a new project. Personally I "set up" a central server for all of my projects now, because I happen to have an svn repository at my disposal. Keeping 1 project or 100 projects in one svn server isn't substantially more difficult. Managing permissions is a pain... but eh. Easier than ssh accounts at least. I'm also generally fine giving people access based on informal agreements about permission.
I use svn for one project and am definitely slowed down because it doesn't offer interactive commits, updates or easy cherrypicking of patches.
I don't think these are problems with centralized servers. There's hard problems to be solved, and it's clear the new batch of version control systems is addressing many of those problems better than Subversion has. (And it's not surprising they are doing it with high-level languages.)
# Ian Bicking
"I think there's a good possibility that one of the distributed systems will focus on making centralized development work well."
For darcs, there's the "darcshive" centralized server project:
Thanks for the response, Ian.I think there's a good possibility that one of the distributed systems will focus on making centralized development work well. I don't think they've done that yet. They are ignoring something important as a result.
Working with a centralized server is arguably easier with darcs than svn.
Svn recommends you think about your branches, tags, and overall layout when you create the project. There is no need for this in darcs.
Svn has a special command, 'svn import' for starting a project. darcs has a syntax that is as easy to use, but more general purpose, as it can be used whenever you want to creat a new branch:
darcs put mark@otherserver.com:/home/repos/my_new_project
There is nothing special to learn about users and permissions, as you can use unix permissions and ssh, or gpg-signed e-mail to transport patches.
It's not clear to this to me why this wouldn't be considered "working well".
Mark
good
As far as I can tell darcs cannot be run on anything but i386 and amd64. Most of the servers where I work are Linux or BSD running on sparc64.
I'm running it under Mac OSX, so I don't think you're necessarily correct there.
I don't think current centralized SCMs can accomodate large numbers of development branches. The problem comes when mainline development activity is merged into those branches to produce a more up-to-date branch. In CVS and svn, such a merge duplicates the mainline changes--even changes to unmodified files--into the back-end storage system. So, a hundred actively maintained development branches means your mainline development is consuming a hundred times as much space. I've brought up cleverer ways of representing big merges in Subversion, but there hasn't been a whole lot of interest so far. For the most part, projects seem happy storing patches in an issue-tracking system to represent small changes--not a very elegant solution, but one which eliminates 95% of the efficiency problem with branches.
The distributed SCM answer is to use a hundred times as many hard drives to hold the data. That works fine, but the perception of distributed functionality as an anti-feature is not unique to you: other projects, like gcc, would much rather see development go on "in the open" in the central repository, rather than off to the side where it's harder to find.
# Greg Hudson
I just stumbled across this thread again, and noticed that something appears to have gone uncorrected here. Subversion does do branching cheaply. The whole tree is not copied into the branch: subversion internally stores what amounts to a symbolic link.
It may be the case that if you check out from the top of the tree, you'll get multiple copies of the files. I'm just pointing out how the repository itself works. (This is all described in the svn book.)
I don't think that's the duplication Greg is talking about. What's he's referring to is this sequence:
- Branch trunk -> foo (cheap, no dup files)
- hack hack hack on trunk (modify 20 files)
- Merge trunk changes to foo (oops)
At stage 3, we've now got 20 modified files in foo, for which we are storing diffs in both the trunk and in foo. Instead, the modified trunk files could be "re-branched". You'd still need a new revision in the branch, obviously, but it would just be with the new pointers. This is probably yet another issue that really needs true branch and merge history tracking.
# Steve Greenland
Changeset-based "distributed" version control systems (like my favorite, darcs) make patch management and integration possible in a way I haven't seen in subversion, and I see patch management as central to defining the trunk of a project. Say you want to merge the changes I've made over the past three days, because I just made my branch of SQLObject self-aware. (Bouyeah.) With a tree-based VCS you must calculate a diff between my tree three days ago and my tree now and apply that patch to your tree. With a changeset-based VCS, you just apply my patches. Svn's merging is rudimentary at best for this reason. I make mistakes with it all the time in my repositories - and I'm the only committer!
About hooks, I see svn like a car that you can put a different spoiler on, but darcs like an engine you can hook up to a different transmission if you like, and put in a car of your choice. I can see my way much more clearly to building more complex and wonderful things with darcs than i can with svn (e.g., making some sort of dynamic branch-maker-and-authorizer with apache and python and sane security and permissions and discussion, that deletes old stale branches and doesn't take too much space).
In using a distributed version control system, I found the ability to create what you might call micro branches quite useful. In an environment where we were juggling lots of small changes to a large system, being able to create a local staging environment and repository for each small feature is extremely helpful.
The problem with putting all of that in the central repository is that, aside from Subversion's branch merging difficulty, it would clutter up the repository with branches. From the POV of the main repository, each of these minor fixes were coming through as normal commits was quite nice, even though on our desktops they amounted to micro branches.
-Ken
How big of a problem is a microbranch in Subversion? Greg pointed out that they aren't stored efficiently, but if you make a modification in a branch and then integrate it into the trunk, it only doubles the storage of diffs, no more (at least if I read his comment correctly) -- that doesn't seem so bad. I know I underuse short-lived branches, but Subversion doesn't disallow them; you can delete a branch as soon as you are done with it. The only real issue is that its merging is rather poor, so it discourages branching.
That said, I do see the usefulness of "spontaneous branching" as Mark termed it. There is a certain oddity to the special place the checkout has in Subversion, where in distributed systems there isn't anything quite like a checkout, and there's an opportunity to be somewhat more cohesive as a result.
# Ian Bicking
Well - centralized version control is a subset of distributed version control, since you can still upload (or "push") stuff from your branches to the project's central server. What distributed version control adds is the voluntarity of this action, and freedom to fork the project independently while keeping the history and the possibility to merge back in the future easily. (And some other bonuses like ability to work offline.)
So the question is whether this kind freedom is a good thing. For the forking issue, if you want to fork, you will do that anyway and I doubt you will care that much about how hard would that be. But at least you will retain the full history, and it will be possible to easily merge the projects back later, which I'd say makes the situation at least somewhat better than with centralized VCS.
The "voluntary publication" is probably less clear-cut, but I think it's better this way as well. How does this stuff usually go? If you are new developer, you decide "I need this thing to do X" or "this Y thing is bothering me". So you can either:
- first ask for a branch on the central server. No matter how low the threshold is, this forces you into some kind of a commitment, at least social-like. "Yet sworn word may strengthen quaking heart" - "Or break it". At any rate, this will make you reconsider if you are really sure you will finish this and likely discourage you from trying.
- first hack. If you are successful, you can upload this (and you will do that as likely as you would with the centralized version control), but you had no version control while hacking! After all, this is one of the main points of distributed version control - you can version control your private development so that there is some history when you actually publish it. If you are NOT successful hacking, noone will likely ever see your work, and that's probably core of your argument against it. The question is, whether it outweights all the other disadvantages, and whether that unsuccessful work is actually worth seeing - I think it isn't, up to some rather rare exceptions.
The bottom line is, I argue that the additional freedom distributed VCS gives you is a good thing and actually significantly lowers the barrier for new hacks by making it easier to do them and potentially reducing the bureaucracy.
# Petr Baudis
Petr, it's what happens after you've worked on your modification in private and you decide to publish it to the world that's the interesting question.
You can make a patch and post it to Bugzilla, or you can publish your repo on your own server where the maintainers can pull from. Bugzilla isn't as attractive as some kind of anonymous micro-branch, which after all is basically what your patch is. Publishing your own repo is not stable over time. In reality, patches often wait many months for integration, and private repos are likely to move or go down, and you still have the problem of tracking the links to all the private repos.
It seems that the problem with turning anonymous patches into anonymous branches is that svn can't merge between repos (e.g. main and pending-patches), and people are uncomfortable adding anon branches to the main svn repo. Right?
# Stephen
Well, I argue that centralized version control systems ain't any better than decentralized ones here. You can make server-side anonymous branch with sensible decentralized VCSes - at least git and monotone can do that, I'm not that familiar with the others; but you can always just have parallel repositories at the server.
So this is NOT a problem with distributed VCSes.
So the question is whether this kind freedom is a good thing. For the forking issue, if you want to fork, you will do that anyway and I doubt you will care that much about how hard would that be. But at least you will retain the full historyAs of subversion 1.4.0 and its client/server support for "svnsync", you can indeed replicate a repository with nothing more than anonymous read access. Prior to 1.4.0, there were hacks to accomplish more or less the same thing, and you could always use rsync if you had shell access to the server.and it will be possible to easily merge the projects back later, which I'd say makes the situation at least somewhat better than with centralized VCS.That part of the problem, subversion does not solve.# Peter Samuelson
"As an aside, I don't see why the exchange of patches in email is even relevant in a usable and complete system -- emailing files around is a crappy interface for everyone. Making it less crappy is missing the point; email is not a good file transfer protocol. But because Linus does everything in email... sigh."
Well that's a shame, because emailing patches solves 1, 2, 3, and 4. 1) It gets it out into the community. Anyone can look at a mailing list and see the patches that have been made to a project. A project I'm working on currently uses gitweb, which lists all the recent commits to a repository, with the tags and commit message visible, and you can view any patch you want with a click. 2) We attach patches to bug reports and e-mails. All our commit messages that are related to a bug report have the bug number and link back to the bug report from gitweb. Similarly, each resolved bug has a git commit id. Each author has his own repository remotely (on a server) as well as on their own machines. Anyone can find work in no time by just looking up a bug, looking at gitweb, or reading the mailing list. 3) Seriously, what could be easier to understand than a patch? Sending it in an e-mail doesn't mean someone is going to commit the patch straight out of an e-mail. Sending it in an e-mail is a good way for people on a mailing list (e.g. developers and contributors) to verify correctness of a patch and to possibly locate more flaws. 4) The whole patch concept couldn't be easier.  Then you can push it to a remote repository. What's more is that outside contributors can e-mail a patch or attach it to a bug report that any developer can include in their program. The project I contribute to has dozens of contributors and they often work in this way, speeding up development. They even get their name on the commit.
"But I think this can be taken further. There's nothing wrong with the centralized model. There is something wrong with the way we are using Subversion (and CVS before it). The wrongness isn't that you need a server, or a network connection, or disk space. It's that you need commit privileges."
You make no mention about how this is different for the distributed model.
Your issue with 1) is a non-issue with proper design. Centralized or not, no code is useful to anyone until you push it. Distributed systems can have one repository if you prefer, though this basically defeats the purpose of a distributed system.
Your article could say instead that not all these features are _inherent_ in distributed systems. Distributed systems (git/cogito, atleast) are a bit more low-level than CVS and SVN, which means that you have to take some sort of care when setting one up for a project. But if you're not completely braindead, this should be easy. Set up a central repository for your project, then set up repositories for each author. Make sure all authors file bugs or feature requests that they can link their commits to. And, of course, keep commits small (meaning solve one problem at a time).
As for your closing paragraph, this is plain nonsense. The point of distribution _is_ the communal aspect. With distribution, you allow (and encourage!) anyone in the community to participate in the development process. This tracks back to e-mail, which is a very convenient way for John Doe to send in a patch for a bug he found in your program. It's a lot better than having to whine to the program devs about a bug and have them solve the problem. And it's better than creating an account for John Doe to commit his one patch to your centralized repository. The focus isn't on isolation, it's on distribution; you're confusing these terms. Yes, they are related terms, but the isolation here is of a specific problem, not an entire project. There is no more encouragement to fork than with any other SCM. Anyone can grab the source for a project and fork it no matter what SCM is used. The encouragement is for different authors to work on problems in a _distributed_ manner towards the goals of the whole project.
Please, take a look at the kernel.org git trees. Read their mailing list. And try to back up your claims using their example.
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# tony


