This text labels the JNDI subnode that represents the service.
A subnode that represents the naming or directory service that you specified is added underneath the JNDI node.
You can use the RefFSContextFactory (file system service provider) to
see how the JNDI browser works. Right-click the RefFSContextFactory
node and choose Connect Using from the contextual menu. If you are
working in the Windows programming environment, type
myCdrive for the Context Label, and
file://c:/ (or some equivalent) for the JNDI Initial
Context. |
| See also | |
|---|---|
|
Generating Code With the JNDI Browser
Adding a Service Provider |


The "|" symbol, that separates the two exceptions
at line 7 and the two exceptions at line 10 is, in this case,
not a bit-wise operator.
But is instead, nothing more than a text separator, whose use (since its inclusion in Java 7) is meant solely as
a short-cut that eliminates the need to write separate
catch statements for each exception in a try-catch block.
There is a restriction to using this syntax – the exceptions that are separated by this symbol
cannot be related by inheritance.
As a result, since ArithmeticException (at line 10) is a subclass of RuntimeException
(at line 11), a compiler error is thrown at line 10 when an attempt is made to execute this code.
Note: The compiler error notwithstanding, the appropriate exception thrown when this code executes is
ClassCastException, since the Long reference (i) at line 4 cannot be cast to an
Integer (at line 5).


Review: The Mask Of Zorro
Starring: Antonio Banderas, Anthony Hopkins, Catherine Zeta Jones, Stuart Wilson, Matt Letscher
Directed by Martin Campbell Approx Running time : 140 min
There are some moments in Zorro that make you feel like a kid again. That is, if you recall ever liking Zorro. The duels, the mysterious mask, the passion and the action all are present in Zorro's latest reincarnation, The Mask Of Zorro. But these moments are surrounded by nearly two and a half hours of really arduous story-telling.
This story, starting in the early 1820's Mexico spans 20 years. The first scene establishes that the Zorro of the time (Don Diego, played by Hopkins) is a freedom fighter out for peace and justice. But when his nemisis, the governer of Mexico, kills Zorro's wife and takes his baby daughter for his very own, Zorro disappears. (Which is easy when you're in prison.) After 20 years, he breaks out and takes on a lowly but talented theif, Alejandro, played by Banderas, as a pupil. One of the governer's captains killed Alejandro's brother. So now there are two Zorro's who seek revenge.
There is a near-pointless side plot that involves the heavies attempting to buy California with gold stolen from there.  But really only makes for a setting for the final showdown.
Zorro has as many highs as it does lows. First off, watching Antonio Banderas is a delight. He is as funny as he is heroic and devilishly handsome. He does some fantastic stunts with the sword, and still, throughout his heroism, he manages to play the buffoon from time to time.
Anthony Hopkins, sadly, phones in his performance. Though he too is enraged at the evil-doings (and has more of a vendetta than Banderas' character) his eyes never change. He never shows the passion that has driven his character for 20 years. Aside from that, he is the only Mexican (well, former Spaniard) that speaks with a British accent. Which is a shame, too, since Hopkins is brilliant at masking his voice.
And then there is Catherine Zeta Jones. This newcomer to American cinema manages to steal every scene she is in. Partly because she is one of the most strikingly beautiful women I've ever seen on the silver screen. But there is a tenderness that she brings to her character. She plays the love-interest for Alejandro, and is the only person in the film that can out-do Banderas' fine performance in each of their scenes together. The Welsh actress also hides her accent quite well, adopting a Spanish one. (Strange, though, that she plays Hopkin's daughter and yet...)
The action in Zorro doesn't disappoint, but it is sparce. The film is so overlong that characters seem to pop up out of nowhere just to keep it going. I kept asking myself, "now, why would she be there at this time?"  And why is he here?" I was never satisfied with the drive of the storytelling, the primary fault of director Campbell. The cuts from scene to scene often left me with a sour taste.
Aside from two of the lead performances, the big winner in Zorro is the Art direction. The sets are out of this world, particularly Zorro's training lair. The film is beautiful, no doubt, but it just can't quite hit the mark, even if you do care about some of the characters relationships in the film, as I did.
* * 1/2 out of * * * * stars © 1998 Nick Amado email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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This is a prototype for registering eligible migrants and refugees into the Adult Migrant English Program (AMEP). This prototype is for testing concepts and does not represent actual specifications for development.


Reports sealed classes whose permits clause doesn’t contain some of the subclasses from the same file.
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Ezekiel 21:16
Go thee one way or other, either on the right hand, or on the left, whithersoever thy face is set.


BY PROF. EDWIN JAHIEL
ENCHANTED APRIL (UK, 1991) *** Directed by Mike Newell. Screenplay by Peter Barnes from the novel by Elizabeth von Arnim. Cinematography, Rex Maidment. Editing, Dick Allen. Design, Malcolm Thornton. Music, Richard Rodney Bennet. Cast: Josie Lawrence, Miranda Richardson, Joan Plowright, Polly Walker, Alfred Molina, Jim Broadbent, Michael Kitchen, et al. A Miramax release. 93 min. PG.
An enchanting movie. taken from a novel by Elizabeth von Arnim, who was born in Australia, grew up in England, married a German Count in 1890, lived in Pomerania and became a prolific, much respected writer. Debts forced her husband to sell his estate and move to England in 1908. He died two years later. Elizabeth, first in Switzerland and then in England, hobnobbed with major literary figures, married, in 1916, the second Earl Russell (Bertrand Russellšs brother), soon left , then divorced him. She lived in America, Switzerland, London and the French Riviera. Died in the U.S.A. in 1941, at age 75.
In 1921 she rented a medieval castello in Portofino, Italy, and there she wrote a novel, The Enchanted April(1922) about four women who, in the early 1920s, find (or find again) romance and themselves during a one-month spring holiday in an Italian castle just like Elizabethšs.
The movie is not only a faithful adaptation of the book but it was filmed in the very country-house (Castello Brown) where Elizabeth had stayed. The story starts with Lottie Wilkins (Josie Lawrence, best-known as a stand-up comedienne) whose husband Mellersh (Alfred Molina) is an opportunistic solicitor, something of a lout and, like many men of the period, a male chauvinist pig. Lottiešs eye catches an advertisement for an Italian rental, gets carried away, decides to use her nest-egg. She finds an instant housemate in Rose Arbuthnot (Miranda Richardson), whom some call "a disappointed Madonna." She is the neglected wife of Frederick (Jim Broadbent). He writes pseudonymous sex novels, and while not a bad sort, is immersed in the social whirl and his own insecurities.
To share expenses, the two women first enlist old Mrs. Fisher (Joan Plowright), a curmudgeon and "a woman of parts and property" who lives in the past, when she hobnobbed with the Who's Who of England. Then, young, beautiful and blase socialite Lady Caroline Dester (Polly Walker, the terrorist killer in Patriot Games ) like a latter-day Penelope, wants to escape her suitors and the social whirl. She feels out of sorts. Hers is a more literary case of "ennui" or what Baudelaire called "spleen" or what we might call "anomie" today.
After the grey wetness of London and the womenšs various mini-slaveries, the same-sex company, the new-found liberation and the Italian sun and flowers feel like Paradise. Things get better and better in the castello. Affectionate relationships are gently formed. Unexpectedly, Lottie invites her husband. He comes for the wrong, material reasons but soon, falling under the placešs enchantment, he turns into an understanding man who finally finds his wife attractive.
The landlord, Mr. Briggs (Michael Kitchen), a romantic, mildly bohemian type who plays the oboe, drops in, attracted by Rose who, he thinks, is a war widow. Why, after all, would 1920's women travel alone? Finally, Frederick shows up, first meeting Lady Caroline whom he knows well, then his wife, whom he will also treat with affection. The trio situation is gently handled but with the unrealized potential of a farce by Feydeau, whom, oddly, writer Barnes has adapted for the British stage.
Moviegoers and novel readers are abundantly familiar with the subject of motley groupings and the theme of sunny Italy transforming repressed Anglos. Nothing very new here, nothing particularly dramatic. But how charmingly executed! My only complaint is that whereas I find the four ladies utterly charming and deserving the best, the two husbands are much too generously and improbably redeemed.
The actresses are letter-perfect, the husbands a tad grotesque, the deja vu magic convincing. Beautifully shot, the film balances well its ironic use of London with the sentimental mood of Portofino. It uses ellipses with tact and no arty editing, avoids the obvious. (In a remarkable scene, a lizard simply walks the length of a recumbent, sleeping lady, and leaves without the usual moment of panic).
The tempo is slow, not recommended to fanatics of action movies, car crashes or gun play, but slow like a musical movement marked "lento."
Enchanted April is not an "impressive" film that makes transcendent statements or is fed by a dynamic plot. It is a sweet, un-maudlin, appealing work. Often, from small movies, big pleasures grow.
" Le mauvais gout mene au crime" (Stendhal)
Edwin Jahiel's movie reviews are at http://www.prairienet.org/ejahiel
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Mitchell Englander is a member of the Los Angeles City Council, representing District 12 in the San Fernando Valley. He is the only member of the city council who is registered as Republican.
City Hall Office: 200 N. Spring St., Room 405 | Los Angeles, CA 90012 | Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER> - Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Community Service Center: 9207 Oakdale Ave., Suite 200 | Chatsworth, CA 91311 | Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER> - Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Eric Michael Garcetti (born February 4, 1971) is the current mayor of Los Angeles. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected mayor in 2013, and won reelection in the 2017 election.
Mailing Address: 777 S. Figueroa St., Ste. 4050 Los Angeles CA 90017
Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr. is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the 39th Governor of California since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, Brown previously served as the 34th governor from 1975 to 1983, and is the longest-serving governor in California history.
Mailing Address: c/o State Capitol, Suite 1173 Sacramento, CA 95814 | Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER> | Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein is the senior United States Senator from California. A member of the Democratic Party, she has served in the Senate since 1992.
Washington D.C. Office: 331 Hart Senate Office Building Washington, D.C. 20510 | Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER> | Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER> | TTY/TDD:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Kamala Devi Harris is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from California. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served as the 32nd Attorney General of California.
Capital Office Washington D.C.: 112 Hart Senate Office Building Washington, DC 20510 | Phone<PHONE_NUMBER> | Fax<PHONE_NUMBER>
Capital Office Sacramento: 501 I Street Suite 7-600 Sacramento, CA 95814 | Phone (916) 448 - 2787 | Fax (202) 228 - 3865
State Office Fresno: 2500 Tulare Street Suite 5290 Fresno, CA 93721 | Phone (559) 497 - 5109 | Fax (202) 228 - 3864
State Office Los Angeles: 312 N. Spring St. Suite 1748 Los Angeles, CA 90012 | Phone (213) 894 - 5000 | Fax (202) 224 - 0357
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Donald John Trump is an American businessman, television personality, politician, and the 45th President of the United States. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, and nationalist.
Michael Richard "Mike" Pence is an American politician, lawyer, and the 48th Vice President of the United States. Pence positioned himself as a principled ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement, noting he was "a Christian, a conservative, and a Republican, in that order."


