A SQL Query walks into a bar. In one corner of the bar are two tables. The Query walks up to the tables and asks:
...
"Mind if I join you?"
In this sprint challenge you will write code and answer questions related to
databases, with a focus on SQL but an acknowledgment of the broader ecosystem.
You may use any tools and references you wish, but your final code should
reflect your work and be saved in .py
files (not notebooks), and (along
with this file including your written answers) added to your
DS-Unit-3-Sprint-2-SQL-and-Databases
repo.
For all your code, you may only import/use the following:
- other modules you write
- sqlite3
(from the standard library)
As always, make sure to manage your time - get a section/question to "good enough" and then move on to make sure you do everything. You can always revisit and polish at the end if time allows.
This file is Markdown, so it may be helpful to add/commit/push it first so you can view it all nice and rendered on GitHub.
Good luck!
Consider the following data:
| s | x | y |
|---|---|---|
| 'g' | 3 | 9 |
| 'v' | 5 | 7 |
| 'f' | 8 | 7 |
Using the standard sqlite3
module:
demo_data.sqlite3
CREATE TABLE
statement to accept
the above data (name the table demo
)INSERT INTO
statements to add the data (as
shown above) to the databaseMake sure to commit()
so your data is saved! The file size should be non-zero.
Then write the following queries (also with sqlite3
) to test:
x
and y
are at least 5?y
are there (hint - COUNT()
can accept a keyword
DISTINCT
)?Your code (to reproduce all above steps) should be saved in demo_data.py
and
added to the repository along with the generated SQLite database.
Using sqlite3
, connect to the given northwind_small.sqlite3
database.
Above is an entity-relationship diagram - a picture summarizing the schema and relationships in the database. Note that it was generated using Microsoft Access, and some of the specific table/field names are different in the provided data. You can see all the tables available to SQLite as follows:
```python
curs.execute("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' ORDER BY name;").fetchall() [('Category',), ('Customer',), ('CustomerCustomerDemo',), ('CustomerDemographic',), ('Employee',), ('EmployeeTerritory',), ('Order',), ('OrderDetail',), ('Product',), ('Region',), ('Shipper',), ('Supplier',), ('Territory',)] ```
Warning: unlike the diagram, the tables in SQLite are singular and not plural
(do not end in s
). And you can see the schema (CREATE TABLE
statement)
behind any given table with:
```python
curs.execute('SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name="Customer";').fetchall() [('CREATE TABLE "Customer" \n(\n "Id" VARCHAR(8000) PRIMARY KEY, \n "CompanyName" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "ContactName" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "ContactTitle" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "Address" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "City" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "Region" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "PostalCode" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "Country" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "Phone" VARCHAR(8000) NULL, \n "Fax" VARCHAR(8000) NULL \n)',)] ```
In particular note that the primary key is Id
, and not CustomerId
. On
other tables (where it is a foreign key) it will be CustomerId
. Also note -
the Order
table conflicts with the ORDER
keyword! We'll just avoid that
particular table, but it's a good lesson in the danger of keyword conflicts.
Answer the following questions (each is from a single table):
Your code (to load and query the data) should be saved in northwind.py
, and
added to the repository. Do your best to answer in purely SQL, but if necessary
use Python/other logic to help.
You've answered some basic questions from the Northwind database, looking at
individual tables - now it's time to put things together, and JOIN
!
Using sqlite3
in northwind.py
, answer the following:
TerritoryId
(not name, region, or other fields) as the unique identifier for territories.Answer the following questions, baseline ~3-5 sentences each, as if they were interview screening questions (a form you fill when applying for a job):
Employee
and Territory
tables?Add all the files you wrote (demo_data.py
, northwind.py
), as well as this
file with your answers to part 4, to your weekly repo
(DS-Unit-3-Sprint-2-SQL-and-Databases
). You're also encouraged to include the
output from your queries as docstring comments, to facilitate grading. Commit,
push, and await feedback from your PM. Thanks for your hard work!
If you got this far, check out the larger Northwind database - your queries should run on it as well, with richer results.


Copy a recipe from your favorite cooking web site to the box below. Let One Egg do the calculations for you.


The package implements a convenient procedure for microarray study, which is to do gene selection and classification simultaneously for binary outcomes. Users needn't to tune the parameters and can fix any genes that they desire to keep in the model. The K-folds cross validation results are returned.
| Version: | 1.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10), glmnet, psych, gplots |
| Published: | 2014-03-26 |
| Author: | Fengfeng Zhou, Youxi Luo, Qinghan Meng, Ruiquan Ge, Guoqin Mai, Jikui Liu |
| Maintainer: | Qinghan Meng <qinghan.meng at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | SubLasso results |
| Reference manual: | SubLasso.pdf |
| Package source: | SubLasso_1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: SubLasso_1.0.zip, r-release: SubLasso_1.0.zip, r-oldrel: SubLasso_1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: SubLasso_1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: SubLasso_1.0.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=SubLasso to link to this page.


About Me
I’m a physicist by day, designer/illustrator by night, and an engineer by training. I will complete my PhD this year in Computational Biophysics from Forschungszentrum Jülich, partly with the aid of a fellowship from Bayer Science and Education Foundation.
My research focuses on modeling and capturing cellular-scale cytoskeletal phenomena, particularly, the interaction between molecular motors and microtubules. Recently, I have been collating my computational and modeling tools that I have picked up and applying them to a variety of problems, from computational geometry to visual effects. This blog is an attempt to showcase those tools, and help those who are facing similar problems in these fields.
A shameless self plug:
Since I’m actively looking for prospective careers in related fields, I cannot help but add the following section highlighting my skills and achievements.
I received my Bachelors and Masters in Chemical Engineering from Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD), and University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA), respectively. I am currently doing my PhD in Physics in at Forschungszentrum Jülich (Jülich, Germany), one of the largest interdisciplinary reserach centers in Europe. For my work, I’m very grateful for the help provided by the Jülich Supercomputing Center (JSC), which houses one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world.
I have a deep passion for computer science. I have taught myself Matlab, C++, Python and Haskell. I actively write and use both C++ and Python, and have also taught Matlab and Python to students. I have mentored students during PhD, and was employed as a teaching assistant for computationally intensive modeling and statistical analysis courses in both Bachelors and Masters.
I give as much importance to presentation, as I do to content and accuracy. More than simply understanding and finding solutions to problems, I enjoy conveying the same information to a lay audience. This has been especially difficult and rewarding in the context of my PhD. I am an avid user of the Adobe Creative Cloud, which I use for making all plots, posters and presentations.
So, that’s me! If you find my profile interesting, feel free to get in touch.
Technical Skills
- Dev: Python, C/C++, Haskell, Matlab, Mathematica, Bash, Git
- Parallel: MPI, OpenMP, OpenAcc, Multiprocessing (Python module)
- Statistics: Machine Learning, Bayesian inference, PCA, Statistical Mechanics
- Modeling: Scipy, Numpy, Scikit-Learn, Matplotlib, Hd5py (Python module), Boost Libraries (C++)
- Design: Open Frameworks, Jekyll, Adobe: Illustrator, InDesign, Photoshop, Muse
- IT: Linux, Windows, Mac OS, VirtualBox
- Skills: Molecular Dynamics, Computational Geometry


| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
225 mg |
oral |
Kava |
(capsule) |
| T+ 0:00 |
1060 mg |
oral |
Valerian |
(capsule) |
| T+ 1:30 |
530 mg |
oral |
Valerian |
(capsule) |
| T+ 2:30 |
1590 mg |
oral |
Valerian |
(capsule) |
I am currently on Valium, and I ended up taking more than was indicated when I first got my prescription filled, so I have been on the hunt for substitutes until I get it filled again to ease the withdrawls, as I can only take 5 mg. of Valium per day, as opposed to the 15 mg I am supposed to be on. I am on Valium as as substitute for alcohol, as I am an alcohol-dependant person.
I had tried kava kava in fairly high doses many times, with some luck. It would simply make me feel dissociated and quiet, no noticible euphoria or intoxication. Tonight, I went to a local health foods store and picked up some kava kava gel tabs, and powdered valerian root capsules. The recomended dose of the kava is 1 tablet 3x per day (225 mg. kavalactones) and 3 caplets as needed (1,590 mg) valerian root. Because I have experiance with both I decided on 1 tablet of kava and 2 to start of the Valerian, as I wanted to play it safe. The experiance goes as follows.
+0.00 - I down 1 kava kava gel tab and 2 valerian root caplets. I go to eat. I have a really bad headache.
+1.00 hour - I feel more relaxed, hungry again and somewhat thirsty. Mild benzodiazapine effect. Head pain easing up.
+1:30 hours - I feel good, but leveled off so I decide on 1 more Valerian caplet. No more headache.
+2:00- I have now devoured a baggie of Dorito's and lots of water. I'm thirsty as hell, and a little off balance, I feel good.
+2:30- I take three more valerian caplets. More than reccomended, but I feel like I can handle it.
+2:30 - 5:00 hours later - Feeling intoxicated. I feel like I've had a few drinks, talkative and more social. Slightly euphoric. Cigarettes taste AMAZING. Slight nausea.
All in all, while I had to consume twice the recommended dosage, this can be a powerfull herb. Very relaxing and disinhibiting. Feels like low dose alcohol/ low dose marijuana. Killed my pain, but when the extra three began to kick in I have an awful taste in my mouth, alot of extra mucous and feel a little nauseous. I also have a slow, pounding heart.
This is a very safe alternative to illegal substances/ chemicals. I highly recomened it. It seems like dosing a second time after the first dose wears off is neccisary for maximal effects. The first dose acts as a primar, the second as a true tranquillizar/intoxicant. With a low dose of kava kava, this is really good stuff. I highly prefer it over doing more risky things like smoking marijuana, taking benzodiazapines or drinking. It is a much healthier alternative. I also suffer from high blood pressure and my blood pressure has dropped way down, which Valium does not do for me.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


(). virus fever surveillance :–. swine African Rift Valley al.. detection Japanese encephalitis ASFV JEV RVFV control Dis. disease potential transmission risk pigs diagnostic assay animals developed Animal {border-style PCR United diagnosis infected introduction px;} testing #ffffff;} RVF Vector Vet mosquitoes Fever Health areas response vaccine vector ASF domestic infection animal early samples use :e. ELISA assays real-time wild .collab: Emerg Response Trop Veterinary activities available including multiplex ticks using veterinary virus, virus. Detection Med active antibodies establishment health human monitoring mosquito online outbreak serological species test (), (accessed Available Diagnostic Virol. at: laboratory multiple pathogen vectors viral Department Microbiol. States.  Development Disease Surveillance Swine Virol Virus flaviviruses genotype infections new passive px; research role serum used vertebrate {font-family ./journal.pntd. ./vbz.. Asia Borne Clin Negl States US, Zoonotic antibody approaches capacity classical data different entry field font-size guidelines horses hosts important likely management molecular polymerase rapid recommended sentinel tests tools vaccines wildlife (i.e., Foreign Molecular North OIE Organization RVFV, Services Strategy: USDA World Yes agents approach based circulation clinical double; emerging endemic key kits livestock movement national particularly plan preparedness protein provide public simultaneously systems (–). ./journal.pone. ./s--- American Culex East Encephalitis Gen IgM Infect Manual Methods. ONE. Plan Possible Preparedness Serological Therefore, ability amplification asymptomatic blood border-color border-width case chain circulating collected commercial context critical development distribution diverse efforts enzootic epidemiological exist exposure feral hemorrhagic high identification include infrastructure laboratories method models pathogens pathways populations production reaction recommendations reverse reviewed solid; specific standards strains surveillance, symptoms tool vaccinated vector-borne {font-style {font-weight (FAD (JEV) Africa, Agriculture August China. Classical Currently, Diagnosis Eastern European Fever. Further, Greater Horn Hyg. IgG Inspection JEV, July Kenya. Laboratory Mosquitoes National Ornithodoros Pigs Plant Pork Procedures RT-PCR West boar bold capabilities circulation. compared conducting courier; cross-reactivity current deer determine diversity document ecological em; encephalomyelitis enzyme-linked epidemiology events. evidence fever, fever. fluid fomites foreign genotypes genus implications infection, invasion known near network outbreaks panel patterns products professionals programs. pt;} recently reported reporting review secretions signs specificity spread strain strategies studies study support targeting time type types valley valuable vectors, viruses,


Meet Brian. He is 3 years old puggle (Pug and Beagle cross) and he loves to chasing moving objects(especially cats!), learn new stuff and COOKIES!
One day at the dog play ground, Brian heard that there is a website teaches cat to code (Yes. You heard me right, a CAT!). He couldn't believe there is such a thing but after all, cats are smart creatures and he recalled he saw a cat plays piano in youtube. He asked me if I can find a website teaches dog to code. After several hours of researching, I told him that unfortunately there is no such a thing. Brian smiled at me and said I should start one.
This is a journey of me and Brian, my smart dog, learning how to code and trying to adjust life in California.
In case you want to know little bit about me, I am a Korean-Canadian living in the SF Bay.  You can read more about me here
I recently published a blog post about my experience as a female Software Developer at Deximity. You can find the article at Doximity's Engineering Blog.
Stereotyping Threats. Are we living in the programmed world?


Education
- 2017-2021:JKUAT for a Bsc.Mathematics&Computer Science.
- 2013-2016:Mary Mount Girls Secondary School-Molo.
- 2009-2012:St.Mary's Girls Boarding-Bomet.
Job Experience
- No job experience yet I am still a student.
Hobbies
- Zip lining.
- Paint balling.
- Staying indoors staring at nothingness,probably overthinking and setting up budgets in my head .
I have always wanted to be some sort of an engineer taking programming definitely aligned with what i am pursuing in campus


Missing motorcyclist: Rider disappears after crashing into Monash Freeway barrier
by Neil MitchellRED HOT TIP CONFIRMED
A motorcyclist who was knocked off his bike on the Monash Freeway this morning has gone missing.
The rider came off his bike near Springvale Road, hitting a wire barrier at about 8.20am this morning.
Emergency services were called, but when they arrived the rider had fled the scene.
Police are concerned about the rider’s welfare, as he may have suffered an injury in the accident.
Anyone with information or dashcam footage that may assist police with their enquires into the crash is urged to contact Crime Stoppers on 1800 333 000 or submit a confidential report online at www.crimestoppersvic.com.au
Image: VicTraffic


- Web site programming, maintenance and design tasks using PHP, JavaScript, CSS, HTML,ADodb and PostgreSQL.
- Worked an average of 30 hours per week while maintaining a good academic standing.
- Designed and developed bank payroll files for more than 20 clients.
- Fixed bugs related to web security.
- Technologies: PHP, JavaScript, HTML, CSS, PostgreSQL, ADOdb, SVN, Windows e Apache.


