|
Alachisoft TayzGrid 4.4 |
Getting Started Guide
Here
are some basic steps you should follow to ensure a smooth installation,
configuration, and use of TayzGrid:
Install
TayzGrid on all remote client and cache server machines. You will have remote
clients if you have a separate caching tier, otherwise, cache will be hosted on
your application server.
If
your cache servers (including your app servers if you’re hosting cache on them)
have multiple network cards, you must bind TayzGrid to a specific card. You need
to specify the following in server.properties in /opt/tayzgrid/config folder (UNIX) or %TG_HOME%/config
(Windows):
CacheServer.BindToClusterIP=<IP_ADDRESS>
CacheServer.BindToClientServerIP=<IP_ADDRESS>
|
|
Anytime you modify server.properties, you must restart the TayzGrid Service. |
If
you have multiple network cards, you can bind client/server communication to a
different network card than the clustering network card (as shown above). You
can also bind both of them to the same card.
If there is a firewall between your remote clients and the cache
servers, then you must open a TCP port (default 9600) for the remote clients to
talk to the cache servers. If you want to change this from 9600 to another
port, you must make changes in all remote clients and all cache server
machines. On the remote clients, you need to change the “port” value in client.conf as following:
<configuration>
<cache-server port="9600" retry-connection-delays="0" client-request-timeout="90" connection-timeout="5" local-server-ip="" connection-retries="5" retry-interval="1"/>
</configuration>
And, you need to change the CacheServer.Port
value in server.properties file located at /opt/tayzgrid/config folder
(UNIX) or TayzGridDir/TayzGrid/config (Windows):
TayzGridServer.Port=9600
|
|
Anytime you modify server.properties, you must restart the TayzGrid Service. |
All remote clients by default talk to TayzGrid servers on TCP port
9600. So, if there is a firewall between the remote clients and the cache
server, then you must open TCP port 9600 in your firewall.
If you have a situation where there is a firewall between the
cache servers and the cluster must be formed across this firewall, then you
must open at least two TCP ports (bi-directional) in this firewall. This port
is the
Cluster Port: 7800
Port Range: 1
In this example, port range is 1 so you open port 7800. If the Port
Range is 2, you need to open ports 7800 and 7801.
Create a new clustered cache either through the command line tool createcache (UNIX and Windows) or the TayzGrid Manager (Windows). You can
choose to create one of the following types of caches:
1. Mirrored
Cache
2. Partitioned
Cache
3. Partitioned
Cache with Replicas (recommended)
4. Replicated
Cache
For starters, we recommend that you create
a Replicated Cache. Later, you can decide whether a different caching topology
meets your needs better.
Navigate to the bin folder and enter the following command to create a replicated
cache:
[root@servername]# ./createcache samplereplicatedcache -s <IP_ADDRESS> -S 250 -t replicated
-C 8702
|
|
You can only create a Replicated Cache in
Professional and Express editions; for other types of caches please install TayzGrid Enterprise Edition. |
You can use the addclientnode
tool of TayzGrid in order to add a remote client. Navigate to the bin folder and run the addclientnode tool as
follows:
[root@servername]# ./addclientnode samplereplicatedcache -s <IP_ADDRESS> -e <IP_ADDRESS>
Where –s and –e specify the server node and
remote client node respectively.
You can also use the TayzGrid Manager to add
a remote client. In TayzGrid Manager, TayzGrid Explorer view, right click the
“Client Nodes” node as shown in figure and then click Add Node from the menu.
Using this option you can add and configure single or multiple client nodes in
a clustered cache.
Whether
you’re using TayzGrid for JSP Sessions or for object caching, you must ensure
that all objects are serializable. This is true even
for those objects that you’re storing in your Session. Here is how to ensure
that:
class Product implements Serializable
{
...
}
If you’re using TayzGrid for Sessions, you
need to:
1. Include
TG_HOME/lib/integrations/tg-sessionprovider.jar in your project libraries
2. Modify
your web.xml file and implement TayzGridSessionProvider
filter as follows:
<filter>
<filter-name>TayzGridSessionProvider</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.alachisoft.tayzgrid.web.session.TayzGridSessionProvider</filter-class>
<init-param>
<description>configPath is used to load the session.xml and client.conf files.</description>
<param-name>configPath</param-name>
<param-value>TG_HOME/config/</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>TayzGridSessionProvider</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
Make sure the filter 'TayzGridSessionProvider' is the first filter in your web.xml and filter-name is
same in <filter> and <filter-mapping> tags. From the given 'configPath' path TayzGridSessionProvider loads the session.xml for session caching related configurations. Please read online help
for more details on each of the properties given in session.xml. For now, just make sure that cache id="mycache" reflects name of the cache you’ve created.
 One way you can monitor
your cache performance is through the jconsole utility.
You can also view your cache performance through the TayzGrid
Manager as shown below:


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Year, 2017


TypedBTree
snippet
basic action
asynchronous action
wait
wait for one-five seconds
sequence
flip
lotto
weighted lotto
parallel
guards
nested guards
enter exit and step
Definition
Board


--- ---
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore 560 012
GRADUATE SEMINAR
|
Speaker |
: |
Prof. B. Sury |
|
Affiliation |
: |
Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore |
|
Subject Area |
: |
Mathematics
|
|
Venue |
: |
Lecture Hall - I, Dept of Mathematics
|
|
Time |
: |
4.00 pm
|
|
Date |
: |
November 16, 2006 (Thursday) |
|
Title |
: |
Riemann Hypothesis |
| Abstract | : |
Riemann Hypothesis is arguably the deepest open question in mathematics. It is fundamental because it is intimately connected with the fundamental question as to how prime numbers are distributed. In trying to solve the Riemann Hypothesis, the subject of analytic number theory was born. This study has even led to one of the most important programmes of present-day mathematics, called the Langlands Program - a kind of Grand Unification Theory in Mathematics. This talk will start with the history of prime number theory and describe how the Riemann Hypothesis has been a beacon lighting up future developments. The talk will attempt to be informal enough to be understandable to anyone with a knowledge of undergraduate-level mathematics. The basic flavour and influence of the subject is sought to be conveyed as informally as possible. |


Introduction¶
Overview¶
This started with what seemed like a simple idea–use live audio to modify the output of some LEDs. Which if you’ve been down this path, you come to realize that the LED part (or DMX/ArtNet) is actually the easy part. It’s getting some form of useful information about the audio in the first place that can be challenging.
I don’t want to do this again, so after many different ways of trying this, decided the most useful approach would be to create a single program to handle all of the audio stuff and then turn that into some actionable MIDI output data that I can play with. MIDI seemed like the best candidate for the job since many light control programs, like DMXIS and QLC+, already have hooks for listening to incoming MIDI data. It is rather inefficient when this program is running on the same computer as the receiving software, but my idea is to put this program on Raspberry PI or Beagle Bone and just let it live a very stressed out life of doing nothing but listening to audio and putting out MIDI messages. Which must be a depressing life for a circuit board.
What It Can Do¶
As it stands now, from live audio you can get the following information from the live sound:
- The beat
- The beats-per-minute (BPM)
- The fundamental pitch
- The root-mean-square (RMS)
- The strength of various frequency bands (think graphic equalizer)
Is it accurate? Well, that depends. It took me a whole lot of tweaking to figure out how much data each of the audio processors actually needs to get the best results. So, the sounddevice deals with very short frames of data and each audio processor accumulates some multiple of that, as well as a hop size (that I only barely understand what it means). But, even through a mic, the beat and BPM values look pretty solid. The fundamental pitch more or less works too when I play a keyboard in the room next to the mic. There’s a good chance the RMS is being calculated wrong, so there’s that. The frequency bands seem to be about right when I play an increasing sine wave of all audio frequencies from 20-20000 (search YouTube for “hearing test”).
Is it efficient? No! Clearly all of the audio processors could share the same set of incoming audio data without making copies of it. They started that way, but it turns out that the best size of an audio frame for finding a beat is much different than the best size for calculating frequency strengths for the 31 octave bands. The code got so jumbled up that in the end I decided to just let each of these audio processor workers have their own copy of the audio data to do the nefarious things they want to do with it.
In the end, it is accurate enough information for my purposes, which is just to make some lights react to live audio sounds. And if your purpose is something along those lines and reading about what to do with the imaginary number part of a FFT transformation is making you wish you stayed awake in calculus class, this may be useful to you too.


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[[ insert template part here ]]
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[[ when you're done ]]


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %} {% block content %} {% csrf_token %}
Initial environmental conditions, concentrations for chemical species, and reaction rates/rate constants that have a MUSICA name
can be set here. The conditions you set here will remain at the value you specify until updated by the solver (as is the case for chemical species concentrations) or overwritten by evolving conditions you specify here.
Don't see the reaction you're looking for? Check the reactions and make sure the reaction you're interested in has the MUSICA name
property set. If the reaction doesn't allow you to set a MUSICA name
, its rate/rate constant cannot be set here - it will be calculated during the simulation.


