Properties
Private Readonly _dart_contains
_dart_
contains: (offset: IOffset) => boolean = ...
Type declaration
-
-
Parameters
Returns boolean
Private Readonly _dart_deflate
_dart_
deflate: (delta: number) => IRect = ...
Private Readonly _dart_expandToInclude
_dart_
expandToInclude: (other: IRect) => IRect = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getBottomCenter
_dart_
getBottomCenter: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getBottomLeft
_dart_
getBottomLeft: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getBottomRight
_dart_
getBottomRight: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getCenter
_dart_
getCenter: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getCenterLeft
_dart_
getCenterLeft: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getCenterRight
_dart_
getCenterRight: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getHasNaN
_dart_getHasNaN: () => boolean = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getHashCode
_dart_getHashCode: () => number = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getHeight
_dart_getHeight: () => number = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getIsEmpty
_dart_getIsEmpty: () => boolean = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getIsFinite
_dart_getIsFinite: () => boolean = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getIsInfinite
_dart_getIsInfinite: () => boolean = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getLongestSide
_dart_getLongestSide: () => number = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getShortestSide
_dart_getShortestSide: () => number = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getSize
_dart_
getSize: () => ISize = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getTopCenter
_dart_
getTopCenter: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getTopLeft
_dart_
getTopLeft: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getTopRight
_dart_
getTopRight: () => IOffset = ...
Private Readonly _dart_getWidth
_dart_getWidth: () => number = ...
Private Readonly _dart_inflate
_dart_
inflate: (delta: number) => IRect = ...
Private Readonly _dart_intersect
Private Readonly _dart_overlaps
_dart_
overlaps: (other: IRect) => boolean = ...
Type declaration
-
-
Parameters
Returns boolean
Private Readonly _dart_shift
Private Readonly _dart_toString
_dart_toString: () => string = ...
Private Readonly _dart_translate
_dart_
translate: (translateX: number, translateY: number) => IRect = ...
Type declaration
-
- (translateX: number, translateY: number): IRect
-
Parameters
-
translateX: number
-
translateY: number
Readonly bottom
bottom: number = ...
Readonly left
left: number = ...
Readonly right
right: number = ...
Readonly top
top: number = ...
Static Private _giantScalar
_giantScalar: number = 1.0e9


--- title: Essential Javascript Design Patterns For Beginners date: '2011-07-18T20:19:00.000-07:00' tags: - eBook - Javascript modified_time: '2011-10-09T12:21:49.881-07:00' blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3456458686961244994.post-5088127393577922433 blogger_orig_url: http://blog.kieranties.com/2011/07/essential-javascript-design-patterns.html redirect_from: "/2011/07/essential-javascript-design-patterns.html" ---
In this book, we will take a look at a number of popular JavaScript design patterns and explore why certain patterns may be more suitable for your projects than others. Remember that patterns can be applied not just to vanilla JavaScript, but also to abstracted libraries such as jQuery or Dojo as well. Before we begin, let’s look at the exact definition of a ‘pattern’ in software design.
A free mini book from Addy Osmani available as a straight htm download, or (if you navigate up the site tree) as an ePub.
Osmani also writes some cracking articles on HTML5, jQuery and Javascript in general


Next: Examples of Evaluation of Subforms to Places, Previous: Overview of Places and Generalized Reference, Up: Overview of Places and Generalized Reference
The following rules apply to the evaluation of subforms in a place:
The evaluation ordering of subforms within a place is determined by the order specified by the second value returned by
For all places defined by this specification (e.g., getf, ldb, ...), this order of evaluation is left-to-right.
When a place is derived from a macro expansion, this rule is applied after the macro is expanded to find the appropriate place.
Places defined by using defmacro or
use the evaluation order defined by those definitions. For example, consider the following:
(defmacro wrong-order (x y) `(getf ,y ,x))
This following form evaluates place2 first and then place1 because that is the order they are evaluated in the macro expansion:
(push value (wrong-order place1 place2))
For the macros that manipulate places (push, pushnew, remf, incf, decf, shiftf, rotatef, psetf, setf, pop, and those defined by define-modify-macro) the subforms of the macro call are evaluated exactly once in left-to-right order, with the subforms of the places evaluated in the order specified in (1).
push, pushnew, remf, incf, decf, shiftf, rotatef, psetf, pop evaluate all subforms before modifying any of the place locations. setf (in the case when setf has more than two arguments) performs its operation on each pair in sequence. For example, in
(setf place1 value1 place2 value2 ...)
the subforms of place1 and value1 are evaluated, the location specified by place1 is modified to contain the value returned by value1, and then the rest of the setf form is processed in a like manner.
For check-type, ctypecase, and ccase, subforms of the place are evaluated once as in (1), but might be evaluated again if the type check fails in the case of check-type or none of the cases hold in ctypecase and ccase.
For assert, the order of evaluation of the generalized references is not specified.
Rules 2, 3 and 4 cover all standardized macros that manipulate places.


The point is you have a circular object graph going back and forth between angular and express
{{ a | gson }}


Making Life Easier With JavaScript
November 16th, 2014
I recently redesigned my entire website to give it a cleaner and more professional look. You may notice that I like to keep a link to each one of my blog posts in a sidebar to the right of the page (or at the bottom of the page if you are reading this on a smaller screen device.) Up until today, I used to have to go into each one of my html files and manually change the sidebar every time I added a new blog post, but thanks to JavaScript, I will never have to do that again.
I am still new to JavaScript, but I have learned enough about how JavaScript works to know that there must be a better way for me to update this sidebar after each post. After a few Google searches I was able to find the method that I was looking for. Introducing:
document.write()
This method does exactly what you would expect it to do. It writes HTML expressions or JavaScript code to the document. Now all I have to do is store my code for my sidebar in its own separate JavaScript file. Every time I add a new post, I only have to update this one file. Here is what my sidebar.js file looks like:
I pretty much just copied and pasted my existing HTML code, wrapped each line in a document.write() method, and put it in quotation marks for JavaScript. Next, I went back and updated each of my pages and replaced my old HTML code for the sidebar with a script that executes my sidebar.js file:
I updated my blog-template so that each time I create a new post this script is automatically inserted where the old HTML use to go. Now every time I add a blog post to my page, I only have to update the sidebar.js file once, and all of my pages will be updated at the same time. This is going to make my life a million times easier. Thank you JavaScript!
And thank you for reading.


SocketStream no longer provides a stack of Connect HTTP middleware which is used internally to serve single-page clients, asset files and static files (e.g. images) in client/static
.
Session handling is done in add-ons like socketstream-cookie-session
.
For additional middleware follow the examples for Connect or ExpressJS.