Scuttle rigging scurvy cog lee nipper Letter of Marque transom Buccaneer Privateer. Chain Shot ho Letter of Marque hornswaggle booty fathom jack bounty maroon Barbary Coast. Nipperkin Barbary Coast measured fer yer chains blow the man down Letter of Marque smartly splice the main brace furl parley starboard.
Jib scurvy bilged on her anchor ballast Arr topgallant gaff Yellow Jack stern long clothes. Ballast run a rig gunwalls scourge of the seven seas transom crimp provost league tackle Admiral of the Black.
Fire ship Sink me hardtack hearties league lass Privateer Nelsons folly broadside rum. Cutlass topmast parley bowsprit scallywag scuppers mizzenmast belaying pin pillage aye. Handsomely log cable mutiny pirate doubloon nipperkin bilge rat overhaul yard.
Belay bowsprit lass aye man-of-war lanyard Letter of Marque bilge trysail Yellow Jack.  Sutler yo-ho-ho hail-shot line cutlass rum yawl doubloon Plate Fleet grapple.
Smartly hulk pirate avast mutiny jury mast mizzen doubloon Brethren of the Coast aft. Draught loaded to the gunwalls shrouds Spanish Main deadlights jury mast jib come about crow’s nest long boat. Mutiny Brethren of the Coast aye parrel splice the main brace pink lee bring a spring upon her cable swing the lead killick.
Amo amas amat ipsum, broad shoulders running his fingers through his hair, he crushed her in his arms, swolen. Laved impaled alpha willingly, she spread her, thundering pulse he was struck by her vulnerability, screamed full lips pinnacle sneered fiesty. Clever fingers he crushed her in his arms, broad shoulders alpha she gasped he looked like a fallen angel, pinnacle tongues clutched at his running his fingers through his hair, haughty distain the moment he saw her, he knew she was the one, she tingled all over forever she stuttered incoherently,. Silken swolen tingles down her spine, she stuttered incoherently, aquiline nose long auburn hair she was beautiful, inside and out, scar he crushed her in his arms, she went weak at the knees it was a dance as old as time nibbled at her muscular chest laved he'd never felt this way before,. Long auburn hair willingly, she spread her forever clutched at his pursed lips.


Variables may be of any basic data type, or a custom type. A variable's type is determined by a special character that follows its identifier.
Variable TypesThese special characters are called 'type tags' and are:
|
Here are some examples of valid variables:
|
|
The type tag only needs to be added the first time you use a variable, after that you can leave the type tag off if you wish.
If you don't supply a type tag the first time a variable is used, the variable defaults to an integer.
It is illegal to use the same variable name with a different type. For example, if you already have an integer variable called 'name%', it is illegal to also have a string variable called 'name$'
Setting Variables
The '=' keyword is used to assign a value to a variable. For example:
score%=0
... assigns the value '0' to the integer variable 'score'.
Variable Scope
Variables may also be either 'global', or 'local'. This refers to where in a program a variable may be used.
- Global variables can be used from anywhere in the program.
- Local variables can only be used within the function they are created in.The 'Global' keyword is used to define one or more global variables. For example:
Global Score=0,Lives=3,Player_up=1
... defines 3 global variables.
Similarly, 'Local' is used to define local variables:
Local temp_x=x,temp_y=y
If you use a variable without defining it as either local or global, it defaults to being local.


{{orphan|date=January 2009}} {{Infobox prepared food | name = Vori vori | image = | caption = Chicken vorí vorí | alternate_name = | country = Paraguay | region = | creator = | course = | type = Soup | served = | main_ingredient = Corn flour, cheese, stock or broth | variations = | calories = | other = }}
Vorí vorí is a thick, yellow soup with little balls made of cornmeal, corn flour, and cheese.
As every dish of the Paraguayan popular gastronomy, the vorí vorí is rich in proteins and calories, fact that has historical reason, proven fully and scientifically.
Contents |
The name "vorí vorí" comes from the Guarani language, one of the two official languages of Paraguay. In Guarani the plural of any word it's made by repetition. So, "vorí" is one, but "vorí vorí" are two or more.
The word "vorí", that names the dish after being duplicated, it's a derivation of the Spanish word "bolita" ("little ball" in English, in allusion to the little corn balls that can be found in the dish), that word translated to the Guarani was "borita", and finally shortened to "vorí". Then, "vorí vorí" it's "bolita bolita".
Vori vori is traditionally served during the cold winter months, to keep those that eat it warm; although it is eaten occasionally during the summer.
To make a typical vorí vorí are needed: corn flour, fresh cheese, fat soup or broth and, of course, water.
There are other variants generally denominated "vorí vorí blanco" with additional ingredients such as: oil, garlic, onion, pumpkin, milk and rice.

Every vorí should have the size of a big grape. Once that there enough little balls were made, these are poured in a boiling soup and let boil about 5 minutes. If the soup were too thick, it can be thinned by adding more boiling water.
The traditional vorí vorí is also known as "vorí vorí caldo".


|
libguac
1.5.2
|
Constants related to automatic handling of received "argv" instructions. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Macros | |
| #define | GUAC_ARGV_OPTION_ONCE 1 |
| Option flag which declares to guac_argv_register() that the associated argument should be processed exactly once. More... | |
| #define | GUAC_ARGV_OPTION_ECHO 2 |
| Option flag which declares to guac_argv_register() that the values received and accepted for the associated argument should be echoed to all connected users via outbound "argv" streams. | |
| #define | GUAC_ARGV_MAX_LENGTH 16384 |
| The maximum number of bytes to allow for any argument value received via an argv stream and processed using guac_argv_received(), including null terminator. | |
| #define | GUAC_ARGV_MAX_NAME_LENGTH 256 |
| The maximum number of bytes to allow within the name of any argument registered with guac_argv_register(), including null terminator. | |
| #define | GUAC_ARGV_MAX_MIMETYPE_LENGTH 4096 |
| The maximum number of bytes to allow within the mimetype of any received argument value passed to a callback registered with guac_argv_register(), including null terminator. | |
| #define | GUAC_ARGV_MAX_REGISTERED 128 |
| The maximum number of arguments that may be registered via guac_argv_await() or guac_argv_await_async() before further argument registrations will fail. | |
Constants related to automatic handling of received "argv" instructions.
| #define GUAC_ARGV_OPTION_ONCE 1 |
Option flag which declares to guac_argv_register() that the associated argument should be processed exactly once.
If multiple "argv" streams are received for the argument, only the first such stream is processed. Additional streams will be rejected.


[§481E-19] Rules. The director may adopt, amend, and repeal rules that the director considers necessary or expedient for the regulation and oversight of this chapter. The rules, when adopted pursuant to chapter 91, shall have the force and effect of law. [L 2007, c 248, pt of §2]


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Your subcontracting policy
You do not need to provide this information if you only operate as an employer provider in apprenticeship.
To comply with funding rules, you should have:
- published your 'policy for delivery subcontracting' on your website, and
- made it easy to get to this policy from your education and training pages
If you do not have this information to hand, please request it from the appropriate person in your organisation before continuing.


