1' edition, Byte Magazine, 1983.
Converted to XML encoding by Alessandro Mazzeo
Project Description The project was born as an exercise for the exam of text encoding. The choosen text is a stretch from an article of Byte Magazine, December 1983, the text speak about a common matter of computer users, the power-line pollution. This inconvenience is a interference inside power line that could cause voltage anomalies, the consequence is damage to home computer. Infact in '80 years this problem was the principal cause of guaste in feeder. Steve Ciarcia in this article propose his solution.
Based on:
Keep Power-Line Pollution Out of Your Computer by
Steve
Ciarcia
Byte
the small systems journal
Byte Publications
A McGraw-Hill Publication
U.S.A.
Canada
U.K.
1983-12-01
vol:
8
num:
12
page:
36-44
Document typology: Article, Tech article,
Language: English,
Licence: Public Domain
Photo 1: Your computers and other electronic equipment are vulnerable to disturbances transmitted through the power line. Most of the components necessary for transient and noise suppression can be purchased from Radio Shack. Shown here are a commercial EMIElectro Magnetic Interference/RFIRadio Frequency Interference line filter made by Corcom and two General Electric metal-oxide varistors.
by Steve Ciarcia
A visitor once called the Circuit Cellar my mountaintop wilderness retreat. Since he lived in the center of Manhattan, the few oak and birch trees around my house seemed to him like a forest, and because he could view scenery further away than a block or two he must have felt like he was on Mount Whitney. Well, my area is one of the higher points in Connecticut, but that isn't very high. It's barely a prairie-dog mound to someone from Montana. Life in a rural location has its special pleasures. I get to plow the snow from my own driveway, trim back the ever-encroaching foliage and rake the leaves, pile four cords of wood for the stove each winter (see reference 1), fight off the local animal population, and spend large sums of money repairing damage done to my electronic equipment by electrical disturbances. This last item is the only one that really annoys me. Every year I can count on experiencing some equipment failure attributable to an external electrical impulse, usually coming in through the power line.
For three years, just like clockwork, the first thunderstorm in June wiped out a DECwriter II terminal connected to one of my computers. After the first two times of spending a few hours replacing blown chips, I got smart and installed sockets. (Now I even know in advance which chips will be blown.) Last summer I kept the printer unconnected when I wasn't using it. But the elements were not to be denied. During an August thunderstorm, lightning struck my house. I can't say for sure where the bolt ac
36 December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc.
An expensive lesson produces the cheapest Circuit Cellar project yet
tually hit (there were no burn marks or other visible clues), but I suspect the point of entry was the power line. I remember seeing an indistinct flash of light, hearing a tremendous crash, and then standing in darkness. My assistant Jeanette saw a bright blue glow behind one of the computers. Such a tremendous power surge is not kind to semiconductor-based equipment. The casualties included one computer, one video camera, two video monitors, a microwave receiver, and probably several other assorted items I haven't found yet. The damage did not include the DECwriter (safely unplugged since May), but it was over $3000. In December, thunderstorms are not an immediate threat, but as I write this in early September the memory is still fresh and I still have a month of potentially violent weather to contend with. I am forced to consider some defensive measures. Perhaps by relating my experiences I can save you from a similar fate. Of course, lightning isn't the sole cause of electrical disturbances; you don't have to wait for a thunderstorm to be a victim. Many kinds of trouble can be ducted into your computer through the power line. In the January 1981 Circuit Cellar article (reference 2), I wrote about electromagnetic interference (EMI) ElectroMagnetic Interference and radio-frequency interference (RFI) Radio-Frequency Interference . This month I'd like to pick up the saga by describing other forms of electrical pollution that occur on power lines. Afterward, I'll describe a few simple, inexpensive means of dealing with them.The lines leaving your local utility company's generating plant carry electrical power that in most respects is pure, smooth, and constant.
However, as the power is routed through the distribution network, it comes
Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights reserved.
under the increasing aberrant influence of external forces and the connection or shedding of electrical loads. Your susceptibility to these aberrations depends on your location in the distribution system. If you are close to the power plant, you should have relatively few, with the low source-impedance of the generator and short distance of the transmission line limiting the influence of external forces. But rural customers at the end of the line usually experience the full effect. While the utilities try to distribute power evenly, the presence of a large-scale user of electrical power along the line between the generator and you can greatly affect the quality and quantity of the power you get. If you own a personal computer, you should be concerned about the quality of the power you feed it. Power-line irregularities cause problems for computers and other digital equipment because certain kinds of extraneous electrical pulses can be interpreted as data or instructions, causing errors in operation. You face hazards every time you plug in a piece of electronic equipment, but there are certain precautionary measures that can protect your computer. The degree of sensitivity depends somewhat on the type of equipment and the type of disturbances. As the operating speed of digital equipment increases, its tolerance to power-line pollution lessens. High-speed processors and memory components are susceptible to fast transients. (Dynamic memories, which must be periodically refreshed, are particularly susceptible.) Disk drives and displays, on the other hand, are more affected by lasting surges and sags in operating voltage.Electrical power-line disturbances can come from either natural or manmade sources. Of the many ways the power line can be disturbed, the several varieties of voltage fluctuation most often cause problems with computer equipment. These fluctuations can be categorized by source and severity, as follows:
A blackout is a total power outage—the voltage goes to zero. Obviously if no alternate source of power is available as a backup, computer equipment will be severely affected, and data will be lost. Blackouts generally affect only a small number of utility customers (fewer than 5 percent) during a year and generally last less than 10 seconds.
A brownout is typically a corrective action taken by the utility when power demand exceeds generating capacity. The utility reduces the output voltage from a nominal 120 V (volts) by 5 to 15 percent. When the voltage is thus reduced, the resistive load presented to the generators by the distribution network consumes less power. Generally speaking, most consumer and industrial equipment designed for use in North America functions properly when supplied with current within the range from 105 to 130 V. But when operating at either extreme, the equipment is more vulnerable to disruption from some other power-line anomaly. Fortunately, power companies rarely reduce the voltage by more than 7 percent.
The phenomena of voltage transients include surges of voltage above the specified normal, voltage sags below, and instantaneous voltage spikes that leap far above the nominal levels. Surges and sags are long-duration events occurring at some point in the distribution network when electrical equipment is routinely turned on or off nearby. The magnitude of the surge or sag depends upon the size of the load being removed from or placed on the network. Sags are often produced by the turning on of electric motors, which have high starting currents. (You've probably noticed lights dimming
December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc. 37
A lightning flash is characterized by one or more strokes with typical peak currents of 20 kA (kiloamperes) or higher. In the immediate vicinity of the stroke's impact on the earth, hazardous voltage gradients exist. It is difficult to establish a definite grounding-conductance value necessary to protect equipment and personnel. The current in a lightning strike is so high that even 1 ohm of resistance can theoretically produce hazardous potentials. When lightning strikes a building unprotected by a lightning rod, the stroke seeks out the lowest-impedance path to earth (most likely through the electric wiring or water pipes).
The important element in lightning protection is the lightning rod, a pointed shaft of copper to which a half-inch copper cable is fastened. The cable in run down the side of the building, where it is clamped to an 8½-foot copper-plated steel rod driven into the earth. The rod system pictured here costs $150.
As the electric charge builds up in a cloud, the electric field in the vicinity of the charge center increases to the point where the air starts to ionize. A column of ionized air, called a pilot streamer, begins to extend toward the earth at a velocity of about 100 miles per hour. After the pilot streamer has moved perhaps 100 feet to 150 feet, a more intense discharge called the stepped leader occurs. This discharge inserts additional negative cluzrge into the region around the pilot streamer and allows the pilot streamer to advance for another 100 to 150 feet, after which the cycle repeats. As its name indicates, the stepped leader progresses toward the earth in a series of steps, with a time interval between steps on the order of 50 microseconds.
In a cloud-to-ground flash, the pilot steamer does not move in a direct line toward the earth but instead follows the path through the atmosphere where the air ionizes most readily. Although the general direction is toward the earth, the specific angle of departure taken by each succeeding pilot streamer from the tip of the previous streamer is unpredictable. Therefore, each 100- to 150-foot segment of the stroke will likely approach the earth at a different angle. This changing angle of approach gives the overall flash its characteristic zigzag appearance.
As a highly ionized column, the stepped leader is at essentially the same potential as the charged area from which it originates. Thus, as the stepped leader approaches the earth, the voltage gradient between the earth and the tip of the leader increases. The increasing voltage further encourages the air dielectric between the two regions to break down.
Objects extending above their surroundings are likely to be struck by lightning. Thin metallic structures, such as flag poles, lighting towers, antennas, and overhead wires, offer a very small cross-sectional area relative to the surrounding terrain, but ample evidence exists to show that such objects apparently attract lightning. The ability of tall structures or objects to attract lightning serves to protect shorter objects and structures nearby. In effect, a tall object establishes a protected zone around it; within this zone, other structures and objects are protected against direct lightning strikes. As the height differential between the shorter surrounding objects and the tall one decreases, the protection provided to the shorter objects decreases. Likewise, as the horizontal distance between the tall and short structures increases, the protection afforded by the tall structure decreases.
A protective device that makes use of this phenomenon is the lightning rod, shown in photo. Generally just a sharp copper spike, the lightning rod is attached to the highest point on the structure to be protected. When lightning strikes, the current is shunted directly through a heavy copper wire from the rod to a grounding electrode buried in the earth. Although the duration of a strike is typically less than 2 microseconds, the voltage generated is high enough to cause flashover strikes to conducting objects located as much as 14 inches away from the conducting path. For this reason, metallic objects in close proximity to down conductors should be electrically bonded to the conductors.
But circuits not in direct contact with the lightning discharge path can experience damage, even in the absence of overt coupling by flashover. Because the high current associated with a discharge builds up so fast, large inductively produced voltages are formed on nearby conductors. Experimental and analytical evidence shows that the surges thus induced can easily exceed the tolerance level of many components, particularly solid-state devices. Inductive surges can be induced by lightning current flowing in a down conductor or structural member, by a stroke to earth in the vicinity of buried cables, or by cloud-to-cloud discharges occurring parallel to long cable runs, either above ground or buried.
The objective of all lightning-protection systems is to direct the high currents away from susceptible elements or limit the voltage gradients developed by the high current to safe levels. In a given area, certain structures or objects are more likely to be struck by lightning than others; however, no object, whether man-made or natural, should be assumed to be immune from lightning. The voltages that could be induced by such discharges present a definite threat to signal and control equipment, particularly equipment employing semiconductor components.
Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights reserved.
38 December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc.
when an air conditioner comes on.)Surges are generally the result of network switching by the utility or of a sudden reduction in demand for power in the network; during the period necessary for the utility's electromechanical compensation system to function, an overvoltage transient condition can exist. The most damaging power-line disturbance is the high-speed, highenergy voltage spike. People speaking loosely about "power-line transients" are probably talking about this type of event. Lasting usually less than 100 microseconds, spikes can be up to 6000 volts. Such high-energy transients are produced by the switching off of inductive loads by the opening of switch contacts, short circuits, or blown fuses; severe network load changes; or lightning. Inductive-load switching accounts for the majority of spikes.
December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc. 39
Photo 2: You can save approximately $40 on the price of a transient-protected power strip by adding the protection yourself, as demonstrated on the Radio Shack Archer 61-2620 unit. First, unscrew the end plates.
Photo 3: Open the strip case, exposing the four receptacles and the white circuit-breaker block. The three wires conducting power run the length of the strip: black is the hot side, white is the neutral return, and the green wire is earth ground.
