phraseapp-ruby
phraseapp-ruby is a Ruby gem that allows you to interact with the PhraseApp API.
PhraseApp is a translation management platform for software projects. You can collaborate on language file translation with your team or order translations through our platform. The API allows you to import locale files, download locale files, tag keys or interact in other ways with the localization data stored in PhraseApp for your account.
phraseapp-ruby is not a replacement for the phrase gem, it is a pure API client for programmaticly using our features inside your own applications and does not support the push or pull commands for locale files. However, it does support uploading and downloading of single locale files through the according API endpoints.
If you're looking for a CLI sync command for PhraseApp, please user our official PhraseApp client. The phrase gem is deprecated and will be discontinued at the end of 2015.
Installation
Install the gem:
gem install phraseapp-ruby
or add it to your Gemfile when using bundler:
gem 'phraseapp-ruby'
and install it via
bundle install
Usage
Setup an Access Token in your PhraseApp user profile for Authentication.
# Require the gem
require 'phraseapp-ruby'
# Setup Authentication Credentials and Client
credentials = PhraseApp::Auth::Credentials.new(token: "YOUR_ACCESS_TOKEN")
client = PhraseApp::Client.new(credentials)
# List projects page 1 and list 10 projects per_page
rsp, err = client.projects_list(1, 10)
puts rsp
# Create a new key
params = PhraseApp::RequestParams::TranslationKeyParams.new(name: "foo")
rsp, err = client.key_create('YOUR_PROJECT_ID', params)
puts rsp
There are also other ways of authentication, which are described in our API v2 Documentation
Documentation
For a full list of available client actions, see the phraseapp-ruby Documentation
The actions are generated automatically from our API specification, so once you get the hang of the Ruby specific naming, you should be able to infer names of actions and endpoints through our API v2 Documentation
OpenSSL
Please note that OpenSSL may cause issues, especially on MacOS X. The following error patterns might be seen:
certificate verification failed
: On MacOS X this might be caused by rvm binary releases trying to fiddle with root certificates. Usingrvm install ruby-2.2.3 --disable-binary
fixes the issue. If you already had installed the rvm binaries it might be necessary to reinstall openssl and removing artifacts (like/etc/openssl
and/usr/local/etc/openssl
).handshake failure
: This is most probably related to an outdated version of OpenSSL that tries to initiate a connection using SSLv2/v3 which is not supported by our servers. Updating OpenSSL to version 1.0.2d or later should be sufficient.
Contributing
This library is auto-generated from templates that run against a API specification file. Therefore we can not accept any pull requests in this repository. Please use the GitHub Issue Tracker to report bugs.


Size Matters
In the design of distributed data collaboration, it turns out that size matters a lot. And smaller is better.
TerminusHub - distributed revision control for structured data launches today.
Despite the enduring popularity of the traditional RDBMS (with SQL as its query language) there have been many innovations in database design over the last decades which hope to solve specific questions that make traditional designs inconvenient or unworkable. These include everything from time-series databases to distributed key-value stores.
When we were designing TerminusDB we were concerned with one very specific problem: collaboration.
As we were working on the Seshat global history database we needed a database that could enable researchers all over the world to collaborate on data collection on a large dataset with a very complex schema.
Git has created a very compelling model for collaboration in software using distributed revision control. This works essentially by storing objects which represent changes between versions. These change-objects can then be communicated, used to produce merges (which are also change-objects), and then decisions can be made to resolve potential conflicts (with another change object). The model has proved fantastically helpful in the development of software and is now almost completely dominant in software engineering practice.
Small is the new big
While we share many of the same problems in data that we have in code, there is a big difference: Data tends to be big.
Even large codebases find it hard to compete with relatively modest database tables. CSVs with millions of lines are not uncommon, though millions of lines of code are quite rare.
Real attention has to be paid to how the change-objects are represented. However, we also have to worry about what we can fit into memory. If our data has to go back and forth to disk, we can be in real trouble with performance. This is particularly relevant for graphs, which tend to have complicated interconnections.
The implications of size on the usability of collaboration in data have driven many of the design decisions we have taken in TerminusDB.
Currently, our backend storage system (TerminusDB-Store) uses succinct data structures to represent our graphs. Succinct data structures are *self indexing* data structures that approach the information-theoretic minimum size of representation.
Self-indexing structures represent the data in the index itself. This has the advantage that you don’t have to keep a separate index along with the data, helping to reduce size overhead.
Right now our identifiers are stored using a front-coded dictionary. This seems to work well for identifiers that are based on URIs which tend to share large prefixes and result in decent compression while retaining reasonable lookup performance.
In order to store our edge connections, we use adjacency lists and wavelet trees which help us to reconstruct a path through the graph rapidly in most typical querying patterns. More details of the design can be found in Succinct Data Structures and Delta Encoding for Modern Databases.
When we actually send layers around we compress them using gzip (which we found to give us a reasonable size/time trade-off in practice). And are thus able to get the sizes even more manageable.
Getting Smaller all the time
We’ve gone a long way in making our data terse so it can easily be shared and enable a whole new horizon of possibilities in data sharing and data integration. The healthy data-ecosystem of the future that we hope to help bring about will absolutely require that we can move changes around effectively.
However, we are nowhere near done hitting rock bottom in terms of size. The current layout for datatypes is much less efficient than it could be and we already have a detailed plan in our roadmap for reducing this further while also getting a sizeable performance increase for typical queries. This plan has been described in our Roadmap.
We are excited about the features we plan to roll out in our roadmap, but for the end-user, the ones that they will probably notice most in facilitating collaboration will be the ones that shrink the data.
A software engineer interested in improving the best practices of the software development community through the use of logic, mathematics and formal methods.


The 12th Annual
- Saturday, April 28th, 2018
- 11:00am–8:00pm
- NYU Kimmel Center
- 60 Washington Square South
Join us for the 12th year of the New York City Asian American Student Conference, a student-run, intercollegiate conference for Asian/Pacific Americans on global, local, and national scales.
Register for NYCAASC 2018Theme statement
“In this country, ‘American’ means white. Everybody else has to hyphenate.” - Toni Morrison
We are uniquely Asian - American. Like a strand of thread connecting two worlds, the hyphen often reminds us of how we are seen as neither fully Asian nor fully American. The Asian-American narrative emerges not from our own experiences, but from the stories that others have constructed about us, and our otherness comes from our existence between multiple worlds. This year’s conference will explore the theme of “Emergence.” - How have people emerged with an Asian-American identity because of, or in spite of, their lived experiences? How have Asian-Americans been rewriting history with their perspectives? Most importantly, how does one embrace the hyphen as a home? NYCAASC 2018 invites attendees to explore the social, cultural, and political conditions under which the different aspects of their Asian-American identities emerge. Together, we seek to build a future where everyone is able to proudly embrace their identities.
Location
NYCAASC 2018 will take place at NYU's Kimmel Center for University Life, located at 60 Washington Square South. Kimmel is a short walk from the following stations:
West 4th St - Washington Square (BDFM/ACE)
8th St - NYU (RW)
Astor Place (6)
Conference Schedule
E&L = Eisner and Lubin Auditorium
(located on the 4th floor across rooms 405 and 406)
| Time | Event |
|---|---|
| 11:00 – 11:30 |
Doors open & LunchRooms 405 & 406, E&L |
| 11:30 – 11:45 |
Opening RemarksE&L |
| 11:45 – 1:10 |
Workshops - Track 1GCASL 3rd Floor |
| 1:15 – 1:40 |
Breakout SessionGCASL 3rd Floor |
| 1:45 – 3:10 |
Workshops - Track 2GCASL 3rd Floor |
| 3:15 – 4:00 |
Keynote Speech – Kevin NguyenE&L |
| 4:00 – 5:20 |
Workshops - Track 3GCASL 3rd Floor |
| 5:30 – 6:30 |
DinnerRoom 405 & 406; E&L |
| 6:00 – 6:30 |
Q&A – Ronny ChiengE&L |
| 6:30 – 6:45 |
ClosingE&L |
| 6:45 – 7:45 |
Performances: jason chu, AzN PopE&L |
NYCAASC 2018 promo content
Get a sneak peek of this year's NYCAASC!
Fire Noodle Challenge
The team behind NYCAASC 2018: Emergence is hard at work behind the scenes!...or so we think. Get to know some of our members as they enjoy a delicious bowl of hellfire noodles.
Thank You to Our 2018 Sponsors
Gold
Bronze
Featured Speakers and Performers
We're so thrilled to have these awesome Asian Americans speak and perform at the 2018 NYCAASC conference! Don't miss them throughout the day!
NYCAASC 2018 Keynote Speaker
Kevin Nguyen
Kevin Nguyen is the Digital Deputy Editor at GQ Magazine, where he writes about the intersections of books, technology, and literary culture. Previously, he was a book reviewer for Amazon and editorial director at the startup Oyster, which was acquired by Google. He’s been published in the New York Times Book Review, The Atlantic, The Paris Review, and Grantland.
Special Guest Speaker
Ronny Chieng
Ronny Chieng is Chinese stand-up comedian and actor who started performing comedy in Melbourne in 2009. Since then he has had 4 sold out global stand-up comedy theater tours in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia and London. Ronny made his US television debut on the Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in 2015.
In Australia Ronny has written and acted in multiple television comedy shows such as Problems (2012), Legally Brown (2014), It’s a Date (2013-2014), Kinne (2015) and more. In 2016 also co-created and starred in his own TV comedy pilot “International Student” on the ABC (Australia).
In 2015 Ronny moved to New York City after being hired as a correspondent on the Daily Show with Trevor Noah on Comedy Central. He also lost 11kg but that was unrelated to comedy.
Featured Performer
jason chu
Based in LA, hip-hop artist/poet/activist jason chu is on a mission to speak hope, healing, and justice in a broken world. He tells stories about friends and families wrestling with fear and joy, greed and hope, hurt and healing.
Jason has performed at over 170 colleges (NYU, UMass, Wisconsin, Dartmouth, Williams, Yale, etc.), conferences (Urbana, NYCAASC, ITASA, etc.), and community organizations across the country, including a 2015 Asia mini-tour to Hong Kong and Beijing. He has partnered with The White House to fight bullying in Asian-American communities and the Alameda County Government to speak up on mental health issues.
Jason's work has been covered by the Huffington Post, the LA Times, the China Daily, AngryAsianMan, and other outlets.
Featured Performer
AzN Pop!
AzN PoP is the world's first Asian-American "pop group" from the USA. AzN PoP is an oki-dokie fun-time pop band representing: Japan, China, Korea, Philippines, and even India!
“This all-girl Asian-American comedy group delivers biting satire with K-Pop cuteness...through song and satire, their material skewers the Asian-American experience and takes sharp digs at stereotypes and whitewashing — though disarmingly.” - PBS Newshour.