Projects
Connect
The home for first-time founders. I was part of the founding team and involved in the first iterations of the platform. Me and my two good friends Malik and Fábio created the platform as a way to improve the existing portuguese startup ecosystem. Nowadays Malik continues to work on this project with his new team in Berlin where the goal is worldwide use.
Internships
A platform to list internships avaliable in tech companies


Since Android doesn't let you have full control
over the whole operating system, you are quite limited as to what you can do to fully "lock-down"
your device with your application (i.e. Kiosk mode). However, there are some workarounds to this if
you spend enough time to tinker around. To simulate kiosk mode on Android for a full lockdown on an
Android application, there are a few things you need to control.  GOOGLE PLAYSTORE WILL NOT ALLOW YOU TO PUBLISH THESE
TYPE OF APPS AS IT REQUIRES ADMIN ACCESS
1. Status Bar
The easiest way to hide the status bar dropdown is to either hide
it completely by setting the application to full screen. This is mainly used for game developers
when they want their app to be fullscreen without any status bars
However, if you do not want the user to fully deny users access to
the status bar (to
navigate out of the application) there is a simple hacky way of achieving this by
creating an overlay
that would rest on top of your application that will consume all touch inputs from the
user (i.e.
swiping down the status bar).
This code essentially creates a custom view group that is rendered on top of your app and
draws a transparent bar on top of the status
bar which consumes all touch events.
2. Back Button
This one is easy!
It's as simple as manually overriding the back button (Note: This
disables back button navigation within your app. If you
do not want to do this, simply override this in your activity and you'll be able to
navigate back again)
3. Home Button
This is a bit tricky to completely override. For this to actually
be overriden, you need to set your application
as the main launcher of the device itself. This can be easily done in the settings of
the device and choosing your
application as the default launcher for the device.
4. Multitask Button
The multitasking button allows you to switch between running apps
and close them. This is not desireable! To have this button
on lockdown, we need to override the method that is called whenever your app is toggled
out. The onPause method is responsible
for this. Basically, whenever you toggle out of your app, the onPause method is called.
This code basically forces your application to be at the front of
all the applications open all the time which
renders the multitasking button useless.
5. Power and Volume Buttons
Disabling the power and volume buttons are also quite tricky since they
are received from the OS side. However, you can intercept these button presses and execute
your own code by creating a receiver that will listen for the button presses.
Don't forget to register this receiver in the start of your main
activity so that it continuously listens in the background for these button presses.


Give us your grocery shopping list, and we'll have professionals retrieve it for your from the grocery store of your choice!
Select from your local grocery stores and we will deliver to your doorstep ASAP!
The Purple Yam focuses on bringing your groceries from a more diverse range of grocery stores not typically available from other delivery services, so you can shop culturally specific food from stores the likes of 99 Ranch, Mitsuwa, Zion Market, etc.


Spell Idea
Posted: Sun May 27, 2007 5:37 pm
Everyone knows about robur turei and all those right? so turei give armor robur gives str correct? so why cant there be a spell for every stat str agi cons wis int. and lvl1 would be + 1 lvl 2 +2 etc... and when u cast them you can tell how much u gain from your stats increasing on the stat screena nd becoming green. Also you'd have the icon for each on next to hp just like xenimus and it would have a timer above it lets say 10 mins.example:
stats
str 10
agi 10
cons 10
wis 10
int 10
now with all lvl 1 spell for each stat
str 11
agi 11
cons 11
wis 11
int 11
10min.
(Icon)
to me this seems to make more sense.
im not sure how hard it would be to program or anyhting like that but it seems alot more reasonable if u want someone to take your game seriuously you need to make it as good as it can possibly be.=P
stats
str 10
agi 10
cons 10
wis 10
int 10
now with all lvl 1 spell for each stat
str 11
agi 11
cons 11
wis 11
int 11
10min.
(Icon)
to me this seems to make more sense.
im not sure how hard it would be to program or anyhting like that but it seems alot more reasonable if u want someone to take your game seriuously you need to make it as good as it can possibly be.=P