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The perfect kit
We are very excited to introduce the Man Overboard kit: essentials for
life on the go. Our goal was to create a beautiful set of leather goo...
Quality first
We are very excited to introduce the Man Overboard kit: essentials for
life on the go. Our goal was to create a beautiful set of leather goods
...


Russell Purvis, V. Sambamurthy
Scanned
Attempts to characterise 'traditional IS design'. Articulates designers' perspectives on working alongside users and tapping their creativity.


--- layout: post title: no title date: '2017-03-14T10:30:28+01:00' categories: - Sketches - Sketchbooks picture_url: https://film-Storyboards.tumblr.com/post/158396146329 ---


Data Sources
Notable physicists
A list of physicists notable for their achievements was created by scraping the following Wikipedia articles:
Nobel Laureates in Physics and Chemistry (1901 - 2017)
A list of Nobel Prize Winners in both Physics and Chemistry was created by scraping the following Wikipedia articles:
Physicists Demographic Data
HTTP requests were issued to DBpedia to obtain structured deographic data (JSON) for each physicist in the lists above. DBpedia is a crowd-sourced community effort to extract structured content from the information created in various Wikimedia projects. In this case, the JSON data is similar to the structured data in an Infobox on the top right side of the Wikipedia article for each physicist. The following are examples of data that is available for the physicists :


Notice: This extension is bundled with Visual Studio Code. It can be disabled but not uninstalled.
Provides the in-editor experience for tests and test results