Projects
CertManager -
Helper Tool for Managing Docker Remote API Certification on Multiple Hosts
IssueMapper -
Maps Gitlab Issues to Ticket in Zammad Ticketsystem
AnsibleBackup -
Complete Linux Backup Solution that is Auditable and microservice ready uses Open-Source Technologies combined by Ansible Logic


Bus-Mall App
Instructions
You have 25 oportunities to click on an item
Pick an item out of the group of three
You are allowed to pick the same item on each round


Black Lives Matter
Ways to Help
How to Make this Moment the Turning Point for Real Change
Anguish & Action
Campaign Zero
NAACP: We Are Done Dying
The Collective PAC
Giving recommendations (via Open Philanthropy)
Police Use of Force Project


{{ $manifest := getJSON "https://tetrate.bintray.com/getistio/manifest.json" }}
GetIstio ensures that all Istio releases are supported for at least 14 months from release date.
Below is the summary of Istio releases, security patches and minor updates. Please make sure that the version you're running include the security updates available. Also please plan upgrades when your version is planned to be out of support. {{ $.Scratch.Set "highest_minor_security_patches" slice }} {{ range $manifest.istio_distributions }} {{ $.Scratch.Add "version_list" (slice .version) }} {{ if .is_security_patch }} {{ $.Scratch.Add "security_patches_list" (slice .version) }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ range $version_value := .Scratch.Get "version_list" }} {{ $.Scratch.Add "version_trimmed" (slice (strings.TrimRight "." (slicestr $version_value 0 4))) }} {{ end }} {{ $minor_versions := uniq (.Scratch.Get "version_trimmed") }} {{ delimit (uniq ($.Scratch.Get "eos_list")) ", " " and " }}


Bow Wow Dogs
No.301, 3rd Floor, Safal Pride,
CTS No. 396/A/2, SionTrombay Road,
Opp. SarasBaug, Punjab Wadi, Govandi,
Mumbai, Maharashtra 400088
FOR ENQUIRES
https://steemit.com/nature/@krasotka/the-most-fluffy-animals-on-the-planet
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Andheri -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Worli -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Hyderabad -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Bangalore - 903636499


Package bridges.game
Class Bridge
- java.lang.Object
-
- bridges.game.Bridge
-
- All Implemented Interfaces:
java.lang.Comparable<Bridge>
public final class Bridge extends java.lang.Object implements java.lang.Comparable<Bridge>
Represent a bridge between two islands in the game Bridges. Defined as immutable object, following: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/concurrency/imstrat.html
-
-
Method Summary
All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method Description int
compareTo(Bridge other)
Compares this bridge to another.static int
count(java.util.List<Bridge> bridges)
Return the total number of bridges in the given list.boolean
crosses(Bridge other)
Return if the other bridge crosses (or covers) this bridge.boolean
crosses(java.util.List<Bridge> others)
Check, if any of the given bridges crosses this one.boolean
cuts(Island island)
Check, if the given island is cut by this bridge.boolean
equals(Bridge other)
Check, if this bridge is equal to another bridge.boolean
equals(java.lang.Object other)
Island
getFirstIsland()
Island
getSecondIsland()
int
hashCode()
boolean
hasIsland(Island island)
Check, if the given island is connected by this bridge.boolean
isCovered(java.util.List<Bridge> bridges)
Return if this bridge is covered by the given list (which means a bridge - either single or double - with the same islands exists).boolean
isDouble()
java.lang.String
toString()
-
-
-
Constructor Detail
-
Bridge
public Bridge(Island island1, Island island2, boolean isDouble) throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
Create a new Bridge instance.- Parameters:
island1
- - The first island of the bridge.island2
- - The second island of the birdge.isDouble
- - Whether or not the bridge is a double bridge.- Throws:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
- if one of the islands is null or the islands don't match in either x or y coordinate.
-
-
Method Detail
-
getFirstIsland
public Island getFirstIsland()
- Returns:
- The first island of the bridge.
-
getSecondIsland
public Island getSecondIsland()
- Returns:
- The second island of the bridge.
-
isDouble
public boolean isDouble()
- Returns:
- Whether or not this is a double bridge.
-
hasIsland
public boolean hasIsland(Island island)
Check, if the given island is connected by this bridge.- Parameters:
island
- the island to check for.- Returns:
- true, if it is the case, false otherwise.
-
toString
public java.lang.String toString()
- Overrides:
toString
in classjava.lang.Object
- Returns:
- The bridge as a String (used for debugging only).
-
equals
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object other)
- Overrides:
equals
in classjava.lang.Object
- Returns:
- true, if the other object is a bridge and connects the same islands and is also a double (or a single) bridge, false otherwise.
-
equals
public boolean equals(Bridge other)
Check, if this bridge is equal to another bridge.- Parameters:
other
- The other bridge.- Returns:
- true, if the bridge connects the same islands and is also a double (or a single) bridge, false otherwise.
-
hashCode
public int hashCode()
- Overrides:
hashCode
in classjava.lang.Object
- Returns:
- a hashCode for this bridge.
-
crosses
public boolean crosses(Bridge other)
Return if the other bridge crosses (or covers) this bridge.- Parameters:
other
- The other bridge.- Returns:
- true, if the other bridge crosses this one.
-
crosses
public boolean crosses(java.util.List<Bridge> others)
Check, if any of the given bridges crosses this one.- Parameters:
others
- A list of other bridges.- Returns:
- true, if any of the other bridges crosses this bridge, false otherwise.
-
count
public static int count(java.util.List<Bridge> bridges)
Return the total number of bridges in the given list. Double bridges count as two, single bridges count as one.- Parameters:
bridges
- The list of bridges to be counted.- Returns:
- The total number of bridges.
-
isCovered
public boolean isCovered(java.util.List<Bridge> bridges)
Return if this bridge is covered by the given list (which means a bridge - either single or double - with the same islands exists).- Parameters:
bridges
- The list of bridges to search in.- Returns:
- Whether or not a bridge with the same start and end are present.
-
compareTo
public int compareTo(Bridge other)
Compares this bridge to another.
A bridge is less than another bridge, if is has the first islands within a sorted list of islands of both of these bridges or if the boolean value of isDouble() is less than the boolean value of the other isDouble() value.- Specified by:
compareTo
in interfacejava.lang.Comparable<Bridge>
- Returns:
- -1, if bridge is smaller than other, 0, if bridge equals other, +1, if bridge is greater than other.
-
cuts
public boolean cuts(Island island)
Check, if the given island is cut by this bridge.- Parameters:
island
- The island to be checked.- Returns:
- true, if the island is cut, false otherwise.
-
-


Header
Haeder coll 1
Coll 1
practice one of collapse
Check box
Agree
Disagree
Radio button:
Agree
Disagree
Dialog
Dialog pop
Home
About
Product
Contact