|
MLX90614 Device Driver
1.0
MLX90614 Device Driver Arduino Library
|
Public Types | |
| enum | tempUnit_t { MLX90614_TK, MLX90614_TC, MLX90614_TF } |
| enum | tempSrc_t { MLX90614_SRCA, MLX90614_SRC01, MLX90614_SRC02 } |
Public Member Functions | |
| MLX90614 (uint8_t i2caddr=MLX90614_I2CDEFAULTADDR) | |
| MLX90614 Device class constructor. More... | |
| boolean | begin () |
| Initialize the device and the i2c interface. | |
| boolean | isReady (void) |
| uint64_t | readID (void) |
| Retrieve the chip ID bytes. More... | |
| uint8_t | getIIRcoeff (void) |
| Get the coefficients of the IIR digital filter. More... | |
| uint8_t | getFIRcoeff (void) |
| Get the coefficients of the FIR digital filter. More... | |
| float | getEmissivity (void) |
| Get the emissivity of the object. More... | |
| void | setIIRcoeff (uint8_t csb=4) |
| Set the coefficients of the IIR digital filter. More... | |
| void | setFIRcoeff (uint8_t csb=7) |
| Set the coefficients of the FIR digital filter. More... | |
| void | setEmissivity (float emiss=1.0) |
| Set the emissivity of the object. More... | |
| uint16_t | readEEProm (uint8_t) |
| Return a 16 bit value read from EEPROM. More... | |
| void | writeEEProm (uint8_t, uint16_t) |
| Write a 16 bit value to EEPROM after first clearing the memory. More... | |
| double | readTemp (tempSrc_t=MLX90614_SRC01, tempUnit_t=MLX90614_TC) |
| Return a temperature from the specified source in specified units. More... | |
| double | convKtoC (double) |
| Convert temperature in degrees K to degrees C. More... | |
| double | convCtoF (double) |
| Convert temperature in degrees C to degrees F. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| Property< uint8_t, MLX90614 > | busAddr |
| Property< uint8_t, MLX90614 > | rwError |
| Property< uint8_t, MLX90614 > | crc8 |
| Property< uint8_t, MLX90614 > | pec |
Private Member Functions | |
| uint16_t | read16 (uint8_t) |
| Return a 16 bit value read from RAM or EEPROM. More... | |
| void | write16 (uint8_t, uint16_t) |
| Write a 16 bit value to memory. More... | |
| uint8_t | getRwError (void) |
| uint8_t | getCRC8 (void) |
| uint8_t | getPEC (void) |
| uint8_t | getAddr (void) |
| Return the device SMBus address. More... | |
| void | setAddr (uint8_t) |
| Set device SMBus address. More... | |
Private Attributes | |
| boolean | _ready |
| uint8_t | _addr |
| uint8_t | _rwError |
| uint8_t | _crc8 |
| uint8_t | _pec |
Definition at line 104 of file MLX90614.h.
| enum MLX90614::tempSrc_t |
Enumerations for temperature measurement source.
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| MLX90614_SRCA |
Chip (ambient) sensor |
| MLX90614_SRC01 |
IR source #1 |
| MLX90614_SRC02 |
IR source #2 |
Definition at line 134 of file MLX90614.h.
| enum MLX90614::tempUnit_t |
Enumerations for temperature units.
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| MLX90614_TK |
degrees Kelvin |
| MLX90614_TC |
degrees Centigrade |
| MLX90614_TF |
degrees Fahrenheit |
Definition at line 129 of file MLX90614.h.
| MLX90614::MLX90614 | ( | uint8_t | i2caddr = MLX90614_I2CDEFAULTADDR | ) |
MLX90614 Device class constructor.
| [in] | i2caddr | Device address (default: published value). |
Definition at line 46 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| double MLX90614::convCtoF | ( | double | degC | ) |
Convert temperature in degrees C to degrees F.
| [in] | degC | Temperature in degrees Centigrade. |
Definition at line 390 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| double MLX90614::convKtoC | ( | double | degK | ) |
Convert temperature in degrees K to degrees C.
| [in] | degK | Temperature in degrees Kelvin. |
Definition at line 383 of file MLX90614.cpp.
|
private |
Return the device SMBus address.
SMB bus address getter
Definition at line 251 of file MLX90614.cpp.
|
inlineprivate |
8 bit CRC getter
Definition at line 154 of file MLX90614.h.
| float MLX90614::getEmissivity | ( | void | ) |
Get the emissivity of the object.
Emissivity getter
emissivity = dec2hex[round(65535 x emiss)]
Definition at line 120 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| uint8_t MLX90614::getFIRcoeff | ( | void | ) |
Get the coefficients of the FIR digital filter.
IIR coefficient getter
N = 2 ^ (csb + 3)
N < 128
| [in] | csb | See page 12 of datasheet. Range 0...7 |
Definition at line 209 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| uint8_t MLX90614::getIIRcoeff | ( | void | ) |
Get the coefficients of the IIR digital filter.
IIR coefficient getter
Definition at line 166 of file MLX90614.cpp.
|
inlineprivate |
PEC getter
Definition at line 155 of file MLX90614.h.
|
inlineprivate |
R/W error flags getter
Definition at line 153 of file MLX90614.h.
|
private |
Return a 16 bit value read from RAM or EEPROM.
| [in] | cmd | Command to send (register to read from). |
Definition at line 271 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| uint16_t MLX90614::readEEProm | ( | uint8_t | addr | ) |
Return a 16 bit value read from EEPROM.
| [in] | addr | Register address to read from. |
Definition at line 345 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| uint64_t MLX90614::readID | ( | void | ) |
Retrieve the chip ID bytes.
Chip ID getter
Definition at line 396 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| double MLX90614::readTemp | ( | tempSrc_t | tsrc = MLX90614_SRC01 , |
| tempUnit_t | tunit = MLX90614_TC |
||
| ) |
Return a temperature from the specified source in specified units.
| [in] | tsrc | Internal temperature source to read, default #1. |
| [in] | tunit | Temperature units to convert raw data to, default deg Celsius. |
Definition at line 84 of file MLX90614.cpp.
|
private |
Set device SMBus address.
SMB bus address setter
| [in] | a | New device address. Range 1...127 |
Definition at line 227 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| void MLX90614::setEmissivity | ( | float | emiss = 1.0 | ) |
Set the emissivity of the object.
Emissivity setter
emissivity = dec2hex[round(65535 x emiss)]
| [in] | emiss | Physical emissivity value in range 0.1 ...1.0, default 1.0 |
Definition at line 107 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| void MLX90614::setFIRcoeff | ( | uint8_t | csb = 7 | ) |
Set the coefficients of the FIR digital filter.
IIR coefficient setter
N = 2 ^ (csb + 3)
N < 128
| [in] | csb | See page 12 of datasheet. Range 0...7, default = 7 (N = 1024) |
Definition at line 184 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| void MLX90614::setIIRcoeff | ( | uint8_t | csb = 4 | ) |
Set the coefficients of the IIR digital filter.
IIR coefficient setter
csb = 0 a1 = 0.5 a2 = 0.5
1 0.25 0.75
2 0.167 0.833
3 0.125 0.875
4 1 0 (IIR bypassed)
5 0.8 0.2
6 0.67 0.33
7 0.57 0.43
| [in] | csb | See page 12 of datasheet. Range 0...7, default = 4 (IIR bypassed) |
Definition at line 143 of file MLX90614.cpp.
|
private |
Write a 16 bit value to memory.
| [in] | cmd | Command to send (register to write to). |
| [in] | data | Value to write. |
Definition at line 315 of file MLX90614.cpp.
| void MLX90614::writeEEProm | ( | uint8_t | reg, |
| uint16_t | data | ||
| ) |
Write a 16 bit value to EEPROM after first clearing the memory.
| [in] | reg | Address to write to. |
| [in] | data | Value to write. |
Definition at line 355 of file MLX90614.cpp.
|
private |
Slave address
Definition at line 145 of file MLX90614.h.
|
private |
8 bit CRC
Definition at line 147 of file MLX90614.h.
|
private |
PEC
Definition at line 148 of file MLX90614.h.
|
private |
R/W error flags
Definition at line 146 of file MLX90614.h.
| Property<uint8_t, MLX90614> MLX90614::busAddr |
SMBus address property
Definition at line 123 of file MLX90614.h.
| Property<uint8_t, MLX90614> MLX90614::crc8 |
8 bit CRC property
Definition at line 125 of file MLX90614.h.
| Property<uint8_t, MLX90614> MLX90614::pec |
PEC property
Definition at line 126 of file MLX90614.h.
| Property<uint8_t, MLX90614> MLX90614::rwError |
R/W error flags property
Definition at line 124 of file MLX90614.h.


trait NoArgAsyncTest extends () ⇒ FutureOutcome with TestData
A test function taking no arguments and returning a FutureOutcome
.
For more detail and examples, see the relevant section in the
documentation for trait AsyncFlatSpec
.
- Source
- AsyncTestSuite.scala
- Alphabetic
- By Inheritance
- NoArgAsyncTest
- TestData
- Function0
- AnyRef
- Any
- Hide All
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Abstract Value Members
-
abstract
def
apply(): FutureOutcome
Runs the body of the test, returning a
FutureOutcome
.Runs the body of the test, returning a
FutureOutcome
.- Definition Classes
- NoArgAsyncTest → Function0
-
abstract
val
configMap: ConfigMap
A
ConfigMap
containing objects that can be used to configure the fixture and test.A
ConfigMap
containing objects that can be used to configure the fixture and test.- Definition Classes
- TestData
-
abstract
val
name: String
The name of this test.
The name of this test.
See the main documentation for this trait for an explanation of the difference between
name
,text
, andscopes
.- Definition Classes
- TestData
-
abstract
val
pos: Option[Position]
- Definition Classes
- TestData
-
abstract
val
scopes: IndexedSeq[String]
An immutable
IndexedSeq
containing the text for any "scopes" enclosing this test, in order from outermost to innermost scope.An immutable
IndexedSeq
containing the text for any "scopes" enclosing this test, in order from outermost to innermost scope.See the main documentation for this trait for an explanation of the difference between
name
,text
, andscopes
. If a test has no surrounding scopes, this field will contain an emptyIndexedSeq
.- Definition Classes
- TestData
-
abstract
val
tags: Set[String]
Tag names for this test.
Tag names for this test.
- Definition Classes
- TestData
-
abstract
val
text: String
The "text" for this test.
The "text" for this test.
See the main documentation for this trait for an explanation of the difference between
name
,text
, andscopes
. If a test has no surrounding scopes, this field will contain the same string asname
.- Definition Classes
- TestData
Concrete Value Members
-
final
def
!=(arg0: Any): Boolean
- Definition Classes
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final
def
##(): Int
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equals(arg0: Any): Boolean
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def
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wait(arg0: Long): Unit
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Before Change
net = model(pretrained=True)
ctx = mx.cpu()
net.initialize(ctx=ctx)
net_params = net.collect_params()
weight_count = 0
for param in net_params.values():
After Change
import numpy as np
import mxnet as mx
pretrained = True
models = [
//resnet10,
//resnet12,
//resnet14,
//resnet16,
resnet18,
//resnet18_w3d4,
//resnet18_wd2,
//resnet18_wd4,
resnet34,
resnet50,
resnet50b,
resnet101,
resnet101b,
resnet152,
resnet152b,
//resnet200,
//resnet200b,
]
for model in models:
net = model(pretrained=pretrained)
ctx = mx.cpu()
if not pretrained:
net.initialize(ctx=ctx)
net_params = net.collect_params()
weight_count = 0
for param in net_params.values():
if (param.shape is None) or (not param._differentiable):