Shrek II- Hilarious!
Anthony and Ernest love their toons. Since we introduced them to the big screen with "Finding Nemo", they love the full movie package:
Dinner at the Sushi Bar, Movie tickets, big popcorn (the VERY big one) and "Gassy drinks" (soda pops are not citizens of our fridge, so they are special). This weekend we went seeing Shrek II. I'm usually a bit sceptical about sequels, but this one was hilarious. I'm well trained in Grimm's fairy tales, so I had a good laugh on all the tales jokes and I got some of the Hollywood jokes too.
What amazed me, is the thin line they were able to walk. The movie is innocent enough to be good family fun and juicy enough to send your phantasy spinning (if you understand the clues).
Best preparation: get into the mood by watching the DVD first. I'm waiting for the Shrek midnight double feature coming up.
Dinner at the Sushi Bar, Movie tickets, big popcorn (the VERY big one) and "Gassy drinks" (soda pops are not citizens of our fridge, so they are special). This weekend we went seeing Shrek II. I'm usually a bit sceptical about sequels, but this one was hilarious. I'm well trained in Grimm's fairy tales, so I had a good laugh on all the tales jokes and I got some of the Hollywood jokes too.
What amazed me, is the thin line they were able to walk. The movie is innocent enough to be good family fun and juicy enough to send your phantasy spinning (if you understand the clues).
Best preparation: get into the mood by watching the DVD first. I'm waiting for the Shrek midnight double feature coming up.
Posted by Stephan H Wissel on 23 May 2004 | Comments (0) | categories: After hours


We have this hope, and since our beginning we have spoken, published, produced, and designed a diversity of materials to share this hope with others. But up until now, we haven’t had a unified strategy for how to present it across the thousands of materials we create every week.


<h1> tag with no predifined width (so usually 100% - the width of it's container)
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped.
<h1> tag with fixed width
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped
<div> with fixed width
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped.
<div> with fixed width and offset of -100
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped.
<div> with fixed width and offset of -100 & manually added width of 500
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped.
<div> with 100% width
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped.
<multiline div> with 300px width and 200px height
This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped. This is a test with text that is longer than we would have hoped.


Suggested Training Centers
| Center | Location | Capacity | Date From | Date To | Remarks | Select |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DTC Bidar | Bidar | 20 | 2/9/2013 | 3/9/2013 | Recomended | Select |
| DTC Bidar | Bidar | 20 | 15/9/2013 | 16/9/2013 | Select | |
| DTC Gulbarga | Gulbarga | 15 | 21/9/2013 | 22/9/2013 | ||
| DTC2 Gulbarga | Gulbarga | 50 | 22/9/2013 | 33/9/2013 | Select | |
| Total | 15 |
Subject : Subject 2
| Employee | Department | Cadre | Current Location | Contact Number | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amod S G | Agriculture | FDC | Bhalki | ||
| Manjunath Prasanna | Agriculture | FDC | Bhalki | ||
| Manish Puranik | Agriculture | FDC | Bhalki | ||
| Jaishree PK | Agriculture | SDC | Basavklyan | ||
| Dilip Kumar Reddy | Home | FDC | Bhalki | ||
| Amod S G | Agriculture | FDC | Bidar | ||
| Anand A | Home | SDC | Bidar |


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A
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A
add(float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
add(float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
addAttractionPoint(float, float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
addAttractionPoint(float, float, float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
AttractionPoint2d
- Class in
s373.boids
AttractionPoint3d
- Class in
s373.boids
attractionPoints
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
attractionPoints
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
ax
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
ax
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
ay
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
ay
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
az
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
B
Boid2d
- Class in
s373.boids
Boid2d()
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Boid2d
Boid2d(Flock2d)
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Boid2d
Boid3d
- Class in
s373.boids
Boid3d()
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Boid3d
Boid3d(Flock3d)
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Boid3d
boids
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
boids
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
C
changeAttractionPoint(int, float, float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
changeAttractionPoint(int, float, float, float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
F
flock
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
flock
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
Flock2d
- Class in
s373.boids
Flock2d(int, float, float)
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Flock2d
Flock2d(int, float, float, float)
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Flock2d
Flock3d
- Class in
s373.boids
Flock3d(int, float, float, float)
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Flock3d
Flock3d(int, float, float, float, float)
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
Flock3d
force
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint2d
force
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint3d
G
get(int)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
get(int)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getAlign()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getAlign()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getAttractionPoints()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getAttractionPoints()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getBoundmode()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getBoundmode()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getCohesion()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getCohesion()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getDistAlign()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getDistAlign()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getDistCohesion()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getDistCohesion()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getMaxForce()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getMaxForce()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getMaxSpeed()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getMaxSpeed()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getMaxTurn()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getMaxTurn()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getSeparate()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getSeparate()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
getSeparation()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
getSeparation()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
H
hasAttractionPoints()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
hasAttractionPoints()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
R
random(float)
- Static method in class s373.boids.
RndUtils
random(float, float)
- Static method in class s373.boids.
RndUtils
RndUtils
- Class in
s373.boids
RndUtils()
- Constructor for class s373.boids.
RndUtils
S
s373.boids
- package s373.boids
sensorDist
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint2d
sensorDist
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint3d
setAlign(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setAlign(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setBoundmode(int)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setBoundmode(int)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setBounds(float, float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setBounds(float, float, float, float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setCohesion(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setCohesion(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setDistAlign(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setDistAlign(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setDistCohesion(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setDistCohesion(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setDistSeparation(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setDistSeparation(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setFlock(Flock2d)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
setFlock(Flock3d)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
setLoc(float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
setLoc(float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
setMaxForce(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setMaxForce(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setMaxSpeed(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setMaxSpeed(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setMaxTurn(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setMaxTurn(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setSeparate(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
setSeparate(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
setVel(float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
setVel(float, float, float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
size()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
size()
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
U
update(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock2d
update(float)
- Method in class s373.boids.
Flock3d
V
vx
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
vx
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
vy
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
vy
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
vz
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
X
x
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint2d
x
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint3d
x
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
x
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
Y
y
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint2d
y
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint3d
y
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid2d
y
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
Z
z
- Variable in class s373.boids.
AttractionPoint3d
z
- Variable in class s373.boids.
Boid3d
A
B
C
F
G
H
R
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processing library boids by André Sier. (c) 2008/2009


| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final boolean |
DEBUG |
true |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
activity_horizontal_margin |
2130968576 |
public static final int |
activity_vertical_margin |
2130968577 |
public static final int |
navigation_drawer_width |
2130968578 |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
drawer_shadow |
2130837504 |
public static final int |
ic_drawer |
2130837505 |
public static final int |
ic_launcher |
2130837506 |
public static final int |
question_button |
2130837507 |
public static final int |
question_edit_text |
2130837508 |
public static final int |
upvote |
2130837509 |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
action_settings |
2131230763 |
public static final int |
add_answer_button |
2131230750 |
public static final int |
answer_upvote_caption |
2131230738 |
public static final int |
answerBodyText |
2131230720 |
public static final int |
cancelAnswerButton |
2131230721 |
public static final int |
cancelQuestionButton |
2131230727 |
public static final int |
cancelReplyButton |
2131230730 |
public static final int |
container |
2131230733 |
public static final int |
detail_answer_header |
2131230739 |
public static final int |
detail_answer_replies |
2131230740 |
public static final int |
detail_answer_replies_add |
2131230741 |
public static final int |
detail_question_body |
2131230745 |
public static final int |
detail_question_header |
2131230744 |
public static final int |
detail_question_replies |
2131230747 |
public static final int |
detail_question_replies_add |
2131230748 |
public static final int |
drawer_layout |
2131230732 |
public static final int |
favourite_list |
2131230751 |
public static final int |
history_list |
2131230752 |
public static final int |
item1 |
2131230764 |
public static final int |
later_list |
2131230753 |
public static final int |
layout_bottom |
2131230760 |
public static final int |
list_question_answer |
2131230761 |
public static final int |
list_question_time |
2131230762 |
public static final int |
list_question_title |
2131230758 |
public static final int |
list_question_upvote |
2131230757 |
public static final int |
list_question_upvote_caption |
2131230759 |
public static final int |
loginText |
2131230735 |
public static final int |
myquestion_list |
2131230754 |
public static final int |
navigation_drawer |
2131230734 |
public static final int |
question_ImageButton |
2131230724 |
public static final int |
question_ImageView |
2131230723 |
public static final int |
question_ImageViewFinal |
2131230746 |
public static final int |
question_list |
2131230756 |
public static final int |
question_upvote_caption |
2131230743 |
public static final int |
questionBodyText |
2131230726 |
public static final int |
questionTitleText |
2131230725 |
public static final int |
replyBodyText |
2131230729 |
public static final int |
setUsernameButton |
2131230736 |
public static final int |
sort |
2131230765 |
public static final int |
submitAnswerButton |
2131230722 |
public static final int |
submitQuestionButton |
2131230728 |
public static final int |
submitReplyButton |
2131230731 |
public static final int |
swipe_container |
2131230755 |
public static final int |
upvote_answer_button |
2131230737 |
public static final int |
upvote_question_button |
2131230742 |
public static final int |
view_question_detail |
2131230749 |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
activity_create_answer |
2130903040 |
public static final int |
activity_create_question |
2130903041 |
public static final int |
activity_create_reply |
2130903042 |
public static final int |
activity_main |
2130903043 |
public static final int |
activity_question_detailed_view |
2130903044 |
public static final int |
activity_user_login |
2130903045 |
public static final int |
detail_answer_header |
2130903046 |
public static final int |
detail_answer_replies |
2130903047 |
public static final int |
detail_answer_replies_button |
2130903048 |
public static final int |
detail_question_header |
2130903049 |
public static final int |
detail_question_replies |
2130903050 |
public static final int |
detail_question_replies_button |
2130903051 |
public static final int |
detail_view |
2130903052 |
public static final int |
fragment_favorite |
2130903053 |
public static final int |
fragment_history |
2130903054 |
public static final int |
fragment_later |
2130903055 |
public static final int |
fragment_myquestions |
2130903056 |
public static final int |
fragment_navigation_drawer |
2130903057 |
public static final int |
fragment_profile |
2130903058 |
public static final int |
fragment_question |
2130903059 |
public static final int |
fragment_question_list_item |
2130903060 |
public static final int |
sort_dialog |
2130903061 |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
create_answer |
2131165184 |
public static final int |
create_question |
2131165185 |
public static final int |
create_reply |
2131165186 |
public static final int |
global |
2131165187 |
public static final int |
main |
2131165188 |
public static final int |
question_detailed_view |
2131165189 |
public static final int |
user_login |
2131165190 |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
action_settings |
2131034124 |
public static final int |
app_name |
2131034112 |
public static final int |
captureImage |
2131034131 |
public static final int |
hello_world |
2131034123 |
public static final int |
login_button |
2131034126 |
public static final int |
login_text |
2131034125 |
public static final int |
navigation_drawer_close |
2131034121 |
public static final int |
navigation_drawer_open |
2131034120 |
public static final int |
title_activity_create_answer |
2131034129 |
public static final int |
title_activity_create_question |
2131034127 |
public static final int |
title_activity_create_reply |
2131034130 |
public static final int |
title_activity_question_detailed_view |
2131034128 |
public static final int |
title_activity_user_login |
2131034122 |
public static final int |
title_section1 |
2131034113 |
public static final int |
title_section2 |
2131034114 |
public static final int |
title_section3 |
2131034115 |
public static final int |
title_section4 |
2131034116 |
public static final int |
title_section5 |
2131034117 |
public static final int |
title_section6 |
2131034118 |
public static final int |
upvote |
2131034119 |
| Modifier and Type | Constant Field | Value |
|---|---|---|
public static final int |
AppBaseTheme |
2131099648 |
public static final int |
AppTheme |
2131099649 |


Class collections.LLPair
All Packages Class Hierarchy This Package Previous Next Index
Class collections.LLPair
java.lang.Object
|
+----collections.Cell
|
+----collections.LLCell
|
+----collections.LLPair
- public class LLPair
- extends LLCell
- implements Pair
LLPairs are LLCells with keys, and operations that deal with them.
As with LLCells, the are pure implementation tools.
-
LLPair(Object, Object, LLPair)
- Make a cell with given key, elment, and next link
-
LLPair(Object, Object)
- Make a pair with given key and element, and null next link
-
LLPair()
- Make a pair with null key, elment, and next link
-
clone()
- Clone is SHALLOW; i.e., just makes a copy of the current cell
-
count(Object, Object)
- Return the number of cells with indicated pair
-
countKey(Object)
- Return the number of cells with key() key.
-
find(Object, Object)
- return a cell holding the indicated pair or null if no such
-
findKey(Object)
- return a cell with key() key or null if no such
-
index(Object, Object)
- Return the number of cells traversed to find a cell with indicated pair
or -1 if not present
-
indexKey(Object)
- Return the number of cells traversed to find a cell with key() key,
or -1 if not present
-
key()
- return the key
-
key(Object)
- set the key
LLPair
public LLPair(Object k,
Object v,
LLPair n)
- Make a cell with given key, elment, and next link
LLPair
public LLPair(Object k,
Object v)
- Make a pair with given key and element, and null next link
LLPair
public LLPair()
- Make a pair with null key, elment, and next link
key
public final Object key()
- return the key
key
public final void key(Object k)
- set the key
findKey
public final LLPair findKey(Object key)
- return a cell with key() key or null if no such
find
public final LLPair find(Object key,
Object element)
- return a cell holding the indicated pair or null if no such
indexKey
public final int indexKey(Object key)
- Return the number of cells traversed to find a cell with key() key,
or -1 if not present
index
public final int index(Object key,
Object element)
- Return the number of cells traversed to find a cell with indicated pair
or -1 if not present
countKey
public final int countKey(Object key)
- Return the number of cells with key() key.
count
public final int count(Object key,
Object element)
- Return the number of cells with indicated pair
clone
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
- Clone is SHALLOW; i.e., just makes a copy of the current cell
- Overrides:
- clone in class LLCell
All Packages Class Hierarchy This Package Previous Next Index