Photo 4: Using an X-acto knife or similar tool, strip insulation from the wires between the receptacles (which I number 1 through 4, from left to right) according to the following system: between 1 and 2, strip the green and black; between 2 and 3, strip the green and white; between 3 and 4, strip the black and white.
When the coil of an inductive load such as a transformer or motor is suddenly deenergized, the collapsing magnetic field must dissipate its energy, and it does this by placing a large voltage back into the circuit that energized it. Let's examine the process in detail. As the circuit through the inductor is broken, current in the inductor continues to flow, charging the distributed capacitance in the windings. At some point, the charge voltage becomes sufficient to leap across the switch gap as a spark. This sudden shorting action discharges the winding's capacitive charge back into the circuit until the spark ceases. This process repeats in a cycle until there is too little energy left in the coil to create an arc across the contacts. The waveform of inductance-generated transients is oscillatory. For example, a contact opening while conducting 100 mA (milliamperes) in a 1-H (henry) inductance will produce a 3000-V spike, assuming about a 0.001-µtF (microfarad) stray winding capacitance. Whenever you plug in a vacuum cleaner, hair drier, or other appliance (even your computer), you could be creating some potentially serious transient disruptions for other equipment on the same power line. The equipment need not even be on the same wiring circuit. The capacitance of household wiring is often sufficient to couple a transient from one wire to another (differential mode) or from the wire to the ground (common mode). Lightning is the most violent and most destructive source of transient energy. A direct lightning hit is catastrophic, but direct hits seldom occur. A more frequent danger is that a lightning strike on a power line miles away may result in a thousandvolt spike rushing throughout your home.
(Because lightning is such a significant source of transients, I've explained it in detail in the text box "How Lightning Strikes." A secondary, and more widespread, effect of a lightning hit on a power line is a voltage sag over a large part of the
40 December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc.
Photo 5: You can now solder a varistor between each of the stripped wire pairs, mounting it fiat against the back face of the receptacle so that the case will fit together again.
Photo 6: The outlet strip with three MOVs installed provides both common-mode and differential-mode transient suppression. After you have finished soldering, carefully reassemble the power strip's enclosure and screw it back together.
Miscellaneous electrical noise is the final source of power-line disturbances. It is best understood as high-voltage highfrequency interference. Noise in the range from 10 kHz (kilohertz) to 50 MHz (megahertz) is the most common cause of computer failures. Because of its frequency, noise can be either broadcast through free space from its source or conducted directly through the power lines. Digital electronic equipment is a prime source of high-frequency noise.
I'm not trying to make you afraid to plug your computer into the wall outlet. There are remedies for virtually all the problems I've mentioned, although some are more practical for some computer users than others.  These measures, although expensive, are effective. If you are plagued by blackouts or have equipment that should never be shut down, I suggest that you consider obtaining an uninterruptible power supply, abbreviated UPSUninterruptible Power Supply. Using a UPSUninterruptible Power Supply gives you confidence in the quality of your power and effectively isolates your computer from damaging perturbations. However, a UPSUninterruptible Power Supply is also quite costly. In the case of electrical noise and EMIElectroMagnetic Interference, there are filters and construction techniques that can be employed to reduce interference, but a better answer is to find the pollution at the source and eliminate it. My article in the January 1981 BYTE outlined most methods of filtration and preventive design. While I'll try not to belabor the point, a power-line filter is an important noise- and transient-suppression device. The best answer to transients is to suppress their voltages to a harmless level, either with filters or a special category of components called transient suppressors.
A power-line interference filter is an electronic circuit used to control RFIRadio Frequency Interference and EMIElectroMagnetic Interference conducted into and out of equipment. The filter is intended to provide unwanted interference signals with a high series impedance (into the vulnerable equipment) and low shunt impedance (to ground). It generally consists of a set of passive components that act as a mismatching network for high-frequency signals-a low-pass filter. The network attenuates RFRadio Frequency energy above 10 kHz, while passing the 60-Hz power.
The simplest possible filter is a single capacitor wired in parallel or a single coil wired in series with the power line. More typically, several capacitors and/or coils are used together, connected into different configurations variously called L, ℼ, and T filters. Though containing only a few components, such passive bilateral networks have complex transfer characteristics that are extremely dependent upon the impedances of the source and load. Because you can't predict these impedances for all applications, it is not possible to unequivocally state that a specific filter configuration will work the same way in two different environments. But to allow
December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc. 41
Photo 7: For quicker and easier, though incomplete, protection, you can plug your computer into a simple voltage-spike protector such as the Radio Shack 61-2790. As you can see from the disassembled unit, the metal-oxide varistor (wrapped in fiberglass tape) is connected between only the hot and neutral lines (black and white). It has no varistor connection to the ground lead and therefore does not protect against common-mode transients.
Photo 8: Some line filters are made to work in specific circumstances. This Radio Shack powerline- filter strip (stock number 26-1451) was devised to cure interference problems with the TRS-80 Model I computer; it contains two separate LC (inductancelcapacitance) interference filters but no varistors. If you have this strip, I suggest you install some MOVs.
The selection is easier and much more controlled using commercial line filters (see the text box on page 39). So much depends upon component selection and layout that the only way to make sure power-line interference has been eliminated is to actually test the filter in your equipment. A circuit designed according to theory using a 50-ohm assumed impedance probably won't work as well as one empirically derived using the actual equipment and power line.
Protection from. the various kinds of line transients is obtained by suppressing or diverting them. The three types of circuits most often used for this are filters, crowbars, and voltage-clampers. As I previously alluded, filters comprising inductances and capacitances are widely used for interference protection, including transients. Since most transient signals are high frequency, the suppression by a filter is often effective, provided it can withstand the associated high voltages.
Crowbar circuits use a switching action, such as turning on a thyristor or arcing across a spark gap, to divert transients. But crowbars that incorporate SCRs (silicon-controlled rectifiers) and triacs are much too slow to effectively suppress 100-µs (microsecond) transients. Most often they are incorporated in low-voltage DC Direct Current power-supply output circuits where overvoltage conditions occur at more manageable speeds (milliseconds). Spark-gap devices, which include carbon blocks and gas tubes, are fast
42 December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc.
Figure la: The Radio Shack four-outlet power strip can be easily modified to protect equipment from high-energy power-line transients. Three General Electric V130LA10A metal-oxide varistors (MOVs-Radio Shack number 276-570) are connected between the hot, neutral, and ground wires of the power line.
Figure 1b: For added protection against low-energy electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference, the Corcom 5VK1 line filter (Radio Shack 273-100) can be installed in the circuit.
Voltage-clamping devices, on the other hand, have impedances that vary as a function of either the voltage across or the current through them. The circuit being protected is unaffected by the presence of the clamping device unless the incoming supply voltage exceeds the clamping level, as would be the case when a transient hits. The various kinds of high-speed voltage-clamping devices include selenium cells, zener diodes, silicon-carbide varistors, and metaloxide varistors. Of these, the metaloxide varistors, or MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors, hold a Significant price/performance advantage and are highly applicable in personal computing applications.
Metal-Oxide Varistors are voltagedependent nonlinear devices that behave somewhat like a back-biased zener diode. When a voltage lower than its conduction threshold is applied across it, the MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor appears as a nonconducting open circuit. But if the applied voltage becomes greater than this set point (when a transient hits), the MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor begins to conduct, clamping the input voltage to a safe level. In effect, the MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor absorbs the transient and dissipates the energy as heat.
An MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor is made of zinc oxide combined with small amounts of bismuth, cobalt, and manganese. The individual zinc-oxide grains form many p/n (positive-doped/negativedoped) junctions that combine in a multitude of series and parallel arrangements. This diversity of microstructure causes its nonlinear semiconducting characteristics. An MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor is inherently more rugged than a single-junction semiconductor device (a zener diode, for example) because energy is uniformly absorbed throughout the bulk of the component.
The physical dimensions of the MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor determine its characteristics, its conduction-threshold voltage varying as a function of thickness, and its energy-dissipating capacity varying according to volume.
MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors are available in operating voltages from 6 to 2800 V, with peak current capacities of up to 50,000 A (amperes). MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors respond to transients in only a few nanoseconds and are relatively inexpensive. The chief producer of MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors is the General Electric Company.
Large companies sometimes solve power-line problems by producing their own power. In the home or small office, it's more practical to protect your computer and peripherals through comprehensive application of filtering and transient suppression. Most of the commercially available filtered power strips contain MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors as their primary suppression device. Even those costing $50 or $75 rarely contain more than $5 worth of transient protection. By purchasing the suppression components separately and installing them yourself, you can save a lot of money.The majority of the projects I've presented in Circuit Cellar articles can be built for $50 to $2000, but the project this month wins hands down for economy. For the most part, line filters and MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors are available off the shelf, and adequate transient suppression for your computer might cost as little as $1.59!
You can take two approaches in installing suppression. If you are interested in protecting only a few items of equipment, MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors can be wired across the AC line where it enters the enclosures. You can find the General Electric V130LA10A MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor component at Radio Shack for $1.59 (stock number 276-570). This device is ideally suited to 120-VAC applications. It has an energy rating of 38 joules (watt-seconds) and will clamp to 340 V at 50 A within 35 ns (nanoseconds). Its peak-current rating is 4500 A. (For heavier duties, you'll need to use V130LA20A or V130PA20A MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor.) (As a rule, if you are going to be
December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc. 43
Circle 239 on inquiry card.
Packages: Create your own
configuration. CALL
64k memory chips...... $92
additional disk drives $450
DOS 1.1 .............. $40
DOS 2.0 .............. $60
Easywriter ........... $165
Visicalc ............. CALL
dBASE II ............. $430
PFS report ...... $133
PFS filter ...... $110
TK! Solver ...... $250
WordStar ........ $327
MailMerge ....... $165
Memorex disks ... $3.25
3M disk ......... $2.99
JAGUAR half height
drives ................. $249
MICRO·SCI full height
drives ................. $220
80 column cards ........ $275
80 column with 64k cards $375
Grappler ............... $140
System Saver Fan ....... $55
WordStar ............... $327
dBASE .................. $430
Memorex disks .......... $3.25
3M disks .................. $2.99
GORILLA HI-RES GREEN .. $99
PRINCETON GraphicSys .. $665
Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Ciarcia. All rights reserved.
working inside the equipment you should also install line filters. You can buy Corcom type-5VK1 5-A RFIRadio Frequency Interference power-line filters at Radio Shack for $11.95 (stock number 273-100). These units, like the one shown in photo 1, are adequate for most consumer applications and fit in very nicely with existing equipment.)The easier alternative is to modify a regular power strip to include transient suppression. Radio Shack's 4- outlet strip (number 61-2620, costing $15.95) is perfect for this application. Merely open it up and install three MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors, as demonstrated in the series of photos 2 through 6, connected as shown in figure 1 . One MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor is installed directly between the black (hot) and white (neutral) leads, the second MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor is connected from the black lead to the green (ground) wire, and the third from the white to the green. While you might squeak through by installing one MOVMetal Oxide Varisistor across the line, complete common-mode and differential-mode suppression requires three MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors. (Photo 7 shows a commercial adaptation of the simplified scheme.) The price for all the parts of the protected power strip is $20.72. If you were to buy a larger power strip or build your own distribution box, you could also add a power-line filter. And if you have a filter strip already on your computer, you might want to check its degree of transient protection (see photo 8).