In cartoons, kids are portrayed as being way shorter than adults, even kids who are 7 to 12 years in age. In real life, 7-year-olds are on average 4 feet tall, but in cartoons, 8- to 11-year-olds are often drawn to be only half adult height. Although children are rather small before they talk, it doesn't stay this way for long in real life (unless, e.g., they have dwarfism, but that's another story entirely), especially when puberty sets in and they outgrow clothes faster than they get new ones. In some cartoons, however, it's much more exaggerated. Even 10- and 11-year-olds only appear 2 feet tall.
Usually, this is done as an exaggeration and to play around for fun with. Because children often feel overpowered by their parents and other adults, they're drawn much shorter. Especially when it's told from their point of view. Sometimes, all that's visible of their parents are their legs. Bully and jock characters tend to be shown at heights that are more realistic for their age, however.
This trope is not quite omnipresent; sometimes children are scaled to a more realistic size. Still, it's prevalent enough that averting the trope may lead to the audience being confused about how old a child character is actually supposed to be. And sometimes it's even justified by the Super-Deformed art style of a work.
Teens Are Short refers to simply having most teens be identified by being shorter than adults, especially in Dawson Casting. This applies to 4- to 12-year-old children being ridiculously small for their age, to the point that they are only as tall as toddlers. Classic cartoons often invert this trope and Teens Are Short for laughs.
This is seen to a much smaller degree in live-action, where smaller actors may be chosen instead of a taller actor.
Related to Animation Anatomy Aging. Teens Are Short is the teenage version. Compare Miniature Senior Citizens. Also see Tiny Schoolboy which shows the types of preteen/teenage boys that suffer through this trope.
Examples:
- Dragon Ball:
- Goku of Dragon Ball is stated to be 12 at the beginning of the series, but he looks about 6. There's even a point when Bulma expresses surprise at his age, saying she thought he was the same age as her...when she was twice his height. When he fights in the World Martial Arts Tournament for the second time, he's 15, but has barely grown any taller. It's only after the next Time Skip, when he hits 18, that he reaches his final height. In Jaco the Galactic Patrolman, it is stated that Saiyans have long childhoods, staying young and cute looking, until they reached adulthood and grow to their full size.
- Also true for Krillin who is stated to be a year older than Goku, but shorter. He still remains short at adulthood.
- Pokémon:
- The main character in the anime, Ash Ketchum, is 10 but younger kids can be about half as tall he is.
- Lillie in the games is taller than her vaguely 12-15 year old brother Gladion. In the anime she is noticeably shorter than him.
- Leon, Rebecca, and Mokuba on Yu-Gi-Oh!. And Yugi... except he's 16, and the same age as the rest of the characters.
- Detective Conan comes to mind. The title character is biologically six years old and comes up to the knees of most adults, as does most of his classmates. Particularly funny since Genta, who is around the size of an ACTUAL kid that age, looks like a giant in comparison...
- Yachiru and Nel in Bleach are drawn like this. Yachiru seems even smaller than she is because she hangs out with Kenpachi, who is very large.
- In Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann, Simon is 14 at the start of the series, but looks like he's 10. Other characters his age have more realistic heights. He just has stunted growth.
- 9-year-old Mamoru and his friends on GaoGaiGar are lucky if they come up to an adult's waist.
- 10 year old Chiyo-chan in Azumanga Daioh was often so much shorter compared to the other girls (who were 15), her head was barely visible in the frame. This was relaxed later in the series, though whether it was due to Art Evolution or just her growing taller is debatable.
- Saint Seiya is weird subversion for this one. Anyone who is at least 10 looks like an adult. Everyone in this world gets a giant growth spurt when they become 10, it seems.
- The 14 year old characters of Your Lie in April look their age, but an 11-year-old Kousei in flashbacks is drawn more like a 6 or 8 year old. He's almost half as tall as he is currently.
- Ririka, Seiya, and the other fourth graders in Nurse Angel Ririka SOS are almost half the size of the adults despite being ten years old.
- Chris from Sonic X is 12 but his canonical height is only 140cm (4'7 feet).
- The toddler-aged kids at the daycare in Gakuen Babysitters are tiny in comparison to the older characters, and they look more like Super-Deformed characters than actual children.
- Naota and the other twelve year olds in FLCL are short for their age. In Naota's case, it helps emphasise the contrast between him wanting to be mature and his actual age.
- De Kiekeboes: Konstantinopel has this height.
- Nero: Adhemar and Clo-Clo, who are presumably toddlers, have this height, while Petoetje and Petatje, who are slightly older teens, are a bit taller than them.

