The fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), also called the finback whale, razorback, or common rorqual, is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales. It is the second-largest animal after the blue whale, the largest growing to 27.3 m (89.6 ft) long and weighing nearly 74 tonnes (73 long tons; 82 short tons). American naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews called the fin whale "the greyhound of the sea... for its beautiful, slender body is built like a racing yacht and the animal can surpass the speed of the fastest ocean steamship."
The fin whale's body is long and slender, coloured brownish-grey with a paler underside. At least two recognized subspecies exist, in the North Atlantic and the Southern Hemisphere. It is found in all the major oceans, from polar to tropical waters. It is absent only from waters close to the ice pack at the poles and relatively small areas of water away from the open ocean. The highest population density occurs in temperate and cool waters. Its food consists of small schooling fish, squid, and crustaceans including copepods and krill.
Like all other large whales, the fin whale was heavily hunted during the 20th century and is an endangered species. Over 725,000 fin whales were reportedly taken from the Southern Hemisphere between 1905 and 1976, as of 1997 survived by only 38,000. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale, although Iceland and Japan have resumed hunting. The species is also hunted by Greenlanders under the IWC's Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling provisions. Global population estimates range from less than 100,000 to roughly 119,000.


Sample Videos
Drag & drop the buttons into the code editor on the right. Change the numbers to customize the filters!
JavaScript?
Javascript is a programming language. Since computers don't speak human languages like English or Spanish, we use programming languages to talk to them.
All your favorite apps are made by talking to computers with programming languages.

When you change the words and numbers in your code (your input), you'll see your video (your output) change as well.
Think about it like baking. Depending on what ingredients you put into your cake (your output) will be different.
Some of the pieces of JavaScript include values, variables, objects and functions.
Have you changed the numbers and words around in your code? Then you've already worked with some of these pieces!
First, let's talk about values.
The numbers in your code, such as
effects.noise.amount = 7;
are a type of value called a number (but you already knew that!)
Some types of values are:
Numbers: 1, 12, 178
Strings (text in quotes): "hello", "12 is a cool number"
booleans (whether something is true or false): videoPlaying = true;
Booleans set variables to true or false.
Pick petals off the flower to change this boolean value from true to false
My cat loves me =
True
Let's move on to a fourth type of value, objects!
Objects in JavaScript hold your data.
In your code, effects and movie are both objects.
The word "movie" is an object that uses the canvas element in HTML5 to play your video.
Remember, an object is just a word that contains data under the hood.
With code, and computers, there are many things happening "behind the scenes" which we don't see.
The word effects is an object that keeps track of all of the effects you can apply to your video, such as blur and vignette.
A function is a an instruction. You can think of it like a verb.
Imagine if you were training your cat. If you gave your cat an obstacle course, and told her to complete it, your cat would probably be pretty confused.
But if instead, you broke it up into smaller instructions, and told her
'go down this slide'
it would be much less confusing.
Functions are kind of like that! Lots of smaller instructions to make coding easier.
play() is an example of a function.
When you type 'play()' or 'pause()' after the word movie, you are sending a function (a verb!) directly to the movie object.
It tells the movie object how many times a second to be processed.
The number "1000" is in milliseconds. So it is processing your video 1,000 times a second! That's a lot of work!


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Cristiano Ronaldo has also scored 85 goals for Portugal as well as 600 goals in his club career.
Posted on April 27, 2019 at 11:00 PM by Nikola Bratanov
Cristiano Ronaldo scored the 600th club goal of his career as Serie A champions Juventus drew with Inter Milan.
Ronaldo's low strike, following a back-heel from team-mate Miralem Pjanic, brought Juventus level at the San Siro.
Radja Nainggolan had given the hosts the lead with a spectacular 25-yard volley after Matteo Politano's flick.
Ronaldo has now scored 27 goals for Juventus after five for Sporting Lisbon, 118 at Manchester United and 450 for Real Madrid.
His 600th career club goal came on the same day as Lionel Messi scored his 598th Barcelona goal, during their match against Levante.
Inter Milan fans mocked Juventus for their Champions League quarter-final exit before the Serie A match
Juventus may well have already won Italy's Serie A title but that did not stop Inter fans from mocking their rivals.
Before Saturday's game, Inter fans held up a mosaic that spelled out 'game over', a reference to Juventus' shock 3-2 aggregate loss to Ajax in the quarter-finals of the Champions League earlier this month.
Nainggolan continued the party mood with a stunning volley to give Inter a first-half lead, but Juventus had the last laugh with Ronaldo's 62nd-minute equaliser.
Juventus, who clinched the Serie A title with a 2-1 win over Fiorentina on 20 April, now hold a 21-point lead over second-placed Napoli.
The top four sides qualify for next season's Champions League and Inter, who finished third behind Barcelona and Tottenham in this year's group stage, are third in Serie A, six points clear of city rivals AC Milan in fifth spot.


Flireh1291.github.io
Comfee by midea MH60-2605 Handbücher.
Comfee by midea MH60-2605 Handbücher and Pacific energy True North 20 Handbücher.


Introductory Material
- What is Linked Data? Short video introduction to Linked Data by Manu Sporny.
- What is JSON-LD? Short video introduction to JSON-LD by Manu Sporny.
- JSON-LD: Core Markup An overview of some of the core markup features of JSON-LD including types, aliasing, nesting, and internationalization support by Manu Sporny.
- JSON-LD: Compaction and Expansion An overview of JSON-LD's compaction and expansion features and how you can use them to merge data from multiple sources by Manu Sporny.
- Linked Data Signatures An overview of how digital signatures can be added to Linked Data to provide verifiable statements on the Web by Manu Sporny.
- Credentials on the Web A quick introduction to verifiable credentials on the Web by Manu Sporny.
Articles
- Creating 3rd Generation Web APIs with JSON-LD and Hydra, Markus Lanthaler.
Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 22nd International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2013), pp. 35-37.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ACM Press.
- Model Your Application Domain, Not Your JSON Structures, Markus Lanthaler and Christian Gütl.
Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on RESTful Design (WS-REST 2013) at WWW2013, pp. 1415-1420.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ACM Press.
- Hydra: A Vocabulary for Hypermedia-Driven Web APIs, Markus Lanthaler and Christian Gütl.
Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web (LDOW2013) at WWW2012. Rio de Janeiro.
- On Using JSON-LD to Create Evolvable RESTful Services, Markus Lanthaler and Christian Gütl.
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on RESTful Design (WS-REST 2012) at WWW2012, pp. 25-32.
Lyon, France: ACM Press.
Presentations
- JSON-LD: JSON for the Social Web by Gregg Kellogg, W3C Social Standards Workshop 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Building Next-Generation Web APIs with JSON-LD and Hydra by Markus Lanthaler, Symfony Live Portland 2013, OR, USA.
- Model Your Application Domain, Not Your JSON Structures by Markus Lanthaler, World Wide Web Conference (WWW2013), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Hydra: A Vocabulary for Hypermedia-Driven Web APIs by Markus Lanthaler, World Wide Web Conference (WWW2013), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- JSON-LD: JSON for Linked Data by Gregg Kellogg, Semantic Technology & Business Conference (SemTechBiz SF 2012), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- JSON-LD for RESTful Services by Markus Lanthaler, World Wide Web Conference (WWW2012), Lyon, France.
- JSON-LD and MongoDB by Gregg Kellogg, NoSQL Now! 2012, San Jose, CA, USA.
- JSON-LD Update by Gregg Kellogg, Web of Things F2F, February 2017, Santa Clara, CA, USA.
Blog Posts


 I have a pretty large hydraulic desk from Geek Desk that I have partitioned into 2 workstations:
What is This?
On the left is my coding/recording station, and on the right is my learning/gaming station.
When I’m simply consuming content, I can easily work on my treadmill station. For $200, I bought a Confidence Power Plus treadmill that I mostly disassembled and slid under the desk. I have a master power switch I can trigger with my foot, and speed controls I can use from the desktop. The treadmill shuts itself off after 30 minutes of use which allows for a very lo-fi pomodoro system. When I first started on the treadmill station, which has no guard rails mind you, I had to go extremely slow and couldn’t focus much on walking or consuming. Give it a bit though and the treadmill part falls right into muscle memory.
These Reboots Were Made For Walking
Since I know I will be tread’ing at some point in the day – and I know it will kill itself every 30 minutes – I’ve been using tools like Pocket and stuff to help me avoid distractions on my ~creation station~ because I know I can just punt it right over to the treadmill box and consume a lot of content distraction free. I am finally reaching a point where I can read at 2.8 mph, and watch screencasts at 4 mph. This makes me a huge fan of screencasts… They are better for me.
tail -m thedragon
Recently, I started adding games to the mix. If you are expecting to be able to play twitch games… Just stop that thought now. Any game that relies on twitch or precision is a no go. I’m a huge fan of Skyrim and rpg’s in general, but my current schedule/commits don’t really allow me much indulgence in those time sinks. However, the need for a game that doesn’t require heavy precision + the 30 minute cutoff on my treadmill allows an incredible pairing to occur.
Am I healthier because of my treadmill setup? Maybe. Am I happier, more productive and having more fun? You bet!


Over Rs 255 cr spent on chartered flights during PM Modi's foreign engagements in last 3 yrs: MEA
Minister of State for External Affairs V Muraleedharan told the Rajya Sabha that over Rs 255 crore was incurred on chartered flights during PM Narendra Modi's foreign engagements in the past three years.
An expenditure of over Rs 255 crore was incurred on chartered flights during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's foreign engagements in the past three years, the Rajya Sabha was told on Thursday.
In a written reply, Minister of State for External Affairs V Muraleedharan said that in 2016-17 Rs 76.27 crore was spent on chartered flights while in 2017-18 Rs 99.32 crore was spent.
In 2018-19, Rs 79.91 crore was spent while the bill for 2019-20 has not been received, he said, adding in 2016-17, Rs 2,24,75,451 were incurred on hotline facilities while in 2017-18 the cost incurred for it was Rs 58,06,630.
To a question on expenditure incurred on domestic engagements, he said, "As per Government of India policy on use of IAF aircraft/helicopters by VVIPs and VIPs, the Prime Minister is entitled for free airlift in IAF aircrafts and helicopters on official tours."