THIS IS SOMETHING ELSE
This is a really big deal :
this is !important
end
this is the test page
this is the test layout


{#- Copyright 2020 Google LLC Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. -#} {#- Required variables: title: page title main_id: DOM Element ID for the main content block Optional variables: is_hide_full_footer: boolean, if true, hides the full expanded footer. Default false subpage_title: string, if specified, will be displayed in the header next to Data Commons hide_search: boolean, if true, will remove the nav header search box Blocks to override: head - additional head elements content - main page content -#}


Post-epic: Arcane Archer 19 (29) - 21 Great Dexterity I - 24 Epic Weapons Focus (Longbow) - 24 Great Dexterity II - 27 Great Dexterity III - 28 Epic Prowess - 30 Great Dexterity IV - 32 Great Dexterity V - 33 Great Dexterity VI - 36 Great Dexterity VII - 39 Great Dexterity VIII Monk 1 (9)
End result: - Attack Bonus 58 - Armor Class 35
Edited By Kail Pendragon on 10/12/07 15:26
oh i kinda messed up the epic feats, heres the new list.
Post-epic: Arcane Archer 19 (29) - 21 Great Dexterity I - 24 Epic Weapons Focus (Longbow) - 24 Great Dexterity II - 27 Great Dexterity III - 28 Epic Prowess - 30 Great Dexterity IV - 32 Great Dexterity V - 33 Great Dexterity VI - 36 Great Dexterity VII - 39 Armor Skin Monk 1 (9)
End result: - Attack Bonus 58 - Armor Class 37
dont forget to post in all 3 attack bonuses:
BAB (near bottom of character sheet)
Figured empty handed AB for all attacks
Figured AB with weapon of choice for all attacks.
Sure we can figure that stuff ourselves on a calculator but its a big help to just see it staring at you


Guidance
Materials for administering the Modified Large Print (MLP) and Unified English Braille (UEB) versions of the 2016 key stage 2 English grammar, punctuation and spelling test
Ref: ISBN 978-1-78644-080-8 , STA/16/7497/BRp PDF , 145KB , 10 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Ref: ISBN 978-1-78644-083-9 , STA/16/7500/e PDF , 339KB , 6 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Ref: ISBN 978-1-78644-075-4 , STA/16/7491/MLp PDF , 281KB , 34 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Ref: ISBN 978-1-78644-076-1 , STA/16/7492/MLp PDF , 160KB , 6 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
PDF , 131KB , 2 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Key stage 2 English grammar, punctuation and spelling tests were administered in schools in May 2016. Modified test materials and Mark Scheme Amendments were also provided. There is no braille version of Paper 2: spelling.
Please refer to the copyright ownership report for details of how schools, educational establishments and third parties can use these materials.
Published: 17 January 2017


✕
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EXPIRATION TIME {{expirationTimestamp.value * 1000 | date:'HH:mm'}}


{% include "snips/navigation.html" %}
{# All content should get rendered in here #} {% block body %} {% endblock %}
{% include 'snips/footer.html' %}


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Want to add Global Index Watch to your personal blog/webpage? Just copy/paste the following code and you will have the gadget up and running.
<iframe src = "http://udaysasigadgets.github.io/globalIndexWatch.html" width="475" height="550" frameBorder="0" style="border:2px solid #009DD1;></iframe>
If you use Google Chrome, you can get the gadget on your browser as an extension. Click here to download the extension.


|
Sets the values of all the tags in the x87 FPU tag word to empty (all 1s). This operation marks the x87 FPU data registers (which are aliased to the MMX technology registers) as available for use by x87 FPU floating-point instructions. (See Figure 8-7 in the IA-32 Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 1, for the format of the x87 FPU tag word.) All other MMX instructions (other than the EMMS instruction) set all the tags in x87 FPU tag word to valid (all 0s).
The EMMS instruction must be used to clear the MMX technology state at the end of all MMX technology procedures or subroutines and before calling other procedures or subroutines that may execute x87 floating-point instructions. If a floating-point instruction loads one of the registers in the x87 FPU data register stack before the x87 FPU tag word has been reset by the EMMS instruction, an x87 floating-point register stack overflow can occur that will result in an x87 floating-point exception or incorrect result.
|


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Deal: Save up to $300 on Bose Headphones, Speakers, and Home Audio
by PradeepBose always makes high quality premium audio products and it is hard to find huge discounts on them. Amazon US today has a sale on Bose products and you can save up to $300 on Bose Headphones, Speakers, and Home Audio. This sale includes new Bose products like Bose Noise Cancelling Wireless Bluetooth Headphones 700, Bose Home Speaker 300 and 500, and more. Find the deals below.
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This package provides for ....
[Introduction]
[Usage]
[Related Documentation]
Introduction
[Description]
Usage
[Description]
Related Documentation
[Description]
For overviews, tutorials, examples, guides, and tool documentation, please see:
NON-SPEC DOCUMENTATION HERE


As a child, I was pushed into pit, pelted with stones
by Alexander OkerePrecious Agaezichi was born with phocomelia (thalidomide syndrome), a rare birth defect that can affect the upper and/or lower limbs which could be caused as a side effect of the drug – thalidomide (marketed as a mild sleeping pill) – taken during early pregnancy. The 20-year-old student and aspiring model from the Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, tells ALEXANDER OKERE how she motivates herself to carry on
You don’t have a fully-developed left limb. How did it happen?
I was born with it. My mum took a drug called Thalidomide when she was pregnant. The drug was taken to reduce morning sickness. She didn’t know it had a side effect. So, most of the women who took that drug had kids that were born with malformed limbs.
As a child, when did you realise your left hand was malformed?
I noticed it at the age of five. I thought I wouldn’t have friends. But I quickly adapted to the knowledge that I couldn’t do well with my left hand what my right hand could do.
How did that affect your interaction with other children?
I felt different from other kids. As a kid, I had to beg people to talk to me. I was actually a loner. I was rejected by my classmates (in primary school) and other children I met in my neighbourhood. Those experiences made me feel very bad as a child. But now, they don’t.
As a teenager, were there also challenges with getting people to accept you as you were?
I found it difficult talking to people other than those close to me. I couldn’t socialise and was always indoors.
Did your condition affect your relationship with boys?
I don’t think it did. But it’s personal. I have few friends; I can count them.
What forms of discrimination have you faced as a result of your condition?
As a child, I was mocked. My peers in primary school stared a lot at my hand. At nursery school, I had to part with my lunch or hair ribbon before my classmates would agree to talk to me. When I taught we had become friends, at a time, I was pushed into a pit, with stones thrown at me and sand poured on my head.
In secondary school, I was bullied and maltreated. My dad had to change the nursery and primary schools I attended when the maltreatment was too much and I complained to him. I attended Chiazor Nursery and Primary School; Maranatha Nursery and Primary School; Kingdom Heritage Nursery and Primary School; and Marvellous Grace International School, all in Enugu. I also attended Queen’s Secondary School, Enugu; Landmark University, Kwara State, before I transferred to Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu.
At Queen’s School, I was also maltreated. I remember when I resumed as new pupil, a girl kept touching the affected hand and I hate it when people do that. I told her to stop but she refused.
Having faced those challenges as a child, how do you manage similar ones as an adult?
I learnt to build my self-esteem. That was the first thing I did. I have realised that when people mock me and it gets to me, it is because I don’t have a high self-esteem. I really don’t care about what people think about me now. That’s how I overcome discrimination. Obviously, I look beyond rejection and discrimination to achieve what I set out to achieve.
What was your aspiration as a teenager?
As a teenager, I wanted to be a banker but my mum said I liked money too much so I couldn’t be a banker. She wanted me to be a lawyer. However, I later realised that I didn’t like mathematics, so I had to drop the idea of going into banking. She later advised me to study International Relations. I was studying Political Science at Landmark (University) before I left for Godfrey Okoye University, where I am studying History, International Studies and Diplomacy. But I would like to be an air hostess. I would like to have a home for persons living with disablities. I would also like to have my own clothing line.
How do you cope with activities you ordinarily have to do with two hands?
We all have challenges but all that matters is how we face them. My mum taught me and I taught myself how to cope with them. So, I do 99 per cent of what I do myself.
What are some of the basic things you do by yourself?
I wash my clothes. I wash plates and do anything a normal person does.
How have your siblings been supportive?
They have been very supportive. They are very real with me. I used to think my brother hated me but I later realised that what he did was to help me learn how to cope.
When did your interest in modelling start?
As a child, I always dreamt about seeing myself on the cover of magazines. But it got to a point in primary school when someone told me that if my arms were complete, I would be very beautiful and could become a model. That really hurt me but I had to move on. But when I got to secondary school, people started complimenting me on my skin and looks. So, I started considering it (modelling). At university, I got calls for photo shoots. So basically, I went into modelling because of my skin and the structure of my body. I have modelled for clothing lines and makeup studios.
Are you involved in any form of advocacy of other people with a similar condition?
I do that when they come on my (social media) page. Some people there ask me how I cope mentally.
What are your thoughts about the welfare of persons living with disabilities in Nigeria?
In Nigeria, people look down on persons living with disabilities. I think such individuals (PLWDs) should not be referred to as disabled because a person with all their body parts complete could be disabled mentally. Some people who are physically challenged are more reasonable than some who claim to be complete.
When someone wants to start a conversation with you, what do you want that person to know?
First, I hate meeting people and if I do, I may not know how to keep up with you. So, if someone wants to talk to me, I hate attracting sympathy.  I want them to see how strong I am. I want them to see a bold person in me. I want them to feel encouraged when they see me – a bold, strong and young girl.
What motivates you?
I think about me and people – I motivate myself.
Were there times you thought about the condition and felt sad?
Yes. Sometimes, I think about myself and ask, “Why me?” Sometimes, I ask myself whether I would ever get married or whether my kids would ever be proud of me.  I once contemplated suicide because I broke down in frustration. I just wanted to know what it felt like having two hands, even if it was for one second. I really felt depressed that I looked different from every other person. But I thank God that I thought about what would happen if I killed myself. So, I moved on.
What lessons has being born with phocomelia taught you?
It has taught me to be strong, bold and confident and never to give up.
Copyright PUNCH.
All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH.
Contact: theeditor@punchng.com