{% load staticfiles %}
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Hariom Srivastava
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>don't happen,you create them..
Hariom Srivastava
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>don't happen,you create them..
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| UUID | a0da7cc-017 |
| Name | Main Document folder |
| Style | folder icon |
| Created | 15/07/2014 14:05 by Administrator |
| Subscribed | No |
Mortal Kombat returns after a lengthy hiatus and puts players
back into the Tournament for 2D fighting with gruesome combat.
Halo: Reach is the culmination of the superlative combat, sensational
multiplayer, and seamless online integration that are the hallmarks
of this superb series.
Portal 2 is an action shooter game from Valve Software that draws
from the original formula of innovative gameplay, story, and music,
which earned the original Portal more than 70 industry accolades.
Portal 2 is an action shooter game from Valve Software that draws
from the original formula of innovative gameplay, story, and music,
which earned the original Portal more than 70 industry accolades.
Portal 2 is an action shooter game from Valve Software that draws
from the original formula of innovative gameplay, story, and music,
which earned the original Portal more than 70 industry accolades.
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|
JavaTM 2 Platform Standard Ed. 5.0 |
|||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
See:
Description
| Interface Summary | |
|---|---|
| Autoscroll | During DnD operations it is possible that a user may wish to drop the subject of the operation on a region of a scrollable GUI control that is not currently visible to the user. |
| DragGestureListener | This interface is sourced from a DragGestureRecognizer
and is invoked
when an object of that (sub)class detects a drag initiating
gesture. |
| DragSourceListener | The DragSourceListener defines the
event interface for originators of
Drag and Drop operations to track the state of the user's gesture, and to
provide appropriate "drag over"
feedback to the user throughout the
Drag and Drop operation. |
| DragSourceMotionListener | A listener interface for receiving mouse motion events during a drag operation. |
| DropTargetListener | The DropTargetListener interface
is the callback interface used by the
DropTarget class to provide
notification of DnD operations that involve
the subject DropTarget . |
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| DnDConstants | This class contains constant values representing the type of action(s) to be performed by a Drag and Drop operation. |
| DragGestureEvent | A DragGestureEvent is passed
to DragGestureListener 's
dragGestureRecognized() method
when a particular DragGestureRecognizer detects that a
platform dependent drag initiating gesture has occurred
on the Component that it is tracking. |
| DragGestureRecognizer | The DragGestureRecognizer is an
abstract base class for the specification
of a platform-dependent listener that can be associated with a particular
Component in order to
identify platform-dependent drag initiating gestures. |
| DragSource | The DragSource is the entity responsible
for the initiation of the Drag
and Drop operation, and may be used in a number of scenarios:
1 default instance per JVM for the lifetime of that JVM. |
| DragSourceAdapter | An abstract adapter class for receiving drag source events. |
| DragSourceContext | The DragSourceContext class is responsible for managing the
initiator side of the Drag and Drop protocol. |
| DragSourceDragEvent | The DragSourceDragEvent is
delivered from the DragSourceContextPeer ,
via the DragSourceContext , to the DragSourceListener
registered with that DragSourceContext and with its associated
DragSource . |
| DragSourceDropEvent | The DragSourceDropEvent is delivered
from the DragSourceContextPeer ,
via the DragSourceContext , to the dragDropEnd
method of DragSourceListener s registered with that
DragSourceContext and with its associated
DragSource . |
| DragSourceEvent | This class is the base class for
DragSourceDragEvent and
DragSourceDropEvent . |
| DropTarget | The DropTarget is associated
with a Component when that Component
wishes
to accept drops during Drag and Drop operations. |
| DropTarget.DropTargetAutoScroller | this protected nested class implements autoscrolling |
| DropTargetAdapter | An abstract adapter class for receiving drop target events. |
| DropTargetContext | A DropTargetContext is created
whenever the logical cursor associated
with a Drag and Drop operation coincides with the visible geometry of
a Component associated with a DropTarget . |
| DropTargetDragEvent | The DropTargetDragEvent is delivered to a
DropTargetListener via its
dragEnter() and dragOver() methods. |
| DropTargetDropEvent | The DropTargetDropEvent is delivered
via the DropTargetListener drop() method. |
| DropTargetEvent | The DropTargetEvent is the base
class for both the DropTargetDragEvent
and the DropTargetDropEvent . |
| MouseDragGestureRecognizer | This abstract subclass of DragGestureRecognizer
defines a DragGestureRecognizer
for mouse-based gestures. |
| Exception Summary | |
|---|---|
| InvalidDnDOperationException | This exception is thrown by various methods in the java.awt.dnd package. |
Drag and Drop is a direct manipulation gesture found in many Graphical User Interface systems that provides a mechanism to transfer information between two entities logically associated with presentation elements in the GUI. Normally driven by a physical gesture of a human user using an appropriate input device, Drag and Drop provides both a mechanism to enable continuous feedback regarding the possible outcome of any subsequent data transfer to the user during navigation over the presentation elements in the GUI, and the facilities to provide for any subsequent data negotiation and transfer.
This package defines the classes and interfaces necessary to perform Drag and Drop operations in Java. It defines classes for the drag-source and the drop-target, as well as events for transferring the data being dragged. This package also provides a means for giving visual feedback to the user throughout the duration of the Drag and Drop operation.
A typical Drag and Drop operation can be decomposed into the following states (not entirely sequentially):
DragSource
comes into existence,
associated with some presentation
element (Component
) in the GUI, to initiate a Drag and Drop of
some potentially Transferable
data.
DropTarget
(s) come into/go out of
existence, associated
with presentation elements in the GUI (Components), potentially
capable of consuming Transferable
data types.
DragGestureRecognizer
is
obtained from the DragSource
and is
associated with a Component
in order
to track and identify any Drag
initiating gesture by the user over the Component
.
Component
,
which the registered
DragGestureRecognizer
detects, and notifies its
DragGestureListener
of.
Note: Although this API consistently refers to the stimulus for a
drag and drop operation being a physical gesture by a human user, this
does not preclude a programmatically driven DnD operation given the
appropriate implementation of a DragSource
. This package
contains the abstract class MouseDragGestureRecognizer
for
recognizing mouse device gestures. Other abstract subclasses may be
provided by the platform to support other input devices or
particular Component
class semantics.
DragGestureListener
causes the
DragSource
to initiate the Drag
and Drop operation on behalf of the user, perhaps animating the
GUI Cursor and/or rendering an Image
of the item(s) that are the
subject of the operation.
Component
(s)
in the GUI with
associated DropTarget
(s), the DragSource
receives notifications in order
to provide "Drag Over" feedback effects, and the DropTarget
(s)
receive notifications in order to provide "Drag Under" feedback effects
based upon the operation(s) supported and the data type(s) involved.
The gesture itself moves a logical cursor across the GUI hierarchy,
intersecting the geometry of GUI Component(s), possibly resulting in
the logical "Drag" cursor entering, crossing, and subsequently
leaving Component
(s) and associated DropTarget
(s).
The DragSource
object manifests "Drag Over" feedback to the user, in the typical case by animating the GUI Cursor
associated with the
logical cursor.
DropTarget
objects manifest "Drag Under" feedback to the user, in
the typical case, by rendering animations into their associated GUI
Component
(s) under the GUI Cursor.
The determination of the feedback effects, and the ultimate success or failure of the data transfer, should one occur, is parameterized as follows:
DragSource
and DropTarget
: Copy, Move or Reference(link).
DragSource
and the set of data types comprehensible by the
DropTarget
.
DragSource
and DropTarget
receive
notifications that include, and result in the type negotiation and
transfer of, the information associated with the DragSource
via a
Transferable
object.
|
JavaTM 2 Platform Standard Ed. 5.0 |
|||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
Copyright © 2004, 2010 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Also see the documentation redistribution policy.