Class Hatch
A GeoObject that represents a flat (2d) shape filled by a HatchStyle.
It also acts as a Block presenting e.g. the hatch lines as its
containing child objects.
To fully define a Hatch object you have to set these three properties: Plane,
CompoundShape and HatchStyle. If you omit one of these properties
you wont see the Hatch object as it is not fully defined. No defaults are assumed.
Inheritance
System.Object
Hatch
Implements
System.IComparable
System.ICloneable
System.Runtime.Serialization.IDeserializationCallback
System.Runtime.Serialization.ISerializable
Inherited Members
System.Object.Equals(System.Object)
System.Object.Equals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.GetHashCode()
System.Object.GetType()
System.Object.MemberwiseClone()
System.Object.ReferenceEquals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.ToString()
Assembly: CADability.dll
Syntax
[Serializable]
public class Hatch : Block, IGeoObject, ILayer, IStyle, IOctTreeInsertable, IComparable, IFeedBack, ICloneable, IColorDef, IGeoObjectOwner, IDeserializationCallback, IExportStep, ISerializable, IHatchStyle
Constructors
|
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Hatch()
Empty constructor, must be called when a derived object is constructed.
Declaration
|
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Hatch(SerializationInfo, StreamingContext)
Constructor required by deserialization
Declaration
protected Hatch(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo |
info |
SerializationInfo
|
| System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext |
context |
StreamingContext
|
Fields
|
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Constructor
Factory mechanism for constructing Hatch objects
If you have a class derivec from this class (Hatch) and everytime CADability creates a hatch
object your object should be created, you have to register your static construct method here.
Declaration
public static Hatch.ConstructionDelegate Constructor
Field Value
|
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OnPaintTo3D
Declaration
public static Hatch.PaintTo3DDelegate OnPaintTo3D
Field Value
|
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OnRecalc
Declaration
public static Hatch.RecalcDelegate OnRecalc
Field Value
Properties
|
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ColorDef
Declaration
public override ColorDef ColorDef { get; set; }
Property Value
Overrides
|
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CompoundShape
Declaration
public CompoundShape CompoundShape { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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HatchStyle
The HatchStyle that defines the interior of this object
Declaration
public HatchStyle HatchStyle { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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Layer
Declaration
public override Layer Layer { get; set; }
Property Value
Overrides
|
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OwnedItems
Declaration
public override IGeoObject[] OwnedItems { get; }
Property Value
Overrides
|
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Plane
Declaration
public Plane Plane { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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PreferredStyle
Declaration
public override Style.EDefaultFor PreferredStyle { get; }
Property Value
Overrides
|
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Style
Declaration
public override Style Style { get; set; }
Property Value
Overrides
Methods
|
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Clone()
Declaration
public override IGeoObject Clone()
Returns
Overrides
|
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Construct()
The only way to construct a hatch object. If a Constructor is registered,
this constructor will be used, if not a Hatch object is created.
Declaration
public static Hatch Construct()
Returns
|
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CopyGeometry(IGeoObject)
Declaration
public override void CopyGeometry(IGeoObject ToCopyFrom)
Parameters
Overrides
|
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Decompose()
Declaration
public override GeoObjectList Decompose()
Returns
Overrides
|
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GetAttributeProperties(IFrame)
Declaration
public override IShowProperty[] GetAttributeProperties(IFrame Frame)
Parameters
Returns
Overrides
|
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GetBoundingCube()
Declaration
public override BoundingCube GetBoundingCube()
Returns
Overrides
|
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GetExtent(Projection, ExtentPrecision)
Declaration
public override BoundingRect GetExtent(Projection projection, ExtentPrecision extentPrecision)
Parameters
Returns
Overrides
|
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GetExtent(Double)
Declaration
public override BoundingCube GetExtent(double precision)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Double |
precision |
|
Returns
Overrides
|
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GetObjectData(SerializationInfo, StreamingContext)
Implements ISerializable:GetObjectData
Declaration
public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationInfo |
info |
|
| System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext |
context |
|
Overrides
|
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GetQuadTreeItem(Projection, ExtentPrecision)
Declaration
public override IQuadTreeInsertableZ GetQuadTreeItem(Projection projection, ExtentPrecision extentPrecision)
Parameters
Returns
Overrides
|
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GetShowProperties(IFrame)
Declaration
public override IShowProperty GetShowProperties(IFrame Frame)
Parameters
Returns
Overrides
|
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HitTest(ref BoundingCube, Double)
Declaration
public override bool HitTest(ref BoundingCube cube, double precision)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| BoundingCube |
cube |
|
| System.Double |
precision |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Boolean |
|
Overrides
|
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HitTest(Projection, BoundingRect, Boolean)
Declaration
public override bool HitTest(Projection projection, BoundingRect rect, bool onlyInside)
Parameters
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Boolean |
|
Overrides
|
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IsAttributeUsed(Object)
Declaration
public override bool IsAttributeUsed(object Attribute)
Parameters
Returns
Overrides
|
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Modify(ModOp)
Declaration
public override void Modify(ModOp m)
Parameters
Overrides
|
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PaintTo3D(IPaintTo3D)
Declaration
public override void PaintTo3D(IPaintTo3D paintTo3D)
Parameters
Overrides
|
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PaintTo3DList(IPaintTo3D, ICategorizedDislayLists)
Declaration
public override void PaintTo3DList(IPaintTo3D paintTo3D, ICategorizedDislayLists lists)
Parameters
Overrides
|
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Position(GeoPoint, GeoVector, Double)
Declaration
public override double Position(GeoPoint fromHere, GeoVector direction, double precision)
Parameters
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Double |
|
Overrides
|
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Recalc()
Declaration
Events
|
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Constructed
Declaration
public static event Hatch.ConstructedDelegate Constructed
Event Type
Explicit Interface Implementations
|
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IHatchStyle.HatchStyle
Declaration
HatchStyle IHatchStyle.HatchStyle { get; set; }
Returns
Implements
System.IComparable
System.ICloneable
System.Runtime.Serialization.IDeserializationCallback
System.Runtime.Serialization.ISerializable


Interface IBuilderContext
Represents the context in which a build-up or tear-down operation runs.
Namespace: Unity.Builder
Assembly: Unity.Abstractions.dll
Syntax
public interface IBuilderContext
Properties
| Improve this Doc View SourceBuildComplete
Flag indicating if the build operation should continue.
Declaration
bool BuildComplete { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean | true means that building should not call any more strategies, false means continue to the next strategy. |
BuildKey
GetOrDefault the current build key for the current build operation.
Declaration
NamedTypeBuildKey BuildKey { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NamedTypeBuildKey |
ChildContext
The build context used to resolve a dependency during the build operation represented by this context.
Declaration
IBuilderContext ChildContext { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IBuilderContext |
Container
Gets Reference to container.
Declaration
IUnityContainer Container { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IUnityContainer | Interface for the hosting container |
CurrentOperation
An object representing what is currently being done in the build chain. Used to report back errors if there's a failure.
Declaration
object CurrentOperation { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Object |
Existing
The current object being built up or torn down.
Declaration
object Existing { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Object | The current object being manipulated by the build operation. May be null if the object hasn't been created yet. |
Lifetime
Gets the ILifetimeContainer associated with the build.
Declaration
ILifetimeContainer Lifetime { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| ILifetimeContainer | The ILifetimeContainer associated with the build. |
OriginalBuildKey
Gets the original build key for the build operation.
Declaration
NamedTypeBuildKey OriginalBuildKey { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NamedTypeBuildKey | The original build key for the build operation. |
PersistentPolicies
The set of policies that were passed into this context.
Declaration
IPolicyList PersistentPolicies { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IPolicyList | The persistent policies for the current context. |
Remarks
This returns the policies passed into the context. Policies added here will remain after buildup completes.
Policies
Gets the policies for the current context.
Declaration
IPolicyList Policies { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IPolicyList | The policies for the current context. |
Remarks
Any policies added to this object are transient and will be erased at the end of the buildup.
RecoveryStack
Gets the collection of IRequiresRecovery objects that need to execute in event of an exception.
Declaration
IRecoveryStack RecoveryStack { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IRecoveryStack |
Strategies
Gets the head of the strategy chain.
Declaration
IStrategyChain Strategies { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IStrategyChain | The strategy that's first in the chain; returns null if there are no strategies in the chain. |
Methods
| Improve this Doc View SourceAddResolverOverrides(IEnumerable<ResolverOverride>)
Add a new set of resolver override objects to the current build operation.
Declaration
void AddResolverOverrides(IEnumerable<ResolverOverride> newOverrides)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<ResolverOverride> | newOverrides | ResolverOverride objects to add. |
GetOverriddenResolver(Type)
GetOrDefault a IDependencyResolverPolicy object for the given dependencyType
or null if that dependency hasn't been overridden.
Declaration
IDependencyResolverPolicy GetOverriddenResolver(Type dependencyType)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| System.Type | dependencyType | Type of the dependency. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| IDependencyResolverPolicy | Resolver to use, or null if no override matches for the current operation. |
NewBuildUp(NamedTypeBuildKey, Action<IBuilderContext>)
A convenience method to do a new buildup operation on an existing context. This overload allows you to specify extra policies which will be in effect for the duration of the build.
Declaration
object NewBuildUp(NamedTypeBuildKey newBuildKey, Action<IBuilderContext> childCustomizationBlock = null)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NamedTypeBuildKey | newBuildKey | Key defining what to build up. |
| System.Action<IBuilderContext> | childCustomizationBlock | A delegate that takes a IBuilderContext. This is invoked with the new child context before the build up process starts. This gives callers the opportunity to customize the context for the build process. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Object | Created object. |