This dataset contains solar zenith angles (in degrees, with the range of 0-90) every half hour from 04:00 to 12:00, true solar time. This set of values is calculated on the first of every month for 4 different northern hemisphere latitudes. For determination of afternoon values, the presented tabulated values are symmetric about noon.
sza
A tibble with 816 rows and 4 variables:
The latitude in decimal degrees for the observations
The measurement month; all calculations where conducted for the first day of each month
The true solar time at the given latitude
and date
(first of month
) for which the solar zenith angle is calculated
The solar zenith angle in degrees, where NA
s
indicate that sunrise hadn't yet occurred by the tst
value
Calculated Actinic Fluxes (290 - 700 nm) for Air Pollution Photochemistry Applications (Peterson, 1976), available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100JA26.txt.
The solar zenith angle (SZA) is one measure that helps to describe the sun's path across the sky. It's defined as the angle of the sun relative to a line perpendicular to the earth's surface. It is useful to calculate the SZA in relation to the true solar time. True solar time relates to the position of the sun with respect to the observer, which is different depending on the exact longitude. For example, two hours before the sun crosses the meridian (the highest point it would reach that day) corresponds to a true solar time of 10 a.m. The SZA has a strong dependence on the observer's latitude. For example, at a latitude of 50 degrees N at the start of January, the noontime SZA is 73.0 but a different observer at 20 degrees N would measure the noontime SZA to be 43.0 degrees.
11-2
Other Datasets:
countrypops
,
exibble
,
gtcars
,
pizzaplace
,
sp500
#> Rows: 816 #> Columns: 4 #> $ latitude <dbl> 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, … #> $ month <fct> jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, jan, … #> $ tst <chr> "0400", "0430", "0500", "0530", "0600", "0630", "0700", "073… #> $ sza <dbl> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, 84.9, 78.7, 72.7, 66.1, 61.5, 56.5, …


Client object for interacting with the CheddarGetter service
| category | CheddarGetter |
|---|---|
| package | CheddarGetter |
| author | Marc Guyer |
| example | example/example.php |
__call(string $method, array $args)
Essentially just a sanity check making sure we have a productCode for those methods that require it
string
array
__construct($url, $username, $password, $productCode, string $productId, \CheddarGetter_Client_AdapterInterface $adapter)
string
string
string
string
string
addCharge(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
A positive 'eachAmount' will result in a debit. If negative, a credit.
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#add-charge |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
chargeCode, quantity, eachAmount[, description]
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
addItemQuantity(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#add-item-quantity |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
Your (itemCode or CG itemId) and [quantity]
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
cancelSubscription(string $code, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#cancel-subscription |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
deleteCharge(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
CG's chargeId is required (found in the customers/get response)
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#delete-charge |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
chargeId
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
deleteCustomer(string $code, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#delete-customer |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
deleteCustomers() : \CheddarGetter_Response
WARNING: This will delete all customers and all related data in CheddarGetter and will delete all customer data at the gateway if a gateway is configured.
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#delete-all-customers |
|---|
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
deletePlan(string $code, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
string
Your code for the plan
string
null
CG id for the plan
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
editCustomer(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#update-customer-subscription |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
editCustomerOnly(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#update-customer |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
editSubscription(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#update-subscription |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getAllCustomers(array $filters) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Get all customers subscribed to any product
array
null
\CheddarGetter_Client_Exception |
|
|---|---|
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
getCustomer(string $code, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#single-customer |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getCustomers(array $filters) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Get all customers in the product
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#all-customers |
|---|
array
null
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getCustomersList(array $filters) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Get all customers in the product
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#all-customers |
|---|
array
null
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getHttpClient() : \CheddarGetter_Client_AdapterInterface
getPlan(string $code, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#single-plan |
|---|
string
Your code for the plan
string
null
CG id for the plan
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getPlans(array $filters) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Get all plans in the product.
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#all-plans |
|---|
array
null
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getProductCode() : string
string
getProductId() : string
string
getPromotion(string $code, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#single-promotion |
|---|
string
Coupon code
string
null
CG id for the promotion
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getPromotions(array $filters) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Get all promotions in the product.
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#all-promotions |
|---|
array
null
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
getUrl() : string
string
getUsername() : string
string
importCustomers(array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#import-customers |
|---|
array
An array of arrays
\CheddarGetter_Client_Exception |
|
|---|---|
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
newCustomer(array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#add-customer |
|---|---|
| see | \setMarketingCookie |
array
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
newOneTimeInvoice(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
One-time invoices take one or more charges in the same format as newCustomer(). One-time invoices are executed immediately using the customer's existing subscription payment method. One-time invoices do not directly effect the subscription pending invoice or billing period.
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#one-time-invoice |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
an array of arrays each with: chargeCode, quantity, eachAmount[, description]
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
refundInvoice(string $number, string | null $id, array $amount) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Voiding and refunding can be a bit tricky. Some billing solutions do not allow refunding while a transaction is "voidable". Transactions are usually voidable only for a short time (less than 24 hours). Some billing solutions do not allow voids. Check out the knowledge base article on the subject for more information: http://support.cheddargetter.com/kb/operational-how-tos/credits-and-refunds-and-voids-oh-my
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#void |
|---|---|
| link | http://support.cheddargetter.com/kb/operational-how-tos/credits-and-refunds-and-voids-oh-my |
string
The unique number of the invoice to be voided/refunded generated by CheddarGetter.
string
null
CG id of the invoice
array
The amount to be refunded if a partial refund. If the invoice is to be fully refunded, do not pass the amount.
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
removeItemQuantity(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#remove-item-quantity |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
Your (itemCode or CG itemId) and [quantity]
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
runOutstandingInvoice(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
An outstanding invoice might be one that hasn't been transacted yet or one that has been attempted unsucessfully.
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#run-invoice |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
[ccCardCode] (optional)
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
setHttpClient(\CheddarGetter_Client_AdapterInterface | \Zend_Http_Client | resource $client) : \CheddarGetter_Client
\CheddarGetter_Client_AdapterInterface
\Zend_Http_Client
resource
Either a Zend_Http_Client or curl resource.
\CheddarGetter_Client_Exception |
|---|
setItemQuantity(string $code, string | null $id, array $data) : \CheddarGetter_Response
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#set-item-quantity |
|---|
string
Your code for the customer
string
null
CG id for the customer
array
Your (itemCode or CG itemId) and quantity
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
setMarketingCookie(string $cookieName, int $expire, string $path, string $domain, bool $secure, bool $httpOnly)
Running this method on every request to your marketing site sets or refines the marketing cookie data over time. There is no performance disadvantage to running this method on every request.
If a lead has this cookie set at the time of signup, CheddarGetter_Client::newCustomer() will automatically add the data to the customer record. In other words, simply run this method on every request and there's nothing else to do to take advantage of the metrics tracking in CheddarGetter.
| see | \newCustomer |
|---|
string
int
string
string
bool
bool
\CheddarGetter_Client_Exception |
if headers are already sent |
|---|
setPassword($password) : \CheddarGetter_Client
setProductCode($productCode) : \CheddarGetter_Client
setProductId($productId) : \CheddarGetter_Client
setRequestAdapter(\CheddarGetter_Http_AdapterInterface $requestAdapter)
\CheddarGetter_Http_AdapterInterface
setUsername($username) : \CheddarGetter_Client
voidInvoice(string $number, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Voiding and refunding can be a bit tricky. Some billing solutions do not allow refunding while a transaction is "voidable". Transactions are usually voidable only for a short time (less than 24 hours). Some billing solutions do not allow voids. Check out the knowledge base article on the subject for more information: http://support.cheddargetter.com/kb/operational-how-tos/credits-and-refunds-and-voids-oh-my
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#void |
|---|---|
| link | http://support.cheddargetter.com/kb/operational-how-tos/credits-and-refunds-and-voids-oh-my |
string
The unique number of the invoice to be voided/refunded generated by CheddarGetter.
string
null
CG id of the invoice
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
voidOrRefundInvoice(string $number, string | null $id) : \CheddarGetter_Response
Voiding and refunding can be a bit tricky. Some billing solutions do not allow refunding while a transaction is "voidable". Transactions are usually voidable only for a short time (less than 24 hours). Some billing solutions do not allow voids. Check out the knowledge base article on the subject for more information: http://support.cheddargetter.com/kb/operational-how-tos/credits-and-refunds-and-voids-oh-my
| link | https://cheddargetter.com/developers#void-or-refund |
|---|---|
| link | http://support.cheddargetter.com/kb/operational-how-tos/credits-and-refunds-and-voids-oh-my |
string
The unique number of the invoice to be voided/refunded generated by CheddarGetter.
string
null
CG id of the invoice
\CheddarGetter_Response_Exception |
|---|
request(string $path, array $args) : string
string
Path to the API action
array
null
HTTP post key value pairs
\CheddarGetter_Client_Exception |
|---|
string
Body of the response from the CheddarGetter API_getPassword() : string
string
_requireIdentifier(string $code, string $id) : bool
string
string
\CheddarGetter_Client_Exception |
if neither identifier exists |
|---|
bool
true if $code or $id exists$_httpClient : \CheddarGetter_Client_AdapterInterface
$_password : string
$_productCode : string
$_productId : string
$_requestAdapter : \CheddarGetter_Http_AdapterInterface
By default, it will use PHP superglobals directly but an implementation based on the abstraction of a framework can be used.
$_url : string
$_username : string