pyxtal.operations module¶
Module for generating and analyzing transformation operations. Several functions for working with matrices are provided. The class OperationAnalyzer allows for comparison between pymatgen.core.operations.SymmOp objects, and can be used to identify conjugate operations. The orientation class can be used to identify degrees of freedom for molecules in Wyckoff positions with certain symmetry constraints.
-
class
pyxtal.operations.
OperationAnalyzer
(op)[source]¶ Bases:
pymatgen.core.operations.SymmOp
Class for comparing operations. Stores rotation axis and angle, as well as the type and order of operation (identity, inversion, rotation, or rotoinversion). By default, takes a SymmOp as argument. This information can be accessed by calling print(object). The class methods is_conjugate and are_conjugate can be used to determine if two operations are conjugate to each other. That is, whether they represent the same angle of rotation and are either both inverted or both uninverted.
- Note: rotoinversions with odd-order rotational parts will have an over-all
- even order. For example, the order of (-3) is 6.
Note: reflections are treated as rotoinversions of order 2.
Parameters: SymmOp – a pymatgen.core.structure.SymmOp object to analyze -
affine_matrix
= None¶ The 4x4 affine matrix of the op
-
are_conjugate
(op2)[source]¶ Returns whether or not two operations are conjugate (the same operation in a different reference frame). Rotations with the same order will not always return True. For example, a 5/12 and 1/12 rotation will not be considered conjugate.
Parameters: - op1 – a SymmOp or OperationAnalyzer object
- op2 – a SymmOp or OperationAnalyzer object to compare with op1
Returns: True if op2 is conjugate to op1, and False otherwise
-
det
= None¶ The determinant of self.m
-
is_conjugate
(op2)[source]¶ Returns whether or not another operation is conjugate (the same operation in a different reference frame). Rotations with the same order will not always return True. For example, a 5/12 and 1/12 rotation will not be considered conjugate.
Parameters: op2 – a SymmOp or OperationAnalyzer object to compare with Returns: True if op2 is conjugate to self.op, and False otherwise
-
m
= None¶ The 3x3 rotation (or rotoinversion) matrix, which ignores the translational part of self.op
-
op
= None¶ The original SymmOp object being analyzed
-
order
= None¶ The order of the operation. This is the number of times the operation must be applied consecutively to return to the identity operation. If no integer number if found, we set this to ‘irrational’.
-
rotation_order
= None¶ The order of the rotational (non-inversional) part of the operation. Must be used in conjunction with self.order to determine the properties of the operation.
-
tol
= None¶ The numerical tolerance associated with self.op
-
type
= None¶ The type of operation. Is one of ‘identity’, ‘inversion’, ‘rotation’, or ‘rotoinversion’.
-
class
pyxtal.operations.
Orientation
(matrix, degrees=0, axis=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Stores orientations for molecular crystals based on vector constraints. Can be stored to regenerate orientations consistent with a given constraint vector, without re-calling orientation_in_wyckoff_position. Allows for generating orientations which differ only in their rotation about a given axis.
Parameters: - matrix – a 3x3 rotation matrix describing the orientation (and/or inversion) to store
- degrees –
the number of degrees of freedom…
0 - The orientation refers to a single rotation matrix
1 - The orientation can be rotated about a single axis
2 - The orientation can be any pure rotation matrix
- axis – an optional axis about which the orientation can rotate. Only used if degrees is equal to 1
-
axis
= None¶ The axis (optional) about which the orientation may rotate.
-
degrees
= None¶ The number of degrees of freedom.
-
from_constraint
(c1)[source]¶ Geneate an orientation object given a constraint axis c1, and a corresponding vector v1. v1 will be rotated onto c1, and the resulting orientation will have a rotational degree of freedom about c1.
Parameters: - v1 – a 1x3 vector in the original reference frame
- c1 – a corresponding axis which v1 must be mapped to
Returns: an orientation object consistent with the supplied constraint
-
from_constraints
(c1, v2, c2)[source]¶ Geneate an orientation object given two constraint vectors
Parameters: - v1 – a 1x3 vector in the original reference frame
- c1 – a corresponding axis which v1 must be mapped to
- v1 – a second 1x3 vector in the original reference frame
- c1 – a corresponding axis which v2 must be mapped to
Returns: an orientation object consistent with the supplied constraints
-
get_matrix
(angle='random')[source]¶ Generate a 3x3 rotation matrix consistent with the orientation’s constraints. Allows for specification of an angle (possibly random) to rotate about the constraint axis.
Parameters: angle – an angle to rotate about the constraint axis. If “random”, chooses a random rotation angle. If self.degrees==2, chooses a random 3d rotation matrix to multiply by. If the original matrix is wanted, set angle=0, or call self.matrix Returns: a 3x3 rotation (and/or inversion) matrix (numpy array)
-
get_op
(angle='random')[source]¶ Generate a SymmOp object consistent with the orientation’s constraints. Allows for specification of an angle (possibly random) to rotate about the constraint axis.
Parameters: angle – an angle to rotate about the constraint axis. If “random”, chooses a random rotation angle. If self.degrees==2, chooses a random 3d rotation matrix to multiply by. If the original matrix is wanted, set angle=0, or call self.matrix Returns: pymatgen.core.structure. SymmOp object
-
matrix
= None¶ The supplied orientation (and/or inversion) matrix, converted to a numpy array.
-
pyxtal.operations.
aa2matrix
(axis, angle, radians=True, random=False)[source]¶ Given an axis and an angle, return a 3x3 rotation matrix. Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle
Parameters: - axis – a vector about which to perform a rotation
- angle – the angle of rotation
- radians – whether the supplied angle is in radians (True) or in degrees (False)
- random – whether or not to choose a random rotation matrix. If True, the axis and angle are ignored, and a random orientation is generated
Returns: a 3x3 numpy array representing a rotation matrix
-
pyxtal.operations.
angle
(v1, v2, radians=True)[source]¶ Calculate the angle (in radians) between two vectors.
Parameters: - v1 – a 1x3 vector
- v2 – a 1x3 vector
- radians – whether to return angle in radians (default) or degrees
Returns: the angle in radians between the two vectors
-
pyxtal.operations.
apply_ops
(coord, ops)[source]¶ Apply a list of SymmOps to a single 3-vector and return an array of the generated vectors. This is the inverse of SymmOp.operate_multi.
Parameters: - coord – a 3-vector (list or numpy array)
- ops – a list, tuple, or array of SymmOp objects
Returns: an np array of floating-point 3-vectors
-
pyxtal.operations.
are_equal
(op1, op2, PBC=[1, 1, 1], rtol=0.001, atol=0.001)[source]¶ Check whether two SymmOp objects are equal up to some numerical tolerance. Allows for optional consideration of periodic boundary conditions. This option is useful for handling the periodicity of crystals.
Parameters: - op1 – a SymmOp object
- op2 – another SymmOp object
- PBC – A periodic boundary condition list, where 1 means periodic, 0 means not periodic. Ex: [1,1,1] -> full 3d periodicity, [0,0,1] -> periodicity along the z axis
- rtol – the relative numerical tolerance for equivalence (passed to numpy.allclose)
- atol – the absolute numerical tolerance for equivalence (passed to numpy.allclose)
Returns: True if op1 and op2 are equivalent, False otherwise
-
pyxtal.operations.
euler_from_matrix
(m, radians=True)[source]¶ Given a 3x3 rotation matrix, determines the Euler angles
Parameters: - m – a 3x3 rotation matrix
- radians – whether or not to output angles in radians (degrees if False)
Returns: - psi is the azimuthal angle, theta is the polar angle,
and psi is the angle about the z axis. All angles are in radians unless radians is False
Return type: (phi, theta, psi)
-
pyxtal.operations.
is_orthogonal
(m, tol=0.001)[source]¶ Check whether or not a 3x3 matrix is orthogonal. An orthogonal matrix has the property that it is equal to its transpose.
Parameters: - m – a 3x3 matrix (list or numpy array)
- tol – the numerical tolerance for checking if two matrices are equal
Returns: True if the matrix is orthogonal, False if it is not
-
pyxtal.operations.
matrix2aa
(m, radians=True)[source]¶ Return the axis and angle from a rotation matrix. m must be an orthogonal matrix with determinant 1. The axis is an eigenvector with eigenvalue 1. The angle is determined by the trace and the asymmetryic part of m. Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix#Axis_and_angle
Parameters: - m – an orthogonal 3x3 matrix (list, array, or matrix) with determinant 1
- radians – whether the returned angle is in radians (True) or in degrees (False)
Returns: the axis (3-vector) and angle (in radians) of the supplied rotation matrix
Return type: [axis, angle]
-
pyxtal.operations.
printx
(text, priority=1)[source]¶ Custom printing function based on verbosity.
Parameters: - text – string to be passed to print
- priority – the importance of printing the message 0: Critical; must be printed 1: Warning; unexpected event occured, but program functioning 2: Info; useful information not necessary to be printed 3: Debug; detailed information mainly used for debugging
Returns: Nothing
-
pyxtal.operations.
pyxtal_verbosity
= 1¶ prints critical messages only 1: prints warnings 2: prints useful information 3: prints debug information
Type: Stores how much should be printed Type: 0
-
pyxtal.operations.
rand
()¶ random_sample(size=None)
Return random floats in the half-open interval [0.0, 1.0).
Results are from the “continuous uniform” distribution over the stated interval. To sample \(Unif[a, b), b > a\) multiply the output of random_sample by (b-a) and add a:
(b - a) * random_sample() + a
Parameters: size (int or tuple of ints, optional) – Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., (m, n, k)
, thenm * n * k
samples are drawn. Default is None, in which case a single value is returned.Returns: out – Array of random floats of shape size (unless size=None
, in which case a single float is returned).Return type: float or ndarray of floats Examples
>>> np.random.random_sample() 0.47108547995356098 >>> type(np.random.random_sample()) <type 'float'> >>> np.random.random_sample((5,)) array([ 0.30220482, 0.86820401, 0.1654503 , 0.11659149, 0.54323428])
Three-by-two array of random numbers from [-5, 0):
>>> 5 * np.random.random_sample((3, 2)) - 5 array([[-3.99149989, -0.52338984], [-2.99091858, -0.79479508], [-1.23204345, -1.75224494]])
-
pyxtal.operations.
random_shear_matrix
(width=1.0, unitary=False)[source]¶ Generate a random symmetric shear matrix with Gaussian elements. If unitary is True, normalize to determinant 1
Parameters: - width – the width of the normal distribution to use when choosing values. Passed to numpy.random.normal
- unitary – whether or not to normalize the matrix to determinant 1
Returns: a 3x3 numpy array of floats
-
pyxtal.operations.
random_vector
(minvec=[0.0, 0.0, 0.0], maxvec=[1.0, 1.0, 1.0], width=0.35, unit=False)[source]¶ Generate a random vector for lattice constant generation. The ratios between x, y, and z of the returned vector correspond to the ratios between a, b, and c. Results in a Gaussian distribution of the natural log of the ratios.
Parameters: - minvec – the bottom-left-back minimum point which can be chosen
- maxvec – the top-right-front maximum point which can be chosen
- width – the width of the normal distribution to use when choosing values. Passed to numpy.random.normal
- unit – whether or not to normalize the vector to determinant 1
Returns: a 1x3 numpy array of floats
-
pyxtal.operations.
rotate_vector
(v1, v2)[source]¶ Rotates a vector v1 to v2 about an axis perpendicular to both. Returns the 3x3 rotation matrix used to do so.
Parameters: - v1 – a 1x3 vector (list or array) of floats
- v2 – a 1x3 vector (list or array) of floats
Returns: a 3x3 matrix generated by aa2matrix, corresponding to a rotation which can be applied to v1 to obtain v2