| getSymbols.rda {quantmod} | R Documentation |
Downloads Symbols
to specified env
from local R data file. This method is
not to be called directly, instead a call to
getSymbols(Symbols,src='rda')
will in
turn call this method. It is documented for the
sole purpose of highlighting the arguments
accepted, and to serve as a guide to creating
additional getSymbols ‘methods’.
getSymbols.rda(Symbols, env, dir="", return.class = "xts", extension="rda", col.names=c("Open","High","Low","Close","Volume","Adjusted"), ...)
Symbols |
a character vector specifying the names of each symbol to be loaded |
env |
where to create objects. (.GlobalEnv) |
dir |
directory of rda/RData file |
return.class |
class of returned object |
extension |
extension of R data file |
col.names |
data column names |
... |
additional parameters |
Meant to be called internally by getSymbols
(see also).
One of a few currently defined methods for loading
data for use with quantmod. Essentially a
simple wrapper to the underlying R load
.
A call to getSymbols.csv will load into the specified
environment one object for each
Symbol
specified, with class defined
by return.class
. Presently this may be ts
,
zoo
, xts
, data.frame
,
or timeSeries
.
Jeffrey A. Ryan
getSymbols
,
load
,
setSymbolLookup
## Not run: # All 3 getSymbols calls return the same # MSFT to the global environment # The last example is what NOT to do! ## Method #1 getSymbols('MSFT',src='rda') getSymbols('MSFT',src='RData') ## Method #2 setDefaults(getSymbols,src='rda') # OR setSymbolLookup(MSFT='rda') # OR setSymbolLookup(MSFT=list(src='rda')) getSymbols('MSFT') ######################################### ## NOT RECOMMENDED!!! ######################################### ## Method #3 getSymbols.rda('MSFT',verbose=TRUE,env=globalenv()) ## End(Not run)


Local weekend box office – Charlie’s Angels flutters to the top
by Kervyn CloeteIt’s been a dismal few months at the South African box office. The last time the combined weekend totals for the top ten was above the R30 million mark, was when The Lion King debuted back in July. Since then, totals have been trending downwards on an almost weekly basis, with just the occasional minor blip upwards. With that, it comes as no surprise that despite flopping everywhere else in the world, Charlie’s Angels still managed to open in the no.1 spot this weekend past.
The female-led action comedy debuted with a lacklustre R2.3 million which was enough to displace Disney’s Maleficent: Mistress of Evil from the top spot it had occupied for the last three weeks. That also meant that Joker – by far the highest total earner on the charts currently with R22 million – drops down a spot to third place. And in what should be a surprise to absolutely nobody, the biggest faller on the charts this weekend past was Terminator: Dark Fate. It may not have plummeted out the top ten like it did in the US, but the beleaguered franchise revival dropped 45% from last week.
There were two other newcomers on the charts besides for Charlie’s Angels, but both of which had limited openings. Animated family film Swift landed in sixth place, while horror flick Countdown had to settle for ninth. Neither of them really had any significant box office earnings.
Let’s see what the rest of the South African chart looks like:
| No. | Movie Name | Weekend gross | Percentage change | Local gross | Last Week's Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Charlie's Angels | R2.3 million | NE | R2.3 million | NE | |||
| 2 | Maleficent: Mistress of Evil | R1.2 million | -18% | R11.9 million | 1st | |||
| 3 | Joker | R809 365 | -12% | R22 million | 2nd | -45% | 4.3 million | 2nd |
| 4 | Gemini Man | R454 543 | -21% | R9.2 million | 4th | |||
| 5 | Swift | R372 322 | NE | R372 322 | NE | |||
| 6 | Abominable | R324 999 | -23% | R6.7 million | 6th | |||
| 7 | Doctor Sleep | R273 143 | -37% | R910 342 | 5th | |||
| 8 | Countdown | R254 632 | NE | R254 632 | NE | |||
| 9 | Blessers | R222 905 | -31% | R2.3 million | 7th |
NE = New Entry


{{ partial "head.html" . }}
You know, Evonove is made of people!
{{ .Page.Params.experience }}
{{ .Page.Description }}


'Release' Date Annouced:
Had a hard day, week, month, year or even a series of years? Need a release from the day to day grind, in the form of a bullet to the head? Well now you don't have to wait! With the globally recognised date of release counting down below, now you know exactly how long you have to wait!


See market analytics
SEMIC
Skill based job matching
A pilot project based on ESCO
Select job vacancy or CV to find best matches on the labour market.
JV
CV
Cras justo odio
Cras justo odio


1. Which electrode is attached to the bottom of the box?
2. Which of these steps should you do first?
3. Why do we need to properly dispose the gel?
4. What kind of light do you need to expose the gel to?
5. On a scale of 1 to 4, how helpful do you think this simulation was? (There are no wrong answers)


EU Council endorses 2020 budget deal with parliament
by EUobserverThe EU Council approved on Monday the deal reached with the European Parliament last week on the 2020 EU budget. If the agreement is also confirmed by MEPs on Wednesday, the budget for 2020 will be adopted (€168.7bn). The total commitment is 1.5 percent higher compared to the 2019 budget. About 21 percent of the budget will be for climate-related actions in research and development, transport and energy infrastructure.


Hi! My name is Tiffany Cheung and I'm a third year mechanical engineering major at the University of California, Berkeley. This website displays some of my school projects and personal projects.


Rails API that serves mobile and web applications. Development of hybrid application running currently on Android, iOS and web. AngularJS admin panel for premium users.
Technologies:
API development based on Rails that serves multiple FE applications. Backend development using Ruby to connect to multiple product vendors.
Technologies:
Workaround it's a coworking space located in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina. Our main objective is to provide a nice environment that allow our coworkers to develop their business as if they were located in their own office.
Application development mainly based on Ruby on Rails, AngularJS and PostgresDB. Integrated with Facebook and Twitter Advertisment APIs.
Technologies:
Application development mainly based on Coldfusion (Adobe) and Angular JS. HomeHealth system.
QA Team lead and automation team lead. HomeHealth system.
QA automation done with Ruby, Selenium and Cucumber.
QA analyst / tester in a near shore team.