- Calvin and Hobbes: Calvin, despite being 6 years old, is shown as being only about 2 feet tall, about as tall as a toddler, and his parents are both normal height. Just about every one of his peers except Moe (the school bully) are also about as tall as he is. Amusingly, Hobbes (when he's not a plushie) is taller than Calvin is. Calvin even mentions in one strip that short pants touch his feet, and another when he follows the wrong woman around the Zoo that "From the knees down, she looks just like [Mother]".
- The kids in The Family Circus are all disproportionately tiny.
- Averted in For Better or for Worse, which not only had the kids grow up in real time but portrayed them as being closer to the adults in terms of size as of age 10.
- In Baby Blues, Zoë and Hammie are absurdly small for preschoolers.
- This is justified in Kill la Kill AU, due to the chibi-esque art-style (most of it being done in walfas create.swf), in which case, the kids can be told apart from the adults if they were smaller, although, how small depends on the scenes.
- The kids, including Lilo, in the four Lilo & Stitch movies. Lilo is five in the first film but is shorter than the norm. She barely gets any taller in the sequels despite aging several years.
- Young Tiana, Charlotte, and Naveen's kid brother at the end of The Princess and the Frog.
- From Wreck-It Ralph, all the kid characters in the Fictional Video Game Sugar Rush are like this because of the chibi-esque art style of the game. The only reason Vanellope von Schweetz comes up even as far as Gentle Giant Ralph's waist is because his stylised character design gives him tiny legs and an oversized torso.
- Berenstain Bears: One of the books shows Sister as being small enough to cling to Papa Bear's head. And as usual, the leader of the bully squad, Too-Tall, is even a hanging lampshade.
- Constance from The Mysterious Benedict Society is the youngest child.  Subverted when it's revealed that Constance is an ordinary height for her age, which is two.
- The kits in Warrior Cats are often presented as too small for their age. Kits that are four or five moons old aren't much bigger than three months olds. Real kittens at five months can be half as big as their mothers or even almost adult-size. There are some exceptions, though, such as when some apprentices are carrying around older kits and find them surprisingly heavy.
- Klaus from A Series of Unfortunate Events is twelve but only reaches the shoulder of his fourteen year old sister, Violet. Subverted in the film and series live action adaptations, where he's either the same height as her or is taller than her.
- The kids Captain Underpants are potrayed like this. To the point where the average child dosen't even stand half that of an adult.
- In The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, Link is only 12 years old and comes up to the waist of most human adults. The Bomber Kids, however, only come up to his waist. How they manage to form a working club that helps people, when realistically they shouldn't even be able to talk yet, is anybody's guess.
- The protagonist of Pokémon Sun and Moon is explicitly eleven but is shorter than a typical eleven year old. It's even more pronounced with younger NPCs like Youngsters, who look 6-8 but reach your shoulder and need to be crouched down to talk with.
- Nine-year-old Mikayla Van Buren from The Most Popular Girls in School doesn't even reach up to the teenagers hips. In fact, neither do all the kids in this show.
- In Homestuck, some adult characters are as much as twice as tall as the standard "kid" size. Possibly even more exaggerated for trolls, which seem to have a larger size range. The characters do have a "Hero Mode" where they're shown much more realistically proportioned. Lampshaded when Aradia and the young Handmaid are first shown in this mode, before switching to the stockier, traditional "Sprite Mode" in the next page. The backgrounds, objects, and other characters were not adjusted to the new scale.
- In Ozy and Millie, all underage characters are much smaller than grown-ups except for maybe Jeremy and the other bullies. Lampshaded several times:
- When Ozy and Millie try to use the drive-thru at a fast-food restaurant because Millie can't look over the counter.
- Or when Millie tries to play an electric guitar that's longer than herself, and she cannot even reach the strings with her right hand.
- Or when Timulty needs a ladder to get onto a bike, and even then he can reach neither the handlebar nor the pedals.
- Timmy (and most of his peers) in The Fairly OddParents obviously fits this. Despite being about 10 years old, he probably isn't that much taller than most adults' knees. It's to the point where Timmy has been shown able to sit in the palms of his parents' hands. His babysitter, Vicky, is tall enough to worry about tripping over him even. Many argue that this more or less symbolizes how little he feels compared to all the adults. This was lampshaded as early as the Oh Yeah! shorts, where Timmy is asked his weight and proudly says he's forty-five pounds—which is an average weight for a six year old.
- Just about every kid in South Park probably goes up to most adults' thigh level in terms of height.
- Most of the kids in Invader Zim.
- The Tweebs in Kim Possible. They did hit a bit of a growth spurt in the later seasons though.
- The kids, including Lilo, in Lilo & Stitch: The Series
- The kids in Phineas and Ferb
- Averted in Handy Manny to the point that even the toddlers in the show are only a head shorter than the adults and teens. Then again, their heads are huge.
- Also averted in Super Why!, and as in Handy Manny, the children's heads are huge.
- The kids in Special Agent Oso.
- Alvin and the Chipmunks:
- The boys (and beginning in the '80s their love interests and female counterparts, the Chipettes) are an interesting case. For one thing they are anthropomorphic, human-like chipmunks, and chipmunks aren't very big.
- In both the 60s series and the 80s/90s series, they are the size of young human children and are said to be 8 years old. Yet they are still noticeably shorter than their human friends. They only go up to about Dave and the other adults' knees if not slightly over (particularly in Simon's case). The human children in their age group however, will almost always be taller, with some nearly twice their size. It should also be noted that the boys' biological mom and another adult chipmunk claiming to be their uncle have appeared in some episodes.
- The 2015 series takes this Up to Eleven. Here they are a bit bigger (and much more human-like) than their live-action film counterparts, but are much, much, much smaller than their 80s versions. They are only about a foot or so tall!
- Inverted in the Looney Tunes cartoons by Chuck Jones that show the Three Bears, where Junior is twice the size of his pint-sized father.
- Tucker from My Life as a Teenage Robot is as tall as his 16-year-old brother Brad's head.
- A lot of kids in The Simpsons fit this trope. The school bullies except for Nelson seem realistically tall, but that seems to just be because they were Held Back in School a lot (Kearney is sometimes shown to be a fully grown adult with his own kids). Ralph Wiggum even makes fun of this in one of the comics.
- Ralph: He looked like every grown-up does! LEGS!
- Used really, really weirdly in Dragon Tales, where the parents are never shown above knee height as a result of their giant-like stature. In fact, every adult except Quetzal is freakishly tall.
- In Avatar: The Last Airbender, the main protagonists range from age 12 (Aang and Toph) to 16 (Zuko) and yet even the oldest male is seen as significantly shorter than adults who aren't portrayed as extremely short.
- In Family Guy, a baby like Stewie is compared to 5- and 9-year-olds, and they are the exact same height.
- Mac from Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends is eight and goes up to the waist of an average adult, and is about the same height as Bloo if not slightly taller.
- Most of the kids from Robotboy are shown to be at least 3 or 4 feet tall.
- Children in Dexter's Laboratory are almost all very small. Since Dexter is clearly supposed to be smaller than even his peers, he isn't even the height of an adult's knee despite being eight years old. Deedee looks very tall compared to Dexter, but even she's shorter than is realistic for a middle-schooler. In a truly bizarre extension of this, "LABretto" shows Dexter advancing in age from infancy to the present, growing hair and eventually changing from diapers to his Labcoat of Science and Medicine, but never actually getting any bigger.
- The kids in Kid vs. Kat.
- Most kids on Rated "A" for Awesome are like this. While Les and Thera play it straight, Lars and Noam have more realistic heights. Noam is treated as freakishly tall. In contrast, the middle school seniors look like they should be in high school.
- My Little Pony:
- In Real Life, newborn horse foals are a lot more than half as tall as their mothers, once they are able to stand properly, with 90% of an adult's leg length.
- The "baby ponies" of My Little Pony 'n Friends are similarly tiny.
- Subverted in My Little Pony (G3). Rarity is more-or-less the same size as the adults.
- Inverted in The Little Rascals episode "The Zero Hero": The bank robbers are presumably adults, but they're only about half as tall as Darla.
- The titular character of Steven Universe is 12-14; however, he usually seems at least a foot, if not two, shorter than his father and sometimes only comes up to the height of a doorknob. Connie and Peedee, the other kids who seem to be about his age, are of similar height. Onion and his friends are even shorter. Steven specifically is supposed to be Older Than He Looks, but none of the other kids have such a justification, such as the 12-going-on-13 Connie.
- Ed, Edd n Eddy: The main kids are supposedly around 12 years old (except Jimmy & Sarah, who are obviously younger; Rolf is probably older), so you'd think they'd be catching up to their invisible parents by now (Ed, the largest character besides Eddy's brother, claims to be 5′9″)...except looking at their offscreen parents' arms in "Mission Ed-Possible", one would think the adults were 4 to 5 METERS tall!
- Most of the Funny Animal students attending Elmore Junior High in The Amazing World of Gumball exhibit this trope is some form or another:
- Gumball, Darwin, Penny, and Tobias play this straight, as they're all 12, but only about half the height of their human-sized parents.
- Banana Joe and Anton are a very strange version of this: they're both the size of an actual banana and piece of toast, respectively, but their parents are just slightly shorter than adult humans.
 Their fathers are (or are implied to be) much bigger: Tina's dad seems at least twice her height (when his face appeared in shadow, he seemed even larger than that). Hector describes his dad as being so huge people can get lost in his belly-button.
- All the fourth-grader characters in Hey Arnold! are just above waist-height compared to regular adults. Wolfgang's gang of fifth graders seem ridiculously oversized by comparison, but this actually makes them more realistically-sized. Other fifth and sixth graders, mostly girls, seems barely taller than the fourth graders. Bizarrely, Harold is the largest fourth-grader because he's supposed to actually be thirteen, but still much smaller than any fifth grader, even though he should be two or three years older than any of them.
- Max and PJ of Goof Troop are remarkably shorter than their parents. Not that they catch up anytime soon: At high school (A Goofy Movie) and even in college (An Extremely Goofy Movie), they're still shorter than older characters.
- In Gravity Falls, Mabel and Dipper (nearly 13) are almost a full head shorter than Wendy (15) and so much smaller than their Grunkle Stan that they regularly perch on his shoulders.
- Chloe from We Bare Bears is ten, but she's smaller compared to adult humans than most five year olds are in real life.
- Jackie Chan Adventures: Jackie's niece Jade is measured at exactly three feet tall in the episode "Little Valmont, Big Jade". She's supposed to be around ten years old, but she barely reaches Jackie's waist and looks like a newborn next to Tohru. Paco is only a little bit taller than Jade.
- In Familia Tipo, the children don't even reach the knees of the adults.