Authentication
In general, the google-cloud-vision-v1 library uses Service Account credentials to connect to Google Cloud services. When running within Google Cloud Platform environments the credentials will be discovered automatically. When running on other environments, the Service Account credentials can be specified by providing the path to the JSON keyfile for the account (or the JSON itself) in environment variables. Additionally, Cloud SDK credentials can also be discovered automatically, but this is only recommended during development.
Quickstart
export VISION_CREDENTIALS=path/to/keyfile.json
- Initialize the client.
require "google/cloud/vision/v1" client = ::Google::Cloud::Vision::V1::ProductSearch::Client.new
Credential Lookup
The google-cloud-vision-v1 library aims to make authentication as simple as possible, and provides several mechanisms to configure your system without requiring Service Account Credentials directly in code.
Credentials are discovered in the following order:
- Specify credentials in method arguments
- Specify credentials in configuration
- Discover credentials path in environment variables
- Discover credentials JSON in environment variables
- Discover credentials file in the Cloud SDK's path
- Discover GCP credentials
Google Cloud Platform environments
When running on Google Cloud Platform (GCP), including Google Compute Engine (GCE), Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), Google App Engine (GAE), Google Cloud Functions (GCF) and Cloud Run, Credentials are discovered automatically. Code should be written as if already authenticated.
Environment Variables
The Credentials JSON can be placed in environment variables instead of declaring them directly in code. Each service has its own environment variable, allowing for different service accounts to be used for different services. (See the READMEs for the individual service gems for details.) The path to the Credentials JSON file can be stored in the environment variable, or the Credentials JSON itself can be stored for environments such as Docker containers where writing files is difficult or not encouraged.
The environment variables that google-cloud-vision-v1 checks for credentials are configured on the service Credentials class (such as Google::Cloud::Vision::V1::ProductSearch::Credentials):
VISION_CREDENTIALS
- Path to JSON file, or JSON contentsVISION_KEYFILE
- Path to JSON file, or JSON contentsGOOGLE_CLOUD_CREDENTIALS
- Path to JSON file, or JSON contentsGOOGLE_CLOUD_KEYFILE
- Path to JSON file, or JSON contentsGOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS
- Path to JSON file
require "google/cloud/vision/v1" ENV["VISION_CREDENTIALS"] = "path/to/keyfile.json" client = ::Google::Cloud::Vision::V1::ProductSearch::Client.new
Configuration
The path to the Credentials JSON file can be configured instead of storing it in an environment variable. Either on an individual client initialization:
require "google/cloud/vision/v1" client = ::Google::Cloud::Vision::V1::ProductSearch::Client.new do |config| config.credentials = "path/to/keyfile.json" end
Or globally for all clients:
require "google/cloud/vision/v1" ::Google::Cloud::Vision::V1::ProductSearch::Client.configure do |config| config.credentials = "path/to/keyfile.json" end client = ::Google::Cloud::Vision::V1::ProductSearch::Client.new
Cloud SDK
This option allows for an easy way to authenticate during development. If credentials are not provided in code or in environment variables, then Cloud SDK credentials are discovered.
To configure your system for this, simply:
- Download and install the Cloud SDK
- Authenticate using OAuth 2.0
$ gcloud auth login
- Write code as if already authenticated.
NOTE: This is not recommended for running in production. The Cloud SDK should only be used during development.
Creating a Service Account
Google Cloud requires Service Account Credentials to connect to the APIs. You will use the JSON key file to connect to most services with google-cloud-vision-v1.
If you are not running this client within Google Cloud Platform environments, you need a Google Developers service account.
- Visit the Google Cloud Console.
- Create a new project or click on an existing project.
Activate the menu in the upper left and select APIs & Services. From here, you will enable the APIs that your application requires.
Note: You may need to enable billing in order to use these services.
Select Credentials from the side navigation.
Find the "Create credentials" drop down near the top of the page, and select "Service account" to be guided through downloading a new JSON key file.
If you want to re-use an existing service account, you can easily generate a new key file. Just select the account you wish to re-use, click the pencil tool on the right side to edit the service account, select the Keys tab, and then select Add Key.
The key file you download will be used by this library to authenticate API requests and should be stored in a secure location.


ListViewGadget3D()
Syntax
Result = ListViewGadget3D(#Gadget3D, x, y, Width, Height)Description
Creates a ListView gadget in the current GadgetList. Once a ListView is created, its list of items is empty.
Parameters
#Gadget3D A number to identify the new 3D gadget. #PB_Any can be used to auto-generate this number. x, y, Width, Height The position and dimensions of the new gadget.
Return value
Nonzero on success, zero otherwise. If #PB_Any was used as the #Gadget3D parameter then the return-value is the auto-generated gadget number on success.
Remarks
To add a 'mini help' to this gadget, use GadgetToolTip3D().
The following functions can be used to act on the list content:
- AddGadgetItem3D(): Add an item.
- RemoveGadgetItem3D(): Remove an item.
- ClearGadgetItems3D(): Remove all the items
- CountGadgetItems3D(): Returns the number of items currently in the #Gadget3D.
- GetGadgetItemData3D(): Get the value that was stored with the gadget item.
- GetGadgetItemState3D(): Returns nonzero if the item is selected, zero otherwise.
- GetGadgetItemText3D(): Get the content of the given item.
- GetGadgetState3D(): Get the index of the selected item or -1 if there is no selected item.
- GetGadgetText3D(): Get the content of the selected item.
- SetGadgetItemData3D(): store a value with the given item.
- SetGadgetItemState3D(): Selects or deselects the given item.
- SetGadgetItemText3D(): Set the text of the given item.
- SetGadgetState3D(): Change the selected item. If -1 is specified, the selection will be removed.
- SetGadgetText3D(): Selects the item with the given text (the text must match exactly).
Supported OS
All


Adding hardware interactions to HTML layout
Whether you have an existing HTML prototype or not, plugging your layout interactions to device is almost unnoticeable. The only thing to do is describing with CSS classes what to send where on certain event associated with particular UI element.
 It's required along with element type and pin. The complete list of UI elements is on Reference page. The previous chapter explained basic button without additional parameters, good example of more complex element is rangeslider:
The parameters can be defined as attributes. It's useful when using inputs.
Pin P9 can be defined as class pin-P9, attribute pin="P9" or as class directly after [element] P9.
In previous cases all parameters are same as default so you don't have to define them.
Parameters
Value
Value to send or beginning value of dynamic elements like knob and rangeslider (beginning value is 0 by default). It can be numeric or string (with S pin).
Some elements requires two values:
When string is longer than one word use HTML value attribute:
Range
Range - used to define minimum and maximum range of element. For read only default range is 0-1024 and for sending it's 0-255.
The min and max parameters are supported.
Step
The increment or decrement step of dynamic elements. Default is 1.
Function
Send additional function name to device when element event occurs so the device can react to certain events in app. The function can be triggered immediately in Arduino sketch. Check the functions page.


{% extends "watsan/dashboard/base.html" %} {% block content %}
Your password was changed.
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Background
The ARPA-E TERRA Reference Team will produce data and develop a data storage and computing pipeline called "Terraref". Terraref will provide researchers with access to direct measurements and sensor observations, derived plant phenotypes, and a high performanceting environment. These data will be used to predict yield and stress resistance of diverse Sorghum plants in field and greenhouse based breeding trials.
The ARPA-E TERRA program aims to transform plant breeding by using remote sensing to quantify plant traits that predict the yield potential and stress resistance of individual plants in breeding trials. Breeding is currently limited by the speed at which phenotypes can be measured, and the information that can be extracted from these measurements. Current methods include measuring leaf thickness with a caliper or height with a meter stick. More sophisticated measurements do not scale to the thousands or tens of thousands of individual plants that need to be evaluated in a breeding program. We will be providing data that can be used by all researchers in this program to select plants for breeding based on plant architecture, carbon uptake, tissue chemistry, water use, and other features that can be inferred from sensor data.
Data Sources
The data processing system proposed here will deliver reference phenotyping data of unprecedented quality and quantity and analytics resources that will drive improved breeding of new high-yielding Sorghum cultivars. This data processing system will facilitate data sharing and re-use of data by providing metadata, provenance for derived data sets, and standardized data processing workflows.
We will develop a data storage and computing system that provides researchers with access to all of the `raw' data and derived plant phenotypes (traits). Most of the data volume will come from a Lemnatec Scanalyzer Field System platform USDA research station in Maricopa, Arizona, a [Lemnatec greenhouse phenotyping system] at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, and aerial, ground, and tractor-based sensors at Arizona and Kansas.