{% load staticfiles %}
{% include "dashboards/timeseries/numbers/mean_month.html" %}
{% include "dashboards/timeseries/numbers/min_month.html" %}
{% include "dashboards/timeseries/numbers/max_month.html" %}


google_sheets v1.0.4
Modules summary ↑
| GoogleSheets | Main starting point of the application and provides functions defining the public client API for the library |
| GoogleSheets.Loader | Behaviour for a spreadsheet loader |
| GoogleSheets.Loader.Docs | Implemnts GoogleSheets.Loader behaviour by fetching a Spreadsheet with Google spreadsheet API |
| GoogleSheets.Loader.FileSystem | Implements GoogleSheets.Loader behaviour for reading given spreadsheets in csv format from a directory |
| GoogleSheets.Parser | Behaviour for parsing and transforming loaded CSV data into application specific format before it's stored into ETS table |
| GoogleSheets.Supervisor | Supervisor for the application. Creates ETS table for storage and launches a process for each spreadsheet configured for polling |
| GoogleSheets.Updater | GenServer for updating and polling a spreadsheet |
| GoogleSheets.Utils | Helper functions used by other modules in this library |
| GoogleSheets.WorkSheet | Structure describing a worksheet |
| Mix.Tasks.Gs.Fetch | Loads a Google spreadsheet and all worksheets in CSV format for the given document key |


--- layout: default title: Archive List ---
Todo: - Organise list - make list more semantic/user friendly


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An introduction to system programming and C
By Lawrence Angrave at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2014
Chapter 1
In which our intrepid hero battles standard out, standard error, file descriptors and writing to files.
Open
Chapter 2
Sizing up C types and their limits, int, char arrays and incrementing pointers.
Open
Chapter 3
Program arguments, environment variables, working with character arrays (strings)
Open
Chapter 4
Heap and stack memory. Working with structs.
Open
Chapter 5
Text input and output and parsing using getchar,gets,getline
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Chapter 6
Introducing signals and process forking
Open


A supporting unit apparatus for an oil pump of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) may include the CVT disposed in a transmission housing, wherein an input shaft and a CVT case cover thereof may be disposed thereto, the oil pump which may be disposed in the transmission housing independent from the CVT and of which a rotating shaft and an oil pump case cover may be disposed thereto, a connecting member which engages the input shaft of the CVT and the rotating shaft of the oil pump for transmitting rotation of the input shaft to the rotating shaft, and a supporting unit which connects the CVT and the oil pump for preventing relative motion of the CVT and the oil pump.
The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0078666 filed in the Korean Intellectual Property Office on Aug. 8, 2011, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a supporting unit for an oil pump of a CVT. More particularly, the present invention relates to a supporting unit for an oil pump of a CVT which may improve mutual operability between an input shaft of a CVT and a rotating shaft of an oil pump.
2. Description of Related Art
Generally, an oil pump of an automatic transmission may be classified into an external gear pump and an internal gear pump, and a CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) usually uses the external gear pump.
The CVT is equipped with conical pulleys mounted to an input shaft and an output shaft respectively and gap of the conical pulleys is variable, and a belt or a chain is used for connecting the pulleys. In CVT, when the gap between the conical pulleys are increased, the belt or chain approaches to a center of the pulleys, and hydraulic pressure is applied to control the gap. And thus, the CVT usually requires an oil pump which may generate high hydraulic pressure within a small space. A rotating shaft of the oil pump is connected with an input shaft of the CVT by a chain or a belt for being supplied rotation of the input shaft.
However, when the oil pump receives power from the input shaft of the CVT rotating at a high speed, the input shaft of the CVT and the rotating shaft of the oil pump may oscillate due to operation or rotation of the chain or supplied torque. Also, rotation of the chain may induce noise and vibration.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.
Various aspects of the present invention are directed to provide a supporting unit for an oil pump of a CVT which may prevent oscillation of an input shaft of a CVT and a rotating shaft of an oil pump and also minimize noise and vibration.
In an aspect of the present invention, the supporting unit apparatus for an oil pump of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) may include the CVT disposed in a transmission housing, wherein an input shaft and a CVT case cover thereof are disposed thereto, the oil pump which is disposed in the transmission housing independent from the CVT and of which a rotating shaft and an oil pump case cover are disposed thereto, a connecting member which engages the input shaft of the CVT and the rotating shaft of the oil pump for transmitting rotation of the input shaft to the rotating shaft, and a supporting unit which connects the CVT and the oil pump for preventing relative motion of the CVT and the oil pump.
The connecting member is a chain.
An end of the supporting unit is connected to the CVT case cover, and another end of the supporting unit is connected to the oil pump case cover.
The supporting unit may further include a stepped surface for connecting the CVT case cover and the oil pump case cover which form connecting surfaces that are not on the same level.
The supporting unit connects a CVT case with the CVT case cover, and connects the oil pump with the oil pump case cover, wherein the supporting unit may further include a stepped surface.
The supporting unit is formed as a plate shape.
The supporting unit may further include a stepped surface for connecting the CVT case cover and the oil pump case cover which form connecting surfaces that are not on the same level.
The supporting unit is formed as a hollow plate having a hole therein for preventing vibration and crack due to twist according to interaction between the CVT and the oil pump.
According to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the supporting unit is equipped between the CVT and the oil pump for preventing oscillation of an input shaft of a CVT and a rotating shaft of an oil pump.
And the supporting unit may maintain movement of a chain uniformly. And thus, the supporting unit may minimize noise and vibration due to movement of a chain or a belt.
The methods and apparatuses of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in more detail in the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and the following Detailed Description, which together serve to explain certain principles of the present invention.
It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various features illustrative of the basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of the present invention as disclosed herein, including, for example, specific dimensions, orientations, locations, and shapes will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment.
In the figures, reference numbers refer to the same or equivalent parts of the present invention throughout the several figures of the drawing.