LearnLink recommends learning resource links based on simple tests, that identify your weakest topics in a subject; this helps students to focus on what they struggle with. We understand that not everyone learns in the same way, so the links that are provided for an incorrect answer cover different learning strategies. One might take you to Youtube, whilst another might take you to Bitesize. Our aim is to make revision quicker and simpler by providing a easy way to evaluate your key skills in a set topic. This is done in the form of a multiple choice test. Once completed and submitted, links are displayed that relate to the subjects covered in questions that were answered incorrectly.
We believe education should be free, so the content of the app comes from our community. It is the teachers the understand what their students must learn to pass an exam, so by allowing teacher to write the tests, they better assess the key skills students require.


What is WAAX?
Introduction
WAAX (Web Audio API eXtension) is a JavaScript library built on top of Web Audio/MIDI API to facilitate audio programming on Blink-based web browsers - Chrome, Chrome Canary and Chromium.
Although Web Audio API provides web devlopers with the unprecedent ability to generate sound on the web browser without additional plug-ins, building a full-blown music application with it still requires vast experience in digital audio, sound synthesis and even acoustics.
Secondly, an audio programmer who is not familiar with the recent web techonologies will be lost in the workflow of web development spending a fair amount time to establish the environment to work on.
The ultimate goal of this project is to fill the gap between two opposite ends: helping web developers to create music software without the expertise on sound synthesis and signal processing, and offering an instant boilerplate for rapid development of web-based applications to audio programmers.
Features
- Unit: production-ready sound generators, processors and visualizers
- Terse and flexible API design
- MUI (Musical User Interface) elements powered by Polymer
- Tight integration with Web MIDI API
- Demos, examples and documentation
Cross-Browser Support (as of 9.2013)
Web Audio API: currently WAAX only supports Blink-based browsers (Chrome, Chrome Canary, and Chromium). Except for IE, supporting all the major web browsers is a top prirority on the roadmap of this project. Polyfills for Safari and FireFox will be patched up in the near future.
Web MIDI API: Chromium and Chrome Canary (31+) on OSX are the only web browsers that support the native MIDI I/O. It will take a while until it lands on Chrome stable and the support from Safari and FireFox is not clear at the moment.
Cross-Platform Support (as of 9.2013)
The audio/MIDI subsystem on different platforms significantly varies. Thanks to CoreAudio and CoreMIDI, the current implementation of Blink-based browsers on OSX uses 128 samples of audio buffer size (with the expected latency around 3ms, fixed and non-user-configurable) and it also comes with the solid support on Web MIDI API on Chrome Canary.
On the other hand, the land of Windows, Linux and Android will suffer from several issues: high latency, buffer underun over time, and no love on MIDI support. This is simply because these platforms do not provide a viable audio/MIDI subsystem for optimum performance. For cross-platform isseus, please leave your feedback on the WAAX wiki on GitHub.
Getting Started
Installation
For the local developement, you can download the zipped file or clone the GitHub repository.
$ git clone https://github.com/hoch/WAAX.git
Using WAAX in HTML Document
If you are simply using the minified library (core + reference units), include library files from the URL below.
<script src="http://waax-static.appspot.com/build/WAAX.min.js"></script>
Alternatively, you can choose files you want to use. Note that the core library and Fader plug-in must be loaded first before you can use any WAAX units. The example below loads the definition of oscillator unit after the WAAX core and Fader.
<script src="your_path/WAAX.js"></script>
<script src="your_path/Fader.js"></script>
<script src="your_path/Oscil.js"></script>
<script>
// your WAAX code here...
</script>
The reference list of units can be found in this doucmentation. Once you've done with the developelment, you can compile the core and unit JavaScript files into a single file with your favorite tool chains.
"Hello Sine!"
var sine = WX.Oscil({ pGain: 0.25 });
sine.to(WX.Master);
In the code example above, a sine oscillator is being created and connected to the master output of WAAX system. The oscillator (sine
) or the master output (WX.Master
) is called 'WAAX Unit' or 'unit' for short. Note that there is no new keyword for unit construction. WX.Oscil()
is a factory method that produces an instance of oscillator with the initial setting, the gain of 0.25 in this case. The .to()
method connects the oscillator and the master output.
Making Connections
The .to()
method can be chained to connect more than 3 units. Also it might be useful to know WX.patch()
method when connecting several units at once. As shown previously, you can intialize WAAX unit by passing an object of parameters to its factory method.
var noise = WX.Noise({ pGain: 0.5 }),
lpf = WX.LPF({ pCutoff: 250, pQ: 12 });
noise.to(lpf).to(WX.Master);
WX.patch(noise, lpf, WX.Master);
There we just built our first audiographs with WAAX. Try this example here!
Parameter Control
Having a complete control on parameters is crucial in sound synthesis. It gives you the ability to create more complex and interesting sound. With that in mind, WAAX is carefully designed to offer the ease of control with maximum flexibilty.
Tweaking Parameters
Every WAAX unit has a .params
object, that includes all the available parameters that user can tweak. It is fairly similar to AudioParam
object from Web Audio API and it is an abstract layer for AudioParam
with more simple syntax and other neat features such as saving/loading presets or easy binding to GUI widgets. The unit reference documentation contains detailed information on the unit-specific parameters.
var osc = WX.Oscil({ pFreq: 440.0 });
osc.set('pGain', 0.25);
osc.to(WX.Master);
The .set()
method in WAAX is designed for comprehensive parameter control. This method makes it possible to apply the unified parameter control across all the WAAX units. As shown above, the .set()
method requires parameter name and value to do the job.
Note that WAAX parameters start with the lowercase p such as pGain
and pFreq
. It indicates the variable is a parameter that you can set, automate, link, and bind with other elements in the WAAX system.
Making Transitions
The code example below will generate a sine wave with 2 seconds of fade-in and 2 seconds of fade-out. This procedure has so many names: automation, slewing, transition, ramping and so on; it is very important to avoid a sudden change on parameters unless it is required or intended. Without proper ramping up and down, the resulting sound will suffer from clicks and pops.
var osc = WX.Oscil({ pGain: 0.0 });
osc.to(WX.Master);
osc.set('pGain', 1.0, 'line', WX.now + 2.0);
osc.set('pGain', 0,0, 'line', WX.now + 4.0);
As shown above, you can add 3 more arguments to achieve time-related tasks. (In this case it uses 2 more arguments, transition type and end time) In addition, the .set()
method is using WX.now
variable because we need to specify the temporal structure of this transition. Note that WX.now
always returns the elapsed time in seconds since the audio context of the page started.
Modulation
To make a long story very short, the modulation is modifying a signal with the other signal. In Web Audio API, you can change a parameter automatically and programmtically by connecting a signal to the parameter. Usually a synthesizer has a complex routing table for modulation and it is often called a modulation matrix.
var osc = WX.Oscil({ pGain: 0.0 }),
lfo = WX.Oscil({ pFreq: 1.0, Gain: 0.5 });
lfo.modulate(osc, 'pGain');
In the example above, we have the oscillator lfo
modulate the gain of the osc
unit to accomplish amplitude modulation (AM). Behind the scene, the .modulate()
method looks for available modulation targets in the osc
unit, and create the modulation route with the parameter named 'pGain.'
Not all parameters are modulatable. The information on modulation target on each unit can be found on the unit reference documentation. For more advanced modulation, please have a look at the tutorial on modulation.
Saving and Loading Presets
Every unit in WAAX has two methods in common: .getParams()
and .setParams()
. By using these methods, you can retrieve or set the current parameters in unit. They are useful when you are saving whole paramemters for multiple units as a preset.
var params = osc.getParams();
osc.setParams(params);
Note that the method .getParams()
returns a new (cloned) object, not the reference of parameter object in the unit.
MUI (Musical User Interface)
MUI is a collection of custom HTML elements that are specifically disigned for musical applications.
Installation
Since MUI is a part of WAAX, so no additional installation is necessary if you have already installed the WAAX by cloning the repository or downloading the files. MUI elements are built on top of Polymer and it is already included in the MUI directory.
Loading MUI in HTML document
Currently activating MUI needs a bit more work. (It will be fixed soon.) First off, Polymer library must be loaded first and then MUI core and its style sheet should come next.
<script src="lib/polymer.min.js"></script>
<script src="mui-core.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mui-core.css">
Once the bootstrap is loaded, you can selectively start loading MUI elements (GUI widgets) you wish to use on the document. The following example shows how to import the knob and the toggle switch.
<link rel="import" href="elements/mui-knob.html">
<link rel="import" href="elements/mui-toggle.html">
Using MUI elements
Here is the fun part. You can create knobs and toggles switches by simply writing HTML codes below. They are called "custom elements" which is made possible by Polymer; highly-componentized, portable, and reusable GUI widgets specifically designed for WAAX unit.
<mui-toggle id="kActive" label="ON"></mui-toggle>
<mui-knob id="kFreq" label="Frequency" value="0.01" min="5000" max="440.0"></mui-knob>
Linking the toggle switch and the knob to the oscillator is surprinsingly simple. The good news is you do not have to worry about synchronizing variables in GUI widgets, corresponding parameters in WAAX unit and even values in the abstracted Web Audio API node.
var osc = WX.Oscil();
MUI.$('kActive').link(osc, 'pActive');
MUI.$('kFreq').link(osc, 'pFreq');
You can select a MUI element by using the special selector MUI.$()
. Each MUI element has .link()
method and the binding to a certain parameter can be done by passing the target unit reference (osc
) and the parameter name (pActive
or pFreq
).
This auto-magical parameter binding is managed by Polymer ensuring all the values across different layers completely synchronized. That means the value in the oscillator will be changed when you touch the knob, and also the knob position will be changed when you modify the parameter value of the oscillator. This takes preset managment and MIDI support to another level. Truly empowering!
Using MIDI
NOTE! MIDI support in WAAX requires Web MIDI API, which is only available on Chrome Canary on OSX at the time of writing.
This section describes how to program MIDI functionalities in conjuntion with WAAX library. Before launching the browser, MIDI-compatible device (MIDI controller or MIDI interface) needs to be connected to the computer and the proper device driver should be installed. Otherwise you will have to restart the browser to get MIDI devices recognized.
Importing MIDI Supprot
If you are using the minified version of WAAX, you do not need to do anything further because the MIDI library is already enclosed. However, if you are selectivly importing WAAX components, the MIDI manager, Ktrl.js
, should be included in the HTML document. (replace waax_path
with the local WAAX directory.)
<script src="waax_path/Ktrl.js"></script>
Creating MIDI Target and Data Handler
Ktrl.js
offers highly flexible MIDI data routing by abstracting physical and virtual MIDI devices. In order to route MIDI data to a certain destination, a MIDI target must be created.
var midiTarget = Ktrl.createTarget("mySynth");
midiTarget.activate();
The next step is to design MIDI data handler for the newly created midiTarget
instance. Use .onData()