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BATTLEFIELD EARTH A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 2000 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): * 1/2
In BATTLEFIELD EARTH, grown men get to dress up like Klingons having bad hair days, while uttering some of the silliest dialog this side of a bad 1950s sci-fi flick. The theater should be required to have signs warning customers: "Ye who enter in must be prepared to completely suspend disbelief." Although the film has a few nice, but too dark, special effects, the only reason to see the it is as a guilty pleasure, so you can laugh at John Travolta in an embarrassingly bad performance.
Directed confusingly by Roger Christian (MASTERMINDS) and adapted for the screen by first-timer Corey Mandell, the film is based, as most people know, on the science fiction novel of L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of the Church of Scientology. One can only hope the book was more intelligent than it is portrayed on the screen.
Earth, we learn, in 3000 AD will look a lot like 3000 BC, thanks to our having lost a 9-minute war with the Psychlos, an alien race who has no respect for "man animals" or our "puny sized planet." Earthlings have been reduced to cavemen, who worship the stars in the heavens as gods.
In an over-the-top performance, John Travolta plays Terl, the Psychlos' security chief for earth and the story's main villain. He is a slimeball who is hated by man animals and other Psychlos, as well.  Even Terl's superiors hate him. "Look up," a visiting mucky-muck tells him.  And when you end up in hell, it'll be a step up from this planet." Poor earth, which is mainly in ruins, gets dissed a lot in the movie.
The cinematography uses various shades of a slimy blue-green. The picture tries hard to look gross and succeeds. Just to make sure that no one is surreptitiously having a good time, there are some raw rat eating scenes tossed in to spice up the viewing.
Against this race of oppressors, a hero rises up to smite them down. He is Jonnie (Barry Pepper), a man animal whom Terl foolishly hooks up to the Psychlos' learning machine.
Try to count the number of films that the movie borrows from liberally. First and foremost is STAR WARS, but others include BUTCH CASSIDY AND THE SUNDANCE KID, STAR TREK, BRAVEHEART, BLADE RUNNER, PLANET OF THE APES, MAD MAX and Wagner's "The Ring" series of operas. But whereas the originals are engrossing, BATTLEFIELD EARTH is long and tedious.
As a guilty pleasure, nothing is better than BATTLEFIELD EARTH's totally preposterous concluding segment. As the cavemen keep saying "Piece of cake," they become overnight experts in everything from advanced fighter pilot skills to nuclear engineering. Wow, can those guys ever crack a book. All of that time in the cave must have softened their brains into veritable cranial sponges for knowledge, as they absorb facts at light speed.
Whatever you do, try not to laugh. It may spoil the effect for those around you. They may be buying the story, hook, line and stinker -- I mean sinker.
BATTLEFIELD EARTH runs a long 1:57. It is rated PG-13 for violence and would be acceptable for teenagers. Given the movie's dark intensity, I'd be careful about taking kids under 13.
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Getting Started
After you have installed guizero you are ready to create your GUI with guizero.
This is a quick start guide, for more information see Using Widgets
Hello World
Let's create an app window with the title "Hello world" and display it.
from guizero import App
app = App(title="Hello world")
app.display()
Save and run the code - you've created your first guizero app!
Add some text
To add things to your app you will need to use widgets.
Use the Text widget to add a message to your app.
from guizero import App, Text
app = App(title="Hello world")
message = Text(app, text="Welcome to the Hello world app!")
app.display()
The text
parameter of the Text
widget sets the text that will be displayed on the GUI.
Make something happen
You can make your app do things by using other widgets which a user can interact with.
Use the PushButton widget to create a button which will change the message
when it is clicked.
from guizero import App, Text, PushButton
def change_message():
message.value = "You pressed the button!"
app = App(title="Hello world")
message = Text(app, text="Welcome to the Hello world app!")
button = PushButton(app, text="Press me", command=change_message)
app.display()
The PushButton
widget includes a command
parameter which is set to the name of a function - change_message
.
The change_message
function is called each time the button is clicked.
And that's it! Take a look at Using Widgets for more information on how to use guizero.


Release 2.0.0
The following changes were made in this release:
Significant changes:
An integrated add-ons marketplace
ZAP can be extended by add-ons that have full access to all of the ZAP internals. Anyone can write add-ons and upload them to the ZAP Add-on Marketplace (OK, so its a Google code project called zap-extensions, but you get the idea).
More importantly you can now browse, download and install those add-ons from within ZAP. Most add-ons can be dynamically installed (and uninstalled) so you wont even need a restart.
You can choose to be notified of updates, and even be automatically updated. And as the scan rules are now implemented as add-ons you can get the latest rules as soon as they are published.
A replacement for the 'standard' Spider
The ‘old’ Spider was showing its age, so its been completely rewritten, and is much faster and more comprehensive than the old one. This is still a 'traditional' spider that analyses the HTML code for any links it can find.
A new 'Ajax' spider
In addition to the 'traditional' spider we've added an Ajax spider which is more effective with applications that make heavy use of JavaScript. This uses the Crawljax project which drives a browser (using Selenium) and so can discover any links an application generates, even ones generated client side.
Web Socket support
ZAP now supports WebSockets, so ZAP can now see all WebSocket messages sent to and from your browser. As with HTTP based messages, ZAP can also intercept WebSocket messages and allows you to change them on the fly.
You can also fuzz WebSockets messages as well using all of the fuzzing payloads included in ZAP from projects like JBroFuzz and fuzzdb. And of course you can easily add your own fuzzing files.
Quick Start tab
The first main tab you will now see is a ‘Quick Start’ tab which allows you to just type in a URL and scan it with one click.
This is an ideal starting point for people new to application security, but experts can easily remove it if they find it distracting.
Session awareness
ZAP is now session awareness, so that ZAP can recognise and keep track of multiple sessions. It allows you to create new sessions, switch between them, and applies to all of the other components, like the Spider and Active Scanner.
User defined Contexts
You can now define any number of ‘contexts’ - related sets of URLs which make up an application. You can then target all URLs in a context, for example using the Spider or Active Scanner. You can also add the contexts to the scope, and associate other information, such as authentication details.
Session scope
The session scope allows you to specify which contexts you are interested at any one time. You can restrict what you see in various tabs to just the URLs in scope, and prevent accidentally attacking URLs not in scope by using the Protected mode.
Different modes
ZAP now supports 3 modes:
- Safe, in which no potentially dangerous operations permitted
- Protected, in which you can perform any actions on URLs in scope
- Standard, in which you can do anything to any URLs
Authentication handling
You can now associate authentication details with any context, which allows ZAP to do things like detect if and when you are logged out and automatically log you back in again. This is especially useful when used via the API in security regression tests.
More API support
The REST API has been significantly extended, giving you much more access to the functionality ZAP provides.
Fine grained scanning controls
The active scan rules can now be tuned to adjust their strength (the number of attacks they perform) and the threshold at which they report potential issues.
New and improved active and passive scanning rules
We have uploaded the results from running ZAP 2.0.0 against wavsep (the most comprehensive open source evaluation project we are aware of) to the ZAP wiki: https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/wiki/Testing TODO ;)
Full list of changes:
Issue 43: Scope option for filtering
Issue 163: Active scanner failing against DVWA [ high false positives/true negatives rate]
Issue 175: Better bruteforce wordlist
Issue 240: SocketException whilst fuzzing not handled correctly.
Issue 278: Root CA Certificate for Dynamic SSL invalid on some platforms due to ExtendeKeyUsage extension
Issue 281: Alert class JSON dependency
Issue 299: Feature request: Show count of found URIs during Spider
Issue 305: Passive scanner rule for suspicious comments like TODO and FIXME
Issue 326: Response time and total length in manual request
Issue 330: robots.txt parsing
Issue 332: Support for modes
Issue 333: Spider - add option to crawl everthing in scope
Issue 335: Web Sockets - add support for Modes and Scope
Issue 342: Add an HttpSenderListener
Issue 350: Authentication management
Issue 354: Fuzzer attack strings not shown
Issue 356: Generate CSRF test form
Issue 358: Typo in "XFO Header Not Set" Solution
Issue 360: brute force sub directories
Issue 361: getHostPort on HttpRequestHeader for HTTPS CONNECT requests returns the wrong port
Issue 370: API - save session better error handling
Issue 374: API - save session synchronous or provide status
Issue 376: Masking the passwords provided for Authentication
Issue 385: Support contexts
Issue 386: API Web UI - support parameters with views
Issue 388: Allow user to specify which technologies apply to a context
Issue 390: Spider - Add option to spider all in context
Issue 391: ZAP Performance improvements
Issue 393: More online links from menu
Issue 397: Support weekly builds
Issue 400: Generate new CA certificate will always produce certificate with same serial number
Issue 401: Exception when the (new) Spider is started through the API
Issue 402: GUI labels are not properly displayed on Linux (when language set to Polish)
Issue 403: Set options via the API using reflection
Issue 404: Labels not properly displayed when the Persian language is chosen
Issue 406: Spider - Add option to control the effect of parameters on visited URLs
Issue 410: charset wrapped in quotation marks
Issue 411: Allow proxy port to be specified on the command line
Issue 417: IndexOutOfBoundsException in ExtensionHttpSessions in daemon mode
Issue 419: Restructure jar loading code
Issue 420: API - support absolute session paths
Issue 421: Cleanly shut down any active scan threads on shutdown
Issue 422: Use exec in zap.sh so a new process is not forked
Issue 423: Active scanner and spider can deadlock if ZAP is shutdown while they are running
Issue 424: Exceptions in Web Sockets when session opened
Issue 425: Add quick start tab
Issue 428: ZAP Marketplace support
Issue 429: Active Scan URL via API scans more than just the specified URL
Issue 433: API: introduce mandatory parameters and optional descriptions
Issue 435: Active scan alerts may be "lost" after saving the session
Issue 436: Locking on session save or shutdown via the API
Issue 438: API enhancements
Issue 441: View incorrectly initialised in many places when in daemon mode
Issue 443: "No Anti-CSRF tokens were found in a HTML submission form" listed as "None. Warning only."
Issue 446: KeyStore of a registered PKCS#11 provider is not retrieved if a PKCS#11 provider is already registered
Issue 447: Highlight attack when displaying alerts
Issue 448: Rename Brute Force ext to Forced Browse and add URLs to the tree
Issue 449: Missing help page for "Extensions" panel in the "Options" dialogue
Issue 451: Manual check for updates doesn't work correctly in the newest weekly releases
Issue 453: Dynamic loading and unloading of add-ons
Issue 455: Split fuzzbd out into a new addon
Issue 456: Spider session handling tweeks
Issue 457: Search Tab arrow key support
Issue 459: Active scanner locking
Issue 460: Add a scan progress dialog
Issue 461: Add help file for Quick Start addon
Issue 462: Review: Patch/Review: SSLSocketFactory with TLS enabled and default Cipher options
Issue 466: Move Port Scan extension to ZAP extensions project
Issue 468: Upgrade SQL Injection rule to 'release'
Issue 469: Allow anti csrf token to be added and removed via the API
Issue 471: Move BeanSell extension to ZAP extensions project
Issue 472: Spider accesses UI panel in daemon mode
Issue 473: Allow add-ons to remove views/components added to the message panels
Issue 474: Promote quick start to release status
Issue 478: Allow to choose to send ZAP's managed cookies on a single Cookie request header and set it as the default
See also