figref[FIG. 1] is a perspective view of a transmission housing of a CVT provided with a supporting unit according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
figref[FIG. 2] is a top plan view showing connecting relationship of a CVT and an oil pump according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
figref[FIG. 3] is a perspective view of a supporting unit according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention(s) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that the present description is not intended to limit the invention(s) to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention(s) is/are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention will hereinafter be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
figref[FIG. 1] is a perspective view of a transmission housing of a CVT provided with a supporting unit according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, figref[FIG. 2] is a top plan view showing connecting relationship of a CVT and an oil pump according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and figref[FIG. 3] is a perspective view of a supporting unit according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in figref[FIG. 1] , a transmission housing 40 of a CVT according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a CVT 20, an oil pump 30 and a supporting unit 10 therewithin.
The CVT 20 may be any CVT and includes an input shaft 22 and a CVT case cover 24.
The oil pump 30 may be any oil pump and includes a rotating shaft 32 and an oil pump case cover 34. The oil pump may be an external gear pump or an internal gear pump gear pump.
The CVT input shaft 22 and the oil pump rotating shaft 32 are connected by an appropriate connecting member and mutually operated. Due to mutual operation, torque of the input shaft 22 is transmitted to the oil pump rotating shaft 32 for operating the oil pump 30. The appropriate connecting member may be a belt or a chain.
The supporting unit 10 is disposed between the CVT 20 and the oil pump 30. An end of the supporting unit 10 is connected to the CVT case cover 24 and another end of the supporting unit 10 is connected to the oil pump case cover 34.
As shown in figref[FIG. 1] and figref[FIG. 3] , if connecting surfaces of the CVT case cover 24 and the oil pump case cover 34, connected to the supporting unit 10, are not on the same level, a stepped surface 16 may be formed to the supporting unit 10 for connecting the supporting unit 10. The stepped surface 16 may be a plate shape or a curved surface.
While the supporting unit 10 is connected to the CVT case cover 24 and the oil pump case cover 34 in figref[FIG. 1] , however it is not limited as shown. On the contrary, any fixed constituent elements (e.g., transmission case and oil pump case), which do not prevent operation of the CVT 20 and the oil pump 30 may be used for connecting the supporting unit 10. Merely, one end of the supporting unit 10 is connected to the CVT 20 and another end of the supporting unit 10 is connected to the oil pump 30 for preventing movement or oscillation due to mutual operation of the CVT 20 and the oil pump 30.
As shown in figref[FIG. 2] , the CVT 20 and the oil pump 30 according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a first sprocket 26 and a second sprocket 36 respectively.
The first sprocket 26 is rotatable around the CVT input shaft 22.
The second sprocket 36 is rotatable around the oil pump rotating shaft 32.
The first sprocket 26 and the second sprocket 36 are connected by a chain 50 and so on, and rotate. That is, the first sprocket 26 integrally rotates with the CVT input shaft 22 and the second sprocket 36 rotating with the oil pump rotating shaft 32 receives torque from the first sprocket 26 via the chain 50 to operate the oil pump 30.
The connecting relationship between the sprocket 26 and 36 and the chain 50 may be replaced by a pulley and a belt and so on.
Meanwhile, when the CVT input shaft 22 rotates at a high speed, the chain 50 may generates vibration and noise. Also, the CVT input shaft 22 and the oil pump rotating shaft 32 may move or oscillate.
As described above, the supporting unit 10 may minimize noise and vibration due to movement of a chain or a belt.
As described in the figref[FIG. 1] , the supporting unit 10 is connected to the CVT case cover 24 and the oil pump case cover 34.
A connecting member is applied for that connection, the connecting member may be a connecting bolt 60 used for assembling a case of the CVT 20 and assembling a case of the oil pump 30.
In the figref[FIG. 2] , it is shown that the connecting bolt 60 used for connecting a case 21 of the CVT 20 with the CVT case cover 24, and the connecting bolt 60 used for connecting the oil pump 30 with the oil pump case cover 34 are used for connecting the supporting unit 10.
As shown in figref[FIG. 3] , the supporting unit 10 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a connecting hole 12, a hole 14 for preventing crack and a stepped surface 16.
The supporting unit 10 is formed as a plate shape for easily connecting in limited space of the transmission housing. Also, the plate shape may minimize interference with constituent elements such as the chain 50. The supporting unit 10 may be formed as metal material or resin for securing rigidity.
The connecting hole 12 is formed to the supporting unit 10 as plural. Also, the connecting hole 12, as shown in figref[FIG. 2] , is used for connecting with the connecting bolt 60.
Positions of the connecting holes 12 are determined for assembling the case of the CVT 20 and assembling of the case of the oil pump 30, and thus separate elements for connecting are not required.
Shape of the supporting unit 10 may be determined according to shapes of the CVT case cover 24 and the oil pump case cover 34.
That is, various shape of the supporting unit 10 may be selected for preventing interference with other constituent elements.
The hole 14 for preventing crack is formed to prevent the supporting unit 10 from cracking. Since the supporting unit 10 is formed as a hollow plate where the hole 14 for preventing crack is formed thereto, and thus the supporting unit 10 may not be cracked due to operations of the CVT input shaft 22 and oil pump rotating shaft 32. Also, the hole 14 for preventing crack may reduce weight of the supporting unit 10.
The stepped surface is formed for connecting the CVT case cover and the oil pump case cover which form connecting surfaces that are not on the same level.
However, shape of the supporting unit 10 is not limited that is shown in the drawings, on the contrary, various shapes may possible according to positions of the connecting surface of the CVT 20 and the oil pump 30.
As described above, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the supporting unit 10 is disposed between the CVT 20 and the oil pump 30 and prevents the CVT input shaft 22 and the oil pump rotating shaft 32 from moving or oscillating.
And the supporting unit 10 may maintain movement of the chain 50 uniformly. And thus, the supporting unit 10 may minimize noise and vibration due to movement of a chain 50 or a belt.
While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be practical exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
For convenience in explanation and accurate definition in the appended claims, the terms “upper” and “lower” are used to describe features of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the positions of such features as displayed in the figures.
The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.