What do developers do? What principles of a developer have you learned?
- Developers develop things.
- They are problem solvers for others by creating things that make other peoples lives easier.
Explain the outside-in and inside-out technique we employed for TodoCLI.
- Design outside in: think about what your desired end result will be.
- Build inside out: when you have a goal, start building one piece at a time from inside building your way toward the end goal.
Describe the technique of using User Stories to write application specifications.
- Used to brainstorm ideas.
- Think of any possible uses for the particular item that needs to be created.
- Think about what you want to use it for.
- If there are limitations, dwindle down your ideas to what’s needed.
Write something about the principle of Extreme Programming (XP) called YAGNI.
- You Ain’t Gonna Need It (YAGNI)
- Do the simplest thing possible that could possibly work.
- Once and only once……DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)
- Principle of Least Surprise: try to not do something that will surprise users
Test driven developement: writing tests to get errors to be able to correct until they pass.
Encapsolation: given everything it needs to perforn a function.


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{% load static %}
Important Note: The questions are provided below. Click on the question to give your vote. New questions appear on top.
No polls are available.


The following measurements can be evaluated:
Measures of planes (azimuth of dip/angle of dip) or (strike/dip angle/direction of dip)
Measures of linears (azimuth of dip/angle of dip) or (strike/dip angle/direction of dip)
Lineations from arial or satellite images
Displacement data (slickensides, striations, and polarity)
Fold shapes (Isogons, Fourier analysis)
Strain data (Talbot method), Fry method, Projection method,
Rf/Phi method


logging-mv-integrations
Python logging package extensions for TUNE mv-integrations.
Saturday, November 19, 2016 15:00:00 UTC
Version: 0.0.1
Python
logging
handlers, formatters, and styles used by TUNE mv-integrations.


pre-EMI Calculator
Total Fees: ₹
Loan Amount: ₹
Amount-1: ₹
Amount-2: ₹
R.O.I.: %
pre-EMI [1-6] : (Val: ₹)
pre-EMI [7-12] : (Val: ₹)
pre-EMI [13-18]: (Val: ₹)
pre-EMI [18-24] :
Total Interest Paid: (for 2 Years.)
Total Amount Paid: ₹ (Excluding Loan) + ₹ (Interest) = ₹ (At the end of 2 Years.)


Three times in my life I have suddenly 'run out' of BDO while taking daily doses, and the withdrawal symptoms are truly horrible. For 7 days, I will not sleep, I will feel VERY paranoid, very anxious, shiver, and everything I taste, see, touch and smell seems bland or repulsive. I will also lose a good deal of weight after the first 3-4 days. I may feel phantom pain, hear 'water' sloshing inside my body, and feel my heart going 180 BPM, but these are all just products of anxiety. Example: having a 2nd person check my heart rate will show it is 60-80 bpm.
Instead of quitting cold turkey, I try to start spacing extra hours between doses -- 4, 6, 8, and so on. It will be uncomfortable, but not impossible. To let myself down easily can take as long as 3 weeks, but it's the safest way. The only alternative is to just quit and have a handy supply of xanax/valium on hand.
About the sleep thing. I may sleep, but it will only be for a few hours a night, and I will feel completely aware during that time. My body rests calmly, but my mind is humming. If I get any rest at all, I think it'sbecause my mind switches into some quick sort of 'reverie' that keeps my body from falling apart.
In short - be careful. This stuff is sneaky.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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cmath
– mathematical functions for complex numbers¶
|see_cpython_module| python:cmath
.
The cmath
module provides some basic mathematical functions for
working with complex numbers.
Availability: not available on WiPy and ESP8266. Floating point support required for this module.
Functions¶
-
cmath.
cos
(z)¶ Return the cosine of
z
.
-
cmath.
exp
(z)¶ Return the exponential of
z
.
-
cmath.
log
(z)¶ Return the natural logarithm of
z
. The branch cut is along the negative real axis.
-
cmath.
log10
(z)¶ Return the base-10 logarithm of
z
. The branch cut is along the negative real axis.
-
cmath.
phase
(z)¶ Returns the phase of the number
z
, in the range (-pi, +pi].
-
cmath.
polar
(z)¶ Returns, as a tuple, the polar form of
z
.
-
cmath.
rect
(r, phi)¶ Returns the complex number with modulus
r
and phasephi
.
-
cmath.
sin
(z)¶ Return the sine of
z
.
-
cmath.
sqrt
(z)¶ Return the square-root of
z
.


Source code for dummymp.process
#!/usr/bin/env python
# DummyMP - Multiprocessing Library for Dummies!
# Copyright 2014 Albert Huang.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied. See the License for the specific language governing
# permissions and limitations under the License.
#
# DummyMP Library - Process Wrapper
# multiprocessing library for dummies!
# (library for easily running functions in parallel)
#
import os
import time
import logging
from . import config
from .loghandler import *
[docs]def _runner(process_id, dummymp_queue, func, *args, **kwargs):
"""Multiprocess function wrapper for running a function given args.
This function wraps an existing function with its args, and allows
for additional fields related to multiprocessing. In particular,
the internal process ID and the :py:class:`multiprocessing.Queue`
object are added to facilitate communication between the subprocess
and the master process.
Args:
process_id (int): The internal process ID for the particular
process. This is NOT the actual system process ID.
dummymp_queue (:py:class:`multiprocessing.Queue`): The Queue
object that the process should send data to. The Queue
should be a Queue made specifically for this process.
func (function): The function that the process should call.
*args: The arguments that should be passed to the function.
Returns:
Nothing... but the function will periodically send messages to
the Queue in this format:
[ [ DUMMYMP_MSG_TYPE_ID, SYSTEM_PID, INTERNAL_ID ], DATA... ]
Possible DUMMYMP_MSG_TYPE_IDs include:
DUMMYMP_LOG_ID: ID for log records. The entire format is:
[ [ DUMMYMP_LOG_ID, SYSTEM_PID, INTERNAL_ID ], LOGGING_RECORD ]
When a message of this type is sent, the corresponding
LOGGING_RECORD is emitted at the master process level.
(In plain English: the logging message gets sent to the
main process, and is printed from there.)
DUMMYMP_RET_ID: ID for return data. The entire format is:
[ [ DUMMYMP_RET_ID, SYSTEM_PID, INTERNAL_ID ], RETURN_VAL ]
When a message of this type is sent, the RETURN_VAL is
stored in a dictionary at the master process level to
archive the return value from this process for future
retrieval. (In plain English: the return values are
sent to the main process, and are stored in a
dictionary for reference.)