This project may not seem very exciting. I didn't find the idea very exciting, either, until the flash and subsequent smoke coming out of my favorite article-writing computer provided all the excitement I'll need for months. Most of the $3000 worth of damage I had was for equipment plugged into a single circuit, some of it on the same power strip. I had always known the protective value of MOVsMetal Oxide Varisistors, but I thought it wouldn't happen to me. A few dollars' worth of parts could have saved a lot of aggravation. Voltage spikes and power-line disturbances aren't always the result of storm activity. Transient-caused equipment failures can happen any-time.
The events I've described just served as a catalyst for presenting the subject. And even if lightning never hits you, you should know that many of the new computers I have been evaluating this year have shown an increased sensitivity to external interferance, including power-line glitches. You wouldn't want to find your new computer rebooting suddenly at a critical point or discover the memory to be scrambled after you plug in a printer on the same outlet. Transient suppression constitutes an ounce of prevention. You can spend thousands for the cure.
A new integrated circuit from National Semiconductor pennits an intelligent video-display tenninal to be built from only 21 chips. ■
To receive a complete list of Ciarcia 's Circuit Cellar project kits available from the Micromint, circle 100 on the reader service inquiry card at the back of the magazine.
Steve Ciarcia (pronounced "see-ARE-see-ah") is an electronics engineer and computer consultant with experience in process control, digital design, nuclear instrumentation, product development, and marketing. In addition to writing for BYTE, he has published several books. He can be contacted at POB 582,Glastonbury, CT 06033.
1. Ciarcia, Steve. "A Computer-Controlled Wood Stove." February 1980 BYTE, page 32.
2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Electromagnetic Interference." January 1981 BYTE, page 48.
3. Roberts, Steven K. Industrial Design with Microcomputers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08250. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I cavers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains articles from July 1980 through December 1981. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume IV, soon to appear, will contain articles from January 1982 through June 1983.
44 December 1983 © Byte Publications Inc.
A lightning flash is characterized by one or more strokes with typical peak currents of 20 kA (kiloamperes) or higher. In the immediate vicinity of the stroke's impact on the earth, hazardous voltage gradients exist. It is difficult to establish a definite grounding-conductance value necessary to protect equipment and personnel. The current in a lightning strike is so high that even 1 ohm of resistance can theoretically produce hazardous potentials. When lightning strikes a building unprotected by a lightning rod, the stroke seeks out the lowest-impedance path to earth (most likely through the electric wiring or water pipes).
The important element in lightning protection is the lightning rod, a pointed shaft of copper to which a half-inch copper cable is fastened. The cable in run down the side of the building, where it is clamped to an 8½-foot copper-plated steel rod driven into the earth. The rod system pictured here costs $150.
As the electric charge builds up in a cloud, the electric field in the vicinity of the charge center increases to the point where the air starts to ionize. A column of ionized air, called a pilot streamer, begins to extend toward the earth at a velocity of about 100 miles per hour. After the pilot streamer has moved perhaps 100 feet to 150 feet, a more intense discharge called the stepped leader occurs. This discharge inserts additional negative cluzrge into the region around the pilot streamer and allows the pilot streamer to advance for another 100 to 150 feet, after which the cycle repeats. As its name indicates, the stepped leader progresses toward the earth in a series of steps, with a time interval between steps on the order of 50 microseconds.
In a cloud-to-ground flash, the pilot steamer does not move in a direct line toward the earth but instead follows the path through the atmosphere where the air ionizes most readily. Although the general direction is toward the earth, the specific angle of departure taken by each succeeding pilot streamer from the tip of the previous streamer is unpredictable. Therefore, each 100- to 150-foot segment of the stroke will likely approach the earth at a different angle. This changing angle of approach gives the overall flash its characteristic zigzag appearance.
As a highly ionized column, the stepped leader is at essentially the same potential as the charged area from which it originates. Thus, as the stepped leader approaches the earth, the voltage gradient between the earth and the tip of the leader increases. The increasing voltage further encourages the air dielectric between the two regions to break down.
Objects extending above their surroundings are likely to be struck by lightning. Thin metallic structures, such as flag poles, lighting towers, antennas, and overhead wires, offer a very small cross-sectional area relative to the surrounding terrain, but ample evidence exists to show that such objects apparently attract lightning. The ability of tall structures or objects to attract lightning serves to protect shorter objects and structures nearby. In effect, a tall object establishes a protected zone around it; within this zone, other structures and objects are protected against direct lightning strikes. As the height differential between the shorter surrounding objects and the tall one decreases, the protection provided to the shorter objects decreases. Likewise, as the horizontal distance between the tall and short structures increases, the protection afforded by the tall structure decreases.
A protective device that makes use of this phenomenon is the lightning rod, shown in photo. Generally just a sharp copper spike, the lightning rod is attached to the highest point on the structure to be protected. When lightning strikes, the current is shunted directly through a heavy copper wire from the rod to a grounding electrode buried in the earth. Although the duration of a strike is typically less than 2 microseconds, the voltage generated is high enough to cause flashover strikes to conducting objects located as much as 14 inches away from the conducting path. For this reason, metallic objects in close proximity to down conductors should be electrically bonded to the conductors.
But circuits not in direct contact with the lightning discharge path can experience damage, even in the absence of overt coupling by flashover. Because the high current associated with a discharge builds up so fast, large inductively produced voltages are formed on nearby conductors. Experimental and analytical evidence shows that the surges thus induced can easily exceed the tolerance level of many components, particularly solid-state devices. Inductive surges can be induced by lightning current flowing in a down conductor or structural member, by a stroke to earth in the vicinity of buried cables, or by cloud-to-cloud discharges occurring parallel to long cable runs, either above ground or buried.
The objective of all lightning-protection systems is to direct the high currents away from susceptible elements or limit the voltage gradients developed by the high current to safe levels. In a given area, certain structures or objects are more likely to be struck by lightning than others; however, no object, whether man-made or natural, should be assumed to be immune from lightning. The voltages that could be induced by such discharges present a definite threat to signal and control equipment, particularly equipment employing semiconductor components.
Packages: Create your own
configuration. CALL
64k memory chips...... $92
additional disk drives $450
DOS 1.1 .............. $40
DOS 2.0 .............. $60
Easywriter ........... $165
Visicalc ............. CALL
dBASE II ............. $430
PFS report ...... $133
PFS filter ...... $110
TK! Solver ...... $250
WordStar ........ $327
MailMerge ....... $165
Memorex disks ... $3.25
3M disk ......... $2.99
JAGUAR half height
drives ................. $249
MICRO·SCI full height
drives ................. $220
80 column cards ........ $275
80 column with 64k cards $375
Grappler ............... $140
System Saver Fan ....... $55
WordStar ............... $327
dBASE .................. $430
Memorex disks .......... $3.25
3M disks .................. $2.99
GORILLA HI-RES GREEN .. $99
PRINCETON GraphicSys .. $665
Photo 2: You can save approximately $40 on the price of a transient-protected power strip by adding the protection yourself, as demonstrated on the Radio Shack Archer 61-2620 unit. First, unscrew the end plates.
Photo 3: Open the strip case, exposing the four receptacles and the white circuit-breaker block. The three wires conducting power run the length of the strip: black is the hot side, white is the neutral return, and the green wire is earth ground.
Photo 4: Using an X-acto knife or similar tool, strip insulation from the wires between the receptacles (which I number 1 through 4, from left to right) according to the following system: between 1 and 2, strip the green and black; between 2 and 3, strip the green and white; between 3 and 4, strip the black and white.
Photo 5: You can now solder a varistor between each of the stripped wire pairs, mounting it fiat against the back face of the receptacle so that the case will fit together again.
Photo 6: The outlet strip with three MOVs installed provides both common-mode and differential-mode transient suppression. After you have finished soldering, carefully reassemble the power strip's enclosure and screw it back together.
Photo 7: For quicker and easier, though incomplete, protection, you can plug your computer into a simple voltage-spike protector such as the Radio Shack 61-2790. As you can see from the disassembled unit, the metal-oxide varistor (wrapped in fiberglass tape) is connected between only the hot and neutral lines (black and white). It has no varistor connection to the ground lead and therefore does not protect against common-mode transients.
Photo 8: Some line filters are made to work in specific circumstances. This Radio Shack powerline- filter strip (stock number 26-1451) was devised to cure interference problems with the TRS-80 Model I computer; it contains two separate LC (inductancelcapacitance) interference filters but no varistors. If you have this strip, I suggest you install some MOVs.
Figure la: The Radio Shack four-outlet power strip can be easily modified to protect equipment from high-energy power-line transients. Three General Electric V130LA10A metal-oxide varistors (MOVs-Radio Shack number 276-570) are connected between the hot, neutral, and ground wires of the power line.
Figure 1b: For added protection against low-energy electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference, the Corcom 5VK1 line filter (Radio Shack 273-100) can be installed in the circuit.
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This document details how the Avalon PMC has agreed to handle voting.
The proposer is the one who comes up with the discussion that needs to be addressed. Any member of the Avalon community may start the discussion. The proposer must follow the procedures listed under the heading "Prior to the Vote".
The vote administrator is the person who tallies the votes and reports the results. The person who actually puts a proposal up for vote is usually the vote administrator, although this task can be taken on by someone else.
A voter is someone who expresses support, opposition or abstention for the subject being voted on. A voter must be an Avalon PMC member. Input is appreciated from committers and all other members of the community, but only votes from PMC members are counted.
Before any vote can take place, the subject must be discussed. All such discussions take place on the Avalon developer or PMC mailing list, and have the text "[PROPOSAL]" in the subject line. That practice alerts members to the fact that you eventually intend to call a vote on the subject.
When the proposal is ready to be adopted by the community, the Proposer will call for a vote on the Avalon developers or PMC mailing list. The call for vote must have the text "[PMC:VOTE]" in the subject line. That practice alerts the members to the fact that the prior proposal is now ready to vote on, and discussion should stop for the proposal.
The voter responds to the call for vote with an expression of support, opposition, or abstention. The exact way to express the voter's position is listed below:
- +1 a vote supporting the subject
- +0 a vote abstaining from the subject (but showing some support).
- 0 a vote abstaining from the subject.
- -0 a vote abstaining from the subject (but showing disapproval).
- -1 a vote opposing the subject
The vote administrator will count only the last vote from each voter. That means a voter may change their vote at any time during the duration of the vote. All votes (+1, -1, +0, -0 and 0) count toward quorum, but +0, -0 and 0 do not count when determining majority.
There are two classes of votes: a Qualified Majority Vote and a Normal Majority Vote. In both types of votes, only +1 and -1 votes count toward majority.
Any vote that affects the texts "Avalon PMC Charter" or "Avalon PMC Policies and Procedures" is a Qualified Majority Vote. For this type of vote to pass, it requires that there are more than twice as many +1 votes as -1 votes.
All votes that do not fall under the heading of Qualified Majority Vote are handled as a Normal Majority Vote. If there are more +1 votes than -1 votes, then the vote has passed.
In order for any vote to be considered binding it must have quorum, and be held for the proper amount of time.
For all votes, there must be at least three (3) voters and half (1/2) of the PMC must cast a vote. When determining quorum, all votes (+1, -1, +0, -0 and 0) count.
All votes will be open for an initial period of one week. The Vote Administrator may close the vote at any time after that period if quorum has been achieved. If quorum could not be reached within the initial one-week period, the vote will remain open for one additional week. If the vote still has not achieved quorum, then it is considered failed. The proposer can choose to bring it up later when quorum can be reached.
When the vote is closed, the results of the vote are summarized by the Vote Administrator. The vote administrator will send an email to the Avalon developers or PMC list with the text "[PMC:VOTE-RESULT]" in the subject that has the summary. The summary will include the count of all +1, +0, 0, -0, and -1 responses, and the final verdict of whether the subject passed.
Disagreements concerning voting may be directed to the Chair. The Chair's opinion shall be final and binding upon the PMC.