Krom Skullsplitter
Strength
17
Dexterity
11
Constitution
17
Intelligence
10
Wisdom
10
Charisma
10
Hit point stats will go here!
This will be the dynamically generated area!
This is where the buttons will go!
Skills & Saves
Attacks & Spells
Features & Traits
Equipment
Game Resources


Carnegie-Mellon University
CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE oF...... Doctor of Philosophy _.
TITLE... Investigation.of..Recovery.Times.in the Electrical. Discharge Machining Process and the Consequences of the Influence of
PRESENTED BY Eugene William Bartel
ACCEPTED BY THE DEPARTMENT oF..-Electrical..Engineering ooo
APPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE DEGREES
cv Clipe te uf /, / 91
CHAIRMAN Oat


Chapter 3 Geometries
Having learned how we represent coordinates systems, we can define how geometries can be described using these coordinate systems. This chapter will explain:
- simple features, a standard that describes point, line and polygon geometries along with operations on them,
- operations on geometries
- coverages, subdivisions of larger regions into sub-regions
- networks
Geometries on the sphere are discussed in chapter 4, rasters and other rectangular subdivisions of space are discussed in chapter 6.
3.1 Simple feature geometries
Simple feature geometries are a way to describe the geometries of features. By features we mean things that have a geometry, potentially some time properties, and other attributes that could include a label describing the thing and quantitative measures of it. The main application of simple feature geometries is to describe geometries in two-dimensional space by points, lines, or polygons. The “simple” adjective refers to the fact that the line or polygon geometries are represented by sequences of points connected with straight lines that do not self-intersect.
Simple features access is a standard (J. R. Herring 2011; Herring 2010; ISO 2004) for describing simple feature geometries that includes:
- a class hierarchy
- a set of operations
- binary and text encodings
We will first discuss the seven most common simple feature geometry types.
3.1.1 The big seven
The most commonly used simple features geometries, used to represent a single feature are:
| type | description |
|---|---|
POINT |
single point geometry |
MULTIPOINT |
set of points |
LINESTRING |
single linestring (two or more points connected by straight lines) |
MULTILINESTRING |
set of linestrings |
POLYGON |
exterior ring with zero or more inner rings, denoting holes |
MULTIPOLYGON |
set of polygons |
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION |
set of the geometries above |
library(sf)
par(mfrow = c(2,4))
par(mar = c(1,1,1.2,1))
# 1
p = st_point(0:1)
plot(p, pch = 16)
title("point")
box(col = 'grey')
# 2
mp = st_multipoint(rbind(c(1,1), c(2, 2), c(4, 1), c(2, 3), c(1,4)))
plot(mp, pch = 16)
title("multipoint")
box(col = 'grey')
# 3
ls = st_linestring(rbind(c(1,1), c(5,5), c(5, 6), c(4, 6), c(3, 4), c(2, 3)))
plot(ls, lwd = 2)
title("linestring")
box(col = 'grey')
# 4
mls = st_multilinestring(list(
rbind(c(1,1), c(5,5), c(5, 6), c(4, 6), c(3, 4), c(2, 3)),
rbind(c(3,0), c(4,1), c(2,1))))
plot(mls, lwd = 2)
title("multilinestring")
box(col = 'grey')
# 5 polygon
po = st_polygon(list(rbind(c(2,1), c(3,1), c(5,2), c(6,3), c(5,3), c(4,4), c(3,4), c(1,3), c(2,1)),
rbind(c(2,2), c(3,3), c(4,3), c(4,2), c(2,2))))
plot(po, border = 'black', col = '#ff8888', lwd = 2)
title("polygon")
box(col = 'grey')
# 6 multipolygon
mpo = st_multipolygon(list(
list(rbind(c(2,1), c(3,1), c(5,2), c(6,3), c(5,3), c(4,4), c(3,4), c(1,3), c(2,1)),
rbind(c(2,2), c(3,3), c(4,3), c(4,2), c(2,2))),
list(rbind(c(3,7), c(4,7), c(5,8), c(3,9), c(2,8), c(3,7)))))
plot(mpo, border = 'black', col = '#ff8888', lwd = 2)
title("multipolygon")
box(col = 'grey')
# 7 geometrycollection
gc = st_geometrycollection(list(po, ls + c(0,5), st_point(c(2,5)), st_point(c(5,4))))
plot(gc, border = 'black', col = '#ff6666', pch = 16, lwd = 2)
title("geometrycollection")
box(col = 'grey')
Figure 3.1 shows examples of these basic geometry types. The human-readable, “well-known-text” (WKT) representation of the geometries plotted are:
POINT (0 1)
MULTIPOINT ((1 1), (2 2), (4 1), (2 3), (1 4))
LINESTRING (1 1, 5 5, 5 6, 4 6, 3 4, 2 3)
MULTILINESTRING ((1 1, 5 5, 5 6, 4 6, 3 4, 2 3), (3 0, 4 1, 2 1))
POLYGON ((2 1, 3 1, 5 2, 6 3, 5 3, 4 4, 3 4, 1 3, 2 1),
(2 2, 3 3, 4 3, 4 2, 2 2))
MULTIPOLYGON (((2 1, 3 1, 5 2, 6 3, 5 3, 4 4, 3 4, 1 3, 2 1),
(2 2, 3 3, 4 3, 4 2, 2 2)), ((3 7, 4 7, 5 8, 3 9, 2 8, 3 7)))
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (
POLYGON ((2 1, 3 1, 5 2, 6 3, 5 3, 4 4, 3 4, 1 3, 2 1),
(2 2 , 3 3, 4 3, 4 2, 2 2)),
LINESTRING (1 6, 5 10, 5 11, 4 11, 3 9, 2 8),
POINT (2 5),
POINT (5 4)
)
In this representation, coordinates are separated by space, and points by commas. Sets are grouped by parentheses, and separated by commas.
Individual points in a geometry contain at least two coordinates: x and y, in that order. If these coordinates refer to ellipsoidal coordinates, x and y usually refer to longitude and latitude, respectively, although sometimes to latitude and longitude (see sections 2.4 and 7.6.6).
3.1.2 Simple and valid geometries, ring direction
Linestrings are called simple when they do not self-intersect:
# LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1, 2 2, 0 2, 1 1, 2 0)
# is_simple
# FALSE
Valid polygons and multipolygons obey all of the following properties:
- polygon rings are closed (the last point equals the first)
- polygon holes (inner rings) are inside their exterior ring
- polygon inner rings maximally touch the exterior ring in single points, not over a line
- a polygon ring does not repeat its own path
- in a multipolygon, an external ring maximally touches another exterior ring in single points, not over a line
If this is not the case, the geometry concerned is not valid. Invalid geometries typically cause errors when they are processed, but can usually be repaired to make them valid.
A further convention is that the outer ring of a polygon is winded counter-clockwise, while the holes are winded clockwise, but polygons for which this is not the case are still considered valid. For polygons on the sphere, the “clockwise” is not very useful: if for instance we take the equator as polygon, is the Northern hemisphere or the Southern hemisphere “inside”? The convention taken here is to consider the area on the left while traversing the polygon is considered the polygon’s inside.
3.1.3 Z and M coordinates
In addition to X and Y coordinates, Single points (vertices) of simple feature geometries may have:
- a
Z
coordinate, denoting altitude, and/or - an
M
value, denoting some “measure”
The M
attribute shall be a property of the vertex. It sounds
attractive to encode a time stamp in it, e.g. to pack movement data
(trajectories) in LINESTRING
s. These become however invalid (or
“non-simple”) once the trajectory self-intersects, which easily
happens when only X
and Y
are considered for self-intersections.
Both Z
and M
are not found often, and software support
to do something useful with them is (still) rare. Their
WKT representation are fairly easily understood:
# POINT Z (1 3 2)
# POINT M (1 3 2)
# LINESTRING ZM (3 1 2 4, 4 4 2 2)
3.1.4 Empty geometries
A very important concept in the feature geometry framework is that of the
empty geometry.
Empty geometries arise naturally when we do geometrical
operations (section 3.2), for instance when we want to
know the intersection of POINT (0 0)
and POINT (1 1)
:
# GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY
and it represents essentially the empty set: when combining (unioning) an empty point it with other non-empty geometries, it vanishes.
All geometry types have a special value representing the empty (typed) geometry:
# POINT EMPTY
# LINESTRING M EMPTY
and so on, but they all point to the empty set, differing only in their dimension (section 3.2.2).
3.1.5 Ten further geometry types
There are 10 more geometry types which are more rare, but increasingly find implementation:
| type | description |
|---|---|
CIRCULARSTRING |
The CIRCULARSTRING is the basic curve type, similar to a LINESTRING in the linear world. A single segment requires three points, the start and end points (first and third) and any other point on the arc. The exception to this is for a closed circle, where the start and end points are the same. In this case the second point MUST be the center of the arc, i.e. the opposite side of the circle. To chain arcs together, the last point of the previous arc becomes the first point of the next arc, just like in LINESTRING. This means that a valid circular string must have an odd number of points greater than 1. |
COMPOUNDCURVE |
A compound curve is a single, continuous curve that has both curved (circular) segments and linear segments. That means that in addition to having well-formed components, the end point of every component (except the last) must be coincident with the start point of the following component. |
CURVEPOLYGON |
Example compound curve in a curve polygon: CURVEPOLYGON(COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),(4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)), CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) ) |
MULTICURVE |
A MultiCurve is a 1-dimensional GeometryCollection whose elements are Curves, it can include linear strings, circular strings or compound strings. |
MULTISURFACE |
A MultiSurface is a 2-dimensional GeometryCollection whose elements are Surfaces, all using coordinates from the same coordinate reference system. |
CURVE |
A Curve is a 1-dimensional geometric object usually stored as a sequence of Points, with the subtype of Curve specifying the form of the interpolation between Points |
SURFACE |
A Surface is a 2-dimensional geometric object |
POLYHEDRALSURFACE |
A PolyhedralSurface is a contiguous collection of polygons, which share common boundary segments |
TIN |
A TIN (triangulated irregular network) is a PolyhedralSurface consisting only of Triangle patches. |
TRIANGLE |
A Triangle is a polygon with 3 distinct, non-collinear vertices and no interior boundary |
CIRCULASTRING
, COMPOUNDCURVE
and CURVEPOLYGON
are not
described in the SFA standard, but in the SQL-MM part 3
standard. The
descriptions above were copied from the PostGIS
manual.
3.1.6 Text and binary encodings
Part of the simple feature standard are two encodings: a text and
a binary encoding. The well-known text encoding, used above, is
human-readable, the well-known binary encoding is machine-readable.
Binary encodings are lossless and typically faster to work with
than text encoding (and decoding), and are used for instance in all
communications between R package sf
and the GDAL, GEOS, liblwgeom
and s2geometry libraries (figure 1.6).
3.2 Operations on geometries
Simple feature geometries can be queried for properties, transformed into new geometries, and combinations of geometries can be queried for properties. This section gives an overview of the operations entirely focusing on geometrical properties. Chapter 5 focuses on the analysis of non-geometrical feature properties, in relationship to their geometries. Some of the material in this section appeared in Pebesma (2018).