"Light Makes Right"
March 8, 1988
Volume 1, Number 4
Compiled by
All contents are copyright (c) 1988, all rights reserved by the individual authors
Archive locations: anonymous FTP at
ftp://ftp-graphics.stanford.edu/pub/Graphics/RTNews/,
wuarchive.wustl.edu:/graphics/graphics/RTNews, and many others.
You may also want to check out the Ray Tracing News issue guide and the ray tracing FAQ.
An easy way to explain this problem is with an example. Say you are looking at a double sided (i.e. no culling) cylinder primitive.  Now you look at a light. As it turns out, the intersection point truly is bathed by the light, and so should see it. What actually may happen is that the shadow test ray hits the cylinder. In images this will show up as black dots or other anomalous shadings - "surface acne". I've seen this left in some images to give an interesting textured effect, but normally it's a real problem.
How did this happen? Well, theoretically it can't. However, due to precision error the following happens. When you hit the cylinder and calculated the intersection point in world space, the point computed was actually ever so slightly inside the cylinder. Now, when the shadow ray is sent out, it is tested against the cylinder's surface, and an intersection is found at some tiny distance from the origin.
A common solution is to just assign an epsilon to each intersector and cross your fingers. In other words, what you really do is move the ray origin ever so slightly along the shadow (or reflection or refraction) ray direction and hope this was far enough that the new origin is 'outside' of the object (in actuality, what you want is for the new origin to be on the same side of the object as the parent ray, except for refraction rays, which want to start on the opposite side). This works fairly well for test systems, but is pretty scary stuff for software used by anyone who didn't design it (e.g. some user decides to input his molecular database in meters, causing all his data to be much smaller in radius than my fudge factor. When I add my fudge factor distance to the ray, I find that my new ray origin is way outside the scene).
Another solution is to not test the item intersected if it is not self-shadowing. For example, a polygon cannot cast a shadow on itself, so should not be tested for intersection when a ray originates on its surface. This works fine for some primitives, but falls apart when self-shadowing objects (cylinders, tori, spline surfaces, etc) are used.
I have also experimented with some root polishing techniques, which help to solve some problems, but I'll leave it at this for now. Has anyone any better solutions for surface acne (ideally foolproof ones)? I suspect that the best solution is a combination of the above techniques, but hopefully I'm missing some concept that might make this problem easy to solve. Hope to hear from you all on this!
_____________
Addenda from Jeff Goldsmith:
Al [Barr] and I have used a technical term for "surface acne," too. We called it "black dots" or more often "black shit." (Zbuffers have similar problems. The results are called "zbuffer shit" or "zippers". Mostly the cruder term is used since the artifacts are not particularly desirable.)
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If you are going to spend some time and effort on automatic tree generation stuff (Note: paper 2 is almost done--mostly talks about parallelism and hypercubes, but some stuff on trees as well--mostly work heuristics that include primitives and so on) I'd like to hear some thinking about the evaluation function. Firstly, it's optimized for primary rays. That turns out to be an unfortunate choice, since most rays are secondary rays. We've come up with a second order correction that is good for evaluating trees, but turns the generation algorithm into O(n log^2 n). We've not played around with it enough to tell whether it works. If you have some thoughts/solutions, that would be nice. Another finding on the same vein that is much more important is: the mean (see next note) seems to be reasonably close, but sigma is very high for the predictions vs. actual tries. This wasn't important (actually, wasn't detected) on a sequential machine, but became crucial on a parallel machine. Some of the variation is due to our assumption/ attempt at view direction independence. (Clearly, stuff in back is not checked for intersection much.) I don't know whether that is all of it--we get bizarre plots of this data. If you have any thoughts on how to make a better or more precise evaluation function, I'd really like to hear the reasoning and perhaps steal and use the results. Oh, the promised note: The mean is only correct if the highest level bounding volume (root node) is contained completely within the view volume. If it isn't, the actual results end up proportional to the predicted ones, but I haven't worked out the constant. (It shows up on our graphs pretty clearly, though.)
The second part of the algorithm is the builder. I'm not convinced that it is a very good method at all, but it met the criteria I set up when trying to decompose trees--O(below n^2) and reasonably local (I was trying to use simulated annealing at the time.) Some other features were environmental; some were because I couldn't think of a better way. In no sense am I convinced that the incremental approach or the specific one chosen is best. I'd like to hear about that, too.
The only part I really like about the whole thing is the general approach of using heuristics to guess at some value (rated in flops eventually) and then trying to optimize that value. Beyond that, I think there is a whole realm of computational techniques waiting to be used to approximately solve optimization problems. I'm really interested in other work done in that direction and especially results regarding graphics.
Thanks for the good words; I seem to have been mentioned in most of the last issue. I bet that has something to do with my having acquired a network terminal on my desk less than a month ago (yay!).
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These are comments generated by Jeff Goldsmith's note that Kay/Kajiya sorting is not needed for shadow rays.
___________
Comments from Masataka Ohta:
In the latest ray tracing news, you write:
>Efficiency Tricks
>Since illumination rays form the bulk of the rays we
>trace.
If so, instead of space tracing, you should use ray coherence at least for the illumination rays.
The ray coherent approaches are found in CG&A vol. 6, no. 9 "The Light Buffer: A Shadow-Testing Accelerator" and in my paper "ray coherence theorem and constant time ray tracing algorithm" in proceedings of CG International '87.
>In addition, if CSG is used, more times occur when the nearest
>intersection is of less value. This seems to indicate that
>space tracing techniques are doing some amount of needless work.
How about tracing illumination rays from light sources, instead of from object surface? It will be faster for your CSG case, if the surface point lies in the shadow, though if the surface point is illuminated, there will be no speed improvement.
The problem is interesting to me because my research on coherent ray tracer also suggests that it is much better to trace illumination rays from the light source.
Do you have any other reasons to determine from where illumination rays are fired?
____
Jeff Goldsmith's reply:
Actually, I believe you, though I won't say with certainty that we know the best way to do shadow testing. However, I'm interested in fundamentally understanding the ray tracing algorithm and determining what computation MUST be done, so the realization that space tracing illumination rays still seems meaningful. In fact, it is my opinion that space tracing is not the right way to go and "backwards" (classical) ray tracing will eventually be closer to what will be used 30 years from now. I won't even try to defend that position; no one knows the answers. What we are trying to do is shed a little "light" on the subject. Thanks for your comments.
____
From Eric Haines:
I just got from Ohta the same note Ohta sent to you, plus your reply. Your reply is so short that I've lost the sense of it. So, if you don't mind, a quick explanation would be useful.
> However,
> I'm interested in fundamentally understanding the ray tracing
> algorithm and determining what computation MUST be done, so
> the realization that space tracing illumination rays still
> seems meaningful.
What is "the realization that space tracing illumination rays"? I'm missing something here - which realization?
> In fact, it is my opinion that space tracing
> is not the right way to go and "backwards" (classical) ray
> tracing will eventually be closer to what will be used 30
> years from now.
Do you mean by "space tracing" Ohta's method?
Basically, it looks like I should reread Ohta's article, but I thought I'd check first.
______________
Further explanation from Jeff Goldsmith:
I think that a word got dropped from the sentence, either when I typed it in or later. (Who knows--I do that about as often as computers do.)
I meant: Since distance order is not needed for illumination rays, space tracing methods in general (not Ohta's in particular) do extra work. It's not always clear that extra information costs extra computation, but they usually go hand in hand. (It was just a rehash of the original message.) Anyway, if extra computation is being done, perhaps then there is an algorithm that does not do this computation, yet does all the others (or some others...) that is of lower asymptotic time complexity.