CREATELANG
Section: PostgreSQL Client Applications (1)Updated: 2012-08-14
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
createlang - define a new PostgreSQL procedural languageSYNOPSIS
createlang [ connection-option... ] langname [ dbname ]
createlang [ connection-option... ] [ --list ] [ -l ] dbname
DESCRIPTION
createlang is a utility for adding a new programming language to a PostgreSQL database. createlang is just a wrapper around the CREATE LANGUAGE [create_language(7)] command.
OPTIONS
createlang accepts the following command-line arguments:
- langname
- Specifies the name of the procedural programming language to be defined.
- [-d] dbname
- [--dbname] dbname
- Specifies to which database the language should be added. The default is to use the database with the same name as the current system user.
- -e
- --echo
- Display SQL commands as they are executed.
- -l
- --list
- Show a list of already installed languages in the target database.
createlang also accepts the following command-line arguments for connection parameters:
- -h host
- --host host
- Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix domain socket.
- -p port
- --port port
- Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections.
- -U username
- --username username
- User name to connect as.
- -w
- --no-password
- Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires password authentication and a password is not available by other means such as a .pgpass file, the connection attempt will fail. This option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a password.
- -W
- --password
-
Force createlang to prompt for a
password before connecting to a database.
This option is never essential, since createlang will automatically prompt for a password if the server demands password authentication. However, createlang will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password. In some cases it is worth typing -W to avoid the extra connection attempt.
ENVIRONMENT
- PGDATABASE
- PGHOST
- PGPORT
- PGUSER
- Default connection parameters
This utility, like most other PostgreSQL utilities, also uses the environment variables supported by libpq (see in the documentation).
DIAGNOSTICS
Most error messages are self-explanatory. If not, run createlang with the --echo option and see under the respective SQL command for details. Also, any default connection settings and environment variables used by the libpq front-end library will apply.
NOTES
Use droplang(1) to remove a language.
EXAMPLES
To install the language pltcl into the database template1:
$ createlang pltcl template1Note that installing the language into template1 will cause it to be automatically installed into subsequently-created databases as well.
SEE ALSO
droplang(1), CREATE LANGUAGE [create_language(7)]
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:02 GMT, December 24, 2015