What do you guys consider necessary unbuffed ABs ranges for frontline melee and support characters?
You'll be fine with base AB in the 40s, generally that works well enough, so don't get too crazy about it, BAB 30 +4 feats gets 34, say, a STR or DEX score of 30 is quite good, which adds +10, that would give an AB of +44, you'll normally need buffs, AA or WM to get your AB above 50. SO if you're not a buffing type, you have a high base AB at about +45
It depends if you are PvP or PvM.
Er... Then what do you think a good PvP or a good PvM AB is?
That again depends if you're allround, heavy PvP vs casters or specifically made for killing high AC characters (where you'd prolly go for cleric or AA or a combination). If you go allround, I'd go for Thax's advice, if you're going against casters or a generally non-high AC class, then of course you wouldn't need a high AB, but you could focus more on defense (DR/AC/Saving Throws/Immunities) or damage dealing.
Any values in the 40s are acceptable for melee, for regular PvM you might even stand with 30s, but anything below 35 is low unless you have buffs. Very high AC builds with buffs and all the stuff can get about 80 even in low magical environments, to hit that on acceptable range you'll need about above 68, and not being WM or AA means you're quite screwed (mostly) to hit often.
Don't worry that much, if you know you're going PvP where there are lots of high ACs then make a caster, it's a no-brainer, you'll never be able to beat everybody in PvP anyway.
If you are thinking only for melee PvP try to get over 45 I guess, say, self buffing melee non-AC-focused builds should get ACs in the 50s or 60s at best, not counting possible magical environment (which won't stack for most AC buffs, only Dodge AC).


HEALTHCARE ANTISEPTIC TOWELETTE- chloroxylenol liquid
Shanghai Yinjing Medical Supplies Co., Ltd.
Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies.
For external use only.
|
HEALTHCARE ANTISEPTIC TOWELETTE
chloroxylenol liquid | ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||
|
| Labeler - Shanghai Yinjing Medical Supplies Co., Ltd. (530501535) |
| Establishment | |||
| Name | Address | ID/FEI | Business Operations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shanghai Yinjing Medical Supplies Co., Ltd. | 530501535 | manufacture(44019-401) |


respiratory coronavirus China patients cases {border-style COVID- px;} virus #ffffff;} novel case reported people severe transmission infection travel Wang Clinical Liu acute infected children disease symptoms syndrome Wuhan, Zhang asymptomatic countries disease. history molecular pneumonia px; {font-family ./S-()- Chen Feb Patients asked clinical font-size healthcare mild new rate tests therapy use usually ventilation workers Accessed Available Coronavirus Health Hubei India at: double; including isolation placed surfaces treatment viral Chinese Huang Indian Lancet World Wuhan Zhonghua affected available border-color border-width common confirmed contact features include international public solid; spread surgical symptomatic tested testing {font-style {font-weight COVID-. Cheng China, Diagnosis However, Infection New Novel SARS Treatment Wei Zhao bold care cough courier; deaths distress droplets duration em; epidemic generally global home humans hygiene illness incubation large market mask number onset outbreak outside practice province pt;} recovered returning samples series suspect time transmitted viruses


Man poses as pilot to dodge airport queues
by Agency ReportPolice on Wednesday said a man who posed as a Lufthansa pilot so that he could enjoy quick boarding and upgrades has been arrested in New Delhi.
Deputy Commissioner of police, Sanjay Bhatia, said Rajan Mahbubani, 48, was wearing a Lufthansa airlines pilot’s uniform and was carrying a fake ID card when he was detained at the airport in the Indian capital.
Mahbubani was detained at the departure gate of a flight to Kolkata after the chief security officer of Lufthansa at IGI Airport reported a suspicious movement of a passenger in the uniform of Lufthansa airlines.
According to the police, Mahbubani revealed during interrogation that he was a frequent traveller and would wear the pilot’s uniform to escape queues and the longer screening process for normal passengers.
The police added that Mahbubani said he always uses the passage reserved for airline crew members and sometimes he would get his seat upgraded.
“He revealed he had used the fake ID numerous times over the past six months.’’
Bhatia however, said a criminal case has been registered against him and further investigation is ongoing.
He added that Mahbubani, who runs a training and consultancy firm, was fond of wearing uniforms of different professions and getting photographed or got videos made which he shared on social media.
“There was a picture of him in an Indian Army colonel’s uniform on his phone.’’
(dpa/NAN)


{% extends 'generic/confirmation_form.html' %} {% load form_helpers %} {% block title %}Delete power outlet {{ poweroutlet }}?{% endblock %} {% block message %}
Are you sure you want to delete this power outlet from {{ poweroutlet.device }}?
{% endblock %}


---
layout: default
---
Quick introduction to technical properties of Particl's native PART coin. Read our PART coin FAQ on Wiki for more details
PART Specifications
PART is a Proof-of-Stake and privacy-focused cryptocurrency based on the Bitcoin codebase. It is always maintained to its latest version for security, usability, and stability purposes.
Its blockchain is powered by multiple leading edge distributed protocols typically built for Bitcoin. This includes Segwit, atomic swaps, and the Lightning Network.
| Block time | 120 seconds |
|---|---|
| Block size | 2 MB |
| Consensus mechanism | Particl Proof-of-Stake with cold-staking |
| Money Supply | ≈ 9.550 million PART |
| Always up-to-date BTC codebase | New changes to Bitcoin codebase are integrated to Particl regularly to keep up with latest security fixes and performance improvements |
| SegWit Segregated Witness | Native support for all transactions |
| Atomic Swaps | Supported with compatible blockchains |
| Fair distribution | No ICO, no pre-mine |
Particl’s staking protocols rewards stakers with regular dividend-like rewards in exchange for securing the network by keeping their nodes online.
Stakers can also use cold staking which rewards them with staking rewards even if their funds are stored offline in cold wallets or hardware devices. Stakers can also team up and stake using cold staking pools which are like mining pools, but for staking.
| Particl Cold Staking | Staking via dedicated devices or hardware wallets |
|---|---|
| Yearly interest rate | 3 % decreasing each year by 1% (after 2 years onwards 2% yearly) |
| Current staking reward | ≈ 0.9654 PART |
| Coin maturity | 225 confirmations approx. 8 hours |
PART is a next-generation privacy coin that leverages a combination of several privacy protocols (CT, RingCT, Bulletproofs, stealth addresses) as well as the Bitcoin codebase to provide unmatched privacy and flexibility.
Because these protocols run on top of the Bitcoin codebase, PART is able to be used within smart-contracts and decentralized applications, making them as private as the PART currency itself.
| Multi-state privacy | 3 optional privacy levels for transactions |
|---|---|
| Public transactions | Bitcoin-like public transactions, auditable on blockchain |
| Blind transactions AKA Confidential Transactions (CT) | Transaction parties are visible on blockchain, but the amount is hidden |
| Private transactions AKA RingCT | Both transaction parties & amounts are hidden on blockchain |
The security of the PART coin is second to none with several tools being available to increase the security of your funds.
Use hardware wallets, set up multi-signature addresses right from your mobile application, or store your funds (and even stake them) from a hardware device like the Ledger Nano S or the Trezor.
| Multi-signature wallets | Supported with Particl Copay |
|---|---|
| Ledger hardware wallet | Supported with Particl Qt |
| Trezor hardware wallet | In development Supported with Particl Qt |
| Staking from hardware wallet | Keep your coins safe and stake them at the same time |


TRON Price Analysis: TRX Consolidates Above $0.20, Big Move Ahead?
by Yaz SheikhTRX saw a small decrease of around 1.44% over the past 24 hours and it currently trades at $0.019. Despite this, it saw a successful month as the coin managed to surge by a total of 25%
TRX remains the eleventh-largest cryptocurrency with a market cap of $1.28 billion.
Looking at the TRX/USD 1-Day Chart:
- Since our last analysis, TRX surged higher above $0.0208 but ran into immediate resistance at $0.02206 which is provided by a long term bearish .382 Fibonacci Retracement level. After reaching this level, TRX rolled over and fell into support at $0.018723 which is provided by the short term .382 Fib Retracement (drawn in orange) and bolstered by the 100-days EMA.
- From above: The nearest level of resistance is located directly at $0.0208, where lies the 200-days EMA. Higher resistance is expected at $0.02206, $0.023, $0.024, and $0.0252 (bearish .5 Fib Retracement). Following this, resistance is found at $0.026 and $0.02730.
- From below: The nearest level of support lies at $0.0187 (100-days EMA). Beneath this, support is at $0.017977, $0.01739 (.5 Fib Retracement), and $0.01607 $.618 Fib Retracement).
- The trading volume is very low when compared with October’s trading volume.
- The RSi has recently dipped beneath the 50 level which is a bad sign for the bulls. If we would like to see TRX rebound higher from the current support, we would need to see the RSI climb back above 50 to show that the bulls are in charge of the market momentum.
Looking at the TRX/BTC 1-Day Chart:
- Against Bitcoin, TRX climbed higher into the expected resistance at 239 SAT provided by a 1.414 Fibonacci Extension level. It has since dropped but remained supported at the 100-days EMA as it currently trades around 221 SAT.
- From above: The nearest level of resistance lies at the 239 SAT level. Above this, resistance is at 253 SAT (1.618 Fib Extension) and 263 SAT (bearish .382 Fib Retracement and 200-days EMA).
- From below: The nearest level of support lies at 215 SAT. Beneath this, support lies at 210 SAT and 203 SAT (.382 Fib Retracement). If the selling continues beneath 200 SAT, support can be found at 191 SAT (.5 Fib Retracement) and 179 SAT (.618 Fib Retracement).
- The trading volume remains extremely low during November 2019.
- The RSI has recently dipped toward the 50 level which shows that the bulls are losing control over the market momentum.
Click here to start trading on BitMEX exchange and receive 10% discount on fees for 6 months.
Disclaimer: Information found on CryptoPotato is those of writers quoted. It does not represent the opinions of CryptoPotato on whether to buy, sell, or hold any investments. You are advised to conduct your own research before making any investment decisions. Use provided information at your own risk. See Disclaimer for more information.
Cryptocurrency charts by TradingView.
Technical analysis tools by Coinigy.