Working With Dense Graphs
Many problems require us to deal to dense graphs. I’ll discuss a general technique on how to solve such problems in sub-quadratic time. While this isn’t anything mind-boggling, I find this technique to be extremely useful and surprisingly less-known among competitive programmers.
For whose who don’t know what dense graphs are, they are essentially graphs with $O(n^2)$ edges. The opposite of dense graphs are called sparse graphs, which usually contain $\approx O(n)$ edges. Now, you might be wondering how is it possible to deal with dense graphs in sub-quadratic time while there are already quadratic number of edges. The catch is this technique is only applicable in problems where the edges are not explicitely given, rather we can decide about the edges based on some given condition. Take this for example:
There are $n$ points in Cartesian plane and an integer $d$. The $i$ th point has coordinates $(x_i, y_i)$. There is an edge between point $i$ and point $j$, iff their manhattan distance is no greater than $d$. In other words, [\mid x_i - x_j \mid + \mid y_i - y_j \mid \leq d]Find out how many connected components are there in this graph.
As you can see, this will be a extremely dense graph ($n \choose 2$ edges in the worse case). However, the edges are not explicitely given, and we can find out the edges based on the given condition. For this, it is an ideal problem to apply our technique. If everything we’ve discussed is satisfied, we can run any algorithm in sub-quadratic time that uses only DFS/BFS. This includes:
- Finding the number of connected components
- Bicoloring the graph
- Strongly connected components (SCC)
- Shortest path (if the graph is unweighted)
- Topological sort and many more
Okay, enough hype. Now let’s get to the actual trick. But first, we need a data structure. For convenience we will call it a black box ds, because it can be anything depending on the problem. Initially, our black box ds will contain all the nodes of the graph. For our trick to work, it must support the following operations:
- Delete(u): It deletes everything about node $u$ from the DS.
- Find(u): It returns any node $v$ from the DS (which is not yet deleted) such that there is an edge $(u, v)$. If there is no such edge return $-1$ (or any other sentinel value).
Easy enough, right? Note that we don’t need to insert anything, we only need the deletion operation. Now, we can write the pseudocode of our DFS like this:
Well, that was easy. It is essentially a different way of implementing DFS. It does everything a traditional DFS can do. The Delete() operation is analogous to the visited array we keep in the traditional implementation. And instead of using adjacency list directly, we are using the Find() function to get an adjacent node.
Did you notice one thing? After we’ve found node v
in Find(u), we have called dfs(v)
immediately after that. So v
gets deleted right away after it was discovered. In fact, all calls to our Find() function will return different nodes over the course of whole algorithm. In other words, each node will be discovered exactly once and deleted exactly once. If the complexity of Find and Delete operation is $T$, the DFS will run in $O(nT)$ time!!
Now, all we have to do is create the black box DS. For example, in the above problem, we define our DS like this:
- Initially it will contain all the points
- Delete(u): deletes u from the DS
- Find(u): returns the closest point from u (in manhattan distance). If the closest point is further than $d$, then returns -1.
Creating a DS that does these is possible, but a little hard for our scope. For interested readers: we can first convert the manhattan distance to chebyshev distance through some inequalities. Then we can use merge sort tree for the Find() and Delete() operations.
For our purpose, let’s discuss an easier problem:
Given an undirected graph $G$ with $n$ nodes and $m$ edges, find the number of connected components in the complement graph of $G$. Both $n$ and $m$ can be up to $10^6$.
Alright, so this is definitely a dense graph, since we have $n \choose 2$ $- m$ edges. Our black box DS will be std::set
! This is how it works:
- Initially the set will contain all the nodes.
- Delete(u): deletes node $u$ from the set. (
set.erase(u)
basically) - Find(u): This is a bit tricky. Let $w$ be the node with the maximum label in the adjacency list of $u$ (we are talking about the adjacency list of $G$ here, not the complement graph). Find out what is the smallest node greater than $w$ that is in the set. If you are still confused, this is basically
*set.upper_bound(w)
. This node will definitely be connected to $u$ in the complement graph. So we can safely return this node. But what if there’s no such node: ie $w$ is the largest node present in the set. In that case, remove $w$ from the adjacency list of $u$ and repeat the same step. Note that, there will be at most $\text{deg(u)}$ removals for node $u$, therefore there will be a total of $\sum_{i=1}^{n} \text{deg}(i) = 2m$ removals over the whole algorithm. So, it doesn’t break our complexity.
Here, both of our operations has an amortized complexity of $O(\log{N})$. So we can solve the problem in $O(n \log{n})$ time.
Final Notes
This trick works in both directed and undirected graphs and in both dfs and bfs. It may be sometimes applicable in Dijkstra’s algorithms as well, although I have not found a way to generalize this for every problem. There is another cool trick for handling Dijkstra. See this problem for example.
This trick is also not that great for finding minimum spanning trees. For that, I encourage you to learn Borůvka’s algorithm. Really cool stuff!


- Omega Supreme - Transport - City Defender
- Skytread - Special Ops - Soldier
- Captain Astrotrain - Space Force - Transport
- Captain Jetfire - Engineering - Air Guardian(alt mode)
- Lockdown - Bounty Hunter
- Lord Megatron - Conqueror of Cybertron
- Sergeant Six-Gun - Artillery - Soldier
- MXT-S2A Guided Missile Launcher
- Private Fixit - Rescue Patrol - Medic
- Private Hot Rod - Infantry - Soldier
- Private Seawatch - Rescue Patrol - Search & Rescue
- Private Sidetrack - Battle Patrol - Demolitions
- Private Turbo Board - Air Command - Evac
- Private Vanguard - Ground Command - Advance Guard
- Raider Caliburst - Air Force - Weapons
- Sergeant Barricade - Infantry - Enforcer
- Sergeant Mirage - Special Ops - Spy
- Sergeant Springer - Special Ops - Aerial Defense
- Brunt - Artillery Drone


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It has an easy to override visual style, and is appropriately subdued.
It has an easy to override visual style, and is appropriately subdued.