This report describes the ISO TC211 codelist catalogs, the codelists they contain, and the values and definitions of the codes.
Please contact Ted Habermann if you have questions or suggestions.
| Entry | Definition |
|---|---|
| unclassified | available for general disclosure |
| restricted | not for general disclosure |
| confidential | available for someone who can be entrusted with information |
| secret | kept or meant to be kept private, unknown, or hidden from all but a select group of people |
| topSecret | of the highest secrecy |
| SBU | although unclassified, requires strict controls over its distribution |
| forOfficialUseOnly | unclassified information that is to be used only for official purposes determined by the designating body |
| protected | compromise of the information could cause damage |
| limitedDistribution | desimination limited by designating body |
| Entry | Definition |
|---|---|
| copyright | exclusive right to the publication, production, or sale of the rights to a literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work, or to the use of a commercial print or label, granted by law for a specified period of time to an author, composer, artist, distributor |
| patent | government has granted exclusive right to make, sell, use or license an invention or discovery |
| patentPending | produced or sold information awaiting a patent |
| trademark | a name, symbol, or other device identifying a product, officially registered and legally restricted to the use of the owner or manufacturer |
| licence | formal permission to do something |
| intellectualPropertyRights | rights to financial benefit from and control of distribution of non-tangible property that is a result of creativity |
| restricted | withheld from general circulation or disclosure |
| otherRestrictions | limitation not listed |
| unrestricted | no constraints exist |
| licenceUnrestricted | formal permission not required to use the resource |
| licenceEndUser | formal permission required for a person or an entity to use the resource and that may differ from the person that orders or purchases it |
| licenceDistributor | formal permission required for a person or an entity to commercialize or distribute the resource |
| private | protects rights of individual or organisations from observation, intrusion, or attention of others |
| statutory | prescribed by law |
| confidential | not available to the public contains information that could be prejudicial to a commercial, industrial, or national interest |
| SBU | although unclassified, requires strict controls over its distribution. |
| in-confidence | with trust |


Hextrapolate 2.0b released
-
Greg Hurrell
Hextrapolate (formerly known as WinHex) version 2.0 beta has been seeded to testers. You can read more about it here:
http://wincent.com/a/news/archives/2007/04/hextrapolate_20.php
-
Britta
Has this been discontinued? It currently won't run with Snow Leopard. There was a bug report a long time age. Cheers Brian
NAT
-
Greg Hurrell
Effectively, yes, although there are times when I'd still like to use it if I could. I'll try to find the time to either open source the code, get it building on the lastest OS X to cut a new release, or both.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


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The page you are looking for is not where it would be if it were not where it is right now, which is elsewhere. Perhaps you can find it there?


plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost $C.
Which equation would help determine the cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) )?
SOLUTION
\dfrac{N2}{\$C} = \dfrac{x}{N1}
\dfrac{N2}{N1} = \dfrac{\$C}{x}
\dfrac{N1}{N2} = \dfrac{x}{\$C}
\dfrac{x}{N2} = \dfrac{N1}{\$C}
\dfrac{N2}{x} = \dfrac{\$C}{N1}
There are several equations that could help determine the cost, each with a slightly different approach.
We can write the fact that plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost $C as a proportion:
\dfrac{N1}{\$C}
Let x
represent the unknown cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). Since plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost x
, we have the following proportion:
\dfrac{N2}{x}
The cost changes along with the number of deskItem( 0 )s purchased, and so the two proportions are equivalent.
Let x
represent the unknown cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). Since plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost x
, we have the following proportion:
\dfrac{N2}{x}
We can write the fact that plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) cost $C as a proportion:
\dfrac{N1}{\$C}
The cost changes along with the number of deskItem( 0 )s purchased, and so the two proportions are equivalent.
We know the cost of plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ), and we want to know the cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). We can write the numbers of deskItem( 0 )s as a proportion:
\dfrac{N1}{N2}
We know plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ) costs $C, and we can let x
represent the unknown cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ). The proportion of these costs can be expressed as:
\dfrac{\$C}{x}
The cost changes along with the number of deskItem( 0 )s purchased, and so the two proportions are equivalent.
If we let x
represent the cost of plural( N2, deskItem( 0 ) ), we have the following proportion:
\dfrac{x}{N2}
We have to pay $C for plural( N1, deskItem( 0 ) ), and that can be written as a proportion:
\dfrac{\$C}{N1}
Since the price per folder stays the same, these two proportions are equivalent.
SOLUTIONS[ IDX ]