Here,i am equipped with various abilities and i am open gor hire.I do create websites there i may be of assistance when it comes to web design and also web development.


Eurojackpot results for Friday 20th November 2015
The winning numbers for the 47th Eurojackpot draw in 2015 that took place on Friday 20th November at 21:00 CEST (20:00 GMT) were:
Winners
Winners
Amount
Slovenian Prize Breakdown
View prize breakdowns for other countries| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Slovenia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | 1 | €6,646.50 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 6 | €2,204.40 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 8 | €1,152.80 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 20 | €1,600 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 303 | €7,696.20 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 339 | €7,593.60 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 554 | €9,584.20 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 1,754 | €20,346.40 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 5,191 | €47,238.10 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 8,176 | €104,062.20 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Slovenia must be claimed within 90 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Thursday 18th February 2016.
Additional Draw Information
In total there were 11,963,820 entries into this draw from all participating countries.
Draw Number: 47
European Prize Breakdown
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Croatia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kn0 | 0 | kn0 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 0 | kn0 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Croatia must be claimed within 60 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Tuesday 19th January 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Croatia prior to the draw was 0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Czech Republic | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kč0 | 0 | Kč0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
Kč27,487,474 | 0 | Kč0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
Kč1,940,291 | 0 | Kč0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kč179,654 | 0 | Kč0 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
Kč9,930 | 2 | Kč19,860 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
Kč3,895 | 16 | Kč62,320 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kč2,162 | 22 | Kč47,564 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kč686 | 375 | Kč257,250 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
Kč605 | 354 | Kč214,170 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
Kč467 | 638 | Kč297,946 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kč313 | 2,078 | Kč650,414 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
Kč245 | 5,733 | Kč1,404,585 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 9,218 | Kč2,954,109 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Czech Republic must be claimed within 35 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Friday 25th December 2015.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Czech Republic prior to the draw was 0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Denmark | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.0 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.6,448,522 | 1 | kr.6,448,522 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.457,645 | 0 | kr.0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.42,401 | 2 | kr.84,802 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.2,372 | 36 | kr.85,392 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
kr.948 | 67 | kr.63,516 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.540 | 99 | kr.53,460 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.190 | 1,549 | kr.294,310 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.168 | 1,820 | kr.305,760 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
kr.129 | 3,232 | kr.416,928 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.87 | 8,252 | kr.717,924 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.68 | 25,750 | kr.1,751,000 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 40,808 | kr.10,221,614 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Denmark must be claimed within a set period of time depending on how much you have won. Visit the How to Claim page to find specific claim periods, with some prizes needing to be claimed within 90 days of the draw (valid until Thursday 18th February 2016).
The estimated jackpot advertised in Denmark prior to the draw was 0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Estonia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 1 | €71,782.90 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | 0 | €0 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 7 | €2,571.80 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 9 | €1,296.90 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 12 | €960 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 170 | €4,318 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 189 | €4,233.60 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 299 | €5,172.70 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 822 | €9,535.20 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 2,773 | €25,234.30 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 4,282 | €125,105.40 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Estonia must be claimed within 90 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Thursday 18th February 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Estonia prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Finland | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 1 | €71,782.90 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Finland | 18 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 293 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 581 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 897 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 14,557 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 15,999 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 29,710 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 80,250 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 250,606 | ||
|
Total |
- | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Finland must be claimed within 365 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 19th November 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Finland prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Germany | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 2 | €143,565.80 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Germany | 18 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 293 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 581 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 897 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 14,557 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 15,999 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 29,710 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 80,250 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 250,606 | ||
|
Total |
- | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Germany must be claimed within 3 years of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Tuesday 20th November 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Germany prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Hungary | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
Ft19,898,220 | 0 | Ft0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft6,842,410 | 1 | Ft6,842,410 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
Ft101,845 | 5 | Ft509,225 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
Ft39,945 | 16 | Ft639,120 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft22,175 | 23 | Ft510,025 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft7,040 | 502 | Ft3,534,080 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
Ft6,210 | 501 | Ft3,111,210 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
Ft4,795 | 755 | Ft3,620,225 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft3,215 | 3,048 | Ft9,799,320 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
Ft2,525 | 7,889 | Ft19,919,725 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 12,740 | Ft48,485,340 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Hungary must be claimed within 180 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Wednesday 18th May 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Hungary prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Iceland | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.1,403,800,000 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.142,755,880 | 0 | kr.0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.10,076,880 | 0 | kr.0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.933,030 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Iceland | 18 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.51,570 | 293 | ||
|
Match 4 |
kr.20,220 | 581 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.11,230 | 897 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.3,140 | 14,557 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.3,560 | 15,999 | ||
|
Match 3 |
kr.2,420 | 29,710 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.1,620 | 80,250 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.1,270 | 250,606 | ||
|
Total |
- | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Iceland must be claimed within 1 year of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Sunday 20th November 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Iceland prior to the draw was 0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Italy | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | 1 | €6,646.50 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 17 | €6,245.80 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 37 | €5,331.70 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 49 | €3,920 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 923 | €23,444.20 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 988 | €22,131.20 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 2,020 | €34,946 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 4,836 | €56,097.60 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 16,387 | €149,121.70 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 25,258 | €307,884.70 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Italy must be claimed within a set period of time depending on how much you have won. Visit the How to Claim page to find specific claim periods, with some prizes needing to be claimed within 30 days of the draw (valid until Sunday 20th December 2015).
The estimated jackpot advertised in Italy prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Latvia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Latvia | 18 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 293 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 581 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 897 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 14,557 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 15,999 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 29,710 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 80,250 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 250,606 | ||
|
Total |
- | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Latvia must be claimed within 30 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Sunday 20th December 2015.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Latvia prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Lithuania | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | 0 | €0 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 0 | €0 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 4 | €576.40 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 7 | €560 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 74 | €1,879.60 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 101 | €2,262.40 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 154 | €2,664.20 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 460 | €5,336 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 1,332 | €12,121.20 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 2,132 | €25,399.80 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Lithuania must be claimed within 60 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Tuesday 19th January 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Lithuania prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Netherlands | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Netherlands | 18 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 293 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 581 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 897 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 14,557 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 15,999 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 29,710 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 80,250 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 250,606 | ||
|
Total |
- | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Netherlands must be claimed within 365 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 19th November 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Netherlands prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Norway | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.0 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.9,359,265 | 0 | kr.0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.660,650 | 0 | kr.0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.61,170 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Norway | 18 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.3,380 | 293 | ||
|
Match 4 |
kr.1,325 | 581 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.735 | 897 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.230 | 14,557 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.205 | 15,999 | ||
|
Match 3 |
kr.155 | 29,710 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.105 | 80,250 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.80 | 250,606 | ||
|
Total |
- | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Norway must be claimed within 3 months of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 20th February 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Norway prior to the draw was 0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Slovakia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | 0 | €0 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 9 | €3,306.60 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 17 | €2,449.70 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 19 | €1,520 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 324 | €8,229.60 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 374 | €8,377.60 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 736 | €12,732.80 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 1,770 | €20,532 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 5,884 | €53,544.40 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 9,133 | €110,692.70 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Slovakia must be claimed within 35 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Friday 25th December 2015.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Slovakia prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Spain | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10,000,000 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€1,016,924.70 | 0 | €0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
€71,782.90 | 0 | €0 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€6,646.50 | 1 | €6,646.50 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€367.40 | 10 | €3,674 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
€144.10 | 37 | €5,331.70 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€80 | 37 | €2,960 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€25.40 | 218 | €5,537.20 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€22.40 | 599 | €13,417.60 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
€17.30 | 1,072 | €18,545.60 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€11.60 | 2,840 | €32,944 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€9.10 | 9,019 | €82,072.90 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 13,833 | €171,129.50 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Spain must be claimed within 30 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Sunday 20th December 2015.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Spain prior to the draw was €10,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Sweden | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.0 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.9,479,975 | 0 | kr.0 | 1 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.972,909 | 1 | kr.972,909 | 5 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.142,233 | 2 | kr.284,466 | 18 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.21,668 | 16 | kr.346,688 | 293 |
|
Match 4 |
kr.15,170 | 19 | kr.288,230 | 581 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.6,097 | 30 | kr.182,910 | 897 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.236 | 578 | kr.136,408 | 14,557 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.208 | 633 | kr.131,664 | 15,999 |
|
Match 3 |
kr.161 | 1,157 | kr.186,277 | 29,710 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.108 | 3,050 | kr.329,400 | 80,250 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.84 | 9,376 | kr.787,584 | 250,606 |
|
Total |
- | 14,862 | kr.3,646,536 | 392,917 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Sweden must be claimed within 3 months of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 20th February 2016.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Sweden prior to the draw was 0.
Associated Draw Results
- 4
- 2
- 6
- 4
- 3
- 4
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 6 in Exact Order | €50,000 | 0 |
| Match Last 5 in Exact Order | €5,000 | 0 |
| Match Last 4 in Exact Order | €500 | 9 |
| Match Last 3 in Exact Order | €50 | 63 |
| Match Last 2 in Exact Order | €5 | 773 |
| Match Last 1 in Exact Order | €3 | 7,805 |
- 0
- 4
- 2
- 8
- 9
- 8
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 6 | CZK2,000,000 | 0 |
| Match 5 | CZK200,000 | 0 |
| Match 4 | CZK20,000 | 2 |
| Match 3 | CZK2,000 | 53 |
| Match 2 | CZK200 | 479 |
| Match 1 | CZK120 | 5,267 |
- 8
- 0
- 9
- 0
- 4
- 8
- 5
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 7 in Exact Order | €0 | 0 |
| Match Any 6 in the Right Spot | €20,000 | 1 |
| Match Any 5 in the Right Spot | €500 | 31 |
| Match Any 4 in the Right Spot | €50 | 490 |
| Match Any 3 in the Right Spot | €6 | 3,984 |
| Match Any 2 in the Right Spot | €3 | 21,975 |
- 2
- 8
- 5
- 2
- 9
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 5 in Exact Order | kr2,000,000 | 0 |
| Match First/Last 4 in Exact Order | kr100,000 | 0 |
| Match First/Last 3 in Exact Order | kr10,000 | 5 |
| Match First/Last 2 in Exact Order | kr2,000 | 104 |
Related Eurojackpot Results Links
- Automatically check your Eurojackpot ticket
- View average prizes and winners for each prize tiers
- View the largest jackpot winners and total winners from each country
- View previous Eurojackpot results by year
Buy Eurojackpot Tickets Online
By buying your Eurojackpot tickets online you don’t have to worry about ever losing your Eurojackpot lottery tickets. When you play the Eurojackpot online all your lottery tickets purchased on the internet are stored in your personal account, meaning that you can view them anytime you wish.