We can categorize operations on geometries in terms of what they take as input, and what they return as output. In terms of output we have operations that return:
- predicates: a logical asserting a certain property is
TRUE
- measures: a quantity (e.g. a numeric value with measurement unit)
- transformations: newly generated geometries
and in terms of what they operate on, we distinguish operations that are:
- unary when they work on a single geometry
- binary when they work on pairs of geometries
- n-ary when they work on sets of geometries
3.2.1 Unary predicates
Unary predicates describe a certain property of a geometry.
The predicates is_simple
, is_valid
, and is_empty
return
respectively whether a geometry is simple, valid or empty. Given a
coordinate reference system, is_longlat
returns whether the
coordinates are geographic or projected. is(geometry, class)
checks whether a geometry belongs to a particular class.
3.2.2 Binary predicates and DE-9IM
The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model (DE-9IM, Clementini, Di Felice, and Oosterom (1993); Egenhofer and Franzosa (1991)) is a model that helps describing the qualitative relation between any two geometries in two-dimensional space (\(R^2\)). Any geometry has a dimension value that is:
- 0 for points,
- 1 for linear geometries,
- 2 for polygonal geometries, and
- F (false) for empty geometries
Any geometry also has an inside (I), a boundary (B) and an exterior (E); these roles are obvious for polygons but, e.g. for:
- lines the boundary is formed by the end points, and the interior by all non-end points on the line
- points have a zero-dimensional inside but no boundary
library(sf)
polygon = po = st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,0), c(1,1), c(0,1), c(0,0))))
p0 = st_polygon(list(rbind(c(-1,-1), c(2,-1), c(2,2), c(-1,2), c(-1,-1))))
line = li = st_linestring(rbind(c(.5, -.5), c(.5, 0.5)))
s = st_sfc(po, li)
par(mfrow = c(3,3))
par(mar = c(1,1,1,1))
# "1020F1102"
# 1: 1
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("I(pol)",intersect(),"I(line) = 1")))
lines(rbind(c(.5,0), c(.5,.495)), col = 'red', lwd = 2)
points(0.5, 0.5, pch = 1)
# 2: 0
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("I(pol)",intersect(),"B(line) = 0")))
points(0.5, 0.5, col = 'red', pch = 16)
# 3: 2
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("I(pol)",intersect(),"E(line) = 2")))
plot(po, col = '#ff8888', add = TRUE)
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', add = TRUE)
# 4: 0
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("B(pol)",intersect(),"I(line) = 0")))
points(.5, 0, col = 'red', pch = 16)
# 5: F
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("B(pol)",intersect(),"B(line) = F")))
# 6: 1
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("B(pol)",intersect(),"E(line) = 1")))
plot(po, border = 'red', col = NA, add = TRUE, lwd = 2)
# 7: 1
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("E(pol)",intersect(),"I(line) = 1")))
lines(rbind(c(.5, -.5), c(.5, 0)), col = 'red', lwd = 2)
# 8: 0
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("E(pol)",intersect(),"B(line) = 0")))
points(.5, -.5, col = 'red', pch = 16)
# 9: 2
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', main = expression(paste("E(pol)",intersect(),"E(line) = 2")))
plot(p0 / po, col = '#ff8888', add = TRUE)
plot(s, col = c(NA, 'darkgreen'), border = 'blue', add = TRUE)
Figure 3.2 shows the intersections between the I, B and E components of a polygon and a linestring indicated by red; the sub-plot title gives the dimension of these intersections (0, 1, 2 or F). The relationship between the polygon and the line geometry is the concatenation of these dimensions:
# [,1]
# [1,] "1020F1102"
where the first three characters are associated with the inside
of the first geometry (the polygon): figure 3.2 is
summarised row-wise.
Using this ability to express relationships, we can also query
pairs of geometries about particular conditions expressed in a
mask string; e.g. the string "*0*******"
would evaluate TRUE
when the second geometry has one or more boundary points in common
with the interior of the first geometry; the symbol *
standing for
“any dimensionality” (0, 1, 2 or F). The mask string "T********"
matches pairs of geometry with intersecting interiors, where the
symbol T
stands for any non-empty intersection of dimensionality 0,
1 or 2.
Binary predicates are further described using normal-language verbs,
using DE-9IM definitions. For instance, the predicate equals
corresponds to the relationship "T*F**FFF*"
. If any two geometries
obey this relationship, they are (topologically) equal, but may
have a different ordering of nodes.
A list of binary predicates is:
| predicate | meaning | inverse of |
|---|---|---|
contains |
None of the points of A are outside B | within |
contains_properly |
A contains B and B has no points in common with the boundary of A | |
covers |
No points of B lie in the exterior of A | covered_by |
covered_by |
Inverse of covers |
|
crosses |
A and B have some but not all interior points in common | |
disjoint |
A and B have no points in common | intersects |
equals |
A and B are topologically equal: node order or number of nodes may differ; identical to A contains B AND A within B | |
equals_exact |
A and B are geometrically equal, and have identical node order | |
intersects |
A and B are not disjoint | disjoint |
is_within_distance |
A is closer to B than a given distance | |
within |
None of the points of B are outside A | contains |
touches |
A and B have at least one boundary point in common, but no interior points | |
overlaps |
A and B have some points in common; the dimension of these is identical to that of A and B | |
relate |
given a mask pattern, return whether A and B adhere to this pattern |
The Wikipedia DE-9IM page
provides the relate
patterns for each of these verbs. They are
important to check out; for instance covers and contains (and
their inverses) are often not completely intuitive:
- if A contains B, B has no points in common with the exterior or boundary of A
- if A covers B, B has no points in common with the exterior of A
3.2.3 Unary Measures
Unary measures return a measure or quantity that describes a property of the geometry:
| measure | returns |
|---|---|
dimension |
0 for points, 1 for linear, 2 for polygons, possibly NA for empty geometries |
area |
the area of a geometry |
length |
the length of a linear geometry |
3.2.4 Binary Measures
distance
returns the distance between pairs of geometries.
The qualitative measure relate
(without mask) gives the relation
pattern, a description of the geometrical relationship between two
geometries explained in section 3.2.2.
3.2.5 Unary Transformers
Unary transformations work on a per-geometry basis, and for each geometry return a new geometry.
| transformer | returns a geometry … |
|---|---|
centroid |
of type POINT with the geometry’s centroid |
buffer |
that is this larger (or smaller) than the input geometry, depending on the buffer size |
jitter |
that was moved in space a certain amount, using a bivariate uniform distribution |
wrap_dateline |
cut into pieces that do no longer cover the dateline |
boundary |
with the boundary of the input geometry |
convex_hull |
that forms the convex hull of the input geometry (figure 3.3) |
line_merge |
after merging connecting LINESTRING elements of a MULTILINESTRING into longer LINESTRING s. |
make_valid |
that is valid |
node |
with added nodes to linear geometries at intersections without a node; only works on individual linear geometries |
point_on_surface |
with a (arbitrary) point on a surface |
polygonize |
of type polygon, created from lines that form a closed ring |
segmentize |
a (linear) geometry with nodes at a given density or minimal distance |
simplify |
simplified by removing vertices/nodes (lines or polygons) |
split |
that has been split with a splitting linestring |
transform |
transformed or convert to a new coordinate reference system (chapter 2) |
triangulate |
with Delauney triangulated polygon(s) (figure 3.3) |
voronoi |
with the Voronoi tessellation of an input geometry (figure 3.3) |
zm |
with removed or added Z and/or M coordinates |
collection_extract |
with subgeometries from a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION of a particular type |
cast |
that is converted to another type |
+ |
that is shifted over a given vector |
* |
that is multiplied by a scalar or matrix |
par(mar = rep(0,4), mfrow = c(1, 3))
set.seed(133331)
mp = st_multipoint(matrix(runif(20), 10))
plot(mp, cex = 2)
plot(st_convex_hull(mp), add = TRUE, col = NA, border = 'red')
box()
plot(mp, cex = 2)
plot(st_voronoi(mp), add = TRUE, col = NA, border = 'red')
box()
plot(mp, cex = 2)
plot(st_triangulate(mp), add = TRUE, col = NA, border = 'darkgreen')
box()
3.2.6 Binary Transformers
Binary transformers are functions that return a geometry based on operating on a pair of geometries. They include:
| function | returns | infix operator |
|---|---|---|
intersection |
the overlapping geometries for pair of geometries | & |
union |
the combination of the geometries; removes internal boundaries and duplicate points, nodes or line pieces | | |
difference |
the geometries of the first after removing the overlap with the second geometry | / |
sym_difference |
the combinations of the geometries after removing where they intersect; the negation (opposite) of intersection |
%/% |
3.2.7 N-ary Transformers
N-ary transformers operate on sets of geometries.
union
can be applied to a set of geometries to return its
geometrical union. Otherwise, any set of geometries can be combined
into a MULTI
-type geometry when they have equal dimension, or
else into a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
. Without unioning, this may
lead to a geometry that is not valid, e.g. because two polygon
rings have a boundary line in common.
N-ary intersection
and difference
take a single argument,
but operate (sequentially) on all pairs, triples, quadruples, etc.
Consider the plot in figure 3.4: how do we identify
the area where all three boxes overlap? Using binary intersections
gives us intersections for all pairs: 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3,
3-1, 3-2, 3-3, but does not let us identify areas where more than
two geometries intersect.
Figure 3.4 (right) shows the n-ary intersection: the 7
unique, non-overlapping geometries originating from intersection
of one, two, or more geometries.
par(mar = rep(.1, 4), mfrow = c(1, 2))
sq = function(pt, sz = 1) st_polygon(list(rbind(c(pt - sz),
c(pt[1] + sz, pt[2] - sz), c(pt + sz), c(pt[1] - sz, pt[2] + sz), c(pt - sz))))
x = st_sf(box = 1:3, st_sfc(sq(c(0,0)), sq(c(1.7, -0.5)), sq(c(0.5, 1))))
plot(st_geometry(x), col = NA, border = sf.colors(3, categorical = TRUE), lwd = 3)
plot(st_intersection(st_geometry(x)), col = sf.colors(7, categorical=TRUE, alpha = .5))