Galen Crew is an American recording artist, producer, and songwriter from Nashville, Tennessee. His music is known for its dream-like quality which often features deep yet whimsical themes and seems to emanate from a different world. At his core, Galen is a storyteller. He crafts stories that pull from various art forms….citing fantasy authors such as Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, and Herman Hesse as having inspired him just as much as the Beatles, Coldplay, and John Mayer. Imagine if the mysterious Grimm Brothers fairy tale collections were somehow transformed into modern pop songs – and you’ll start to get idea of the imagery, depth, and layers within Galen’s music.
Having played in various bands throughout his life, Galen had always been primarily the songwriter and guitarist. But at age 19, he began writing unique material that didn’t fit with any of the bands he was playing with, and he tentatively stepped out as a vocalist himself. The first few demos he recorded as a solo artist immediately caught the attention of Roger Cook, legendary British songwriter (“I’d Like to Teach the World to Sing”; “Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress”). Galen and Roger have now written over 100 songs together. One of them, titled “Sleepyhead” – a unique story song that is something of a medieval myth or fairy tale – organically went viral in China. Upon discovering that his music was gaining millions upon millions of streams on Chinese music platforms, Galen toured the country twice – and found that although he had never been to Asia before, his fans knew the words to his songs in every city he performed in. Galen describes the experience as being simultaneously surreal and inspiring. In fall 2016 he teamed up with Hover Coalition Music.


Warren: 'Of Course' We Should Remove Parts of Border Wall if They Aren't 'Useful' | Breitbart
by Ian HanchettDuring Wednesday’s Democratic presidential debate, 2020 presidential candidate Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) stated that if parts of the wall on the southern border aren’t “useful in our defense,” they should be removed.
Moderator Ashley Parker asked, “Would you ask taxpayers to pay to take down any part of the wall on the nation’s southern border?”
Warren responded, “If there are parts of the wall that are not useful in our defense, of course, we should do it.”
Follow Ian Hanchett on Twitter @IanHanchett


As layout editor for my college literary magazine, I designed semiannual 70-page issues while helming a 10-person team.
I utilized InDesign and Photoshop to design a professional yet playful magazine. Besides laying out dozens of spreads with InDesign masters, I also crafted our covers (top two images) based on art submissions; determined placement and flow of pieces; copyedited text; and occasionally updated the mag's overall style.
I also managed each issue’s timeline, delegating responsibilities and corresponding with our publisher to ensure the appropriate specs and prices and timely delivery. Occasionally, I designed promotional materials, like the bookmarks at right.
During my tenure, Sliced Bread updated its look for the first time in five years, and we published longer, more regular issues than ever before. As a result of our increased campus presence, our launch party attendance grew by half.


This procedure describes how to obtain the .msi
file necessary to deploy the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) across
a Windows 2000/Windows XP Active Directory-based network. It works
for version 1.4.2 and later of the JRE installers. Sun includes an
.msi
(Microsoft Installer) file bundled up in the JRE
Windows Offline installers. The .msi
file extracted
below can be assigned to an Active Directory software distribution
policy.
Download and launch the Sun JRE Windows Offline
Installion executable (.exe
) file.
Retrieve the ".msi
" file from the
LocalAppData
folder (the user's Application
Data
folder). The LocalAppData
folder will
differ for each Windows platform.
Inside this folder you will find a folder named:
{3248F0A6-6813-11D6-A77b-00B0D0150000}
The first 2 digits are "71" for version 1.4.2_xx, and "32" for
1.5.0_xx. The last 6 digits of this CLSID
and the name
of the .msi
file correspond to the release number. A
CLSID
ending with "150000" means version 1.5.0_00, and
"142010" means verision 1.4.2_01
From there, you can use Active Directory to distribute this
.msi
file to as many client Windows platforms as you
want.
If you want to register the JRE as the default VM of Internet
Explorer and Mozilla, you will have to create a transform that will
set the variables IEXPLORER
and MOZILLA
to 1
in the Property.idt
table. You can
find instructions on
how to generate and use transforms at the Microsoft MSDN
site.


- handle(TransformContext, T, TransformXMLStreamWriter) - Method in interface com.adpetions.optimus.EventHandler
-
Handle the event from Transformer
- hasAncestor(QName) - Method in class com.adpetions.optimus.TransformContext
-
Determines if the current path contains a specific ancestor
- hasName() - Method in class com.adpetions.optimus.ApplyReader
-
returns true if the current event has a name (is a START_ELEMENT or END_ELEMENT)
returns false otherwise
- hasName() - Method in class com.adpetions.optimus.TransformContext
-
Determines whether the current event has a name (is a START_ELEMENT, END_ELEMENT or ATTRIBUTE)
- hasNext() - Method in class com.adpetions.optimus.ApplyReader
-
Returns true if there are more parsing events and false
if there are no more events.
- hasText() - Method in class com.adpetions.optimus.ApplyReader
-
Return true if the current event has text, false otherwise
The following events have text:
CHARACTERS,DTD ,ENTITY_REFERENCE, COMMENT, SPACE
- hasText() - Method in class com.adpetions.optimus.TransformContext
-
Return true if the current event has text, false otherwise
The following events have text:
CHARACTERS,DTD ,ENTITY_REFERENCE, COMMENT, SPACE
- HtmlEntityReferenceResolver - Class in com.adpetions.optimus.entities
-
- HtmlEntityReferenceResolver() - Constructor for class com.adpetions.optimus.entities.HtmlEntityReferenceResolver
-


google.resumable_media.requests
¶
requests
utilities for Google Media Downloads and Resumable Uploads.
This sub-package assumes callers will use the requests library
as transport and google-auth for sending authenticated HTTP traffic
with requests
.
Authorized Transport¶
To use google-auth
and requests
to create an authorized transport
that has read-only access to Google Cloud Storage (GCS):
>>> import google.auth
>>> import google.auth.transport.requests as tr_requests
>>>
>>> ro_scope = u'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_only'
>>> credentials, _ = google.auth.default(scopes=(ro_scope,))
>>> transport = tr_requests.AuthorizedSession(credentials)
>>> transport
<google.auth.transport.requests.AuthorizedSession object at 0x...>
Simple Downloads¶
To download an object from Google Cloud Storage, construct the media URL for the GCS object and download it with an authorized transport that has access to the resource:
>>> from google.resumable_media.requests import Download
>>>
>>> url_template = (
... u'https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/'
... u'{bucket}/o/{blob_name}?alt=media')
>>> media_url = url_template.format(
... bucket=bucket, blob_name=blob_name)
>>>
>>> download = Download(media_url)
>>> response = download.consume(transport)
>>> download.finished
True
>>> response
<Response [200]>
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Length']
'1364156'
>>> len(response.content)
1364156
To download only a portion of the bytes in the object,
specify start
and end
byte positions (both optional):
>>> download = Download(media_url, start=4096, end=8191)
>>> response = download.consume(transport)
>>> download.finished
True
>>> response
<Response [206]>
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Length']
'4096'
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Range']
'bytes 4096-8191/1364156'
>>> len(response.content)
4096
Chunked Downloads¶
For very large objects or objects of unknown size, it may make more sense to download the object in chunks rather than all at once. This can be done to avoid dropped connections with a poor internet connection or can allow multiple chunks to be downloaded in parallel to speed up the total download.
A ChunkedDownload
uses the same media URL and authorized
transport that a basic Download
would use, but also
requires a chunk size and a write-able byte stream
. The chunk size is used
to determine how much of the resouce to consume with each request and the
stream is to allow the resource to be written out (e.g. to disk) without
having to fit in memory all at once.
>>> from google.resumable_media.requests import ChunkedDownload
>>>
>>> chunk_size = 50 * 1024 * 1024 # 50MB
>>> stream = io.BytesIO()
>>> download = ChunkedDownload(
... media_url, chunk_size, stream)
>>> # Check the state of the download before starting.
>>> download.bytes_downloaded
0
>>> download.total_bytes is None
True
>>> response = download.consume_next_chunk(transport)
>>> # Check the state of the download after consuming one chunk.
>>> download.finished
False
>>> download.bytes_downloaded # chunk_size
52428800
>>> download.total_bytes # 1GB
1073741824
>>> response
<Response [206]>
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Length']
'52428800'
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Range']
'bytes 0-52428799/1073741824'
>>> len(response.content) == chunk_size
True
>>> stream.seek(0)
0
>>> stream.read(29)
b'The beginning of the chunk...'
The download will change it’s finished
status to True
once the final chunk is consumed. In some cases, the final chunk may
not be the same size as the other chunks:
>>> # The state of the download in progress.
>>> download.finished
False
>>> download.bytes_downloaded # 20 chunks at 50MB
1048576000
>>> download.total_bytes # 1GB
1073741824
>>> response = download.consume_next_chunk(transport)
>>> # The state of the download after consuming the final chunk.
>>> download.finished
True
>>> download.bytes_downloaded == download.total_bytes
True
>>> response
<Response [206]>
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Length']
'25165824'
>>> response.headers[u'Content-Range']
'bytes<PHONE_NUMBER>-1073741823/1073741824'
>>> len(response.content) < download.chunk_size
True
In addition, a ChunkedDownload
can also take optional
start
and end
byte positions.
Simple Uploads¶
Among the three supported upload classes, the simplest is
SimpleUpload
. A simple upload should be used when the resource
being uploaded is small and when there is no metadata (other than the name)
associated with the resource.
>>> from google.resumable_media.requests import SimpleUpload
>>>
>>> url_template = (
... u'https://www.googleapis.com/upload/storage/v1/b/{bucket}/o?'
... u'uploadType=media&'
... u'name={blob_name}')
>>> upload_url = url_template.format(
... bucket=bucket, blob_name=blob_name)
>>>
>>> upload = SimpleUpload(upload_url)
>>> data = b'Some not too large content.'
>>> content_type = u'text/plain'
>>> response = upload.transmit(transport, data, content_type)
>>> upload.finished
True
>>> response
<Response [200]>
>>> json_response = response.json()
>>> json_response[u'bucket'] == bucket
True
>>> json_response[u'name'] == blob_name
True
>>> json_response[u'contentType'] == content_type
True
>>> json_response[u'md5Hash']
'M0XLEsX9/sMdiI+4pB4CAQ=='
>>> int(json_response[u'size']) == len(data)
True
In the rare case that an upload fails, an InvalidResponse
will be raised:
>>> upload = SimpleUpload(upload_url)
>>> error = None
>>> try:
... upload.transmit(transport, data, content_type)
... except resumable_media.InvalidResponse as caught_exc:
... error = caught_exc
...
>>> error
InvalidResponse('Request failed with status code', 503,
'Expected one of', <HTTPStatus.OK: 200>)
>>> error.response
<Response [503]>
>>>
>>> upload.finished
True
Even in the case of failure, we see that the upload is
finished
, i.e. it cannot be re-used.
Multipart Uploads¶
After the simple upload, the MultipartUpload
can be used to
achieve essentially the same task. However, a multipart upload allows some
metadata about the resource to be sent along as well. (This is the “multi”:
we send a first part with the metadata and a second part with the actual
bytes in the resource.)
Usage is similar to the simple upload, but transmit()
accepts an extra required argument: metadata
.
>>> from google.resumable_media.requests import MultipartUpload
>>>
>>> url_template = (
... u'https://www.googleapis.com/upload/storage/v1/b/{bucket}/o?'
... u'uploadType=multipart')
>>> upload_url = url_template.format(bucket=bucket)
>>>
>>> upload = MultipartUpload(upload_url)
>>> metadata = {
... u'name': blob_name,
... u'metadata': {
... u'color': u'grurple',
... },
... }
>>> response = upload.transmit(transport, data, metadata, content_type)
>>> upload.finished
True
>>> response
<Response [200]>
>>> json_response = response.json()
>>> json_response[u'bucket'] == bucket
True
>>> json_response[u'name'] == blob_name
True
>>> json_response[u'metadata'] == metadata[u'metadata']
True
As with the simple upload, in the case of failure an InvalidResponse
is raised, enclosing the response
that caused
the failure and the upload
object cannot be re-used after a failure.
Resumable Uploads¶
A ResumableUpload
deviates from the other two upload classes:
it transmits a resource over the course of multiple requests. This
is intended to be used in cases where:
- the size of the resource is not known (i.e. it is generated on the fly)
- requests must be short-lived
- the client has request size limitations
- the resource is too large to fit into memory
In general, a resource should be sent in a single request to avoid latency and reduce QPS. See GCS best practices for more things to consider when using a resumable upload.
After creating a ResumableUpload
instance, a
resumable upload session must be initiated to let the server know that
a series of chunked upload requests will be coming and to obtain an
upload_id
for the session. In contrast to the other two upload classes,
initiate()
takes a byte stream
as input rather
than raw bytes as data
. This can be a file object, a BytesIO
object or any other stream implementing the same interface.
>>> from google.resumable_media.requests import ResumableUpload
>>>
>>> url_template = (
... u'https://www.googleapis.com/upload/storage/v1/b/{bucket}/o?'
... u'uploadType=resumable')
>>> upload_url = url_template.format(bucket=bucket)
>>>
>>> chunk_size = 1024 * 1024 # 1MB
>>> upload = ResumableUpload(upload_url, chunk_size)
>>> stream = io.BytesIO(data)
>>> # The upload doesn't know how "big" it is until seeing a stream.
>>> upload.total_bytes is None
True
>>> metadata = {u'name': blob_name}
>>> response = upload.initiate(transport, stream, metadata, content_type)
>>> response
<Response [200]>
>>> upload.resumable_url == response.headers[u'Location']
True
>>> upload.total_bytes == len(data)
True
>>> upload_id = response.headers[u'X-GUploader-UploadID']
>>> upload_id
'ABCdef189XY_super_serious'
>>> upload.resumable_url == upload_url + u'&upload_id=' + upload_id
True
Once a ResumableUpload
has been initiated, the resource is
transmitted in chunks until completion:
>>> response0 = upload.transmit_next_chunk(transport)
>>> response0
<Response [308]>
>>> upload.finished
False
>>> upload.bytes_uploaded == upload.chunk_size
True
>>>
>>> response1 = upload.transmit_next_chunk(transport)
>>> response1
<Response [308]>
>>> upload.finished
False
>>> upload.bytes_uploaded == 2 * upload.chunk_size
True
>>>
>>> response2 = upload.transmit_next_chunk(transport)
>>> response2
<Response [200]>
>>> upload.finished
True
>>> upload.bytes_uploaded == upload.total_bytes
True
>>> json_response = response2.json()
>>> json_response[u'bucket'] == bucket
True
>>> json_response[u'name'] == blob_name
True