Compilers: gcc 4.1.2 (AMD64)
Compilers: gcc 4.3 (AMD64)
Compilers: gcc 4.4 (AMD64)
Compilers: gcc 4.6 (AMD64)
This file contains information about the GNU gcc compiler, reformatted for SPEC result reporting, excerpted and/or summarized from the GNU documentation and from Apple's Mac OS X man pages.
The Copyright notice from the Mac OS X page for 'man gcc' lists:
Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
SPEC's modifications are:
Copyright (C) 2006-2011 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections
being "GNU General Public License" "Funding Free Software", the Front-Cover
texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see
below). A copy of the license is included on your SPEC media as
redistributable_sources/licences/fdl-1.2.txt
and the "Funding Free Software" section is on your SPEC media as
redistributable_sources/licences/fsf-funding.txt
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
A GNU Manual
(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.
Invoke a Linux distribution's modified version of the GCC C compiler, or one direct from FSF.
Invoke a Linux distribution's modified version of the GCC C++ compiler, or one direct from FSF.
This macro specifies that the target system uses the LP64 data model; specifically, that integers are 32 bits, while longs and pointers are 64 bits.
This macro indicates that the benchmark is being compiled on an AMD64-compatible system running the Linux operating system.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
Portability changes for Linux
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This option is used to indicate that the host system's integers are 32-bits wide, and longs and pointers are 64-bits wide. Not all benchmarks recognize this macro, but the preferred practice for data model selection applies the flags to all benchmarks; this flag description is a placeholder for those benchmarks that do not recognize this macro.
This flag can be set for SPEC compilation for Linux using default compiler.
Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. The compiler does not perform loop unrolling or function inlining when you specify -O2. As compared to -O, this option increases both compilation time and the performance of the generated code.
-O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O. It also turns on the following optimization flags:
Does not allow the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules applicable to the language being compiled. For C (and C++), optimizations based on the type of expressions are not activated.
Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. The compiler does not perform loop unrolling or function inlining when you specify -O2. As compared to -O, this option increases both compilation time and the performance of the generated code.
-O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O. It also turns on the following optimization flags:
Does not allow the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules applicable to the language being compiled. For C (and C++), optimizations based on the type of expressions are not activated.
This section contains descriptions of flags that were included implicitly by other flags, but which do not have a permanent home at SPEC.
Perform optimizations where we check to see if a jump branches to a location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found. If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on whether the condition is known to be true or false. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Perform cross-jumping transformation. This transformation unifies equivalent code and save code size. The resulting code may or may not perform better than without cross-jumping. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Optimize sibling and tail recursive calls. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
In common subexpression elimination, scan through jump instructions when the target of the jump is not reached by any other path. For example, when CSE encounters an if statement with an else clause, CSE will follow the jump when the condition tested is false. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
This is similar to -fcse-follow-jumps, but causes CSE to follow jumps which conditionally skip over blocks. When CSE encounters a simple if statement with no else clause, -fcse-skip-blocks causes CSE to follow the jump around the body of the if. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Perform a global common subexpression elimination pass. This pass also performs global constant and copy propagation. Note: When compiling a program using computed gotos, a GCC extension, you may get better runtime performance if you disable the global common subexpression elimination pass by adding -fno-gcse to the command line. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
When -fgcse-lm is enabled, global common subexpression elimination will attempt to move loads which are only killed by stores into themselves. This allows a loop containing a load/store sequence to be changed to a load outside the loop, and a copy/store within the loop. Enabled by default when gcse is enabled.
Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively expensive. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Perform the optimizations of loop strength reduction and elimination of iteration variables. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations have been performed.
Run the loop optimizer twice. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Enable values to be allocated in registers that will be clobbered by function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and restore the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when it seems to result in better code than would otherwise be produced. This option is always enabled by default on certain machines, usually those which have no call-preserved registers to use instead. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations. The difference between -fno-peephole and -fno-peephole2 is in how they are implemented in the compiler; some targets use one, some use the other, a few use both. -fpeephole is enabled by default. -fpeephole2 enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to be issued until the result of the load or floating point instruction is required. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os
Similar to -fschedule-insns, but requests an additional pass of instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done. This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small number of registers and where memory load instructions take more than one cycle. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Schedule instructions across basic blocks. This is enabled by default when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.
Don't allow speculative motion of non-load instructions. This is normally enabled by default when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.
Allows the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules applicable to the language being compiled. For C (and C++), this activates optimizations based on the type of expressions. In particular, an object of one type is assumed never to reside at the same address as an object of a different type, unless the types are almost the same. For example, an "unsigned int" can alias an "int", but not a "void*" or a "double". A character type may alias any other type.
Pay special attention to code like this:
union a_union { int i; double d; }; int f() { a_union t; t.d = 3.0; return t.i; }
The practice of reading from a different union member than the one most recently written to (called ``type-punning'') is common. Even with -fstrict-aliasing, type-punning is allowed, provided the memory is accessed through the union type. So, the code above will work as expected. However, this code might not:
int f() { a_union t; int* ip; t.d = 3.0; ip = &t.i; return *ip; }
Use global dataflow analysis to identify and eliminate useless checks for null pointers. The compiler assumes that dereferencing a null pointer would have halted the program. If a pointer is checked after it has already been dereferenced, it cannot be null. In some environments, this assumption is not true, and programs can safely dereference null pointers. Use -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks to disable this optimization for programs which depend on that behavior. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce number of taken branches and improve code locality. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
Reorder functions in the object file in order to improve code locality. This is implemented by using special subsections .text.hot for most frequently executed functions and .text.unlikely for unlikely executed functions. Reordering is done by the linker so object file format must support named sections and linker must place them in a reasonable way. Also profile feedback must be available in to make this option effective. See -fprofile-arcs for details. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
Parse the whole compilation unit before starting to produce code. This allows some extra optimizations to take place but consumes more memory (in general). There are some compatibility issues with unit-at-at-time mode: * enabling unit-at-a-time mode may change the order in which functions, variables, and top-level asm statements are emitted, and will likely break code relying on some particular ordering. The majority of such top-level asm statements, though, can be replaced by section attributes. * unit-at-a-time mode removes unreferenced static variables and functions. This may result in undefined references when an asm statement refers directly to variables or functions that are otherwise unused. In that case either the variable/function shall be listed as an operand of the asm statement operand or, in the case of top-level asm statements the attribute used shall be used on the declaration. * Static functions now can use non-standard passing conventions that may break asm statements calling functions directly. Again, attribute used will prevent this behavior. As a temporary workaround, -fno-unit-at-a-time can be used, but this scheme may not be supported by future releases of GCC. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
Align the start of functions to the next power-of-two greater than n, skipping up to n bytes. For instance, -falign-functions=32 aligns functions to the next 32-byte boundary, but -falign-functions=24 would align to the next 32-byte boundary only if this can be done by skipping 23 bytes or less.
-fno-align-functions and -falign-functions=1 are equivalent and mean that functions will not be aligned.
Some assemblers only support this flag when n is a power of two; in that case, it is rounded up.
If n is not specified, use a machine-dependent default.
Align branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, for branch targets where the targets can only be reached by jumping, skipping up to n bytes like -falign-functions. In this case, no dummy operations need be executed.
Align loops to a power-of-two boundary, skipping up to n bytes like -falign-functions. The hope is that the loop will be executed many times, which will make up for any execution of the dummy operations.
-falign-labels=n Align all branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, skipping up to n bytes like -falign-functions. This option can easily make code slower, because it must insert dummy operations for when the branch target is reached in the usual flow of the code. -fno-align-labels and -falign-labels=1 are equivalent and mean that labels will not be aligned. If -falign-loops or -falign-jumps are applicable and are greater than this value, then their values are used instead. If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default which is very likely to be `1', meaning no alignment. Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
Perform Value Range Propagation on trees. This is similar to the constant propagation pass, but instead of values, ranges of values are propagated. This allows the optimizers to remove unnecessary range checks like array bound checks and null pointer checks. This is enabled by default at -O2 and higher. Null pointer check elimination is only done if -fdelete-null-pointer-checks is enabled.
Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a lot more memory for a large function.
With -O, the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time, without performing any optimizations that take a great deal of compilation time.
-O turns on the following optimization flags:
-O also turns on -fomit-frame-pointer on machines where doing so does not interfere with debugging.
Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that function returns. For machines which must pop arguments after a function call, the compiler normally lets arguments accumulate on the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once. -fnodefer-pop is disabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed branch instructions. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed branch instructions. -fnoguess-branch-probability is enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction splitting, we perform a copy-propagation pass to try to reduce scheduling dependencies and occasionally eliminate the copy. -fno-cprop-registers is disabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
Perform loop optimizations: move constant expressions out of loops, simplify exit test conditions and optionally do strength-reduction as well. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
Attempt to transform conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents. This include use of conditional moves, min, max, set flags and abs instructions, and some tricks doable by standard arithmetics. The use of conditional execution on chips where it is available is controlled by if-conversion2. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
Use conditional execution (where available) to transform conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
Perform sparse conditional constant propagation (CCP) on trees. This pass only operates on local scalar variables and is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on trees. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform a variety of simple scalar cleanups (constant/copy propagation, redundancy elimination, range propagation and expression simplification) based on a dominator tree traversal. This also performs jump threading (to reduce jumps to jumps). This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Not described in Manual for gcc 4.1
Perform temporary expression replacement during the SSA->normal phase. Single use/single def temporaries are replaced at their use location with their defining expression. This results in non-GIMPLE code, but gives the expanders much more complex trees to work on resulting in better RTL generation. This is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform live range splitting during the SSA->normal phase. Distinct live ranges of a variable are split into unique variables, allowing for better optimization later. This is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform scalar replacement of aggregates. This pass replaces structure references with scalars to prevent committing structures to memory too early. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform copy renaming on trees. This pass attempts to rename compiler temporaries to other variables at copy locations, usually resulting in variable names which more closely resemble the original variables. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform Full Redundancy Elimination (FRE) on trees. The difference between FRE and PRE is that FRE only considers expressions that are computed on all paths leading to the redundant computation. This analysis faster than PRE, though it exposes fewer redundancies. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
Perform loop header copying on trees. This is beneficial since it increases effectiveness of code motion optimizations. It also saves one jump. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher. It is not enabled for -Os, since it usually increases code size.
Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and floating point constants) across compilation units. This option is the default for optimized compilation if the assembler and linker support it. Use -fno-merge-constants to inhibit this behavior. Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
Using numactl to bind processes and memory to cores
For multi-copy runs or single copy runs on systems with multiple sockets, it is advantageous to bind a process to a particular core. Otherwise, the OS may arbitrarily move your process from one core to another. This can effect performance. To help, SPEC allows the use of a "submit" command where users can specify a utility to use to bind processes. We have found the utility 'numactl' to be the best choice.
numactl runs processes with a specific NUMA scheduling or memory placement policy. The policy is set for a command and inherited by all of its children. The numactl flag "--physcpubind" specifies which core(s) to bind the process. "-l" instructs numactl to keep a process memory on the local node while "-m" specifies which node(s) to place a process memory. For full details on using numactl, please refer to your Linux documentation, 'man numactl'
Note that some versions of numactl, particularly the version found on SLES 10, we have found that the utility incorrectly interprets application arguments as it's own. For example, with the command "numactl --physcpubind=0 -l a.out -m a", numactl will interpret a.out's "-m" option as it's own "-m" option. To work around this problem, a user can put the command to be run in a shell script and then run the shell script using numactl. For example: "echo 'a.out -m a' > run.sh ; numactl --physcpubind=0 bash run.sh"
ulimit -s <n>
Sets the stack size to n kbytes, or unlimited to allow the stack size to grow without limit.
Flag description origin markings:
For questions about the meanings of these flags, please contact the tester.
For other inquiries, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright 2006-2019 Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation
Tested with SPEC CPU2006 v1.2.
Report generated on Tue Feb 19 09:01:44 2019 by SPEC CPU2006 flags formatter v6417.