Similarly, one can compute an n-ary difference from a set \(\{s_1, s_2, s_3, ...\}\) by creating differences \(\{s_1, s_2-s_1, s_3-s_2-s_1, ...\}\). This is shown in figure 3.5, left for the original set, right for the set after reversing its order to make clear that the result here depends on the ordering of the input geometries. Again, resulting geometries do not overlap.
par(mar = rep(.1, 4), mfrow = c(1, 2))
xg = st_geometry(x)
plot(st_difference(xg), col = sf.colors(3, alpha = .5, categorical=TRUE))
plot(st_difference(xg[3:1]), col = sf.colors(3, alpha = .5, categorical=TRUE))
3.3 Precision
Geometrical operations, such as finding out whether a certain point is on a line, may fail when coordinates are represented by double precision floating point numbers, such as 8-byte doubles used in R. An often chosen remedy is to limit the precision of the coordinates before the operation. For this, a precision model is adopted; the most common is to choose a factor \(p\) and compute rounded coordinates \(c'\) from original coordinates \(c\) by \[c' = \mbox{round}(p \cdot c) / p\]
Rounding of this kind brings the coordinates to points on a regular grid with spacing \(1/p\), which is beneficial for geometric computations. Of course, it also affects all computations like areas and distances, and may turn valid geometries into invalid ones. Which precision values are best for which application is often a matter of common sense combined with trial and error.
3.4 Coverages: tessellations and rasters
The Open Geospatial Consortium defines a coverage as a “feature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatiotemporal domain” (Baumann, Hirschorn, and Masó 2017). Having a function implies that for every “point”, i.e. every combination of spatial point and a moment in time of the spatiotemporal domain, we have single value for the range. This is a very common situation for spatiotemporal phenomena, a few examples can be given:
- boundary disputes aside, every point in a region (domain) belongs to a single administrative unit (range)
- at any given moment in time, every point in a region (domain) has a certain land cover type (range)
- every point in an area (domain) has a single elevation (range), e.g. measured with respect to a given mean sea level surface
- every spatiotemporal point in a three-dimensional body of air (domain) has single value for temperature (range)
A caveat here is that because observation or measurement always takes time and requires space, measured values are always an average over a spatiotemporal volume, and hence range variables can rarely be measured for true, zero-volume “points”; for many practical cases however the measured volume is small enough to be considered a “point”; for a variable like land cover type the volume needs to be chosen such that the types distinguished make sense with respect to the measured units.
In the first two of the given examples the range variable is categorical, in the last two the range variable is continuous. For categorical range variables, if large connected areas have a constant range value, an efficient way to represent these data is by storing the boundaries of the areas with constant value, such as country boundaries. Although this can be done (and is often done) by a set of simple feature geometries (polygons or multipolygons), but this brings along some challenges:
- it is hard to guarantee for such a set of simple feature polygons that they do not overlap, or that there are no gaps between them
- simple features have no way of assigning points on the boundary of two adjacent polygons uniquely to a single polygon, which introduces ambiguity in terms the interpretation as coverage
3.4.1 Topological models
A data model that guarantees no inadvertent gaps or overlaps of polygonal coverages is the topological model, examples of which are found in geographic information systems (GIS) like GRASS GIS or ArcGIS. Topological models store boundaries between polygons only once, and register which polygonal area is on either side of a boundary.
Deriving the set of (multi)polygons for each area with a constant range value from a topological model is straightforward; the other way around: reconstructing topology from a set of polygons typically involves setting thresholds on errors and handling gaps or overlaps.
3.4.2 Raster tessellations
A tessellation is a subdivision of a space (area, volume) into smaller elements by ways of polygons. A regular tessellation does this with regular polygons: triangles, squares or hexagons. Tessellations using squares are very commonly used for spatial data, and are called raster data. Raster data tessellate each spatial dimension \(d\) into regular cells, formed e.g. by left-closed and right-open intervals \(d_i\): \[\begin{equation} d_i = d_0 + [i \times \delta, (i+1) \times \delta) \end{equation}\] with \(d_0\) an offset, \(\delta\) the interval (cell or pixel) size, and where the cell index \(i\) is an arbitrary but consecutive set of integers. The \(\delta\) value is often taken negative for the \(y\)-axis (Northing), indicating that raster row numbers increasing Southwards correspond to \(y\)-coordinates increasing Northwards.
Where in arbitrary polygon tessellations the assignment of points to polygons is ambiguous for points falling on a boundary shared by two polygons, using left-closed “[” and right-open “)” intervals in regular tessellations removes this ambiguity. This means that for rasters with negative \(\delta\) values for the \(y\)-coordinate and positive for the \(x\)-coordinate, only the top-left corner point is part of each raster cell. An artifact resulting from this is shown in figure 3.6.
library(stars)
ls = st_sf(a = 2, st_sfc(st_linestring(rbind(c(0.1, 0), c(1, .9)))))
grd = st_as_stars(st_bbox(ls), nx = 10, ny = 10, xlim = c(0, 1.0), ylim = c(0, 1),
values = -1)
r = st_rasterize(ls, grd, options = "ALL_TOUCHED=TRUE")
r[r == -1] = NA
plot(st_geometry(st_as_sf(grd)), border = 'orange', col = NA,
reset = FALSE, key.pos = NULL)
plot(r, axes = TRUE, add = TRUE, breaks = "equal", main = NA) # ALL_TOUCHED=FALSE;
plot(ls, add = TRUE, col = "red", lwd = 2)
Tessellating the time dimension with left-closed, right-open intervals
is very common, and reflects the implicit assumption underlying
time series software such as the xts
package in R, where time
stamps indicate the start of time intervals. Different models can
be combined: one could use simple feature polygons to tessellate
space, and combine this with a regular tessellation of time in order
to cover a space-time vector data cube. Raster and vector data
cubes are discussed in chapter 6.
As mentioned above, besides square cells the other two shapes that can lead to regular tessellations of \(R^2\) are triangles and hexagons. On the sphere, there are few more, including cube, octahedron, icosahedron and dodecahedron. A spatial index that builds on the cube is s2geometry, the H3 library uses the icosahedron and densifies that with (mostly) hexagons. Mosaics that cover the entire Earth are also called discrete global grids.
3.5 Networks
Spatial networks are typically composed of linear (LINESTRING
)
elements, but possess further topological properties describing
the network coherence:
- start and endpoints of a linestring may be connected to other linestring start or end points, forming a set of nodes and edges
- edges may be directed, to only allow for connection (flow, transport) in one way
R packages including osmar
(Schlesinger and Eugster 2013), stplanr
(Lovelace, Ellison, and Morgan 2021) and
sfnetworks
(van der Meer et al. 2021) provide functionality for constructing
network objects, and working with them, e.g. computing shortest or
fastest routes through a network. Package spatstat
(Baddeley, Turner, and Rubak 2021; Baddeley, Rubak, and Turner 2015) has infrastructure for analysing point patterns
on linear networks (chapter 11).
3.6 Exercises
For the following exercises, use R where possible.
- Give two examples of geometries in 2-D (flat) space that cannot be represented as simple feature geometries, and create a plot of them.
- Recompute the coordinates 10.542, 0.01, 45321.6789 using precision values 1, 1e3, 1e6, and 1e-2.
- Describe a practical problem for which an n-ary intersection would be needed.
- How can you create a Voronoi diagram (figure 3.3) that has one closed polygons for every single point?
- Give the unary measure
dimension
for geometriesPOINT Z (0 1 1)
,LINESTRING Z (0 0 1,1 1 2)
, andPOLYGON Z ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 1 0,0 0 0))
- Give the DE-9IM relation between
LINESTRING(0 0,1 0)
andLINESTRING(0.5 0,0.5 1)
; explain the individual characters. - Can a set of simple feature polygons form a coverage? If so, under which constraints?
- For the
nc
counties in the dataset that comes with R packagesf
, find the points touched by four counties. - How would figure 3.6 look like if \(\delta\) for the \(y\)-coordinate was positive?
References
Baddeley, Adrian, Ege Rubak, and Rolf Turner. 2015. Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R. Chapman; Hall/CRC.
Baddeley, Adrian, Rolf Turner, and Ege Rubak. 2021. Spatstat: Spatial Point Pattern Analysis, Model- Fitting, Simulation, Tests. http://spatstat.org/.
Baumann, Peter, Eric Hirschorn, and Joan Masó. 2017. “OGC Coverage Implementation Schema.” OGC Implementation Standard. https://docs.opengeospatial.org/is/09-146r6/09-146r6.html.
Clementini, Eliseo, Paolino Di Felice, and Peter van Oosterom. 1993. “A Small Set of Formal Topological Relationships Suitable for End-User Interaction.” In Advances in Spatial Databases, edited by David Abel and Beng Chin Ooi, 277–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Egenhofer, Max J., and Robert D. Franzosa. 1991. “Point-Set Topological Spatial Relations.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5 (2): 161–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799108927841.
Herring, John R. 2010. “OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic Information-Simple Feature Access-Part 2: SQL Option.” Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25354.
Herring, John R. 2011. “OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic Information-Simple Feature Access-Part 1: Common Architecture.” Open Geospatial Consortium Inc, 111. http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25355.
ISO. 2004. Geographic Information – Simple Feature Access – Part 1: Common Architecture. https://www.iso.org/standard/40114.html.
Lovelace, Robin, Richard Ellison, and Malcolm Morgan. 2021. Stplanr: Sustainable Transport Planning. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stplanr.
Pebesma, Edzer. 2018. “Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data.” The R Journal 10 (1): 439–46. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2018-009.
Schlesinger, Thomas, and Manuel J. A. Eugster. 2013. Osmar: OpenStreetMap and R. http://osmar.r-forge.r-project.org/.
van der Meer, Lucas, Lorena Abad, Andrea Gilardi, and Robin Lovelace. 2021. Sfnetworks: Tidy Geospatial Networks. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sfnetworks.