Personal webpage of Tal Kachman
This page is now overwhelmingly out of date and will be updated in pretty soon!
In the meanwhile I am happy to announce that I have accepted an academic position as an assistant professor of AI at Radboud university and part of the ELLIS consortium
Technion-->MIT-->IBM-->Rhizome Works-->AQR Capital management-->Radboud University
Haifa research lab working in the group of Machine Learning for Healthcare and Life Sciences (guess who I am there).
I research and teach in a variety of areas. My current research includes machine learning, deep learning, stochastic process, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics as well as quantum information and aspects of quantum learning theory.
––>


hw/ip/prim/rtl/prim_arbiter_tree.sv Cov: 82.9%
1: // Copyright lowRISC contributors.
2: // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, see LICENSE for details.
3: // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
4: //
5: // N:1 arbiter module
6: //
7: // Verilog parameter
8: // N: Number of request ports
9: // DW: Data width
10: // Lock: Lock arbiter decision when destination is not ready
11: //
12: // Hand optimized version which implements a binary tree to optimize
13: // timing. In particular, arbitration decisions and data mux steering happen
14: // simultaneously on the corresponding tree level, which leads to improved propagation
15: // delay compared to a solution that arbitrates first, followed by a data mux selection.
16: //
17: // If Lock is turned on, the currently winning request is held if the
18: // data sink is not ready. This behavior is required by some interconnect
19: // protocols (AXI, TL), and hence it is turned on by default.
20: // Note that this implies that an asserted request must stay asserted
21: // until it has been granted.
22: //
23: // See also: prim_arbiter_ppc
24:
25: module prim_arbiter_tree #(
26: parameter int unsigned N = 4,
27: parameter int unsigned DW = 32,
28: // holds the last arbiter decision in case the sink is not ready
29: // this should be enabled when used in AXI or TL protocols.
30: parameter bit Lock = 1'b1
31: ) (
32: input clk_i,
33: input rst_ni,
34:
35: input [ N-1:0] req_i,
36: input [DW-1:0] data_i [N],
37: output logic [ N-1:0] gnt_o,
38: output logic [$clog2(N)-1:0] idx_o,
39:
40: output logic valid_o,
41: output logic [DW-1:0] data_o,
42: input ready_i
43: );
44:
45: `ASSERT_INIT(CheckNGreaterZero_A, N > 0)
46:
47: // this case is basically just a bypass
48: if (N == 1) begin : gen_degenerate_case
49:
50: assign valid_o = req_i[0];
51: assign data_o = data_i[0];
52: assign gnt_o[0] = valid_o & ready_i;
53: assign idx_o = '0;
54:
55: end else begin : gen_normal_case
56:
57: // align to powers of 2 for simplicity
58: // a full binary tree with N levels has 2**N + 2**N-1 nodes
59: localparam int unsigned N_LEVELS = $clog2(N);
60: logic [N-1:0] req;
61: logic [2**(N_LEVELS+1)-2:0] req_tree;
62: logic [2**(N_LEVELS+1)-2:0] gnt_tree;
63: logic [2**(N_LEVELS+1)-2:0][N_LEVELS-1:0] idx_tree;
64: logic [2**(N_LEVELS+1)-2:0][DW-1:0] data_tree;
65: logic [N_LEVELS-1:0] rr_q;
66:
67: // req_locked
68: if (Lock) begin : gen_lock
69: logic [N-1:0] mask_d, mask_q;
70: // if the request cannot be served, we store the current request bits
71: // and apply it as a mask to the incoming requests in the next cycle.
72: assign mask_d = (valid_o && (!ready_i)) ? req : {N{1'b1}};
73: assign req = mask_q & req_i;
74:
75: always_ff @(posedge clk_i) begin : p_lock_regs
76: if (!rst_ni) begin
77: mask_q <= {N{1'b1}};
78: end else begin
79: mask_q <= mask_d;
80: end
81: end
82: end else begin : gen_no_lock
83: assign req = req_i;
84: end
85:
86: for (genvar level = 0; level < N_LEVELS+1; level++) begin : gen_tree
87: //
88: // level+1 c0 c1 <- "base1" points to the first node on "level+1",
89: // \ / these nodes are the children of the nodes one level below
90: // level pa <- "base0", points to the first node on "level",
91: // these nodes are the parents of the nodes one level above
92: //
93: // hence we have the following indices for the pa, c0, c1 nodes:
94: // pa = 2**level - 1 + offset = base0 + offset
95: // c0 = 2**(level+1) - 1 + 2*offset = base1 + 2*offset
96: // c1 = 2**(level+1) - 1 + 2*offset + 1 = base1 + 2*offset + 1
97: //
98: localparam int unsigned base0 = (2**level)-1;
99: localparam int unsigned base1 = (2**(level+1))-1;
100:
101: for (genvar offset = 0; offset < 2**level; offset++) begin : gen_level
102: localparam int unsigned pa = base0 + offset;
103: localparam int unsigned c0 = base1 + 2*offset;
104: localparam int unsigned c1 = base1 + 2*offset + 1;
105:
106: // this assigns the gated interrupt source signals, their
107: // corresponding IDs and priorities to the tree leafs
108: if (level == N_LEVELS) begin : gen_leafs
109: if (offset < N) begin : gen_assign
110: // forward path
111: assign req_tree[pa] = req[offset];
112: assign idx_tree[pa] = offset;
113: assign data_tree[pa] = data_i[offset];
114: // backward (grant) path
115: assign gnt_o[offset] = gnt_tree[pa];
116: end else begin : gen_tie_off
117: // forward path
118: assign req_tree[pa] = '0;
119: assign idx_tree[pa] = '0;
120: assign data_tree[pa] = '0;
121: end
122: // this creates the node assignments
123: end else begin : gen_nodes
124: // NOTE: the code below has been written in this way in order to work
125: // around a synthesis issue in Vivado 2018.3 and 2019.2 where the whole
126: // module would be optimized away if these assign statements contained
127: // ternary statements to implement the muxes.
128: //
129: // TODO: rewrite these lines with ternary statmements onec the problem
130: // has been fixed in the tool.
131: //
132: // See also originating issue:
133: // https://github.com/lowRISC/opentitan/issues/1355
134: // Xilinx issue:
135: // https://forums.xilinx.com/t5/Synthesis/Simulation-Synthesis-Mismatch-with-Vivado-2018-3/m-p/1065923#M33849
136:
137: // forward path
138: logic sel; // local helper variable
139: // this performs a (local) round robin arbitration using the associated rr counter bit
140: assign sel = ~req_tree[c0] | req_tree[c1] & rr_q[N_LEVELS-1-level];
141: // propagate requests
142: assign req_tree[pa] = req_tree[c0] | req_tree[c1];
143: // muxes
144: assign idx_tree[pa] = ({N_LEVELS{sel}} & idx_tree[c1]) | ({N_LEVELS{~sel}} & idx_tree[c0]);
145: assign data_tree[pa] = ({DW{sel}} & data_tree[c1]) | ({DW{~sel}} & data_tree[c0]);
146: // backward (grant) path
147: assign gnt_tree[c0] = gnt_tree[pa] & ~sel;
148: assign gnt_tree[c1] = gnt_tree[pa] & sel;
149: end
150: end : gen_level
151: end : gen_tree
152:
153: // the results can be found at the tree root
154: assign idx_o = idx_tree[0];
155: assign data_o = data_tree[0];
156: assign valid_o = req_tree[0];
157: // propagate the grant back to the requestors
158: assign gnt_tree[0] = valid_o & ready_i;
159:
160: // this is the round robin counter
161: always_ff @(posedge clk_i or negedge rst_ni) begin : p_regs
162: if (!rst_ni) begin
163: rr_q <= '0;
164: end else begin
165: if (gnt_tree[0] && (rr_q == N-1)) begin
166: rr_q <= '0;
167: end else if (gnt_tree[0]) begin
168: rr_q <= rr_q + 1'b1;
169: end
170: end
171: end
172:
173: end
174:
175: ////////////////
176: // assertions //
177: ////////////////
178:
179: // we can only grant one requestor at a time
180: `ASSERT(CheckHotOne_A, $onehot0(gnt_o), clk_i, !rst_ni)
181: // A grant implies that the sink is ready
182: `ASSERT(GntImpliesReady_A, |gnt_o |-> ready_i, clk_i, !rst_ni)
183: // A grant implies that the arbiter asserts valid as well
184: `ASSERT(GntImpliesValid_A, |gnt_o |-> valid_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
185: // A request and a sink that is ready imply a grant
186: `ASSERT(ReqAndReadyImplyGrant_A, |req_i && ready_i |-> |gnt_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
187: // A request and a sink that is ready imply a grant
188: `ASSERT(ReqImpliesValid_A, |req_i |-> valid_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
189: // Both conditions above combined and reversed
190: `ASSERT(ReadyAndValidImplyGrant_A, ready_i && valid_o |-> |gnt_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
191: // Both conditions above combined and reversed
192: `ASSERT(NoReadyValidNoGrant_A, !(ready_i || valid_o) |-> gnt_o == 0, clk_i, !rst_ni)
193: // check index / grant correspond
194: `ASSERT(IndexIsCorrect_A, ready_i && valid_o |-> gnt_o[idx_o] && req_i[idx_o], clk_i, !rst_ni)
195: // data flow
196: `ASSERT(DataFlow_A, ready_i && valid_o |-> data_o == data_i[idx_o], clk_i, !rst_ni)
197: // KNOWN assertions on outputs, except for data as that may be partially X in simulation
198: // e.g. when used on a BUS
199: `ASSERT_KNOWN(ValidKnown_A, valid_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
200: `ASSERT_KNOWN(GrantKnown_A, gnt_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
201: `ASSERT_KNOWN(IdxKnown_A, idx_o, clk_i, !rst_ni)
202:
203: `ifndef SYNTHESIS
204: // A grant implies a request
205: int unsigned k; // this is a symbolic variable
206: `ASSUME(KStable_M, ##1 $stable(k), clk_i, !rst_ni)
207: `ASSUME(KRange_M, k < N, clk_i, !rst_ni)
208: `ASSERT(GntImpliesReq_A, gnt_o[k] |-> req_i[k], clk_i, !rst_ni)
209:
210: if (Lock) begin : gen_lock_assertion
211: // requests must stay asserted until they have been granted
212: `ASSUME(ReqStaysHighUntilGranted_M, (|req_i) && !ready_i |=>
213: (req_i & $past(req_i)) == $past(req_i), clk_i, !rst_ni)
214: // check that the arbitration decision is held if the sink is not ready
215: `ASSERT(LockArbDecision_A, |req_i && !ready_i |=> idx_o == $past(idx_o), clk_i, !rst_ni)
216: end
217:
218: `endif
219:
220: endmodule
221:


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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No.8665 of 2016 ====================================================== M/s Shivam Int Udyog .... .... Petitioner/s Versus The State of Bihar & Ors .... .... Respondent/s ====================================================== Appearance : For the Petitioner/s : Mr. Kameshwar Prasad Gupta For the Respondent/s : Mr. Ashok Kr.Choudhary, AAG-13 For the B.S.P.C.B. and authorities : Mr. Shivendra Kishore, Sr. Adv. with Ms. Binita Singh ====================================================== CORAM: HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE JYOTI SARAN ORAL ORDER
2 22-06-2016 Heard Mr. Kameshwar Prasad Gupta, learned counsel appearing for the petitioner, Mr. Ashok Kr. Choudhary, learned A.A.G.13 for the State and Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned senior counsel for the Bihar State Pollution Control Board and its authorities assisted by Ms. Binita Singh.
Let a copy of this writ petition be also served on Mr. Rajendra Prasad who normally appears for the Mining Department, by tomorrow.
The petitioner is aggrieved by the order dated 12.1.2016 passed by the Chairman, Bihar State Pollution Control Board (hereinafter referred to as 'the Board') whereby the petitioner has been directed to stop the operation of its brick kiln situated in the district of Madhubani inter alia on grounds that it was operational without obtaining the 'consent to operate' from the 'Board' as well as without seeking 'Environmental Clearance' Patna High Court CWJC No.8665 of 2016 (2) dt.22-06-2016 2 from the State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority.
Mr. Gupta, learned counsel for the petitioner has submitted that the 'Environmental Clearance' has since been granted by the authority concerned, to the petitioner as well as several other brick kilns as is manifest from the document dated 11.4.2015 placed at Annexure-8 and the 'consent to establish' has been granted by the 'Board' vide order passed on 17.12.2015 placed at Annexure-9 subject to obtaining 'consent to operate' under section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Act') within 6 months. He further with reference to Annexure-6 series submits that an application seeking 'consent to operate' under section 21 of 'the Act' has been submitted by the petitioner on 13.3.2016 in compliance of the directions given in the order granting 'consent to establish' present at Annexure-9 but which has remained pending with the respondent-Board. He admits to the position that the brick kiln is awaiting the permission of 'consent to operate'.
Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned senior counsel representing the 'Board' in response to the argument advanced by Mr. Gupta, learned counsel for the petitioner has submitted that even if the 'Environmental Clearance' has been given to the petitioner accompanied with the 'consent to establish', but until Patna High Court CWJC No.8665 of 2016 (2) dt.22-06-2016 3 such time that the permission granting 'consent to operate' is granted to petitioner under section 21 of 'the Act', the brick kiln cannot be operated. He submits that the petitioner has operated the brick kiln without an order granting 'consent to operate', which is illegal warranting the order present at Annexure-2 which is followed by the order of the District Magistrate, present at Annexure-1 dated 15.3.2016. He, however, admits that the Chairman of the 'Board' has since resigned and there has not been any fresh appointment to the said post which has delayed the disposal of the application filed by the petitioner for obtaining the 'consent to operate'.
Annexure-2 which is the order of the 'Board' puts a restraint on the operation of the brick kiln of the petitioner inter alia on three grounds set out above of which two grounds are misplaced since the petitioner has 'Environment Clearance' as well as the 'consent to establish' and has also filed a proper application for obtaining 'consent to operate' which remains pending with the respondent-Board. The laches are not on the part of the petitioner rather it is attributable to the absence of the authority concerned i.e. the Chairman of the 'Board' who is requires to dispose of such application. However since the legal prescriptions provided for operating the brick kiln are not satisfied, the restraint order issued by the 'Board' followed by Patna High Court CWJC No.8665 of 2016 (2) dt.22-06-2016 4 the order of District Magistrate, Madhubani present at Annexures 1 and 2 would call for no interference at the present stage.
Nonetheless, the application of the petitioner for obtaining 'consent to operate' requires a disposal by the 'Board' but in absence of the Chairman of the 'Board' it remains in a limbo. The answer to the issue requires to be provided by the State and this Court would require Mr. Choudhary, learned AAG-13 representing the State to inform this Court as to within the shortest possible time in which a Chairman would be provided to the 'Board'.
On suggestion of Mr. Choudhary, learned Additional Advocate General let the Chief Secretary and the Principal Secretary concerned be added as respondent nos. 12 and 13 respectively during course of the day.
Put up this matter under the heading 'For Orders' on 27.6.2016.
(Jyoti Saran, J) deepika/-
U