Example
This is an ignored
section
which might indicate functionality that is currently being implemented.
This is a very simple scenario, which doesn't actually do anything but illustrates the markup applied.
Of course, some scenarios may fail due to
Exceptions.
And should be marked up accordingly.
But just because one scenario has an exception,
should allow other scenarios to be tested and report
success when they pass.
And of course, some scenarios may fail with a real
failure
caused by invalid assumptions, indicating a real failure in the implementation.
And of course, ignored sections should not execute any of the fixture code,
which in this case would have resulted in a
exception
being thrown.
Using lists for scenarios
- To do..., work in progress
- Something we've done ;)
- Something else we've completed
Using matrix table


HEAD OVER HEELS RATING: 3/10 --> Crap on a stick
For more reviews and movie screensavers, visit http://www.joblo.com/
PLOT: A down-and-out girl moves in with some over-the-top models and falls in love with a goofy-but-loveable guy from across the street. Aaaaaaaaah!  Ooooooooh! She must then join together with her model-friends to find out whether or not this guy is really goofy-but-loveable, or a psycho killer. Aaaaaaaaah!
CRITIQUE:
Completely idiotic. Okay, so maybe I'm being a little too nice. This movie
starts off dumb, moves into the ridiculous and eventually graduates to
idiocy. There...that's more like it! And how, you may ask? Well, it's simple
really.  This thing stinks to high-heaven. It's just plain
embarrassing for everyone involved. I even felt my IQ dip below its usual
low as toilet humor somehow worked its way into this so-called
romantic-comedy-action movie? Ugh.  Hey, I'm actually
starting to sound a little like Harry Knowles here, but I guess I could see
where his frustration comes from time to time. It's sad really.  This is the kind of movie that has one character inserting another character into a car headfirst to the floor only because...well, it's supposed to be funny, see? You see, that person then has their legs swinging in the other person's face as they drive and that distracts the driver, see, and well, that's kinda funny, no? Harumph...yeah, well...you get the picture! Anyhoo, Freddie Prinze Jr....nuff said. Monica Potter, a bad career move, but we might forgive you if you keep up the Julia Roberts bit. The rest of the model girls...well, thanks for being there so I had something to look at, but please apologize to the entire modeling community as a whole, for making them all out to be complete imbeciles!! So why the three points out of ten, you may ask? Well, it's simple really. One point goes to the Russian model girl and that cool accent (don't ask me why, but it actually turned me on). One point goes out to all of the model girls for being in the movie (nice window decoration...natch!). And one last point goes out to the makers of this film, who spared us any long sorted story, and made sure to give us the opportunity of leaving the theatre after only 90 minutes of manufactured garbage, so that we could run out as fast as we can, grab the next person that we see walking down the street and warn them of the devil that is...Freddie Prinze Jr...I mean, HEAD OVER HEELS. You've been warned, good people.
PS: Didja notice how I didn't even mention REAR WINDOW once in my entire review? I didn't want to taint the memory of the classic flick by having it uttered alongside this thing, but then again, I just did mention it, but I guess it doesn't count in the PS section...or does it? Ooooh, whatever...I have a headache! (I think my brain is coming back to life)
Where's JoBlo coming from? 10 Things I Hate about You (7/10) - Coyote Ugly (6.5/10) - Down to You (6.5/10) - Save the Last Dance (7/10) - She's All That (6.5/10) - The Wedding Planner (4/10) - You've Got Mail (5.5/10)
Review Date: January 31, 2001 Director: Mark S. Waters Writers: Ron Burch and David Kidd Producers: Julia Dray and Robert Simonds Actors: Freddie Prinze Jr. as Jim Winston Monica Potter as Amanda Pierce Shalom Harlow as Jade Genre: Comedy Year of Release: 2001 ------------------------------------ JoBlo's Movie Emporium http://www.joblo.com/ ------------------------------------ (c) 2001 Berge Garabedian
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


pymatgen.command_line.vampire_caller module¶
This module implements an interface to the VAMPIRE code for atomistic simulations of magnetic materials.
This module depends on a compiled vampire executable available in the path. Please download at https://vampire.york.ac.uk/download/ and follow the instructions to compile the executable.
If you use this module, please cite the following:
“Atomistic spin model simulations of magnetic nanomaterials.” R. F. L. Evans, W. J. Fan, P. Chureemart, T. A. Ostler, M. O. A. Ellis and R. W. Chantrell. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 26, 103202 (2014)
-
class
VampireCaller
(ordered_structures, energies, mc_box_size=4.0, equil_timesteps=2000, mc_timesteps=4000, save_inputs=False, hm=None, user_input_settings=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Run Vampire on a material with magnetic ordering and exchange parameter information to compute the critical temperature with classical Monte Carlo.
user_input_settings is a dictionary that can contain: * start_t (int): Start MC sim at this temp, defaults to 0 K. * end_t (int): End MC sim at this temp, defaults to 1500 K. * temp_increment (int): Temp step size, defaults to 25 K.
- Parameters
ordered_structures (list) – Structure objects with magmoms.
energies (list) – Energies of each relaxed magnetic structure.
mc_box_size (float) – x=y=z dimensions (nm) of MC simulation box
equil_timesteps (int) – number of MC steps for equilibrating
mc_timesteps (int) – number of MC steps for averaging
save_inputs (bool) – if True, save scratch dir of vampire input files
hm (HeisenbergMapper) – object already fit to low energy magnetic orderings.
user_input_settings (dict) – optional commands for VAMPIRE Monte Carlo
sgraph (StructureGraph) – Ground state graph.
unique_site_ids (dict) – Maps each site to its unique identifier
nn_interacations (dict) – {i: j} pairs of NN interactions between unique sites.
ex_params (dict) – Exchange parameter values (meV/atom)
mft_t (float) – Mean field theory estimate of critical T
mat_name (str) – Formula unit label for input files
mat_id_dict (dict) – Maps sites to material id # for vampire indexing.


Hi {{ user.firstname }}
your request "{{ filename }}" for {{ submission_type }} analysis has been released.
Cheers!
Flaski
Submission: {{ submission_tag }}


'F*cking Midget': Victorious Jorge Masvidal Promises to 'F*ck Up' Conor McGregor
Bashing McGregor’s conduct, Masvidal claimed that the Irishman punches old people "because those are fights he could win".
Fresh from his victory over Nate Diaz whom he vanquished via a TKO at the UFC 244 at Madison Square Garden, mixed martial artist Jorge Masvidal revealed what he might do to Conor McGregor if their paths cross in the octagon in the future.
During his post-fight press conference, Masvidal mused about the prospects of his future fights and, when reminded about McGregor’s upcoming return, explained how a bout between the two of them would go.
 "I’ll f*ck that little guy up, man. He’s a f*cking midget. Dana White, president of this motherf*cking company, said I’m too much man for him".
Jorge then went on to make more unflattering remarks about McGregor, saying that he understands why some people “want to see him hurt for the stunts he’s been pulling”.
"He’s just talking so he gets his name out there", Masvidal explained. "You see he punches old people in the face because those are fights he could win. He don’t want this sh*t".
A number of social media users seemed to agree with Masvidal’s assessment of McGregor.
Some, however, opted to defend the Irish fighter instead, citing his previous accomplishments.
Conor McGregor, who so far hasn’t return to the octagon following his defeat at the hands of Khabib Nurmagomedov at UFC 229 on 6 October, 2018, is expected to make his comeback in January 2020.


ABSTRACT
Stozhka V.V., Borkovsky P.P. Improving the durability of cement concrete to cover roads. Visnyk National Transport University. Series «Technical sciences». Scientific and Technical Collection. - Kyiv: National Transport University, 2020. - Issue 1 (46).
The article is devoted to the problem of improving the durability of cement concrete to cover the road through the use of additives.
The purpose of the work-improving the durability of cement concrete to cover roads through the use of hydrophobic additives.
Object of study-cement-concrete to cover roads.
Method of research: statistical analysis of scientific publications, technical and normative literature.
In Ukraine, there are almost no necessary types and brands of road cement, so the research and application of existing binders with effective additives is an urgent problem, the solution of which will expand the nomenclature of cement binders for road Construction, improve the durability and resistance of cement concrete covering roads, bridges and airfields, as well as to solve security issues. For this, it is possible to use chemical additives that kolatating pores, give the surface of concrete water-repellent properties, involve in the concrete mixture of air. Based on the modern representations of the physical- xiemia of superficial processes, it can be concluded that the introduction to the concrete mix of small-scale kremnijorganicnih substances together with the water of the closing, will allow to significantly improve the durability and strength against At the same time for the concrete of aggressive factors and load.
The influence of hydrophobic additives on physical, mechanical properties of cement concrete to cover roads is investigated. Based on the experimental results, it is determined that the application of 0.10.15% hydrophobic additives 136-157 M has a significant increase in the durability of cement concrete for the seal of roads.
KEYWORDS: CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT, HYDROPHOBIC ADDITIVES, FROST RESISTANCE, WATER RESISTANCE, STRENGTH, DURABILITY.
REFERENCES
AUTHOR
Stozhka V.V., Ph.D., National Transport University, Associate professor of the Department of Transport Construction and property management, e-mail: styozhka@ukr.net,tel. +30442803942, Ukraine, 01010, m. Kyiv, M. Omyanovicha-Pavlenko Str., 1, K. 139, orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-9852.
Borkowski Р.Р., National Transport University, Senior Lecturer in the Department of Road Construction materials and chemistry, e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tel. ++30442859528, Ukraine, 01010, m. Kyiv, Boychuk St., 42, К.110.
REVIEWER
Kuzminets М. P., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, head of the Department of Computer, engineering graphics and design, National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Davydenko O. О., Ph.D, Associate Professor of Department of Bridges, tunnels and hydraulic structures, National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Article language: Ukrainian
Open Access: http://publications.ntu.edu.ua/visnyk/46/324.pdf
Print date: 15.04.2020
Online publication date: 27.10.2020