By Brian Scaturro / @scaturr
Expressive middleware for node.js using generators via co to make web applications and APIs more enjoyable to write. Koa's middleware flow in a stack-like manner allowing you to perform actions downstream, then filter and manipulate the response upstream.
var koa = require('koa');
var app = koa();
app.use(function* responseTime(next) {
var start = new Date;
yield next;
var ms = new Date - start;
this.set('X-Response-Time', ms + 'ms');
});
app.use(function* logger(next) {
var start = new Date;
yield next;
var used = new Date - start;
console.log('%s %s %s %sms',
this.method,
this.originalUrl,
this.status, used);
});
When the middleware is run by an "upstream" middleware, it must manually yield to the "downstream" middleware.
https://github.com/koajs/koa/blob/master/docs/guide.md#writing-middleware
Koa's generator based nature solves a lot of problems that exist with similar async tools, particularly problems with readability and predictability.
//a typical express style middleware
exports.deleteChild = function(req, res) {
var params = req.params;
motherService.get(params.id, function(err, match) {
if (err) return res.send(500, err);
if (! match) return res.send(404, {message: 'Mother not found'});
var child = match.children.id(params.cid);
if (! child) return res.send(404, {message: 'Child not found'});
child.remove();
match.save(function(err, result) {
if (err) return res.send(500, err);
return res.send(204);
})
});
};
exports.deleteChild = function* (id, cid) {
var mother = yield motherService.get(id);
if (! mother) this.throw(404, {message: 'Mother not found'});
var child = mother.children.id(cid);
if (! child) this.throw(404, {message: 'Child not found'});
child.remove();
yield mother.save();
this.redirect('/');
};
N is a node version manager, akin to RVM for Ruby. This will make it easy to switch to an 0.11.x version of node which is required for the bleeding edge harmony flag needed to use generators.
npm install -g n
n 0.11.12
install : v0.11.12
mkdir : /usr/local/n/versions/0.11.12
fetch : http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.11.12/node-v0.11.12-darwin-x64.tar.gz
installed : v0.11.12
node --harmony blog.js
Koa weighs in at 550 sloc, so it comes with the the most common and bare minimum middleware needed to create an http server.