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Cannabis |
(plant material) |
The other day I had a very unexpected and a rather interesting +++ on the Shulgin scale...from 2 grams of Piracetam powder. Now I am a nootropics User of some 20 years standing, using Piracetam in the form of Nootropil on and off through that time for its cognition-enhancing properties, finding its effects to be for the most part as described in literature and certainly nothing spectacular, especially on a one-off attack dose. This particular morning being in the middle of a nootropics course, the standard regimen was:
5mg l-deprenyl
5mg Hydergine
1,000 mg l-phenylalanine
500 mg centrophenoxine
2 caps of ginseng extract
Couple cups of strong coffee
Mind you, I had run out of Nootropil about a month ago, so off to work I went to be pleasantly surprised to hear that the expected package had arrived. After taking possession of the customs-cleared package from the smiling global express delivery unit, I proceeded to weigh out 2 grams (my standard dose of Nootropil is 2x800 mg tabs or 1,600 mg) of the most brilliant white, almost piezoluminescent and somewhat hygroscopic powder…
T 0:00 …2:00 P.M. and down it went...uggghhh, the straight up utterly ugly bitterness that borders on sweetness (always have to taste new chems), chased down w/a bit of Breakfast Juice; I went on with my workday expecting nothing really, maybe some improvement in clarity of thinking.
T 2:00 with no notice of it, engaged in 3 simultaneous conversations, one of them in a different language, 2 LCD screens flashing various data, um, somewhat too slowly for my liking, no urge at all for the de rigeur afternoon coffee, which um, I won't be having till tomorrow as it appears the workday is over.
T 4:00 the drive home, colours of the oncoming sunset delegate a certain import, weight to the texture of the sky, the wind-rippled water on the lake reflecting golden-lined clouds, visual aspect is razor sharp, in contrast to normal end of workday tiredness, wicked psytrance amped through the 8-speaker high fidelity system sounding crisp yet oh so space-dirty and the standard irritation at the nimrods who haven’t taught their cars how to drive is strangely absent.
T 4:40 back at home, put on Shulman’s in Search of a Meaningful Moment (highly recommended for Shpongle / Entheogenic fans) and as the first song builds, indulge in a stress relieving cone or two of some fine Australian indisat hybrid. This particular strain normally proves light on the head, energetic, yet with a solid backbone and minimal paranoia, yes, a cultivated vice, I admit, forgive me gentle reader. Exhaling, I feel an almost immediate dumbing-down if you will, the soft cloud enveloping and my thoughts becoming muuuch slooower (not at all the normal fx when I praise Jah), but this lasts for about 5 minutes after which time I am actually questioning whether it was Piracetam that I ingested, without warning I am at a solid +++ but a hard to define place, and crikety, I mean after all, internet white powder is just that without an HPLC / GCMS spectra to confirm...
Powered by the evolving music, this is certainly no THC effects, I make sure by sampling a couple more cones, try to sit back and enjoy the experience but sitting down is hard as for some reason I feel the urge to do something creative, like write Crowley’s interpretation of the Tao on a transparent Moebius strip then decode through a yet to be found algorithm based on a 4-part fugue structure and pumped to a bitchin sound unit, yyeh... Abandon this task in favour of something more practical like, um, getting online to download some esoteric chemistry articles that actually make sense when speed-read.
T 6:00 the chasm known as the corpus callosum, across it communication between the brain’s hemispheres takes place. I am acutely aware of this communication process taking place. Eyes closed, I can see thoughtfields and trace them back to the actual spatial locations within the brain where particular thought 'units' originate. There is no push for higher symbolic processing, the thoughts do not fragment into fractals, but rather seem to be well contained within their fractal parameters. On the other hand there is no obsessive self-analytical digging which is a sign of being off baseline.
It becomes clear why this stuff is indicated for such things as cerebrovascular trauma and alcohol addiction (DT stage). I feel, for lack of better words, as if the old synaptic pathways clogged with debris and are being flushed clean, from the microcapillary down to actual neuronal conductance levels, and there is a feeling of damage being repaired. This is not the cathartic psychedelic soul repair that is the result of hard psychological work, this is much more physical, the awareness of the physical, specifically, cerebro-physical. Memories of minute events become clear but only those I choose to focus on, no distortion or unwanted directions.
There are no physical symptoms although I should certainly be hungry by this point (still empty stomach from morning), BP is normal, pulse normal, some pushups take to get the heart rate going and the blood flowing.
T 7:00 the Soulmate comes home, are you secret-dosing 2C-T-21 again? - is her first question. Takes a bit to convince her otherwise, but she’s familiar with Nootropil and highly sensitive to it, we take advantage of my state to discuss matters which she hopes I may remember, grin. Make a meal which actually tastes wonderful with a couple Stellas, appetite comes while you eat, as the saying goes.
T 10:00 the residual effects are still present, tiredness has yet to set in, couple more cones, turn on the TV – ugh, off it goes, a mutual massage to the background of Silence (FAX Records) time for bed, pesky thoughts folding in on themselves, slowly fading into darkness of a somewhat fitful sleep filled with dreams of chases and snowy mountains.
Summary: placebo-shmasebo, a definite +++ in absolute number terms, although not in your classical psychedelic sense. At no point did I feel spatio-temporally challenged or pushed into consciousness expansion as with most psychs, and the visuals were, um, self-limiting. I am certain this level experience will not be repeated with this substance, although a useful nootropic and prophylactic ally Piracetam shall remain.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Netanyahu Tours Gush Etzion After US Prepares to Recognize Legality of Jewish Towns in Judea, Samaria
by Hana Levi JulianPrime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu toured Gush Etzion on Tuesday (Nov. 19) and met with Judea and Samaria council heads a day after news broke worldwide that the United States government plans to recognize Israeli settlements in Judea and Samaria as legal entities.
AP: US to Declare Jewish Settlements Legal
“I admit that I am very moved,” Netanyahu told the council leaders. “We are here, in Gush Etzion, a place we were expelled from in the War of Independence. Here we are on a historic day with another tremendous achievement for the State of Israel, which we have greatly worked for.”
Netanyahu added that the Trump administration has “corrected an historic injustice and lined up with truth and justice.” He thanked President Donald Trump and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and said, “This is a very great day for the State of Israel and an achievement that will stand for generations.”


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Build system
XLS uses the Bazel build system for itself and all its dependencies. Bazel is an easy to configure and use, and has powerful extension facilities. (It's also well-documented!) XLS provides a number of Starlark rules and macros to define a build flow.
Whirlwind Intro To Bazel
Many developers are familiar with a make-style build flow. Bazel, by contrast,
provides more built-in structure for where generated files and binary artifacts
are placed, in order to keep the source tree unmodified and the build process
fully declarative / repeatable. In Bazel, one of the key principles is "the user
should not need to bazel clean
".
A typical build command looks like:
$ bazel build -c opt //xls/tools:opt_main
The -c opt
flag is requesting we produce an optimized build. Other options for
development are:
-c fastbuild
: fewer optimizations, quicker turn around time on builds, and-c dbg
: debug binaries, minimal optimization level and debug information produced, e.g. for using binaries undergdb
Targets are referenced with //
as the root of the current repository -- it is
generally optional. From there you specify the path to a directory with a
BUILD
file, and then :target_name
to reference a named target within that
BUILD
file. In the case above, the build target referenced is a C++ binary --
its build definition is described by a cc_binary
rule in the xls/tools/BUILD
file.
Where the output files go
The above command notes the following in its output:
Target //xls/tools:opt_main up-to-date:
bazel-bin/xls/tools/opt_main
We can see binary result files go to bazel-bin
within our repository's root
directory. (Aside: bazel-bin
is a convenient symlink to an out-of-tree
location where build artifacts are placed.)
Generated files that are intermediate entities in the build process are also
visible via a similar symlink, bazel-out
. Within the following directory:
$ ls bazel-out/host/bin/xls/ir/
We can see files that were part of the build of the IR library, like op.h
and
op.cc
.
XLS Project Build Rules
XLS provides a set of Bazel build rules and macros that allow users to
quickly/easily create XLS-based design artifacts -- analogous to the way C++,
Python, etc are done in Bazel. For example, dslx_library
lets a user make a
library target written in XLS' Domain Specific Language frontend.
XLS build rules and macros are defined in xls/build_rules/xls_build_defs.bzl.
Examples using the rules and macros are found at xls/build_rules/tests/BUILD.
A detailed description of the bazel rules/macros can be found here.
Bazel queries
Understanding the build tree for a new project can be difficult, but fortunately
Bazel provides a
powerful query mechanism. bazel query
enables a user to examine build targets, dependencies between them, and much
more. A few usage examples are provided here, but the full documentation (linked
above) is comprehensive.
Finding transitive dependencies
To understand why, for example, the combinational verilog generator depends on the ABSL container algorithm library, one could run:
$ bazel query 'somepath(//xls/codegen:combinational_generator, @com_google_absl//absl/algorithm:container)'
//xls/codegen:combinational_generator
//xls/codegen:vast
@com_google_absl//absl/algorithm:container
This result shows that one such path goes through the :vast
target. Another
such path goes through the xls/ir:ir target, then the xls/ir:value target.
somepath
provides some path, not all paths (that's what allpaths
is for).
Finding dependees ("reverse dependencies")
Sometimes it's useful to identify the set of targets depending on some other
target - the rdeps
query performs this:
$ bazel query 'rdeps(//xls/codegen:all, //xls/codegen:combinational_generator)'
//xls/codegen:flattening_test
//xls/ir:ir_test_base
//xls/codegen:combinational_generator_test
//xls/codegen:combinational_generator
This shows the transitive closure of all dependencies of the combinational
generator, with the starting set being all targets in //xls/codegen:all
. This
set of dependencies can quickly grow to be unmanageable, so keep the initial set
(the first argument) as small as possible, and consider specifying a third
argument for maximum search depth.