# First, remove existing handlers...
hdlrs = logger.handlers
for hdlr in hdlrs:
logger.removeHandler(hdlr)
# Initialize our DummyMPLogHandler...
dmp_handler = DummyMPLogHandler(process_id, dummymp_queue)
# ...and then add that handler instance to the main logger!
logger.addHandler(dmp_handler)
# Call the function!
ret = func(*args, **kwargs)
# Send the return value through the queue!
dummymp_queue.put([ [config.DUMMYMP_RET_ID, os.getpid(), process_id], ret ])
# Pause to avoid losing queue (may be a race condition bug?)
time.sleep(0.1)


1. Download the text editor Atom. This is where you will write all your code.
2.  For your styling page make another file and call it whatever you like preferably the same name and 'Style.css'


THE GOONIES A film review by Joshua Tyler Copyright 2001 filmcritic.com
The Goonies has convinced me that sterility might not be such a bad thing.
The Goonies stars Sean Astin and Corey Feldman in their formative years, as leaders of a ratty group of kids who live in the boondocks.
The Goonies is more than just some goofy Fox Kids treasure hunt story.  Yes, at its heart it is just a simple kiddie tale, no different than the hundreds of other kiddie tales which go straight to video every year. But, The Goonies has a certain scruffy, goofball roughness that makes it endearing and lovable, allowing it a special place in the hearts of its followers that has endured the test of time.
That's not to say that every viewer will quickly find himself caught up in the film. The Goonies suffers from an overabundance of shouting and at times devolves into nothing more than a furball of grungy kids running around screaming and talking over one another. Indeed, at times I was left wondering why director Richard Donner didn't hire a nanny or a drill instructor to get the kids to shut up and talk in coherent sentences. But real kids are not quiet, and real kids do not deliver Oscar-worthy lines with great drama and flair. Real kids do run around shouting and jumping and generally making a nuisance of themselves. So, perhaps in spite of the fact that the film frequently becomes extremely annoying, the rampant kiddie-rampaging isn't so bad after all.
In the end, The Goonies is a flick to watch with your children. Much like this year's Spy Kids, this is a film that the whole family can love. Replete with lavish and quirky set design, goofily harmless antics, and smart scoring, Donner manages to delight and surprise at every turn in a coming of age tale the likes of which is rarely seen.
Grab the kids, order a pizza, and let The Goonies convince you that perhaps your children really aren't so bad after all.

Visit filmcritic.com on the Web at http://www.filmcritic.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


some incoming data from which the x and y point coordinates will be created
some styling properties (color, labels, etc) through the module configuration.
👾 The trace has a traceId property defined in the configuration.
It is an important field to consider when multiple traces will be displayed
in a viewer, see scatter plot module documentation.
The conversion between the data part of the incoming message and the coordinates of the 2D trace is achieved using
the configuration's coordinates property.
It defines a function that take in argument the data part of the incoming message and return an
object with x and y properties: the list of abscises and coordinates of the points.
For instance when the incoming data is a dataframe with at least 2 columns A and B:
return (data) => {return { x:data.traces.A, // assume the column A exists in the dataframey:data.traces.B// assume the column B exists in the dataframe }}
Some styling properties are directly exposed through the module's configuration (e.g. mode),
while others can be provided as a json data-structure using the extraOptions field of the
configuration.
Presentation
A 2D trace can be displayed in a ModulePlotter2D. It includes the definition of the x and y coordinates as well as styling properties.
Typical usage
The creation of a 2D trace requires:
Extracting coordinates from incoming data
The conversion between the data part of the incoming message and the coordinates of the 2D trace is achieved using the configuration's coordinates property. It defines a function that take in argument the data part of the incoming message and return an object with x and y properties: the list of abscises and coordinates of the points.
For instance when the incoming data is a dataframe with at least 2 columns A and B:
Styling
Some styling properties are directly exposed through the module's configuration (e.g. mode), while others can be provided as a json data-structure using the extraOptions field of the configuration.
More details can be found here
Example
The following example illustrates a simple use of the module:
The underlying workflow can be accessed here.
Resources
Various resources:


This is a showcase of a single-page application!
Click me to go to the 1st part
Click me to go to the 2nd part


The PlayStation 3 (abbreviated to PS3) is a home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment, formerly Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the successor to PlayStation 2, and is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles. It competed with Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. It was first released on November 11, 2006, in Japan, November 17, 2006 in North America, and March 27, 2007 in Europe and Australia.
Find Out MoreThe Most Famous and Amazing Video Game Device !
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{% extends '_visualisation.html' %} {% block page_title %}{% if email_address_error %}Error: {% endif %}Give access - {{ block.super }}{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% if email_address_error %}
All logged in users can view {{ gitlab_project.name }}.
You can give other users access to view this visualisation by their email address. For technical reasons, each user must have previously visited Data Workspace.
You should only give access if:


Navigating Enterprise Needs
Supplementing our discussions on how to most effectively build enterprise-ready software, “Navigating Enterprise Needs” turns its focus on the infrastructural requirements that enterprises themselves bring to purchasing negotiations. In this video, three enterprise CTOs analyze how you can best approach enterprise customers and accommodate their unique implementations of a product.
A buyer’s level of technical investment in the purchasing process can often depend on how dispersed or centralized their team(s) using new software might be, as well as how directly that software will impact their product architecture. On top of the differentiating features that enterprises tend to look for–such as RBAC, SSO, and audit logs–your ability to comply with industry regulations is especially crucial. Once those standards are met, you can more effectively leverage your product’s functional advantages over a client’s opportunity cost of building internally. However, preparations should still be made for frequently desired risk profile evaluations, which can include IT security audits, penetration tests, and SLAs.
Enterprise buyers will likely value your anticipation of whether a top-down or bottom-up adoption will yield better results. While in some environments a bottom-up method might innately emerge as best-practice, for others the class of application and, in particular, the strength of its enterprise features will determine the integration model. If sprawl across an organization requires as much simplicity as possible, for instance, you’ll want to support SSO so that enterprise users’ point of access to a chosen tool can be centralized and streamlined.
Ultimately, some of the most effective ways that your sales teams can turn prospects into successful customers is to pitch smart: be able to gauge your audience’s level of technical proximity to the adoption process and sell the product at that level. Past that stage, always be clear about what your product does and what it doesn’t do. Diligently managing expectations around functionality and compliance early on will go a long way in avoiding deal-breaking roadblocks down the line.]
Panelist Include:
-
Kimber Lockhart, CTO of One Medical
-
Ralph Gootee, CTO of PlanGrid
-
Valentino Volonghi, CTO of AdRoll
Moderator:
- Grant Miller, CEO of Replicated
This was published on Nov. 29, 2018.