kris.shaffermusic.com / @krisshaffer
view presentation at kris.shaffermusic.com/MTO-openpeerreview
fork presentation at github.com/kshaffer/MTO-openpeerreview
kris.shaffermusic.com / @krisshaffer
view presentation at kris.shaffermusic.com/MTO-openpeerreview
fork presentation at github.com/kshaffer/MTO-openpeerreview


The Govan Community Bike Workshop is a social enterprise bike shop located at kinning park complex. It is open every Sunday from 11am - 4.30. The project started in 2012 as part of the Unity in the Community charity which is mainly focused on providing welfare services, where possible, for asylum seekers and other people in need in Glasgow.
At that time Unity in the Community was already providing bicycles to asylum seekers on an ad hoc basis, but it was decided to formalise the process and set up something similar to the Bristol Bike project, which was set up in 2008 to help asylum seekers in that city to become mobile.
We decided to do something similar for the asylum seekers in Glasgow. Around 2000 asylum seekers in Glasgow are currently housed in a mix of private or social housing under the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. Glasgow City Council became the first council in the UK to sign up to a dispersal programme for asylum seekers in 2000.
Asylum seekers, Refugee and local Govan people can pick up free or discounted bikes at Govan CommunityBike Workshops and learn the skills to fix their new bike and maintain their freedom on the roads. The new community bike workshop is a community interest company run completely by volunteers to repair and fix up bikes for destitute asylum seekers and to sell to raise funds for the projectand to offer a minor repair service to the local community.
Many of Glasgow’s asylum seekers are extremely vulnerable people who are going through a very stressful process. They may have survived torture, extreme loss and trauma before they arrived here. They are brought to Glasgow and housed in tiny flats often in buildings which are substandard and in areas of multiple deprivations.
If they are a single person they are living on a little over £5 a day and they are forbidden to work, so it is extremely difficult for them to make any positive improvements to their lives themselves. Living in that kind of situation is not conducive to good mental health.
To provide a valuable and empowering service for underprivileged and marginalised groups of people within our community whose lives would greatly improve through the benefit of having accessible, affordable and sustainable transportation.
To provide an inclusive, non-judgemental, vibrant and supportive workshop environment for volunteers and project-users alike, from all walks of life, that encourages and promotes skill-sharing and independence, where new skills are learned in a way that is empowering for all and friendships are made.
To divert and redirect functional bicycles and their working parts from recycling and landfill. Through doing this, we help to lower the demand for raw materials, promote the ideas of reuse within our community and offer an alternative to simply buying new.
* Racism, as well as ageism, homophobia, sexism, transphobia, ableism or prejudice based on ethnicity, nationality, class, gender, gender presentation, language ability, asylum status or religious affiliation is unacceptable and will be challenged.
* Respect each other’s physical and emotional boundaries.
* Be aware of the space you take up and the positions and privileges you bring, including racial, class and gender privilege.
* Avoid assuming the opinions and identifications of other workshop users.
* Recognise that we try not to judge, put each other down or compete.
* Be aware of the language you use in discussion and how you relate to others. Try to speak slowly and clearly and use uncomplicated language.
* Foster a spirit of mutual respect.
* If someone violates these agreements, their behaviour will be challenged. If someone commits a serious violation, to the extent that another workshop user feels unsafe, they will be asked to leave the workshop space.

* Govan Community Bike Workshop is an alcohol and drugs free space.


This documentation assumes that you are already familiar with
MVC architecture. In Dinoloop, a controller is just a class. However, one must use the
@Controller decorator and the controller must be derived from the
ApiController class. Here is how you create a controller
/home is the prefix which allows all your routes share a common prefix.
@Controller decorator has more features.
The Controller class contains methods and we can use variety of decorators (
@HttpGet,
@HttpPost etc) to treat them as
Action methods, commonly called as
endpoints.
@HttpGet creates an endpoint. Here, we have created two endpoints
/home/get and
/home/get/user/:id. For the second endpoint, values are automatically parsed from variable-segments and injected
into parameters using
ParameterInjection. Values parsed from variable-segments are always injected as
string type. However, you can use data conversion techniques like
@Parse (released in Version 2.x)
-
@Http*(null) or @Http*(undefined) throws
InvalidRouteException. * indicates Get, Post, Patch etc.
Now, when a GET request is made to any of these endpoints, Dinoloop will return a json response with 200 status code. How
is that possible? Generally, we distinguish two different approaches to send the response:
1. Action method without @SendsResponse decorator
In the examples above, we haven't used
@SendsResponse. So, Dinoloop keeps waiting for result from controller, once the results are returned it invokes ResponseEndMiddleware
(a built-in dinoware) which is responsible to send JSON response. Here is the pseudo code
If result is undefined then it ends the response with 204 status code. Otherwise, it ends the response with 200 status
code. You can override this behavior by creating you own dinoware using
RequestEndMiddleware technique.
-
When an action method is void or return value is undefined then it ends the response with a 204 status code.
- When the action method returns
null or
other values, It ends responds with 200 status code and result is JSON parsed.
2. Action method with @SendsResponse decorator
In the example above, we have used
@SendsResponse. Dinoloop is now notified and it is the responsibility of this endpoint to send the response. Now,
when a GET request is made to this endpoint,
res.download ends the response.
-
res.download is the expressjs method to download a file.
-
this.response is derived from ApiController and it is of type
express.Response
-
It is better practice to have return type as
void when an action method has @SendsResponse since the return value is ignored.
Remember
-
It is best practice to have every controller class name end with the word "Controller".
-
It is best practice to have every controller class located in a controllers folder of MVC application.


Reports any access to the java.util.Collections
fields EMPTY_LIST, EMPTY_MAP
or EMPTY_SET. Those expressions can be replaced by method
calls to emptyList(),
emptyMap() and emptySet().
Such method calls prevent "unchecked" warnings by the compiler because the type parameters can be inferred.
This inspection only reports if the language level of the project or module is 5 or higher


Developer source: "Every company running an Ethereum node I've talked to in the past few months have reported constant problems with keeping the tip synced. One company said they have one guy completely devoted to handling the ~3 fires per week that come up with their geth...


Across: 1,4. Young star's name on cross after Viper heroin disaster (5 7) 11,24dn. Popular Indian playing parts in South Africa (if mostly similar) with unchanged heart (4 3 4) 12. May incur a torment, only keeping some material? (7) 13. Breaks are a must for hobbyists (8) 14. Complained when I'd performed (6) 16. Spot on Bishop's patch? (3) 17. Podcast sitcom or blog? Or put in 'mutant ape' special? (11) 18. Untamed hot brats, her idols! (11) 20,10dn. Light-beam energy extracted from food and inter-space travel among the things he wrote about (3 8) 21. Working of sun about it primarily (6) 22. Choke lad when this goes wrong? (8) 26. Signs up as student, joining throng of sad loners (7) 27,16dn. Leaders of chess league are unsure, and differ about like check I model (7 8) 28,29. She crossed swords with Flynn but briefly, not having the time to be "mature ten" to that rat! (7 1'4) Down: 2. Ape and I have sex, embracing it (7) 3. Wipe out before quarter time (5) 5. Cut poor performer (4) 6. Gadgets that seem to be quiet... but put in, one hears well (9) 7. Concentrated on playing tennis around middle of set (7) 8. Much of the world backing "first thing's first" (4) 9. Structure where rich are fixed within heavy walls (9) 10. see 20 across 15. Lack of strength seen in fellows taking marijuana and then getting into ice (9) 16. see 28 across 17. Tribe pool resources and work to keep the wolves from the door (9) 19. Aluminium taken from country to country (7) 20. Make new arrangement for wind instrument without cheesy lead (7) 23. Hated calamity? (5) 24. see 11 across 25. Small portion of land is mostly rented (4)


TableToLongForm automatically converts hierarchical Tables intended for a human reader into a simple LongForm Dataframe that is machine readable.
| Version: | 1.3.1 |
| Published: | 2014-08-21 |
| Author: | Jimmy Oh [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Jimmy Oh <joh024 at aucklanduni.ac.nz> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| URL: | https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~joh024/Research/TableToLongForm/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | TableToLongForm results |
| Reference manual: | TableToLongForm.pdf |
| Package source: | TableToLongForm_1.3.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: TableToLongForm_1.3.1.zip, r-release: TableToLongForm_1.3.1.zip, r-oldrel: TableToLongForm_1.3.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: TableToLongForm_1.3.1.tgz, r-oldrel: TableToLongForm_1.3.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | TableToLongForm archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=TableToLongForm to link to this page.