Basically, this all boils down to my response to various claims that people have "constant time" ray tracers. It is just not true. It can't be true if they are using a method that will yield the first intersection along a path since we know that that computation cannot be done in less than O(n log n) without a discretized distance measurement. I don't think that space tracers discretize distance in the sense of a bucket sort, but I could be convinced, I suppose. Anyway, that's what the ramblings are all about. If you have some insights, I'd like to start an argument (sorry, discussion) on the net about the topic. What do you think?
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________________
From Ruud Waij (who is not on the RT News e-mail mailing list):
In article<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>(ruud waij) writes: My ray tracing program, which can display the primitives block, sphere cone and cylinder, uses spatial enumeration of the object space (subdivision in regularly located cubical cells (voxels)) to speed up computation.
The voxels each have a list of primitives. If the surface of a primitive is inside a voxel, this primitive will be put in the list of the voxel.
I am currently using bounding boxes around the primitives: if part of the bounding box is inside the voxel, the surface of the primitive is said to be inside the voxel. This is a very easy method but also very s-l-o-w.
I am trying to find a better way of determining whether the surface of a primitive is in a voxel or not, but I am not very succesful. Does anyone out there have any suggestions?
_______________
Response from Paul Heckbert:
Yes, interesting problem! Fitting a bounding box around the object and listing that object in all voxels intersected by the bounding box will be inefficient as it can list the object in many voxels not intersected by the object itself. Imagine a long, thin cylinder at an angle to the voxel grid.
I've never implemented this, but I think it would solve your problem for general quadrics:
find zmin and zmax for the object. loop over z from zmin to zmax, stepping from grid plane to grid plane. find the conic curve of the intersection of the quadric with the plane. this will be a second degree equation in x and y (an ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, or line). note that you'll have to deal with the end caps of your cylinders and similar details. find ymin and ymax for the conic curve. loop over y from ymin to ymax, stepping from grid line to grid line within the current z-plane find the intersection points of the current y line with the conic. this will be zero, one, or two points. find xmin and xmax of these points. loop over x from xmin to xmax. the voxel at (x, y, z) intersects the object
Perhaps others out there have actually implemented stuff like this and will enlighten us with their experience.
_________________
Response from Andrew Glassner:
Ruud and I have discussed this in person, but I thought I'd respond anyway - both to summarize our discussions and offer some comments on the technique.
The central question of the posting was how to assign the surfaces of various objects to volume cells, in order to use some form spatial subdivision to accelerate ray tracing. Notice that there are at least two assumptions underlying this method. The first assumes that the interior of each object is homogeneous in all respects, and thus uninteresting from a ray-tracing point of view. As a counterexample, if we have smoke swirling around inside a crystal ball, then this "homogeneous-contents" assumption breaks down fast.
To compensate, we either must include the volume inside each object to each cell's object list (and support a more complex object description encompassing both the surface and the contents), or include as new objects the stuff within the original.
The other assumption is that objects have hard edges; otherwise we have to revise our definition of "surface" in this context. This can begin to be a problem with implicit surfaces, though I haven't seen this really discussed yet in print. But so as long as we're using hard-edged objects with homogeneous interiors, the "surface in a cell" approach is still attractive. From here on I'll assume that cells are rectangular boxes.
So to which cells do we attach a particular surface? Ruud's current technique (gathered from his posting) finds the bounding box of the surface and marks every cell that is even partly within the bounding volume. Sure, this marks a lot of cells that need not be marked. One way to reduce the marked cell count is to notice that if the object is convex, we can unmark any cell that is completely within the object; we test the 8 corners with an inside/outside test (fast and simple for quadrics; only slightly slower and harder for polyhedra). If all 8 corners are "inside", unmark the cell. Of course, this assumes convex cells - like boxes. Note that some quadrics are not convex (e.g. hyperboloid of one sheet) so you must be at least a little careful here.
The opposite doesn't hold - just because all 8 corners are outside does NOT mean a cell may be unmarked. Consider the end of a cylinder poking into one side of a box, like an ice-cream bar on a stick, where the ice-cream bar itself is our cell. The stick is within the ice cream, but all the corners of the ice cream bar are outside the stick. Since this box contains some of the stick's surface, the box should still be marked. So our final cells have either some inside and some outside corners, or all outside corners.
What do we lose by having lots of extra cells marked? Probably not much. By storing the ray intersection parameter with each object after an intersection has been computed, we don't ever need to actually repeat an intersection. If the ray id# that is being traced matches the ray id# for which the object holds the intersection parameter, we simply return the intersection value. This requires getting access to the object's description and then a comparison - probably the object access is the most expensive step. But most objects are locally coherent (if you hit a cell containing object A, the next time you need object A again will probably be pretty soon). So "false positives" - cells who claim to contain an object they really don't - aren't so bad, since the pages containing an object will probably still be resident when we need it again.
We do need to protect ourselves, though, against a little gotcha that I neglected to discuss in my '84 CG&A paper. If you enter a cell and find that you hit an object it claims to contain, you must check that the intersection you computed actually resides within that cell. It's possible that the cell is a false positive, so the object itself isn't even in the cell. It's also possible that the object is something like a boomerang, where it really is within the current cell but the actual intersection is in another cell. The loss comes in when the intersection is actually in the next cell, but another surface in the next cell (but not in this one) is actually in front.  The moral is not to be fooled just because you hit an object in a cell; check to be sure that the intersection itself is also within the cell.
How to find the bounding box of a quadric? A really simple way is to find the bounding box of the quadric in its canonical space, and then transform the box into the object's position. Fit a new bounding box around the eight transformed corners of the original bounding box. This will not make a very tight volume at all, (imagine a slanted, tilted cylinder and its bounding box), but it's quick and dirty and I use it for getting code debugged and at least running.
If you have a convex hull program, you can compute the hull for concave polyhedra and use its bounding box; obviously you needn't bother for convex polyhedra. For parametric curved surfaces you can try to find a polyhedral shell the is guaranteed to enclose the surface; again you can find the shell's convex hull and then find the extreme values along each co-ordinate.
If your boxes don't have to be axis-aligned, then the problem changes significantly. Consider a sphere: an infinite number of equally-sized boxes at different orientation will enclose the sphere minimally. More complicated shapes appear more formidable. An O(n^3) algorithm for non-aligned bounding boxes can be found in "Finding Minimal Enclosing Boxes" by O'Rourke (International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, Vol 14, No 3, 1985, pp. 183-199).
Other approaches include traditional 3-d scan conversion, which I think should be easily convertable into an adaptive octree environment.  Then mark any cell in your space subdivision tree that encloses (some or all of) any of these cubes.
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WITNESS LIST Environmental Regulation Committee July 8, 2003-8:00A HB 21 For: Fisher, Jon (Texas Chemical Council) Glacken, Shawn (Association of Electric Companies of Texas) Morriss, James (Lone Star Steel Company) Against: Brown, Travis (Neighbors for Neighbors) Haragan, Kelly (Public Citizen) Kelly, Bob (Coastal Conservation Association - Texas) Kithil, David (Burnet County Commissioners Court) Lowerre, Richard (The City of Del Rio and Bracketteville, Commissioners Courts of Kinney and Kleburg Counties) Oakley, James (Burnet County Commissioners Court) Sisk, Cathy (Harris County) On: Battle, Jack (City of Waco) HB 73 For: Fisher, Jon (Texas Chemical Council) Glacken, Shawn (Association of Electric Companies of Texas) Morriss, James (Lone Star Steel Company) Against: Brown, Travis (Neighbors for Neighbors) Haragan, Kelly (Public Citizen) Lowerre, Richard (The Cities of Del Rio and Bracktteville, The Commissioners Court of Kinney and Kleberg Counties)