Bursting Scenaria and Performance Limitations of Adaptive Algorithms in
the Absence of Excitation
Kostas S. Tsakalis
Supported in part by ARPA under grant F49620-93-1-0062 and in part
by NSF under RIA grant ECS-9111346.
Presented at the 3rd IEEE Mediterranean Symposium on New Directions
in Control and Automation, July 1995
Published in KYBERNETIKA, V.33, 1, 17-40, 1997; related results
in Automatica, V.32, 4, 549-560, 1996; also in Int. J. of Adaptive
Control and Signal Processing, V.8, 173-199, 1994 (Asymptotic Performance
Guarantees in Adaptive Control, with Suttipan Limanond).
Abstract
A simple, yet general, bursting scenario is developed for a wide class
of parameter estimation and system identification algorithms in the absence
of sufficient excitation. This allows for an analytical derivation of a
lower bound on the worst-case performance of such algorithms in the presence
of perturbations. Simple examples are constructed, illustrating the implications
of these results in adaptive control.
Click here to
see a brief description of the main result, a bursting example and some
simulation results.


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SHINE A film review by Walter Frith Copyright 1996 Walter Frith
I admire the way foreign films manage to tell a story without standard Hollywood trappings. This is a good thing most of the time but in the case of 'Shine' the emotional impact needed to sustain a film of family, genius, insanity and redemption is missing. Based on a true story, the Australian made 'Shine' is the story of a musical pianist/genius (Geoffrey Rush) driven to the brink of insanity through the pressure of obtaining success and the break-up he has with his family after turning against his father's wishes to leave home in Perth, Australia to pursue his studies in London, England. Given the fact that most psychological studies have concluded that genius is often associated with insanity is a factor as well. His father (Armin Mueller-Stahl) disowns him but the emotional bond between them remains. The film opens on a rainy evening in the present day and Rush's character is approaching 50 and the movie is then told in flashback from his days as a boy growing up in Australia and becoming a legend at 14 with his gift of tickling the ivories. I wasn't moved by this picture the way I thought I would be and 'Shine' doesn't have a lot to offer the average movie goer as it is a film better suited to film buffs rather than for general audiences. It's art must be appreciated and I suppose the film's admirable qualities depend on your point of view and for a look at the life of a musician with emotion and Hollywood running rampant you can look at 1995's 'Mr. Holland's Opus,' a film many considered overly sentimental but a balance is not struck with 'Shine' as it is just the opposite and my preference is the former. Judge for yourself. Other notable members of the cast are Noah Taylor, Lynn Redgrave and Sir John Gielgud.
OUT OF 5> * * * 1/2
Coming Soon: Reviews of 'Secrets and Lies,' 'The People vs. Larry Flynt,' 'Michael' and 'Evening Star.' "SEE YOU AT THE MOVIES."
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB & HARYANA AT CHANDIGARH CWP-10663-2017 (O&M) Date of Decision: 08.05.2018 M/s Sangam Stone Crushing Co. --Petitioner Versus State of Punjab & others --Respondents CORAM:- HON'BLE MR.JUSTICE AJAY KUMAR MITTAL, ACTING CHIEF JUSTICE HON'BLE MR.JUSTICE TEJINDER SINGH DHINDSA Present:- Mr. Gurminder Singh, Sr. Advocate with Mr. R.P.S. Bara & Mr. J.S. Gill, Advocates Mr. Avinit Awasthi, A.A.G., Punjab. Mr. Rita Kohli, Sr. Advocate with Mr. Rahul Sharma, Advocate for P.P.C.B. ***
TEJINDER SINGH DHINDSA.J (Oral)
1. Petitioner is running a stone crushing unit.
2. The instant petition has been filed raising a challenge to the orders/directions dated 15.6.2015 and 2.7.2015 passed by the Punjab State Pollution Control Board and in terms of which the consent granted to the petitioner has been revoked and the General Manager, Mining has been called upon to cancel the registration of the petitioner-unit. Petitioner is also aggrieved by the directions whereby it has been called upon to remove the entire machinery.
3. At the stage of issuance of notice of motion to the respondent authorities, interim directions were issued by this Court to the effect that in the meanwhile status quo shall be maintained with respect to the unit of the petitioner.
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4. During the course of hearing today, it has gone uncontroverted that petitioner had preferred appeal against the impugned directions under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (as amended in 1988) as also under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (as amended in 1987). The appeals had been preferred to the Secretary, State of Punjab, Department of Science and Technology being the appellate authority.
5. Ms. Rita Kohli, learned Senior Advocate representing the respondent-Punjab State Pollution Control Board has been candid in admitting that the previous incumbent i.e. the Secretary, Department of Science and Technology, State of Punjab was also holding the additional charge of the post of Chairman, Punjab State Pollution Control Board, Patiala and as such there was an obvious conflict of interest.
6. We are also of the considered view that the appellate authority while holding the additional charge of the post of Chairman, Punjab State Pollution Control Board was virtually acting as a Judge in his own cause while exercising appellate powers.
7. We have been apprised by learned State counsel that circumstances have since changed and Mr. Roshal Sankaria, I.A.S is presently posted and working as Secretary, Govt. of Punjab, Department of Science and Technology and is no longer vested with the additional charge of Chairman, Punjab State Pollution Control Board.
8. A very fair stand has been taken by Ms. Rita Kohli, learned senior counsel that the issue be remanded back to the appellate authority for deciding the appeals afresh.
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9. As such, without entering into the merits of the case, the writ petition is disposed of with the direction to the appellate authority to examine the appeals preferred by the petitioner-unit against the impugned directions/orders passed by the Punjab State Pollution Control Board in accordance with law. Any order that may have already been passed by the earlier appellate authority while holding the additional charge of the post of Chairman, Punjab State Pollution Control Board would be treated as non- est.
10. The exercise of reconsideration be finalized expeditiously and in any case within a period of three months from the date of receipt of a certified copy of this order.
11. The interim directions already issued with regard to maintenance of status quo would enure in favour of the petitioner till the disposal of the appeals by the appellate authority as has been directed in this order.
Disposed of.
(TEJINDER SINGH DHINDSA) (AJAY KUMAR MITTAL)
JUDGE ACTING CHIEF JUSTICE
08.05.2018
lucky
Whether speaking/reasoned: Yes/No
Whether Reportable: Yes/No
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