With the understanding that the work of any given photographer can evolve through a range of different aesthetics during his or her career, the following artists have been selected to represent the distinction between formalism and imitationalism.
Formalism |
Imitationalism |
|
| Images in which the predominant concern is the formal structure of the composition. Formalist images tend towards design for its own sake. | Images in which the predominant concern is the communication of an idea or concern. Imitationalist images tend to be documentary in nature. | |
| Karl Blossfeldt
|
Lee Friedlander |


| DOSE: |
650 mg |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
This tale is of a awkward and frightening experience I had on cannabis. At the time, my only experience with psychoactives was limited to cannabis and alcohol. Things have changed a little since then, but that's another story. :)
Twas the summer of 2004, school had just let out about two weeks earlier, and I was having a grand ol' time partying. And like any normal summer night, a few friends and I were on a quest to get stoned. We made several phone calls that all ended up being dead ends, and as the light at the end of the tunnel seemed to be fading, my counterparts started dropping out of the search one by one. In the end, it was up to me and my friend F to somehow acquire some bud and smoke.
We made one last phone call to C and met him across town. Just as eager to smoke, he pulled out a small piece of paper and started to call his suppliers. Once again, we were having no luck. However, we scored on our last possibility.
It was a fairly long walk down the railroad tracks, but the presence of a random squad car lurking behind some bushes forced us to break course. We decided that 3 rather eccentric-looking individuals, all of whom had some sort of run-ins with the police at some point, was rather sketchy. I shielded the rather intense spotlight from my vision, and we hopped down a small ledge, walking in the direction of F's house. Conveniently, his mother was not home.
Safe and sound inside F's house, we decided on the instrument of smoking: a gravity bong.  No preparation necessary. :)
Now, I'm sure it's important to note that the setting was completely new to me. I had never seen F's house before in my life, nor been inside it at all. So subconsciously, smoking pot in an entirely new location was a bit awkward. Also, I had never smoked with C before nor had too many previous interactions with him that lasted beyond 5 minutes. So his company was also new. And to top it all off, it would be my first venture into the wonderful world of gravity bongs. All of this in mind, I suppose I set myself up for a wild ride.
Being the newbie of the group, I let F and C take their hits before me so I could observe the proper technique. After all the trouble I went through trying to get the damned bud, I was very eager to get as high as possible, so I had C light the bud and pull up the bottle because he gave me the impression of being somewhat of a veteran in the arts. I unscrewed the bottlecap off the top, placed my lips over the opening, and inhaled what felt like the largest, most barbaric hit I'd ever had. And there was still more smoke left in the bottle afterwards, so I had another one or two 'clean-up' hits.
 I decided to retire from the festivities quite early, to my chagrin. Being the only one with free hands, I was awarded the duty of calling our friends and arranging meeting place. All the while, C was making disgustingly silly remarks and eliciting some very feverish laughing fits from myself.
I leaned on the wall for support and realised using my phone was too difficult. I wish I would've realised that I was slowly drifting to my left, but I got the notion shortly after I knocked over a large picture frame that was hanging upon the wall. I accepted the fact that I was wasted, and decided to grab a Coke, sit down in the living and relax.
The living room was quite dark; the only light penetrated in from the kitchen where my two friends were finishing up the rest of the bud. I watched them out of the corner of my eye and noted the fact that they were constantly talking, but I cannot for the life of me remember one damned thing they said. I began to focus on random objects in the room when I realised that the curtains and the television seemed to be swirling. I closed my eyes for a few seconds, thinking that it was just some mild fatigue. It didn't go away when I opened my eyes. I blinked a few more times, a few dozen, hundred, thousand? Eventually, every time I blinked, it felt as if it lasted 10 seconds.
I began having some very intense CEV's. I saw hundreds of banshees in a circular pattern flying towards me, screaming, laughing. I felt my heart beating faster with every passing second. To put it more simply, I was freaking out.  Since the bud was done, and so was I, the three of us decided to go meet up with the crew at a nearby convenience store.
The walk was more of an odyssey than a 3-block stroll. Homer was rewriting that street before my eyes and it was total Hell. Eventually, we reached the rather brightly-lit parking lot where our friends and a few new faces were conversing. Watching one of the new faces talking to C, I slowly noticed that I couldn't comprehend a single thing that they were saying. It all sounded like silly, alien jabber. Weirder still, I noticed that when I blinked, I began having more CEVs. Not as frightening as the aforementioned banshees, but I saw visions of Arthur Fonzarelli (Yes, the guy from 'Happy Days') walking around and talking. This was so weird that it creeped me out as much as the other CEVs I had.
After maybe an hour of very strange conversations, I decided that I would be able to make the two-block drive back to my house. I hopped in my car and went home, avoiding too much contact with my parents.
[Erowid Note: Driving while intoxicated or tripping is dangerous and irresponsible because it endangers other people. Don't do it!] I sat in my computer chair and thought I'd be able to chill out, being in my own home and all. But after all the frightening and strange visuals, and the lot of other happenings that night, I had an eerie sense of paranoia that simply would not be shaken.
Too lethargic to fetch some food from the kitchen, I climbed into bed and desperately tried to sleep. Closing my eyes was very difficult. Though the visuals were gone, the paranoia seemed to intensify when my eyes were not open, as if I were afraid that they could reappear at any moment. After a while, I eventually drifted off to sleep.
For a long time after that, I swore that the bud we smoked was laced, even after conferring with F and C and finding that they did not have an experience like I did at all. After doing a lot more reading and becoming much more educated about the mind and the effects that psychoactives can have on it, I realised that it was all just a combination of setting and mindset. I consider that night a potentially enlightening experience that was limited only by my ignorance and general lack of knowledge. Since then, I'd had several very interesting experiences, hallucinations and all, with cannabis, so to all who underestimate its strength, I advise you to think again.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


--- layout: default title: Projects | Raphael Fabeni description: "Some projects that I've developed recently!" type: Projects language: en ---


A premium fitness expreience with dedicated trainers who care about helping you meet your goals, whatever they are, through a variety of techniques and dietary advice
We set out with a misson to provide a premium fitness experience. We wanted to provide something above anything you'll find at a commercial or warehouse gym. We wanted to create a fitness experience you'll actually enjoy.
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Piggford
This page contains an index of all the individuals in the database with the surname of Piggford. Selecting the person’s name will take you to that person’s individual page.
| Given Name | Birth | Death | Partner | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catherine A, married Charles Williams | 1893-03-22 | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy | ||
| Doris Josephine | 1898-06-09 | 1978-03-08 | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy | |
| Jane | 1905 | 1906-12-00 | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy | |
| John & Stephen | 1903 | 24/27 Sep 1904 | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy | |
| Joseph | 1862-02-18 | 1935-02-15 | Procter, Isabelle Dorothy | Piggford, Matthew & Ann Humble |
| Matthew, & Ann Humble | ||||
| Matthew F | 1900-06-05 | 1930-07-23 | Grace, Marjorie Irene | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy |
| Reginald Jesse | 1891-02-18 | 1973-03-16 | Keevers, Ileen Ella | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy |
| Samuel Ralph | 1900-06-05 | 1975-05-22 | Caddy, Fanny Tamar | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy |
| Vera Mary C. | 1895-05-29 | 1984-08-17 | Beatie, Frank | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy |
| [Living] | Snedden, Alec | Piggford, Reginald Jesse Keevers, Ileen Ella | ||
| [Living] | Piggford, Matthew F Grace, Marjorie Irene | |||
| [Living] | Piggford, Samuel Ralph Caddy, Fanny Tamar | |||
| female | 1910 | 1910-12-28 | Piggford, Joseph Procter, Isabelle Dorothy |