method to define the data handler. Programming the data handler is much easier than dealing with raw MIDI data bytes since the .parse()
method transforms the raw data into human-readable form.
midiTarget.onData(function (midimessage) {
var data = Ktrl.parse(midimessage);
switch (data.type) {
case "noteon":
console.log(data.pitch, data.velocity);
break;
// more handling code...
}
});
Routing MIDI data
With the data handler, now we are ready to use the MIDI target for the incoming MIDI data. The final step of MIDI programming is routing MIDI inputs to the MIDI targets. Like the MIDI system in common digital audio workstation, Ktrl.js
provides an aggregated input device; regardless of the number of devices connected to the system, it can be treated as a single virtual MIDI input device.
Ktrl.ready(function () {
Ktrl.routeAllToTarget(midiTarget);
});
This is a safe bet for common usage since whatever MIDI device connected to the system, it will be used by the HTML document without specifying the reference of MIDI device. Alternatively, you can create individual routings as shown below.
Ktrl.ready(function () {
Ktrl.routeSourceToTarget(1, midiTarget);
});
The code above demonstrates how to connect the second MIDI device to the web audio synth (MIDI target). However, if the computer does not have the second MIDI device, it will throw an error.
For the API reference, please visit the project page.
Unit Reference
Unit Common Parameters (Unit Base Class)
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pActive |
boolean | unit status (bypass on false) | |
pGain |
float | unit output gain | yes |
Unit Common Methods (Unit Base Class)
set(paramName, value)
sets value of target parameter immediately.
paramName
(string) target parameter namevalue
(float) target value
set(paramName, value, transType, time)
schedules value of target parameter with specified transition and end time.
paramName
(string) target parameter namevalue
(float) target valuetransType
(int, string) transition type: [1, 2, 3] or ['line', 'expo', 'target']time
(float) transition end time
set(paramName, value, "target", time1, time2)
schedules value of target parameter with exponential transition between start and end time.
paramName
(string) target parameter namevalue
(float) target valuetime1
(float) transition start timetime2
(float) transition end time
to(unit)
connects to WAAX unit.
unit
(wxunit) WAAX Unit with inlet
connect(audioNode)
connects to Web Audio API node.
unit
(wxunit) WAAX Unit (with inlet)
modulate(unit, paramName)
modulates a parameter in target WAAX unit.
unit
(wxunit) WAAX UnitparamName
(string) unit parameter
WX.ADSR
Multi-phase envelope generator: attack, decay, sustain, release.
WX.ADSR: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pAttack |
float | attacking time in seconds | |
pDecay |
float | decay time in seconds | |
pSustain |
float | gain in sustain phase | |
pRelease |
float | release time in seconds | |
pTimeConstant |
float | time constant of exponential curve for release phase |
WX.ADSR: Methods
setADSR(attack, decay, sustain, release)
attack
(float) attack time in secondsdecay
(float) decay time in secondssustain
(float) gain in sustain phaserelease
(float) release time in seconds
WX.Chorus
Chorus effect based on the paper by Jon Dattorro.
WX.Chorus: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pRate |
float | LFO speed for modulation | |
pDepth |
float | LFO depth for modulation | |
pIntensity |
float | internal feedback intensity | |
pBlend |
float | blend amount between feedback and feedforward | |
pMix |
float | mix amount between wet and dry signal |
WX.Comp
Compressor with variable knee setting. DynamicCompressor node in WAAX wrapper.
WX.Comp: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pThreshold |
float | threshold in decibles | |
pKnee |
float | knee (in decibels) | |
pRatio |
float | compression ratio | |
pAttack |
float | attack time | |
pRelease |
float | release time |
WX.Converb
Convolution reverb with mix balance control.
WX.Converb: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pMix |
float | mix amount between wet and dry signal |
WX.Converb: Methods
setImpulseResponse(impulseResponse)
impulseResponse
(audioBuffer) impulse response buffer
WX.Fader
Fader abstraction. Supports muting, gain control in decibels. Note that WX.Master
is a pre-declared instance of this unit class.
WX.Fader: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pMute |
boolean | muted when true | |
pdB |
float | gain in decibels |
WX.FilterBank
Filterbank with 16 bandpass filters. Custom design for FrostPad demo.
WX.FilterBank: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pPitch |
int | base pitch of filterbank | |
pChord |
string | chord type* for harmonic structure | |
pSlope |
float | gain balance between high end and low end | |
pWidth |
float | bandwidth of filters | |
pDetune |
float | detune of filter frequency |
- chord type: 'ionian', 'lydian', 'mixolydian', 'aeolian'
WX.FMop
FM operator consists of 2 sine oscillator.
WX.FMop: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pFreq |
float | frequency of carrier, related to base pitch | |
pHarmonicRatio |
float | harmonic coefficient between modulator and carrier frequency | |
pModulationIndex |
float | gain coefficient of modulator output |
WX.FMop: Methods
start(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit activation. optional.
stop(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit deactivation. optional.
WX.FormantV
Formant filter for simple vowel synthesis based on 2D vector positioning. It is heavily inspired by Ge Wang's joystick-formant demo.
WX.FormantV: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pPositionX |
float | x position of 2d vector | |
pPositionY |
float | y position of 2d vector |
WX.FormantV: Methods
setPosition(x, y, transType, time1, time2)
x
(float) x position of 2d vectory
(float) y position of 2d vectortransType
(string | int) additional argument for.set()
methodtime1
(float) additional argument for.set()
methodtime2
(float) additional argument for.set()
method
WX.ImpulseTrain
Impulse train generator based on oscillator node.
WX.ImpulseTrain: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pFreq |
float | frequency of impulse train | yes |
pDynamic |
boolean | use dynamic mode |
WX.ImpulseTrain: Methods
start(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit activation. optional.
stop(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit deactivation. optional.
WX.LPF
Low pass filter based on two biquad filter nodes. Enhanced mode will cascade two filters in serial resulting higher and narrow resonance.
WX.LPF: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pCutoff |
float | filter frequency | yes |
pQ |
float | filter resonance | yes |
pEnhanced |
boolean | enhanced mode |
WX.Noise
White noise (gaussian distribution) generator. The implementation is based on buffer source node to unsure the optimum performance.
WX.Noise: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pGrain |
float | granularity of noise | yes |
pDynamic |
boolean | use dynamic mode |
WX.Noise: Methods
start(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit activation. optional.
stop(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit deactivation. optional.
WX.Oscil
Multi-waveform oscillator with gain control.
WX.Oscil: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pType |
string | waveform type* | |
pFreq |
float | oscillator frequency | yes |
pDynamic |
boolean | use dynamic mode |
- waveform type: 'sine', 'square', 'sawtooth', 'triangle'
WX.Oscil: Methods
start(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit activation. optional.
stop(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit deactivation. optional.
WX.Phasor
Phasor implementation based on Chris Roger's idea of cascaded notch filters.
WX.Phasor: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pRate |
float | LFO modulation speed | |
pDepth |
float | LFO modulation depth | |
pBaseFrequency |
float | base frequency of filter group | |
pSpacing |
float | spacing factor for filter frequencies | |
pMix |
float | mix amount between wet and dry signal |
WX.Pingpong
Stereo ping-pong delay with variable crosstalk between channels.
WX.pingpong: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pDelayTimeLeft |
float | left delay time in seconds | |
pDelayTimeRight |
float | right delay time in seconds | |
pFeedbackLeft |
float | feedback amount for left delay channel | |
pFeedbackRight |
float | feedback amount for right delay channel | |
pCrosstlak |
float | crosstalk amount | |
pMix |
float | mix amount between wet and dry signal |
WX.pingpong: Methods
setDelayTime(left, right, transtype, time1, time2)
left
(float) left delay time in secondsright
(float) right delay time in seconds
setFeedback(left, right, transtype, time1, time2)
left
(float) feedback amount for left delay channelright
(float) feedback amount for right delay channel
WX.Sampler
Buffer source node abstraction with additional features.
WX.Sampler: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pPitch |
int | MIDI pitch for sample playback | |
pBasePitch |
int | base pitch for sample | |
pLoop |
boolean | loop mode |
WX.Sampler: Methods
onload(fn)
Specifies callback function for sample buffer 'onload' event.
fn
(function) function to be executed on sample loaded
setBuffer(buffer)
Assigns a sample buffer to sampler.
buffer
(audioBuffer) sample buffer for sampler
getDruation()
Returns duration of sample buffer in seconds.
oneshot(time, duration)
Starts sample playback at specified time for duration. Useful for trigger and forget approach.
time
(float) function to be executed on sample loadedduration
(float) function to be executed on sample loaded
start(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit activation. optional.
stop(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit deactivation. optional.
WX.Saturator
Implements saturation effect based on WaveShaper node.
WX.Saturator: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pQuality |
float | saturation quality | |
pDrive |
float | saturation amount |
WX.Spectrum
Spectrum visualizer based on Analyser node.
WX.Spectrum: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pSmoothingTimeConstant |
float | smoothing factor between succesive frames | |
pMaxDecibels |
float | maximum gain in decibels | |
pMinDecibels |
float | minimum gain in decibels | |
pScale |
string | frequency axis scale* | |
pAutoClear |
boolean | clear drawn visualization every frame | |
pShowGrid |
boolean | show reference(frequency/decibels) grid |
- scale: log | linear
WX.Spectrum: Methods
setContext2D(context)
Sets 2d context (canvas) for visualization.
context
(context2d) 2d context from canvas
draw(color, gridColor)
Draws visualization and reference grid with color setting. Use inside animation rendering loop.
color
(string) visualization colorgridColor
(string) reference grid color
WX.Step
Control signal (DC offset) generator. Use with oscillator or envelope to generate modulation source signal.
WX.Step: Methods
stop(time)
time
(float) time in seconds for unit deactivation. optional.
WX.StereoVisualizer
Stereo visualizer with user-defined render method.
WX.StereoVisualizer: Parameters
| name | type | description | modulatable |
|---|---|---|---|
pSmoothingTimeConstant |
float | smoothing factor between succesive frames | |
pMaxDecibels |
float | maximum gain in decibels | |
pMinDecibels |
float | minimum gain in decibels |
WX.StereoVisualizer: Methods
drawSpectrum()
Draws frequency-domain visualization with user-defined render method. Use inside animation rendering loop.
drawWaveform()
Draws time-domain visualization with user-defined render method. Use inside animation rendering loop.
onDraw(fn)
Defines render algorithm for drawing methods.
fn
(function) function to be executed every animation frame.
_ondraw(buffer1, buffer2)
Callback function for frame rendering. Defined by '.onDraw()' method.
buffer1
(Float32Array | Uint8Array) buffer data for left channelbuffer2
(Float32Array | Uint8Array) buffer data for right channel
License & Acknowledgement
License
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2010-2013 Hongchan Choi
Acknowldegement
Special thanks to Chris Rogers, who invented the world of web audio, for invaluable guidance and feedback. I am also grateful to several Googlers who have been truly supportive on this project: Greg Simon and Dimitri Glazkov, Chris Wilson, and Boris Smus. Lastly, I sincerely thank to my CCRMAlites - Jonathan Berger, Chris Chafe, Ge Wang, John Granzow, Colin Sullivan and Juhan Nam - for their enthusiasm to help me bring new technologies into the computer music.