The secondary-key callback configured for a secondary database is called at the client node only. To make it work, the client driver tries to maintain enough information for the callback. However, certain operations are still not supported by the client driver.
Partial update is not supported on databases that have associated secondary databases.
Cursor.putAfter()
,
Cursor.putBefore()
or
Cursor.putCurrent()
cannot be
called immediately after a multiple-key get operation on the
same cursor. A multiple-key get operation is a get operation
where the data parameter is an instance of
SMultiplePairs
.


| Network Working Group | I. Nadareishvili |
| Internet-Draft | May 9, 2019 |
| Intended status: Informational | |
| Expires: November 10, 2019 |
Health Check Response Format for HTTP APIs
draft-inadarei-api-health-check-03
This document proposes a service health check response format for HTTP APIs.
RFC EDITOR: please remove this section before publication
The issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/inadarei/rfc-healthcheck/issues.
The most recent draft is at https://inadarei.github.io/rfc-healthcheck/.
Recent changes are listed at https://github.com/inadarei/rfc-healthcheck/commits/master.
See also the draft’s current status in the IETF datatracker, at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-inadarei-api-health-check/.
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The vast majority of modern APIs driving data to web and mobile applications use HTTP [RFC7230] as their protocol. The health and uptime of these APIs determine availability of the applications themselves. In distributed systems built with a number of APIs, understanding the health status of the APIs and making corresponding decisions, for caching, failover or circuit-breaking, are essential to the ability of providing highly-available solutions.
There exists a wide variety of operational software that relies on the ability to read health check response of APIs. However, there is currently no standard for the health check output response, so most applications either rely on the basic level of information included in HTTP status codes [RFC7231] or use task-specific formats.
Usage of task-specific or application-specific formats creates significant challenges, disallowing any meaningful interoperability across different implementations and between different tooling.
Standardizing a format for health checks can provide any of a number of benefits, including:
This document defines a “health check” format using the JSON format [RFC8259] for APIs to use as a standard point for the health information they offer. Having a well-defined format for this purpose promotes good practice and tooling.
The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
Health Check Response Format for HTTP APIs uses the JSON format described in [RFC8259] and has the media type “application/health+json”.
Its content consists of a single mandatory root field (“status”) and several optional fields:
status: (required) indicates whether the service status is acceptable or not. API publishers SHOULD use following values for the field:
The value of the status field is case-insensitive and is tightly related with the HTTP response code returned by the health endpoint. For “pass” status, HTTP response code in the 2xx-3xx range MUST be used. For “fail” status, HTTP response code in the 4xx-5xx range MUST be used. In case of the “warn” status, endpoints MUST return HTTP status in the 2xx-3xx range, and additional information SHOULD be provided, utilizing optional fields of the response.
A health endpoint is only meaningful in the context of the component it indicates the health of. It has no other meaning or purpose. As such, its health is a conduit to the health of the component. Clients SHOULD assume that the HTTP response code returned by the health endpoint is applicable to the entire component (e.g. a larger API or a microservice). This is compatible with the behavior that current infrastructural tooling expects: load-balancers, service discoveries and others, utilizing health-checks.
version: (optional) public version of the service.
releaseId: (optional) in well-designed APIs, backwards-compatible changes in the service should not update a version number. APIs usually change their version number as infrequently as possible, to preserve stable interface. However, implementation of an API may change much more frequently, which leads to the importance of having separate “release number” or “releaseId” that is different from the public version of the API.
notes: (optional) array of notes relevant to current state of health
output: (optional) raw error output, in case of “fail” or “warn” states. This field SHOULD be omitted for “pass” state.
checks (optional) is an object that provides detailed health statuses of additional downstream systems and endpoints which can affect the overall health of the main API. Please refer to the “The Checks Object” section for more information.
links (optional) is an array of objects containing link relations and URIs [RFC3986] for external links that MAY contain more information about the health of the endpoint. Per web-linking standards [RFC8288] a link relationship SHOULD either be a common/registered one or be indicated as a URI, to avoid name clashes. If a “self” link is provided, it MAY be used by clients to check health via HTTP response code, as mentioned above.
serviceId (optional) is a unique identifier of the service, in the application scope.
description (optional) is a human-friendly description of the service.
The “checks” object MAY have a number of unique keys, one for each logical downstream dependency or sub-component. Since each sub-component may be backed by several nodes with varying health statuses, these keys point to arrays of objects. In case of a single-node sub-component (or if presence of nodes is not relevant), a single-element array SHOULD be used as the value, for consistency.
The key identifying an element in the object SHOULD be a unique string within the details section. It MAY have two parts: “{componentName}:{measurementName}”, in which case the meaning of the parts SHOULD be as follows:
On the value side of the equation, each “component details” object in the array MAY have one of the following object keys:
componentId: (optional) is a unique identifier of an instance of a specific sub-component/dependency of a service. Multiple objects with the same componentID MAY appear in the details, if they are from different nodes.
componentType: (optional) SHOULD be present if componentName is present. It’s a type of the component and could be one of:
observedValue: (optional) could be any valid JSON value, such as: string, number, object, array or literal.
observedUnit (optional) SHOULD be present if observedValue is present. Clarifies the unit of measurement in which observedUnit is reported, e.g. for a time-based value it is important to know whether the time is reported in seconds, minutes, hours or something else. To make sure unit is denoted by a well-understood name or an abbreviation, it SHOULD be one of:
status (optional) has the exact same meaning as the top-level “output” element, but for the sub-component/downstream dependency represented by the details object.
A typical API has many URI endpoints. Most of the time we are interested in the overall health of the API, without diving into details. That said, sometimes operational and resilience middleware needs to know more details about the health of the API (which is why “checks” property provides details). In such cases, we often need to indicate which particular endpoints are affected by a particular check’s troubles vs. other endpoints that may be fine. The affectedEndpoints property is a JSON array containing URI Templates as defined by [RFC6570].
time (optional) is the date-time, in ISO8601 format, at which the reading of the observedValue was recorded. This assumes that the value can be cached and the reading typically doesn’t happen in real time, for performance and scalability purposes.
output (optional) has the exact same meaning as the top-level “output” element, but for the sub-component/downstream dependency represented by the details object.
links (optional) has the exact same meaning as the top-level “output” element, but for the sub-component/downstream dependency represented by the details object.
GET /health HTTP/1.1 Host: example.org Accept: application/health+json HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: application/health+json Cache-Control: max-age=3600 Connection: close { "status": "pass", "version": "1", "releaseId": "1.2.2", "notes": [""], "output": "", "serviceId": "f03e522f-1f44-4062-9b55-9587f91c9c41", "description": "health of authz service", "checks": { "cassandra:responseTime": [ { "componentId": "dfd6cf2b-1b6e-4412-a0b8-f6f7797a60d2", "componentType": "datastore", "observedValue": 250, "observedUnit": "ms", "status": "pass", "affectedEndpoints" : [ "/users/{userId}", "/customers/{customerId}/status", "/shopping/{anything}" ], "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z", "output": "" } ], "cassandra:connections": [ { "componentId": "dfd6cf2b-1b6e-4412-a0b8-f6f7797a60d2", "type": "datastore", "observedValue": 75, "status": "warn", "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z", "output": "", "links": { "self": "http://api.example.com/dbnode/dfd6cf2b/health" } } ], "uptime": [ { "componentType": "system", "observedValue": 1209600.245, "observedUnit": "s", "status": "pass", "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z" } ], "cpu:utilization": [ { "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227", "node": 1, "componentType": "system", "observedValue": 85, "observedUnit": "percent", "status": "warn", "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z", "output": "" }, { "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227", "node": 2, "componentType": "system", "observedValue": 85, "observedUnit": "percent", "status": "warn", "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z", "output": "" } ], "memory:utilization": [ { "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227", "node": 1, "componentType": "system", "observedValue": 8.5, "observedUnit": "GiB", "status": "warn", "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z", "output": "" }, { "componentId": "6fd416e0-8920-410f-9c7b-c479000f7227", "node": 2, "componentType": "system", "observedValue": 5500, "observedUnit": "MiB", "status": "pass", "time": "2018-01-17T03:36:48Z", "output": "" } ] }, "links": { "about": "http://api.example.com/about/authz", "http://api.x.io/rel/thresholds": "http://api.x.io/about/authz/thresholds" } }
Clients need to exercise care when reporting health information. Malicious actors could use this information for orchestrating attacks. In some cases, the health check endpoints may need to be authenticated and institute role-based access control.
The media type for health check response is application/health+json.
Thanks to Mike Amundsen, Erik Wilde, Justin Bachorik and Randall Randall for their suggestions and feedback. And to Mark Nottingham for blueprint for authoring RFCs easily.
When making an health check endpoint available, there are a few things to keep in mind:
Clients might use health check responses in a variety of ways.
Note that the health check response is a “living” document; links from the health check response MUST NOT be assumed to be valid beyond the freshness lifetime of the health check response, as per HTTP’s caching model [RFC7234].
As a result, clients ought to cache the health check response (as per [RFC7234]), to avoid fetching it before every interaction (which would otherwise be required).
Likewise, a client encountering a 404 (Not Found) on a link is encouraged to obtain a fresh copy of the health check response, to assure that it is up-to-date.
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [RFC3986] | Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005. |
| [RFC6570] | Gregorio, J., Fielding, R., Hadley, M., Nottingham, M. and D. Orchard, "URI Template", RFC 6570, DOI 10.17487/RFC6570, March 2012. |
| [RFC7234] | Fielding, R., Nottingham, M. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching", RFC 7234, DOI 10.17487/RFC7234, June 2014. |
| [RFC8259] | Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259, DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017. |
| [RFC8288] | Nottingham, M., "Web Linking", RFC 8288, DOI 10.17487/RFC8288, October 2017. |
| [RFC3339] | Klyne, G. and C. Newman, "Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps", RFC 3339, DOI 10.17487/RFC3339, July 2002. |
| [RFC6838] | Freed, N., Klensin, J. and T. Hansen, "Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 6838, DOI 10.17487/RFC6838, January 2013. |
| [RFC7230] | Fielding, R. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014. |
| [RFC7231] | Fielding, R. and J. Reschke, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231, DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014. |


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