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DEATH WISH 4: THE CRACKDOWN A Film Review Copyright Dragan Antulov 1998
In the first DEATH WISH movie, mild-mannered New York architect Paul Kersey, played by Charles Bronson, was avenging the death of his wife. In the second, he was avenging his daughter. In the third, he instigated small war in order to avenge the old friend.  However, since this is DEATH WISH MOVIE, we know that sooner or later something bad is going to happen to the people Kersey cares for. This time Karen's teenage daughter dies of a crack overdose and Kersey is forced to return to his old vigilante ways. Kersey's new targets, unlike the previous movies, aren't the ordinary street punks but rich, heavily armed and well-connected drug dealers. Even such unstoppable killing machine like Kersey needs some support, and it comes from the publisher Nathan White (John P. Ryan), determined to avenge the drug-related death of his own daughter. White's plan is to make Kersey kill major players in two rival drug dealing organisations and thus instigate the war between them. The plan begins to take shape, but Kersey's actions bring attention of two police detectives - Reiner (George Dickerson) and Nozaki (Soon Teck-Oh).
Fourth (and, unfortunately, not the final) installment in the DEATH WISH series, will probably remembered as the typical movie of Cannon Group, production company responsible for some of the worst cinematic trash of the last decade. However, although some critics might argue, DEATH WISH 4: THE CRACKDOWN represents slight improvement over the DEATH WISH 3. Paul Kersey, one of the most intriguing (and potentially controversial) characters of the 1970s, is still being dumbed down by mediocre script, and Charles Bronson really doesn't feel the need to put much effort in his acting. However, the hand of a veteran director J. Lee Thompson seems more capable of Michael Winner's and the action scenes seem slightly less surreal, although they still look cheap and repetitive and downright boring. There are some attempts for the movie to have a plot between the numerous scenes of violence, and one of such attempts is a potentially interesting plot twist at the end. The script even tries to fake some social conscience (through criminally underused Kay Lenz's character) and predates the War on Drugs campaign that would inspire many Hollywood products in next few years. There are even some half-hearted attempts of humour - both intentional and unintentional, like in a scene where Kersey assassinates mob figures by a wine bottle - but the quality of this movie is still far away from Bronson's 1970s classics.
(Special note to x-philes: Mith Pilleggi, the actor who plays AD Skinner in THE X- FILES, could be seen in a small role of cannery lab foreman).
RATING: 4/10 (+)
Dragan Antulov a.k.a. Drax Fido: 2:381/100 E-Mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


+++ title = "The air in Mexico City" slug = "the-air-in-mexico-city" date = 2007-02-20T12:00:00+10:00 tags = ["environment", "pollution"] locations = ["mexico/mexico-city"] draft = false summary = """
The first thing I noticed about this city, when I started exploring it, is that the air is much cleaner than I thought it would be. I've always heard that the air pollution is among the worst in the world here, and so I was expecting the worst. But it's really not that bad.
""" [[comments]] title = "Not perfect air" date = 2007-02-21T12:02:02+10:00 author_name = "Jaza" content = """Update:
OK, maybe I was talking a bit too soon about the cleanliness of the air in Mexico City. After now having explored the city a bit further, I think that the air pollution is much worse on the city's outskirts, and even in the agricultural areas outside of (but near to) the city. The sky is very hazy in these areas, and the air is noticeably harder to breathe.
""" +++The first thing I noticed about this city, when I started exploring it, is that the air is much cleaner than I thought it would be. I've always heard that the air pollution is among the worst in the world here, and so I was expecting the worst. But it's really not that bad.
Maybe Sydney is just as polluted as Mexico City these days, so I was already used to the excessive smog. Or maybe Mexico City's air has improved in recent years, since the introduction of driving restrictions in parts of the city's centre.
Anyway, for those of you that are curious, the air is quite breathable, and the sky quite blue, here in adorable Mexico City.


Patriots WR Harry inactive for showdown vs Ravens
BALTIMORE (AP) - New England rookie receiver N’Keal Harry has been placed on the inactive list for Sunday night’s game against the Baltimore Ravens.
Drafted 32nd overall, Harry was put on injured reserve during the preseason with an ankle injury and placed on the 53-man roster on Saturday.
The former Arizona State star is still waiting to make his NFL debut.
Also inactive for the Patriots: tight end Matt LaCosse, receiver and kick returner Gunner Olszewski, cornerback Joejuan Williams, running back Damien Harris, offensive lineman Korey Cunningham and quarterback Cody Kessler.

Inactive for Baltimore: quarterback Trace McSorley, receiver Jaleel Scott, cornerback Maurice Canady, guard Ben Powers, defensive end Ofomba Kamalu, and defensive tackles Daylon Mack and Zach Sieler.
More AP NFL: https://apnews.com/NFL and https://twitter.com/AP_NFL
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Team Kiwi's Conveyor Belt Repository
Welcome to Kiwi's repository for generating a conveyor belt to build software the right way. We have included in this repository different approaches to building our conveyor built in order to compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses each technology has against the other. We compare React, Angular, Vue, and Web Components in order to determine which technology is most compatible with our team's skills and abilities. We also compare these technologies to provide Peter, our client, a clearer understanding on how we reached our final decision on the technologies we decided upon.
Getting Started
To get started, clone our repository.
TODO: Provide Steps how to run our different conveyor belts.
Documentation Generation
For document generation, we are using ESDocs.
From ESDocs' Website:
ESDoc has two goals.
- To make documentation maintenance comfortable and pleasant
- To create easy-to-understand documentation.
In order to achieve this two goals, ESDoc produces a practical document,
measures the coverage, integrates the test code and more.
To find out more about ESDocs, please visit: https://esdoc.org/manual/usage.html
We use ESDocs via its basic usage, such as:
/**
* this is MyClass.
*/
export default class MyClass {
/**
* @param {number} a - this is a value.
* @param {number} b - this is a value.
* @return {number} result of the sum value.
*/
sum(a, b){
return a + b;
}
}
A list of tags that are available can be found here: https://esdoc.org/manual/tags.html
Note: Please ensure you have ESDocs installed. If you do not have ESDocs installed, please install by running the following commands:
npm install esdoc esdoc-standard-plugin
In order to view our docs, once you have set up the repository, run the commands
./node_modules/.bin/esdoc
open ./docs/index.html
The documentation to all our different technologies we have compared and contrasted will open in your browser. There you may browse and read in more detail the code we wrote for each technology.
Use of Third Party Integration Tools
Codacy
We use a static code analysis tool called Codacy in order to keep our code consistent and as simple as possible. We use this in order to track the progress of our code quality as the project progresses. This tool allows us to set goals we can determine within our team and with our client to ensure code quality. Since people have different measures of quality, we may dial it to our very own specificcations as to what quality means for us and our client. Some of the metrics we can fine tune are:
- Code Complexity
- File Structure Complexity
- Duplication of Code and Files
- Code Test Coverage
- Pull Requests, Commits, etc.
- Security Vulnerablity Analysis
Once we have set the standards we are to follow, the dashboard this tool provides will allow our client to visualize the quality of work we are completing with a letter grade rating.
Internally, we use this to track everyone's contribution and quality of work by viewing what issues are introduced by whom and how often. In this way, we are able to track bugs in our code to avoid future repetitions of the same mistakes, and thus tune and refine our pipeline if needed.
To find out more about how Codacy works, please visit the documentation page here: https://support.codacy.com/hc/en-us
Travis CI
We use Travis CI as our continuous integration tool. It allows us to centralize our builds and deployments. while adding another layer of quality checks through testing and deployment in a controlled environment, independer of any one's developer's local environment. Since we may control this independent environment the way we want, it allows us to have a separate environment where we may run our build process and incrementally add new features to our project. Not only this, we can control what gets into the build in an incremental manner. We perform a series of tests that make sure that what we develop will work in the proposed environment we agree upon with our client. It also allows us to perform code reviews so we can add a human aspect to how our code should be in terms of quality, structure, and readability. Lastly, we can automate many tasks that would otherwise require much developer time, saving our client time and money.
Testing
For testing, we are using Enzyme and Jest.
Specifically, we are using Enzyme to test that our components render as they should. In other words, we want to ensure that what we visualize with our client shows up in the user interface. We also perform a variety of other tests that which include that our components behave as they should. For example, when we set a specific color for text, does the text actually change color? Does it render to the correct color? Etc.
Furthermore, we use Jest because of their focus on snapshots for testing purposes. We use snapshots to stay consistent with how we want our components to look. These snapshots allow us to optimize the underlying implementation of a component while testing that its appearance has not changed. Jest compares a previous "snapshot" of what our code rendered to and tests that our update does not change the appearance of the component. In this way, we are able to separate implementation tests from the rendering tests.
We recognize that performing tests that do not need to be performed is redudant and not time efficient. So, we have set up our pipeline so that tests only run when they should and are responsive to the changes made in the code base. In other words, we run tests according to the chain of dependencies that the change will affect.
GitHub File Structure
We have organized our repository to make it easy to navigate by anyone who may want to look at our current work by using familiar names that are easy to understand and remember.
We have also made our best effort to keep different technologies separate so that they may not interfere with eachother with being run.
The following file structure roughly represents how we have organized our repository:
/Kiwi
- this is the topmost directory of our project
- here you will find configuration files to most of the
tools we use throughout our repository including TravisCI
Firebase, ESDocs, etc
/_tests_
- here you will find our React tests, which include our
Enzyme and Jest tests
/dev
- folder containts components that are currently under
development
/dev/peter-test
- this folder contains our use of different frameworks
for the purpose of comparing and contrasting the strengths and weaknesses of each framework
- Included frameworks: Angular, React, Vue, and
WebComponents
/docs
- this folder contains teh documentation to the components
under development as well as components that have reached
production
- docs are able to be viewed via a browser