Fight
For what you in faith
Whether you like to dive straight into the fray, support your teammates, or something in between, there's a spot for you on the Rift.
ExploreWhether you like to dive straight into the fray, support your teammates, or something in between, there's a spot for you on the Rift.
Explore三條路、5v5以推掉對方水晶者獲勝。
兩條路，會觸發隨機事件，贏家會獲得隨機強大的特殊能力。
一條路，不能回溫泉買裝備直到你陣亡。


 Active and Completed Tasks )
Deleting a List will also delete ANY associated Tasks!
Not what you want? Click cancel and move any associated task item(s) you want to preserve to another list (e.g., DEFAULT) before deleting the List.
Otherwise, Delete away!


Careti - JavaScript AutoCorrect
Test Pages
Features
-
Capitalise first letter of sentences
-
Correct 818 common typos (exported from MS Word 2007)
-
Insert accented characters e.g. café, naïve
-
Seamlessly preserve cursor and text box scroll position
Known Bugs
See the Google Code issues tracker for current info
-
Type incorrect word, move cursor to start of word, type same word
again, corrects second word instead of first.
-
ANSI version broken in Safari (& probably Chrome)
-
Untested in Firefox < 3.6 and Safari < 4


MonsterScout
Event:
Please select
3/16/2017: Waterford
3/17/2017: Waterford
3/18/2017: Waterford
3/23/2017: Lansing
3/24/2017: Lansing
3/25/2017: Lansing
Scouter:
Team:
Please select
1 - The Juggernauts
27 - Team RUSH
33 - Killer Bees
67 - The HOT Team
68 - Truck Town Thunder
70 - More Martians
216 - More RoboDawgs
244 - RoboDawgs 3D
288 - The RoboDawgs
302 - The Dragons
308 - The Monsters
468 - Aftershock
494 - Martians
548 - Robostangs
1076 - Pi Hi Samurai
1504 - Desperate Penguins
1701 - RoboCubs
1718 - The Fighting Pi
2137 - TORC
2474 - Excel
2611 - Jacktown Vectors
2620 - Titans
2673 - Tenacious Technicians
2771 - Code Red Robotics the Stray Dogs
3234 - Red Arrows
3302 - TurboTrojans
3322 - Eagle Imperium
3357 - COMETS
3536 - Electro Eagles
3539 - Byting Bulldogs
3568 - RoboEagles
3655 - Tractor Technicians
3668 - TroBots
4130 - The Blue Devils
4216 - Blue Ops Robotics
4390 - ATA Coregears
4779 - RoboSapiens
4838 - Panthers
4851 - JungleBots
4854 - Trobots
4961 - Shock and Awe-sum
5065 - Knights
5084 - Corunna Robotics Team FridgeBot
5090 - Torque-Nados
5114 - Titanium Tigers
5152 - Alotobots
5155 - Bearcats
5205 - CHS FullMetal-Jackets
5225 - The Shambotz
5234 - MarauderBots
5282 - Railroaders
5467 - RoboTractors
5498 - Wired Devils
5524 - MacroProcessors
5532 - The G.O.A.T.S
5561 - Raider Robotics
5562 - Laker Logistics
5641 - Eagles
5641 - Eagles
5662 - A Flock of Nerds
5674 - The GEARHOUNDS
5676 - The H.E.R.O.E.S
5704 - Blended Learning Academies
5843 - Flurb
5860 - Full Metal Muskrats
6078 - RoboRams
6085 - Devil Bots
6090 - Wayland Wildcats
6091 - Eagle 1
6117 - Wingspan
6150 - BlueBotics
6344 - Yale Jiggawattz
6548 - Perry High School Ramblers
6591 - Stockbridge Panthers
6592 - Sexton Redbots
6594 - VIKINGS NATION
6595 - Fortis Quake
6610 - Robot Roll Call
6635 - JPEC Falcons
Type of drive:
Please select
Tank
Swerve
Slide
Mecanum
Holomonic
Other
Amount of wheels:
Please select
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Other
What kind of robot design do you have
Please select
Offensive Design
Defensive Design
Both
Are they able to pickup balls from the ground
Please select
Yes
No
Are they able to pickup gears from the ground
Please select
Yes
No
Are they able to score balls high
Please select
Yes
No
Are they able to score balls low
Please select
Yes
No
Are they able to score gears
Please select
Yes
No
Are they able to climb
Please select
Yes
No
Did you had any complications with the robot during matches
Please select
Yes
No
How do they rank themselves out of 5?
Please select
1
2
3
4
5
Your own comments:
Submit
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Coded by
Alexander Kaschta