-
+
Label component nested inside Counter
Static label component
Alpine Magic Helper - click me, and check the console


---
layout: concept
---
In a finite potential well, there is tunnelling.
$$\begin{align*}
\psi(x)=\begin{cases} Ae^{qx} & x<-a \\
c\sin kx+d\cos kx & -aa
\end{cases},
\end{align*}$$
where $q=\sqrt{\frac{2m(V_0-E)}{\hbar^2}}$
Significance
Coming soon
Derivation
Coming soon
Related Experiments
Coming soon
Associated Concepts
Coming soon
Related


Click the disallow/allow buttons above to see how the page loads with the policy on and off. When the policy is on, you will see images with large file size (image size - 1KB) / image resolution > 0.5 render as placeholder images.
Image file size: 42K Image resolution: 200px x 150px Compression ratio (byte-per-pixel): (42KB - 1KB) / (200px * 150px) = 1.37 (> 0.5)
Image file size: 16K Image resolution: 200px x 150px Compression ratio (byte-per-pixel): (16KB - 1KB) / (200px * 150px) = 0.5 (<= 0.5)


Gold rallies Rs 143 to Rs 38,695 on rupee depreciation, positive trend
On Thursday, gold prices closed at Rs 38,552 per 10 gram
by Press Trust of IndiaGold rallied Rs 143 to Rs 38,695 per 10 gram in the national capital on Friday on sharp depreciation in rupee and positive global trend, according to HDFC Securities.
On Thursday, gold prices closed at Rs 38,552 per 10 gram.
Silver prices also gained Rs 108 to Rs 45,375 per kg from Rs 45,267 per kg on Thursday.
"Spot gold for 24 Karat in Delhi was trading Rs 143 higher with sharp rupee depreciation and positive global gold prices on the US-China trade stand-off. The spot rupee was trading around 25 paise weaker against the dollar during the day," HDFC Securities Senior Analyst (Commodities) Tapan Patel said.
The Indian rupee opened on a weak note and fell 11 paise to 71.73 against the US dollar in early trade on Friday as investors traded the cautious path ahead of release of GDP data.
In the international market, gold traded higher at $1,458 per ounce, while silver was also quoting marginally higher at $16.92 per ounce.
"Gold prices traded higher with market anticipations that China will retaliate to the US move of passing a law to support human rights of Hong Kong protesters," Patel added.


rgmanager_selinux
Section: rgmanager SELinux Policy documentation (8)Updated: rgmanager
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
rgmanager_selinux - Security Enhanced Linux Policy for the rgmanager processesDESCRIPTION
SELinux Linux secures rgmanager (SELinux policy for rgmanager) processes via flexible mandatory access control.
BOOLEANS
SELinux policy is customizable based on least access required. rgmanager policy is extremely flexible and has several booleans that allow you to manipulate the policy and run rgmanager with the tightest access possible.
If you want to allow rgmanager domain to connect to the network using TCP, you must turn on the rgmanager_can_network_connect boolean.
setsebool -P rgmanager_can_network_connect 1
FILE CONTEXTS
SELinux requires files to have an extended attribute to define the file type.You can see the context of a file using the -Z option to lsP Policy governs the access confined processes have to these files. SELinux rgmanager policy is very flexible allowing users to setup their rgmanager processes in as secure a method as possible.
The following file types are defined for rgmanager:
rgmanager_exec_t
- Set files with the rgmanager_exec_t type, if you want to transition an executable to the rgmanager_t domain.
rgmanager_initrc_exec_t
- Set files with the rgmanager_initrc_exec_t type, if you want to transition an executable to the rgmanager_initrc_t domain.
rgmanager_tmp_t
- Set files with the rgmanager_tmp_t type, if you want to store rgmanager temporary files in the /tmp directories.
rgmanager_tmpfs_t
- Set files with the rgmanager_tmpfs_t type, if you want to store rgmanager files on a tmpfs file system.
rgmanager_var_log_t
- Set files with the rgmanager_var_log_t type, if you want to treat the data as rgmanager var log data, usually stored under the /var/log directory.
rgmanager_var_run_t
- Set files with the rgmanager_var_run_t type, if you want to store the rgmanager files under the /run directory.
- Paths:
-
/var/run/rgmanager.pid, /var/run/cluster/rgmanager.sk
Note: File context can be temporarily modified with the chcon command. If you want to permanently change the file context you need to use the semanage fcontext command. This will modify the SELinux labeling database. You will need to use restorecon to apply the labels.
PROCESS TYPES
SELinux defines process types (domains) for each process running on the systemYou can see the context of a process using the -Z option to psP Policy governs the access confined processes have to files. SELinux rgmanager policy is very flexible allowing users to setup their rgmanager processes in as secure a method as possible.
The following process types are defined for rgmanager:
rgmanager_t
Note: semanage permissive -a PROCESS_TYPE can be used to make a process type permissive. Permissive process types are not denied access by SELinux. AVC messages will still be generated.
COMMANDS
semanage fcontext can also be used to manipulate default file context mappings.semanage permissive can also be used to manipulate whether or not a process type is permissive.
semanage module can also be used to enable/disable/install/remove policy modules.
semanage boolean can also be used to manipulate the booleans
system-config-selinux is a GUI tool available to customize SELinux policy settings.
AUTHOR
This manual page was autogenerated by genman.py.SEE ALSO
selinux(8), rgmanager(8), semanage(8), restorecon(8), chcon(1) , setsebool(8)Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:29 GMT, December 24, 2015