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So: we've constructed a basic neural net that has the key feature of a neural net: it is a set of nested functions that can thus describe a more complicated relationship between input and output than a single function can.
But how does this relate to the other concepts of neural nets we've heard so much about, such as "layers" or "deep" nets? Clearly the net we have constructed thus far is not "deep", for example.
Before generalizing to these more complicated concepts, it will be necessary to walk through one more example, this one more tedious than the last. This is a necessary part of the process of learning: you cannot understand the motivation behind higher-level theory with seeing that the simpler theory from which it springs will not generalize!
So: what would a neural net that is one "level" more complicated than this neural net look like?
Let's consider a more complicated neural net, that is, one that is capable of learning a more complex relationship between input and output than a the net we initially described. Like the three blind mice, each of whom feels a different part of the elephant and discovers something essential about it, we can view this neural net in several different ways, which are all ultimately equivalent and all illustrate a different, essential component of its operation.
Let's get started.
--
We will begin with three features as input, and predict one output, as in the prior example, to keep this simple.
Mathematically, we can write this as:
$$ X = \begin{bmatrix}x_1 & x_2 & x_3\end{bmatrix} $$ $$ Y = \begin{bmatrix}y_1\end{bmatrix} $$And in code, we can write this as:
X = np.array([[0,0,1]) Y = np.array([[1])
Now, unlike last time, we will define two sets of parameters that we will learn. One of these sets will convert our input of three features into the "hidden" features, and another set will transform these hidden features into our output.
Arbitrarily, to keep the numbers simple and unconfusing, we'll choose to have four hidden features. That means that our first set of weights must transform our three inputs into four hidden features, and our second set of weights must, just like the weights in the prior problem, transform our hidden features into a final predicition.
First, to transform our three inputs into our four hidden features, our first set of weights, which we'll call $v$, will be a 3 x 4 matrix.
$$ W1 = \begin{bmatrix}v_{11} & v_{12} & v_{13} & v_{14} \\ v_{21} & v_{22} & v_{23} & v_{24} \\ v_{31} & v_{32} & v_{33} & v_{34} \end{bmatrix} $$Doing, the briefest of linear algebra reviews, let's show the calculations behind the non-obvious fact that trips up even mathematicians, that multiplying the 1 x 3 matrix $ X $ by $ V $ gives a 1 x 4 output:
$$ A = \begin{bmatrix}a_{1} & a_{2} & a_{3} & a_{4} \end{bmatrix} $$.(Following the convention established in the prior post, for now at least, we'll call the first calculated output of the net $ A $, the second $ B $, etc., until we get to the final output prediction $ P $). Specifically, when we write (as we will shortly):
$$ X * V = A $$This is really an elegant and concise way of encoding:
$$ x_1 * v_{11} + x_2 * v_{21} + x_3 * v_{31} = a_1 $$ $$ x_1 * v_{12} + x_2 * v_{22} + x_3 * v_{32} = a_2 $$ $$ x_1 * v_{13} + x_2 * v_{23} + x_3 * v_{33} = a_3 $$ $$ x_1 * v_{14} + x_2 * v_{24} + x_3 * v_{34} = a_4 $$Keeping these calculations in mind will come in handy later.
Now: equivalently, we can think of a function $ V $ being applied to $ X $ to get $ A $:
$$ A = V(X) $$This is just an equivalent way of describing the same phenomenon occuring above.
Since this can be described with a matrix multiplication, coding this is actually quite simple:
V = np.random.randn(3, 4) A = np.dot(X,V)
Now, as we do in neural nets, to make this nonlinear, we will now apply a sigmoid function to $ A $, getting what we'll call $ B $. We can think of this in several different ways. We can write in shorthand:
$$ B = \sigma(A) $$or we can write out:
$$ b_1 = \sigma(a_1) $$ $$ b_2 = \sigma(a_2) $$ $$ b_3 = \sigma(a_3) $$ $$ b_4 = \sigma(a_4) $$Or we can think in terms of nested functions:
$$ B = \sigma(V(X)) $$Again, these are all equivalent ways of describing the same thing, and are all useful in their own ways. In code, of course, we would write:
B = sigmoid(A)
Now, let's observe that our journey has led us to familiar territory! We now have four "features", $ b_1, ... , b_4 $, that we are using to predict one output $ y_1 $. This is the identical scenario to the neural net we constructed before. We'll move quickly through this next section, getting quickly to computing our prediction $P$.
Our second set of parameters will be called $ W $, and will be a 4 x 1 matrix. We will multiply it by $ B $ in the appropriate way, and getting $ C $, and then apply a sigmoid function to it to get our final prediction $ P $. We can equivalently write this as:
$$ C = W(\sigma(V(X)))) $$ $$ C = W(B)) $$ $$ c_1 = w_1 * b_1 + w_2 * b_2 + w_3 * b_3 + w_4 * b_4 $$C = np.dot(B,W)
Finally, to get our prediction $ P $:
$$ P = \sigma(C) $$ $$ P = \sigma(W(\sigma(V(X))))) $$P = sigmoid(C)
Now, we'll compute our loss:
$$ L = \frac{1}{2}(y - P)^2 $$ $$ L = \frac{1}{2}(y - \sigma(W(\sigma(V(X))))))^2 $$Now, we'll compute our loss:
L = 0.5 * (y - P) ** 2
Now, for the complicated part: as in the first example, we want to compute the partial derivative of $ L $ with respect to $ W $ and $ V $, which is really shorthand for the derivative of $ L $ with respect to each of the parameters in $ W $ and $ V $. However, we know how to compute the derivative of $ L $ with respect to the parameters in $ W $, since we did that in our previous example.
Let's go through the first few steps, each done mathematically and with code:
Step 1: the partial derivative of $L$ with respect to $P$,
$$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial P} = -1.0 * (y - P) $$dLdP = -1.0 * (y-P)
Step 2: the partial derivative of $P$ with respect to $C$,
$$ \frac{\partial P}{\partial C} = \sigma(C) * (1 - \sigma(C)) $$dPdC = sigmoid(C) * (1.0 - sigmoid(C))
Step 3: combine these together to get a partial derivative of $L$ with respect to $C$,
$$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial C} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial P} * \frac{\partial P}{\partial C} \frac{\partial L}{\partial C} = -1.0 * (y-P) * \sigma(C) * (1 - \sigma(C)) $$dLdC = dLdP * dPdC
Again, and this cannot be overstated often enough: these kinds of computations work because at their core, neural nets are nested functions, and the derivatives of nested functions like this can be computed using the chain rule.
Step 4: since $ W $ is used in the computation of $ C $ we can compute the derivative of $ C $ with respect to $ W $. We went through in detail in the previous example how this is simply $ B $:
Note: we know that $ W $ is a 4 x 1 matrix, and based on the way we have coded this, $ B $ is a 1 x 4 matrix; just as $ X $, our starting features, were represented as a row, so $ B $, our "intermediate" or "hidden" features will be represented as a row. Thus, make the dimensions of our computations line up properly, we will write that the $ \frac{\partial C}{\partial W} = B^T $. This has nothing to do with what is actually going on: this is only to help the code perform the calculations correctly, (in addition, this whole setup will generalize well when we move on to more complicated neural nets down the line).
$$ \frac{\partial C}{\partial W} = B^T $$dLdW = np.dot(dCdW, dLdC)
This is how much we need to update $ W $ by!
Step 5: let's continue the backpropogation: to get eventually to $ \frac{\partial L}{\partial V} $, we'll need to compute,
dLdB = np.dot(dCdB, dLdC)
Note that since $W$ is a 4 x 1 matrix, and $ \frac{\partial L}{\partial C} $ is just a number, $ \frac{\partial L}{\partial B} $ is itself a 4 x 1 matrix.
Step 6: a relatively easy one: since $ B = \sigma(A) $, and $ \sigma^{'}(x) = \sigma(x) * (1-\sigma(x)) $
$$ \frac{\partial B}{\partial A} = \sigma(A) * (1-\sigma(A)) $$ $$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial A} = \frac{\partial B}{\partial A} * \frac{\partial L}{\partial B} $$dBdA = sigmoid(A) * (1 - sigmoid(A)) dLdA = dLdB * dBdA
Step 7: Now for the last tricky step: we need to compute $ \frac{\partial A}{\partial V} $. Unpacking this, step by step, first realize that we're really computing:
$$ \begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{11}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{12}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{13}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{14}} \\ \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{21}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{22}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{23}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{24}} \\ \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{31}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{32}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{33}} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial v_{34}} \\ \end{bmatrix} $$But, recall that:
$$ x_1 * v_{11} + x_2 * v_{21} + x_3 * v_{31} = a_1 $$ $$ x_1 * v_{12} + x_2 * v_{22} + x_3 * v_{32} = a_2 $$ $$ x_1 * v_{13} + x_2 * v_{23} + x_3 * v_{33} = a_3 $$ $$ x_1 * v_{14} + x_2 * v_{24} + x_3 * v_{34} = a_4 $$From this, we can see that, focusing only on $a_1$, for example:
$$ \frac{\partial a_1}{\partial v_{11}} = x_1 $$ $$ \frac{\partial a_1}{\partial v_{21}} = x_2 $$ $$ \frac{\partial a_1}{\partial v_{31}} = x_3 $$
whereas for $a_2$ and $a_3$,
$$ \frac{\partial a_2}{\partial v_{11}} = 0 $$ $$ \frac{\partial a_3}{\partial v_{11}} = 0 $$So, if we write:
$$ A = \begin{bmatrix}a_1 \\ a_2 \\ a_3 \\ a_4 \end{bmatrix} $$Then it makes sense to say:
$$ \frac{\partial A}{\partial V} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial a_1}{\partial V} \\ \frac{\partial a_2}{\partial V} \\ \frac{\partial a_3}{\partial V} \\ \frac{\partial a_4}{\partial V} \end{bmatrix} $$and breaking out each of these:
$$ \frac{\partial A}{\partial V} = \begin{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 & x_2 & x_3 \end{bmatrix} \\ \begin{bmatrix} x_1 & x_2 & x_3 \end{bmatrix} \\ \begin{bmatrix} x_1 & x_2 & x_3 \end{bmatrix} \\ \begin{bmatrix} x_1 & x_2 & x_3 \end{bmatrix}\end{bmatrix} $$Thus, we can simply write:
$$ \frac{\partial A}{\partial V} = X^T $$dAdV = X.T
Now, finally we can compute $\frac{\partial L}{\partial V}$ as
$$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial V} = \frac{\partial A}{\partial V} * \frac{\partial L}{\partial A} $$or
$$ \frac{\partial L}{\partial V} = \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{bmatrix} * \begin{bmatrix} \frac{\partial L}{\partial a_1} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial a_2} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial a_3} & \frac{\partial L}{\partial a_4} \end{bmatrix} $$We can easily write this in code as:
dLdV = np.dot(dAdV, dLdA)
And, we are done! We can now subtract dLdV and dLdW from their respective weight vectors to reduce the loss on the next pass through the network. In code:
W -= dLdW V -= dLdV
Putting this all together:
X = np.array([ [0,0,1] ]) y = np.array([ [1] ]).T V = np.random.randn(3, 4) W = np.random.randn(4, 1) for i in range(10000): A = np.dot(X,V) B = nonlin(A) C = np.dot(B,W) P = nonlin(C) L = 0.5 * (y - P) ** 2 dLdP = -1.0 * (y-P) dPdC = sigmoid(C) * (1-sigmoid(C)) dLdC = dLdP * dPdC dCdW = B.T dLdW = np.dot(dCdW, dLdC) dCdB = W.T dLdB = dLdC * dCdB dBdA = sigmoid(A) * (1-sigmoid(A)) dLdA = dLdB * dBdA dAdV = X.T dLdV = np.dot(dAdV, dLdA) W -= dLdW V -= dLdV
Congratulations: you have coded, in a meticulous, step-by-step fashion, a neural net with a hidden layer. Next weekm we will show how both this neural net and the one we coded last week can:
Finally, we'll go into what functions this more complicated network can learn that the first one cannot, and provide some intuition as to why that is.
Already, with this foundation of understanding we've built up, we're well on our way to building quite complicated neural nets - which are really primitive forms of AI, - from scratch, and understanding how they work. If you've made it this far, well done.