@remarks The TryParseEx(String, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider, BigInteger) method is like the ParseEx(String, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider) method, except that it does not throw an exception if the conversion fails. This method eliminates the need to use exception handling to test for a FormatException if value is invalid and cannot be parsed successfully.
The Style parameter defines the style elements (such as white space or a positive or negative sign) that are allowed in the Value parameter for the parse operation to succeed. It must be a combination of bit flags from the NumberStyles enumeration. Depending on the value of Style, the Value parameter may include the following elements:
[ws][$][sign][digits,]digits[.fractional_digits][E[sign]exponential_digits][ws]
If the Style parameter includes AllowHexSpecifier, the Value parameter may include the following elements:
[ws]hexdigits[ws]
Elements in square brackets ([ and ]) are optional. The following table describes each element.
| Element | Description |
|---|---|
| ws | Optional white space. White space can appear at the start of Value if style includes the NumberStyles.AllowLeadingWhite flag, or at the end of Value if style includes the NumberStyles.AllowTrailingWhite flag. |
| $ | A culture-specific currency symbol. Its position in the string is defined by the CurrencyPositivePattern property of the NumberFormatInfo object returned by the GetFormat method of the Provider parameter. The currency symbol can appear in Value if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowCurrencySymbol flag. |
| sign | An optional sign. The sign can appear at the start of Value if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowLeadingSign flag, and it can appear at the end of Value if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowTrailingSign flag. Parentheses can be used in Value to indicate a negative value if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowParentheses flag. |
| digits | A sequence of digits from 0 through 9. |
| , | A culture-specific group separator. The group separator of the culture specified by Provider can appear in Value if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowThousands flag. |
| . | A culture-specific decimal point symbol. The decimal point symbol of the culture specified by Provider can appear in Value if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowDecimalPoint flag. |
| fractional_digits | One or more occurrences of the digit 0. Fractional digits can appear in Value only if style includes the NumberStyles.AllowDecimalPoint flag. |
| E | The "e" or "E" character, which indicates that the value is represented in exponential (scientific) notation. The Value parameter can represent a number in exponential notation if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowExponent flag. |
| exponential_digits | A sequence of digits from 0 through 9. The Value parameter can represent a number in exponential notation if Style includes the NumberStyles.AllowExponent flag. |
| hexdigits | A sequence of hexadecimal digits from 0 through f, or 0 through F. |
A string with decimal digits only (which corresponds to the NumberStyles.None flag) always parses successfully. Most of the remaining NumberStyles members control elements that may be present, but are not required to be present, in this input string. The following table indicates how individual NumberStyles members affect the elements that may be present in value.
| Non-composite NumberStyles values | Elements permitted in value in addition to digits |
|---|---|
| None | Decimal digits only. |
| AllowDecimalPoint | The decimal point (.) and fractional_digits elements. However, fractional_digits must consist of only one or more 0 digits, or the method returns False. |
| AllowExponent | The "e" or "E" character, which indicates exponential notation, along with exponential_digits. If Value represents a number in exponential notation, it cannot have a non-zero, fractional component. |
| AllowLeadingWhite | The ws element at the start of Value. |
| AllowTrailingWhite | The ws element at the end of Value. |
| AllowLeadingSign | The sign element before digits. |
| AllowTrailingSign | The sign element after digits. |
| AllowPerentheses | The sign element in the form of parentheses enclosing the numeric value. |
| AllowThousands | The group separator (,) element. |
| AllowCurrencySymbol | The currency ($) element. |
| Currency | All elements. However, Value cannot represent a hexadecimal number or a number in exponential notation. |
| Float | The ws element at the start or end of Value, sign at the start of Value, and the decimal point (.) symbol. The Value parameter can also use exponential notation. |
| Number | The ws, sign, group separator (,), and decimal point (.) elements. |
| Any | All elements. However, Value cannot represent a hexadecimal number. |
If the NumberStyles.AllowHexSpecifier flag is used,value must be a hexadecimal value. The only other flags that can be present in style are NumberStyles.AllowLeadingWhite and NumberStyles.AllowTrailingWhite. (The NumberStyles enumeration has a composite style, HexNumber, that includes both white-space flags.)
| Note |
|---|
| If Value is the string representation of a hexadecimal number, it can be preceded by any decoration (such as 0x or &h) that differentiates it as a hexadecimal number. |
If Value is a hexadecimal string, the TryParseEx(String, NumberStyles, IFormatProvider, BigInteger) method interprets Value as a negative number stored by using two's complement representation if its first hexadecimal digit is greater than or equal to 0x8. In other words, the method interprets the highest-order bit of the first nibble in Value as the sign bit. To make sure that a hexadecimal string is correctly interpreted as a positive number, the first digit in Value must have a value of zero. For example, the method interprets 0x80 as a negative value, but it interprets either 0x080 or 0x0080 as a positive value. The following example illustrates the difference between hexadecimal strings that represent negative and positive values.
Public Sub Main() Dim HexStrings() As String Dim HexString As Variant Dim Number As BigInteger HexStrings = NewStrings("80", "E293", "F9A2FF", "FFFFFFFF", "080", "0E293", "0F9A2FF", "0FFFFFFFF", "0080", "00E293", "00F9A2FF", "00FFFFFFFF") For Each HexString In HexStrings Set Number = BigInteger.Parse(CStr(HexString), AllowHexSpecifier) Console.WriteLine "Converted 0x{0} to {1}.", HexString, Number Next Console.ReadKey End Sub ' This code produces the following output. ' ' Converted 0x80 to -128. ' Converted 0xE293 to -7533. ' Converted 0xF9A2FF to -417025. ' Converted 0xFFFFFFFF to -1. ' Converted 0x080 to 128. ' Converted 0x0E293 to 58003. ' Converted 0x0F9A2FF to 16360191. ' Converted 0x0FFFFFFFF to<PHONE_NUMBER>. ' Converted 0x0080 to 128. ' Converted 0x00E293 to 58003. ' Converted 0x00F9A2FF to 16360191. ' Converted 0x00FFFFFFFF to<PHONE_NUMBER>.
The
Provider
parameter is an IFormatProvider implementation. Its GetFormat method returns a NumberFormatInfo object that provides culture-specific information about the format of Value. The Provider parameter can be any one of the following:If Provider is Nothing, the NumberFormatInfo object for the current culture is used.


Named location in computer memory.
Stores data for use in application.
Java is statically typed, meaning variables must be declared, with a data type, before they are used.
int counter;
counter is a variable, able to store the data type referenced as int.
boolean isValid;
isValid is a variable, able to store the data type referenced as boolean.
Descriptive term, indicating what can be done with data, how much space required to store it. For instance int and double variables can be divided, added, multiplied. The boolean data type describes variables that can store one of two values, true or false. Basic data types in AP Computer Science curriculum (A) are int, boolean and double.
The int data type - 4 bytes, whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
The double data type - 8 bytes, fractional numbers, 15 decimal digits.
A data type of known storage requirement, like int, boolean, double.
The int data type takes up 4 bytes of storage and represents whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
The double data type takes up 8 bytes of storage and represents fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing 15 decimal digits.
The boolean data type only requires 1 bit but in practice may be take up a byte or nybble.
Think of a reference as the starting memory location for storing data of an unpredicted size
A non-null reference requires an allocation of memory, involving some initialization, or the use of the new operator.
Primitive Data type having only values of either true or false. Named for Boolean logic, a branch of mathematics developed by George Boole, an Anglo-Irish mathematician.
A boolean variable can be used to store a value of true or false, this making the boolean data type useful for conditionals.
boolean isSenior = age > 65;
If age is 67, then isValid is true. If age is 45 then isValid is false.
Primitive numeric data Data type.
Occupies 32 bits, or 4 bytes, and can store numbers from -2 31 to 231 - 1. Whole numbers only.
Primitive numeric data Data type.
Occupies 64 bits and can store numbers from -263 to 264 - 1. Fractional parts included.
Data that is passed to a method.
Formal parameters are described in method defintion, actual
parameters are passed to method in calling code.
rate and balance are formal parameters,
public double
interestCalculated(double rate, double balance) { ...
}
... actual parameters are in the call,
double interest =
interestCalculated(0.03, 12000);
A symbol used to perform an operation,
| addition | + |
| subtraction | - |
| multiplication | * |
| division | / |
| modulo | % |
| equality | == |
| assignment | = |
A variable, value of which cannot be changed after initialization. Commonly represented in uppercase. Indicated with keyword final.
final int GOAL_HEIGHT = 8;
A template for creating an object or instance.
A data model created from a class.
A way to 'temporarily convert' or represent data as another type.
For example,
double height = 34.5;
int val = (int) height; // This is a narrowing
conversion
int width = 5;
double side = (double)width; // This is a widening
conversion
Note, when an int is typecast to a double, information is not lost. However, when a double is typecast to an int, the fractional part is truncated.


Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) (with honors)
Philologist. Teacher of English Language and Foreign Literature (with honors)
Philologist. Teacher of English Language and Foreign Literature
Developed and coordinated all course work for grammar, listening and speaking and an advanced level writing classes in the Intensive English Program; monitored attendance; evaluated students’ progress; worked independently and collaboratively with other instructors to enforce students’ success; administered and evaluated placement test, OPI, and writing tests; participated in orientation, coordinated and scheduled social activities, workshops, and events.
Conducted lectures and in-class activities, created syllabus & outline for 1st year Composition class and an advanced level writing class in the Intensive English Program, developed and coordinated all course work, monitored attendance, evaluated students’ progress, created course diagnostic and completed faculty documentation.
Provided SEMO students with assistance at all stages of the writing process through face-to-face and online sessions, charged with regularly creating and updating blog posts and handouts that were accessible to all through the university’s Web page.
Served as a tutor working with international undergraduate students with a strong emphasis on speaking, listening, grammar, reading, and writing skills.
Managed Database; supervised the participants of the program; organized events.
Instructional Specialist
Instructional Specialist
Instructional Specialist
Instructional Specialist
Instructional Specialist
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Aut eaque, laboriosam veritatis, quos non quis ad perspiciatis, totam corporis ea, alias ut unde.


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{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
Here you can examine the model predictions versus the category "Wild Camping" or "Established Campground" as entered by the user who submitted the site to iOverlander. There is currently 7,834 that the model has predicted on. You can either view sites that the model correctly predicted, or more interestingly, when the model got it wrong. Functionality will be added to enable you to edit the category label.
right now, you can only choose 1 sample at a time.
choose if you want to view correct or incorrect predictions:
{% endblock %}


Action Functions
These functions are mainly used to control the verb buttons.
UsedAction isAction SetActionButtons SetDefaultAction SetAction SetAlternativeAction CheckDefaultAction UpdateActionBar
UsedAction
function UsedAction (Action test_action);
Used to determine, which action has been selected by the player. Instead of checking cursor modes, this function is used.
isAction
bool isAction(Action test_action);
Used to check, if the current action is the one, given in the parameter.
SetActionButtons
function SetActionButtons(Action action, String button_definition);
This functions connects the verb buttons with the action and is also used to assign / change the graphics of the verb buttons.
See also: AdjustLanguage
SetDefaultAction
function SetDefaultAction(Action def_action);
Used to define, which action is being used, if no verb has been clicked. Usually this is “walk to”.
SetAction
function SetAction(Action new_action);
Since the cursor modes are bypassed, this function defines the current action. Among other things, this function is called by clicking a verb button.
SetAlternativeAction
function SetAlternativeAction(char extension, Action alt_action);
This function makes the right-click shortcuts work. If you use extensions like “>p” (e.g. pickup), this function makes sure, that the correct verb button is highlighted.
See also: CheckDefaultAction
CheckDefaultAction
function CheckDefaultAction();
This function checks for a given extension in hotspots, objects and characters. If there isn’t an extension, a default action is given, e.g. “Talk to” if the mouse is over a character. In case of a given extension, the default actions are being overridden. It is also defined here, which letters are causing what default action. See the chapter Extensions for more details.
See also: Extensions
UpdateActionBar
function UpdateActionBar();
This function is used to show and update the status bar. It checks for an extension, triggers the translation and renders the results on screen.
See also: TranslateAction, RemoveExtension


#{msg['crowdfounding.title.h']}
Available Budget XY € as of dd.mm.yyyy
Should come from the database as well.
Money spent on single positions so far:
TODO dataTable should come from the database
Position / Costs / Remark
Operational costs per anno:
TODO dataTable should come from the database
Position / Costs / Year / Remark


| You might also try: | |
|---|---|
| Sibley Digitized Materials | Interlibrary Loan |
| You might also try: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Sibley Digitized Materials | International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) | |
| Interlibrary Loan |
| You might also try: | |
|---|---|
| Naxos Music Library | Naxos Jazz Library |
| Digital Repository of American Music (DRAM) | Interlibrary Loan |
| You might also try: | |
|---|---|
| YouTube | Interlibrary Loan |


Goo Hye Sun confesses to suffering from hair loss and netizens react
by emmamadison24Goo Hye Sun confesses that she's suffering from hair loss.
She posted a series of photos on her Instagram on the 2nd with the caption, "My hair is falling out, It's okay, I'm happy." She also posted another photo where she's seen posing provocatively with a flower in her mouth.
Netizens that saw the photo replied with various reactions such as "pretty", "cute", "lovely."
In the meantime, Goo Hye Sun is currently undergoing divorce proceedings from her husband Ahn Jae Hyun.
- [+317, -61] She's always had hair loss...I remember when she did BOF she looked more man than a flower..
- [+216, -60] Scary~
- [+107, -18] Please don't leave her malicious comments..
- [+109, -60] This is getting more frightening...i'm scared
- [+83, -36] That first photo where she's smoking the flower ㅋㅋㅋ
- [+27, -1] These days everyone is suffering from hair loss..
- [+23, -2] She's a psychopath...she's getting hate because of the things she writes and shares on Instagram
- [+30, 11] Guys be careful and meet a good woman..
- [+27, -9] Why does she always look like that?...she's always taking selfies too..
- [+32, -17] Is she trying to be the second Sulli?...we don't care


@Target([AnnotationTarget.CLASS]) @Inherited annotation class CordaSerializable
This annotation is a marker to indicate that a class is permitted and intended to be serialized as part of Node messaging.
Strictly speaking, it is critical to identifying that a class is intended to be deserialized by the node, to avoid a security compromise later when a vulnerability is discovered in the deserialisation of a class that just happens to be on the classpath, perhaps from a 3rd party library, as has been witnessed elsewhere.
It also makes it possible for a code reviewer to clearly identify the classes that can be passed on the wire.
Do NOT include AnnotationTarget.EXPRESSION as one of the @Target parameters, as this would allow any Lambda to be serialised. This would be a security hole.
TODO: As we approach a long term wire format, this annotation will only be permitted on classes that meet certain criteria.
<init> |
This annotation is a marker to indicate that a class is permitted and intended to be serialized as part of Node messaging. CordaSerializable() |


Initially the core personal values I had written down for myself where honesty, fairness, humour, self-control and intuition. Upon researching a little bit and finding this (https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_85.htm) great process of identifying what your core values are and in what order you value them, I came back with this list.
Honesty, Fairness, Self-Control, Consistency, Empathy, Independence, Intuition, Happiness, Continuous Improvement, Humour, Diversity, Acceptance.
I believe that these values and the way that I interact with the world are heavily influenced by my pbringing and the environment that I grew up in. I am very fortunate to have grown up with the amazingly loving and supportive parents that I did and have been told from day dot that if I’m happy doing what I’m doing, they’ll be more than happy. I would say it’s by my parents influence that I hold the values honesty, fairness, empathy, independence, happiness and humour in my top eleven values. Most of these values, I feel, were implemented and instilled in me by my parents from as early as I can remember and have developed and grown throughout my life alongside me.
My schooling experience is also something that I think helped shape a lot of who I am today. At my primary school I was one of five pakeha students (3 of the five being my brother, my sister and I), in a predominantly Samoan school. Looking back on it now I never thought anything of it really, I just went to school and made friends just as anyone would, resulting in rather ethnically diverse gatherings for birthdays as my dad recalls. It was only once I got older that I realised this wasn’t necessarily the norm, and I think is probably a major reason why I rank diversity and acceptance as some of my most important values.
An ethical decision is a decision that you make based of what you ethically believe is right or wrong/ good or bad. What you would determine as ethically good or bad could be different to what someone else would, and this is because each person’s personal values are different and what you consider important may not be important at all to someone else. An example of an ethical decision I’ve had to make recently is. Over the summer I was labouring to save money for while I was studying at EDA. This involved me going out and about, door to door, asking if people needed help gardening, digging holes, cleaning windows etc... My brother was also about to leave for Dunedin for his first year and hadn’t been saving at all, so for jobs where I could use another set of hands, I would get him to help. Long story short he ended up being quite unreliable to the point that my parents recommended that I pay him $20 an hour while I take $30 to make up for the fact that he wasn’t going out looking for the jobs and when I found one half the time he wouldn’t show up. Although I understood where they were coming from, I personally found it unethical as I would have felt it was unfair to him to be paid less for the work that he’s doing when it’s the same work that I’m doing. So, I continued to pay him $25 along with myself. Whether that was the correct decision logically or not it was defiantly the right ethical decision for me.
I have done a couple of personality type tests before in the past but find that they are rather inconsistent at giving me the same results. Weather that be a fault of my own with sitting on the fence to much with a lot of the questions or me going into them with abit of a bias. That being said every time I have done one, I have found myself able to resonate with bits and pieces, so here are my results to the most recent 16personalities test I’ve done. Through reading over what the ISFP-A strengths and weaknesses are I felt like I could relate somewhat with parts of what was said.
Where I believe my strengths are in terms of this learning journey are my work ethic, my problem-solving ability’s and how personable I am. I think work ethic is almost one of the most important things you can have as it really determines how good of a job someone will do at the end of the day. If someone is putting all their effort into something rather than slacking off even if they don’t know as much as the slacker, I believe 9 times out of 10 the person that worked hard will have gained more from the experience. I’ve always liked to tell myself my brain is problem solving inclined weather that be the videos games I chose to play, the courses I took in school or just generally most things in my life. If I’m not using my brain, I’m probably not enjoying myself as much as I could be. This is really one of the reasons I am perusing web development as a career path because I know I will always be thinking and always be able to improve what I know or learn something new. Lastly, I think being a likeable, personable person will help in all aspects of life but on this journey as a lot of what I will be doing will be team orientated. I think this will help reduce the amount of head clashes people in groups with me will have and overall make the working environment nicer to be in. You want to work with friends over foes any day of the week.
Where I believe my limitations are would probably have to be time management and self-confidence. Time management will be a big one as the first part of this course is done solely by yourself, on your own time, when you want. To help make this less of an issue I’ve put times in place that I will be doing work and taking breaks etc. and I plan to follow it everyday until the work I feel needs to be done that day is done. Self-confidence is one that I am always trying to work on, I thin the only way I could hinder me would again be in the foundations part of the course as I could get abit in my head and down on myself with how I’m doing comparatively to everyone else in the class. To not make this such an issue I just need to be ore self-assured that whatever pace I’m going at is great if I am trying my hardest and putting in my full effort.
The only time I’ve really every had struggles with group work was during one of my assignments in university was a group project and one of the members that we got paired up with was a nightmare. Would message a different excuse as to why he couldn’t meet up to work on the project, or why he hadn’t done what he was supposed to do. After a couple of week, the reliable group member and I got together and just did the parts that unreliable hadn’t done and handed in the assignment only a couple of hours before it was due. Looking back on it now there were many ways I could have approached the situation to potentially get him to do his part and I think the most obvious one would have just been calling him on what he was doing. I like to think if I was put in this situation again I would act like that and not the same way I did back then as it really was me just taking what he was saying at face value and not realising he was actually just lazy.