Huge queues as new West Bromwich Aldi opens
Dozens of people turned out to the opening of a new Aldi store in West Bromwich.
by Dayna FarringtonThe supermarket, in Tildasley Street, was officially opened by Olympic Bronze Medallist Joel Fearon on Thursday.
He was joined at the store opening with manager Liam Jones and pupils from Ryders Green Primary School.
The store is the first Aldi in West Bromwich.
Exclusive offers ran throughout opening day and the first 30 customers through the door received a complimentary bag of fresh fruit and vegetables from the Super 6 range.
The new store, which is part of Aldi's investment in local communities across the UK, has created a raft of new job opportunities. The retailer aims to have 1,200 stores by 2025.
The new Aldi store is also calling on local charities and food banks in West Bromwich, to register with Neighbourly, a community engagement platform that links businesses to charitable organisations in their community to receive regular donations of surplus food from the supermarket.
Any charities in the area that would like to partner up with the West Bromwich store, can email aldi@neighbourly.com.


Hi, i'm Naem Azam, a passionate self-taught Python Progammer. my passion for System lies with dreaming up ideas and making them come true with elegant interfaces. i take great care in the experience, architecture, and code quality of the things I build.
I am also an open-source enthusiast and maintainer. i learned a lot from the open-source community and i love how collaboration and knowledge sharing happened through open-source.


ERASER A film review by Lewis Butler Copyright 1995 Lewis Butler
ERASER is this summer's entry from Arnie, and it delivers just what you would expect: good action, good effects, passable story. There's nothing remarkable here, and none of the charm of TRUE LIES, but if you like Arnie, it's a good romp through summer movie madness. A solid 0 on the -4/+4.
This time around, Arnie plays a US Marshall working in the Witness Protection program. His specialty is making it look like federal witnesses have been killed.
The plot thicks when Venessa Williams, playing a Jr. Executive for a defense contractor that is selling weapons to the highest bidder, becomes the target of just about every living person in the Washington DC area.
There are no suprises here, and the identities of the bad guys are obvious, but not obnoxiously so. The characters are at least interesting (I mean the OTHER characters, of course. Arnie's just playing good-guy Terminator.)
There are some nice effects, although there is a strangely poor fire effect toward the end of the movie where the flames look like they were animated in.
In short: If you're an Arnie fan, go ahead and give it a go, otherwise you might want to pass and wait for INDEPENDENCE DAY.
-- Signatures follow:
Distribution of this message by Microsoft, its subsidiaries, or its software shall constitute a violation of my copyrights. Microsoft may license copyrights to my messages, for distribution only, for the sum of $1,000 US per week. --<EMAIL_ADDRESS>1015 South Gaylord, Denver, CO 80209 #100 WWW URL :<http://www.nyx.net/~kreme> [303/722-2009] Vox [303/777-2911] Data
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| summary.mcmc {coda} | R Documentation |
summary.mcmc
produces two sets of summary statistics for
each variable:
Mean, standard deviation, naive standard error of the mean (ignoring autocorrelation of the chain) and time-series standard error based on an estimate of the spectral density at 0.
Quantiles of the sample distribution using the quantiles
argument.
## S3 method for class 'mcmc' summary(object, quantiles = c(0.025, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.975), ...)
object |
an object of class |
quantiles |
a vector of quantiles to evaluate for each variable |
... |
a list of further arguments |
Martyn Plummer


]>
When a parser gobbles up a source file, it creates a data structure called an abstract syntax tree
The most famous modern example of an AST is probably the Document Object Model (DOM), which represents the abstract syntax tree for XML and HTML. By using the DOM, web developers can build and transform web pages or other documents on the fly.
Software compilers like python also create ASTs, and they can be
manipulated programatically, just like the DOM. The python
compiler
module provides tools for building,
transforming, and compiling python abstract syntax trees.
So what good is a python AST? Well, you could use one to:
None of the tools mentioned above actually use the
compiler
module (which is still relatively new) but
similar tools easily could. In my own work, I've used the
compiler
module to:
The documentation for the compiler
module is pretty
sparse, but here is a quick guide to get you started.
Python's concrete syntax tree is exposed through the
parser
module. It's not a pretty, though:
>> import parser # yuck!
>>> parser.suite("pass").tolist()
[257, [264, [265, [266, [271, [1, 'pass']]], [4, '']]], [0, '']]
]]>
The numbers correspond to rules in the python grammar. You can
look up what they mean using the symbol
module:
>> import symbol
>>> symbol.sym_name[257]
'file_input'
]]>
As you can see, a concrete syntax tree is very low level tools, and
not really fun to work with. Thankfully, sometime around version 2.0,
python added the compiler
module, which offers a much
simpler abstract syntax tree. To create one, simply call
compiler.parse()
:
>> import compiler
>>> compiler.parse("pass")
Module(None, Stmt([Pass()]))
]]>
Compiling directly from a string is easy. It works just like the builtin compile() function.
>> # builtin version
>>> code = compile("print 'builtin'", "somefile", "exec")
>>> exec code
builtin
>>> # compiler module
>>> code = compiler.compile("print 'hello!'", "somefile", "exec")
>>> exec code
hello!
>>> help(compiler.compile)
Help on function compile in module compiler.pycodegen:
compile(source, filename, mode, flags=None, dont_inherit=None)
Replacement for builtin compile() function
]]>
source
filename
mode
eval()
function, the code must return a value (in
other words, no loops or control structures allowed)
exec
statement.
Transforming the AST is just a matter of rearranging the nodes in the tree. The nodes are defined in the compiler.ast module. Here's a simple example:
>> tree = compiler.parse("print 'hello'")
>>> tree
Module(None, Stmt([Printnl([Const('hello')], None)]))
>>> tree.node.nodes[0].nodes[0].value
'hello'
>>> # official interface:
>>> tree.getChildNodes()[0].getChildNodes()[0].getChildNodes()[0].value='changed'
>>> tree
Module(None, Stmt([Printnl([Const('changed')], None)]))
>>> # undocumented, simpler interface:
>>> tree.node.nodes[0].nodes[0].value = "transformed!"
>>> tree
Module(None, Stmt([Printnl([Const('transformed!')], None)]))
]]>
Since we're starting with an AST instead of a string, we
need to move past the compile()
function and use a
CodeGenerator
instance instead. There are
several of these defined:
>> from compiler import pycodegen
>>> for name in dir(pycodegen):
... if name.endswith("CodeGenerator"):
... print name
...
ClassCodeGenerator
CodeGenerator
ExpressionCodeGenerator
FunctionCodeGenerator
InteractiveCodeGenerator
ModuleCodeGenerator
]]>
If you dig through compiler.pycodegen
,
you'll see the three modes get mapped up like so:
InteractiveCodeGenerator
ExpressionCodeGenerator
ModuleCodeGenerator
These classes expect the filename to be on the root node of the
AST, so add a .filename
attribute before you instantiate
the CodeGenerator
. Then call the getCode()
method to compile:
>> tree
Module(None, Stmt([Printnl([Const('transformed!')], None)]))
>>> tree.filename = ""
>>> gen = pycodegen.ModuleCodeGenerator(tree)
>>> code = gen.getCode()
>>> exec code
transformed!
]]>
You don't need a parser to build an AST. You can create one yourself.
>> from compiler import ast
>>> # start with a module node:
>>> root = node = ast.Module("example", node=[])
>>> # add a statement holder:
>>> next = ast.Stmt(nodes=[])
>>> node.node = next
>>> root
Module('example', Stmt([]))
>>> # create the actual statement:
>>> node = next
>>> next = ast.Printnl(nodes=[], dest=None) # print >> None
>>> node.nodes.append(next)
>>> node = next
>>> next = ast.Const("look ma! no parser!")
>>> node.nodes.append(next)
>>> root
Module('example', Stmt([Printnl([Const('look ma! no parser!')], None)]))
>>> # now you can run it:
>>> root.filename = "example"
>>> exec pycodegen.ModuleCodeGenerator(root).getCode()
look ma! no parser!
]]>
The ast.visitor
module provides classes for walking
the tree. Consult the source code or download pirate for an extensive
example.
The compiler.ast
module is generated programatically,
but the code is very readable, and it's easy to pick out the classes
you want. The best way to see how an AST should look is to
just run compiler.parser()
on some code and see what it
comes up with.
The official official docs are somewhat short, but you might be able to find more information through the compiler SIG mailing list.