Zelensky, G7 Ambassadors discuss judicial reform in Ukraine
The president assured that he jointly with his team is doing his best to change the country.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and G7 Ambassadors have held a meeting during which they discussed the judicial reform in Ukraine.
"They discussed judicial reform in detail, including the implementation of the law on the activities of judicial bodies," the presidential press service said on November 14.
The parties also touched upon the issue of participation of international experts in the formation of a new composition of the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine and the Commission on Integrity and Ethics at the High Council of Justice.
"I am ready for dialogue and discussion. We are not wasting time and are doing everything we can to really change the country," the president said.
According to him, the authorities work in several directions, particularly on the adoption and implementation of laws, which are often unpopular, yet important for improving the economic climate in Ukraine.
Particular attention was paid to the fight against corruption, the press service said.
The meeting was also attended by Head of the President's Office Andriy Bohdan and his deputies – Andriy Smyrnov, Yulia Kovaliv, and Ihor Zhovkva.


Hello there, and welcome to my blog! I am so glad you found me.  Seriously I’m not just saying that because they’re my children….Okay I am, but it’s still true. I also happen to be a wife to veteran Marine who makes life adventurous (that’s putting it mildly). I love them all quite passionately, second only to Jesus my very best friend. You should totally follow Him. Beyond that I’m just your average introverted mom who loves fashion, and is truly intrigued by design, fashion and saving money. I started this blog as my personal “mommy-break.” This is a space where I get to escape and pretend that four sets of eyes are not staring me down…waiting on ___________( you fill in the blank). A space where I get to conquer my fears and share my love for design. This is where I can share my love/hate relationship with “She Who Must not be Tamed” a.k.a my hair. Yes, I named her. I force myself to experience new and old things, like actually being in part of the family photo, or Anne of Green Gables uninterrupted. A mom can dream right? In this place I hope you’ll find that; Life is messy but fun, tragic yet hopeful, and that fairy tales only happen in faraway lands. To find out more about what motivated me to start this blog checkout Be Your Own Kind of Beautiful. It’s my first official blog. Feel free to share with me your own sweet deals or thoughts, and follow me on Instagram where I’ll regularly post any new deals I find including some for the kiddos.


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This can be helpful in visualizing the area in which you are searching for
occurrences with the occ()
function.
wkt_vis(x, zoom = 6, maptype = "terrain", browse = TRUE)
| x | Input well-known text area (character) |
|---|---|
| zoom | Zoom level, defaults to 6 (numeric) |
| maptype | Map type, default is terrain (character) |
| browse | Open in browser or not. If not, gives back
path to html file. Default: |
Uses Mapbox's map layers, openes in your default browser
Other bbox: bbox2wkt
# NOT RUN { poly <- 'POLYGON((-111.06 38.84, -110.80 39.37, -110.20 39.17, -110.20 38.90, -110.63 38.67, -111.06 38.84))' wkt_vis(poly) poly2 <- 'POLYGON((-125 38.4,-125 40.9,-121.8 40.9,-121.8 38.4,-125 38.4))' wkt_vis(poly2) # Multiple polygons x <- "POLYGON((-125 38.4, -121.8 38.4, -121.8 40.9, -125 40.9, -125 38.4), (-115 22.4, -111.8 22.4, -111.8 30.9, -115 30.9, -115 22.4))" wkt_vis(x) # don't open in browser poly2 <- 'POLYGON((-125 38.4,-125 40.9,-121.8 40.9,-121.8 38.4,-125 38.4))' wkt_vis(poly2, browse = FALSE) # }


First Gen Pokemon Chart
Image
Name
Type
Evolves Into
Bulbasaur
Grass/Poison
Ivysaur
Charmander
Fire
Charmelon
Squirtle
Water
Wartortle


This JSON file contains the axes calibration and the digitized data points from this plot. This file can be imported later to resume work or reuse the calibration in another plot.
Specify a previously exported JSON file to load here. Note that this will clear any unsaved data points in the current plot.


Say hello to your new teacher and friend Alice.
Create you're mobile app for your iPhone or Android devices.
Design and implement a quality demo of your app.
3D digital art placed into the user's view of the real world.
Companies internal software to make jobs easier or handle a task.
Buy your pal a drink without being there!
Your personalized professional network
A content driven network
Augmented Education


UN COEUR EN HIVER A film review by Mark R. Leeper Copyright 1993 Mark R. Leeper
Capsule review: This is just about the best film I could think of about a love triangle. Most of the film revolves around the personality of one of the main characters, which is only gradually revealed in the film, so I will refrain from discussing it. This is a thoughtful, intelligent film and one of the best I have seen this year. Rating: low +3 (-4 to +4).
For many years Stephan (played by Daniel Auteuil) and Maxim (played by Andre Dussolier) have been partners in a violin repair business in Paris. Where Maxim is handsome and affable, Stephan is introspective and introverted. In the years of their partnership Maxim has been married and divorced and has dated many women. Stephan has little life outside of the repair business. He is a genius in building and repairing violins. He has one friend, a woman, in whom he confides, but their relationship is purely platonic. Maxim's latest girlfriend is Camille, a brilliant and beautiful violinist (played by Emmanuelle Beart) who takes an instant dislike to the blunt Stephan, but when it is clear that Stephan appreciates Camille's music, Camille becomes interested in the odd loner. The stage is set for a tragic love story.
UN COEUR EN HIVER revolves around about Stephan's unusual personality, which is revealed only gradually through the film. Suffice it to say this is a much more touching and engaging film than could be expected from the above description. Stephan is a personality type rarely seen in film, yet not nearly so rare in real life. I went into this film expecting a fatuous love story and came out with a film that will almost definitely be on my top ten list of the year. Stephan's personality, what it does to him, and how others use it and react to it make this a thoughtful and intelligent addition to the films of this year. UN COEUR EN HIVER was directed by Claude Sautet from a screenplay he co-authored with Jacques Fieschi. Scenes of Emmanuelle Beart playing Ravel (beautifully orchestrated by Philippe Sarde) have a pristine beauty that is as sexy as anything you will find in any American film this year. I give it a low +3 on the -4 to +4 scale.
Mark R. Leeper att!mtgzfs3!leeper<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


cooking some Awesome charts for you.
Stats from your Codechef profile.
Questions solved date wise
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TRICKY Cloud Drive =O
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A visula is an approach to a runaway at an airport conducted under insrument flight rules. The pilot must zt all times have either the airport or the preceding aircraft in approach correct sight conducted under instrument flight rules. The pilot must at all times.
Preceding aircraft in approach correct sight conducted under instrument flight rules.
A visual approach is an approach to a runawway at an airport conducted under instrument flight rules. The preceding aircraft in approach correct sight.
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Netflix and Nickelodeon sign original content deal in wake of Disney Plus launch
by James WarringtonNetflix has signed a multi-year deal with Nickelodeon to create original animated films and TV series, just a day after Disney launched its new streaming service.
Read more: Britbox launches in the UK – but can it challenge Netflix?
As part of the deal, Netflix will produce new programming based both on the existing catalogue of Nickelodeon characters, as well as all-new intellectual property.
The tie-up builds on an existing partnership between the two companies, with animated specials such as Rocko’s Modern Life: Static Cling and Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus available to stream on Netflix.
Specials based on The Loud House and Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles are also in the pipeline, the firms said.
However, the deal does not include the rights to reruns of some of Nickelodeon’s most popular shows, such as Spongebob Squarepants and Rugrats.
“Nickelodeon has generated scores of characters that kids love, and we look forward to telling wholly original stories that reimagine and expand on the worlds they inhabit,” said Netflix vice president of original animation, Melissa Cobb.
It comes just a day after the US launch of Disney Plus, a new streaming service that boasts a strong portfolio of children’s shows.
Read more: Netflix to sell a further $2bn in bonds as it builds up war chest
However, the Nickelodeon deal was not enough to soothe investor jitters, as shares in Netflix slipped more than 1.5 per cent.
“Nickelodeon’s next step forward is to keep expanding beyond linear platforms, and our broader content partnership with Netflix is a key path toward that goal,” said Brian Robbins, President, Nickelodeon.
Main image credit: Getty


Can I Make My Characters Greet Each Other?
New Background
OK
New Character
Position the characters by dragging them from the center of the screen
Oh, hi dog!
Woof! Woof!