Keanu Reeves and Alexandra Grant Reportedly Have Been Secretly Dating for Months
by Alyssa BaileyKeanu Reeves and Alexandra Grant really are dating, People confirmed, hours after photos of them holding hands at the LACMA Art + Film Gala this weekend went viral. A source told the outlet that the two have been involved for months but wanted to keep it private at first.
But things have changed now. “Keanu wants to openly share his life with her,” a source told the outlet. “He is extremely happy and grateful to have Alex in his life.”
Grant and Reeves "started dating earlier this year, but have wanted to keep it quiet,” the source added.
Grant, a 46-year-old artist, has been friends with Reeves for years. The two collaborated in 2011 on his book Ode to Happiness. She illustrated it and his 2016 book Shadows. The couple also founded a publishing company together, X Artists' Books, in 2017.
According to the company's site, "XAB is a small publisher of thoughtful, high-quality, artist-centered books that fit within and between genres. Our books are works of art; portals to imagined worlds; treasured companions; the fabric of a community. We love the same things about our books as we do about our friends: generosity, open-heartedness, intelligence, mystery, style. They bring sustenance and shift realities. They may occasionally break your heart."
Grant and Reeves have gone to three red carpet events this year. They first showed PDA at Saint Laurent's show in June. They also attended the MOCA Benefit in May and posed on the red carpet alongside each other.


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{% include head.html %}
{% include nav_dev.html %} {% include header.html %} {% include call-to-action.html %} {% include portfolio.html %} {% include services_dev.html %} {% include portfolio2.html %} {% include contact.html %} {% include scripts.html %}


SDLC Quiz
Question:
{{current.field_question}}
{{ resultMsg }}
Answer {{$index + 1}}:
{{x}}
End Quiz
Your Score:
{{yscore}}
Guesses:
{{yguess}}


The paper looks at the problem of learning structured exploration policies for training RL agents.
Link to the paper
Consider a stochastic, parameterized policy πθ(a|s) where θ represents the policy-parameters.
To encourage exploration, noise can be added to the policy at each time step t. But the noise added in such a manner does not have any notion of temporal coherence.
Another issue is that if the policy is represented by a simple distribution (say parameterized unimodal Gaussian), it can not model complex time-correlated stochastic processes.
The paper proposes to condition the policy on per-episode random variables (z) which are sampled from a learned latent distribution.
Consider a distibution over the tasks p(T). At the start of any episode of the ith task, a latent variable zi is sampled from the distribution N(μi, σi) where μi and σi are the learned parameters of the distribution and are referred to as the variation parameters.
Once sampled, the same zi is used to condition the policy for as long as the current episode lasts and the action is sampled from then distribution πθ(a|s, zi).
The intuition is that the latent variable zi would encode the notion of a task or goal that does not change arbitrarily during the episode.
The paper focuses on the setting where the structured exploration policies are to be learned while leveraging the learning from prior tasks.
A meta-learning approach, called as model agnostic exploration with structured noise (MAESN) is proposed to learn a good initialization of the policy-parameters and to learn a latent space (for sampling the z from) that can inject structured stochasticity in the policy.
General meta-RL approaches have two limitations when it comes to “learning to explore”:
Idea behind MAESN is to meta-train policy-parameters so that they learn to use the task-specific latent variables for exploration and can quickly adapt to a new task.
An important detail is that the parameters are optimized to maximize the expected rewards after one step of gradient update to ensure that the policy uses the latent variables for exploration.
For every iteration of meta-training, an “inner” gradient update is performed on the variational parameters and the post-inner-update parameters are used to perform the meta-update.
The authors report that performing the “inner” gradient update on the policy-parameters does not help the overall learning objective and that the step size for each parameter had to be meta-learned.
The variation parameters have the usual KL divergence loss which encourages them to be close to the prior distribution (unit Gaussian in this case).
After training, the variational parameters for each task are quite close to the prior probably because the training objective optimizes for the expected reward after one step of gradient descent on the variational parameters.
Another implementation detail is that reward shaping is used to ensure that the policy gets useful signal during meta-training. To be fair to the baselines, reward shaping is used while training baselines as well. Moreover, the policies trained with reward shaping generalizes to sparse reward setup as well (during meta-test time).
Three tasks distributions: Robotic Manipulation, Wheeled Locomotion, and Legged Locomotion. Each task distribution has 100 meta-training tasks.
In the Manipulation task distribution, the learner has to push different blocks from different positions to different goal positions. In the Locomotion task distributions, the different tasks correspond to the different goal positions.
The experiments show that the proposed approach can adapt to new tasks quickly and the learn coherent exploration strategy.
• In some cases, learning from scratch also provides a strong asymptotic performance although learning from scratch takes much longer.


Download¶
Dependencies¶
climlab is written in Python 2.7 and the requires the following Python packages to run:
Optional packages:
- Jupyter (to run Jupyter notebooks containing tutorials and introduction for climlab)
- Matplotlib (plotting libary)
The packages have to be installed on your machine. Either they can be individially downloaded, compiled and installed according to the the instructions on the corresponding websites.
Easier to handle however are Python distributions like Anaconda or Enthought Canopy which already include many popular Python packages.
Setup environment with Anaconda¶
An example is given here how to set up a python environment with Anaconda.
A new environment named
climlab_env
with all above packages is created like this:$ conda create --name climlab_env numpy scipy netcdf4 jupyter matplotlib
All new packages which will be installed are displayed including their version number. Press
y
to proceed.After the environment is build, it can be activated with
$ source activate climlab_envand can be deactivated with
$ source deactivate
To install climlab in the new environment follow the steps below.
Installation¶
Stable Release¶
With the Python package pip, which collects the current version from the Python Package Index, climlab can be easily installed on a machine through the terminal command
$ pip install climlab
Development Version¶
Otherwise, the package can be downloaded from the above referred link and installed manually through running from the package directory
$ python setup.py install
for a regular system wide installation.
In case you want to develop new code, run following command (which also has an uninstall option):
$ python setup.py develop


Welcome to medEX’s documentation!¶
-
class
medmod.abstract_collection.
AbstractCollection
(sourceCollection=None)¶ An abstract collection implementation.
-
isEmpty
()¶ Check if a collection is empty.
-
-
class
medmod.abstract_collection.
Node
(data, next=None)¶ Nodes for singly linked structures.
-
class
medmod.linkedQueue.
LinkedQueue
(sourceCollection=None)¶ A link-based queue implementation.
-
add
(item)¶ Adds item to the rear of the queue.
-
clear
()¶ Makes queue empty.
-
peek
()¶ Returns the item at the front of the queue.
-
pop
()¶ Removes and returns the item at the front of the queue.
-
remove
(index)¶ Removes and returns the item at index.
-
-
class
medmod.RecordADT.
Patient
¶ Represents data container for extracted patient (from RecordADT).
-
add_patient
(record)¶ Add patients to container.
- Parameters
record – A list obtained from Record class.
-
comming_patient
()¶ Returns first patient in a queue.
-
delete_all
()¶ Clear all container.
-
delete_patient
()¶ Deletes a patient.
-
-
class
medmod.RecordADT.
RecordADT
(raw_data)¶ Class for patient record data container.
-
display_entities
()¶ Using sciSpasy pretrained model for extracting needed word entities.
-
static
gender_from_word
(data)¶ Additional function for gettig a gender of patient in case it wasn’t strictly mentioned in a record.
- Parameters
data – A string containing the whole record.
-
get_admission_date
()¶ Returns dates of admission.
-
get_age
()¶ Returns the age of patients.
-
get_diagnosis
()¶ Method for getting extracted diagnosis.
-
get_discharge_date
()¶ Returns dates of discharge.
-
get_gender
()¶ Method for extracting gender of a patient.
-
get_medications
()¶ Method for getting extracted medications.
-
get_patient_id
()¶ Extracts patients ID.
-
preprocessing
()¶ Extracts sections with Diagnosis and Medications from raw text.
-
static
simple_gender
(data)¶ Returns the gender of a patient.
- Parameters
data – A string containing the whole record.
-
main.py¶
The core module of my medEX project
-
medmod.main.
main
()¶ Main function with reading raw report and returning results in json.
-
medmod.main.
read_reports
(filename)¶ Returns a list with readed report.
- Parameters
filename – A string containing a path to name of your patients file.


{% comment %} Copyright 2010 Google Inc. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. {% endcomment %} {% load i18n %} {% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
{% endblock %}