Associations
This section describes the various association types in sequelize. When calling a method such as User.hasOne(Project)
, we say that the User
model (the model that the function is being invoked on) is the source and the Project
model (the model being passed as an argument) is the target.
One-To-One associations
One-To-One associations are associations between exactly two models connected by a single foreign key.
BelongsTo
BelongsTo associations are associations where the foreign key for the one-to-one relation exists on the source model.
A simple example would be a Player being part of a Team with the foreign key on the player.
var Player = this.sequelize.define('player', {/* attributes */})
, Team = this.sequelize.define('team', {/* attributes */});
Player.belongsTo(Team); // Will add a teamId attribute to Player to hold the primary key value for Team
Foreign keys
By default the foreign key for a belongsTo relation will be generated from the target model name and the target primary key name.
The default casing is camelCase
however if the source model is configured with underscored: true
the foreignKey will be snake_case
.
var User = this.sequelize.define('user', {/* attributes */})
, Company = this.sequelize.define('company', {/* attributes */});
User.belongsTo(Company); // Will add companyId to user
var User = this.sequelize.define('user', {/* attributes */}, {underscored: true})
, Company = this.sequelize.define('company', {
uuid: {
type: Sequelize.UUID,
primaryKey: true
}
});
User.belongsTo(Company); // Will add company_uuid to user
In cases where as
has been defined it will be used in place of the target model name.
var User = this.sequelize.define('user', {/* attributes */})
, UserRole = this.sequelize.define('userRole', {/* attributes */});
User.belongsTo(UserRole, {as: 'role'}); // Adds roleId to user rather than userRoleId
In all cases the default foreign key can be overwritten with the foreignKey
option.
When the foreign key option is used, Sequelize will use it as-is:
var User = this.sequelize.define('user', {/* attributes */})
, Company = this.sequelize.define('company', {/* attributes */});
User.belongsTo(Company, {foreignKey: 'fk_company'}); // Adds fk_company to User
Target keys
The target key is the column on the target model that the foreign key column on the source model points to. By default the target key for a belongsTo relation will be the target model's primary key. To define a custom column, use the targetKey
option.
var User = this.sequelize.define('user', {/* attributes */})
, Company = this.sequelize.define('company', {/* attributes */});
User.belongsTo(Company, {foreignKey: 'fk_companyname', targetKey: 'name'}); // Adds fk_companyname to User
HasOne
HasOne associations are associations where the foreign key for the one-to-one relation exists on the target model.
var User = sequelize.define('user', {/* ... */})
var Project = sequelize.define('project', {/* ... */})
// One-way associations
Project.hasOne(User)
/*
In this example hasOne will add an attribute projectId to the User model!
Furthermore, Project.prototype will gain the methods getUser and setUser according
to the first parameter passed to define. If you have underscore style
enabled, the added attribute will be project_id instead of projectId.
The foreign key will be placed on the users table.
You can also define the foreign key, e.g. if you already have an existing
database and want to work on it:
*/
Project.hasOne(User, { foreignKey: 'initiator_id' })
/*
Because Sequelize will use the model's name (first parameter of define) for
the accessor methods, it is also possible to pass a special option to hasOne:
*/
Project.hasOne(User, { as: 'Initiator' })
// Now you will get Project#getInitiator and Project#setInitiator
// Or let's define some self references
var Person = sequelize.define('person', { /* ... */})
Person.hasOne(Person, {as: 'Father'})
// this will add the attribute FatherId to Person
// also possible:
Person.hasOne(Person, {as: 'Father', foreignKey: 'DadId'})
// this will add the attribute DadId to Person
// In both cases you will be able to do:
Person#setFather
Person#getFather
// If you need to join a table twice you can double join the same table
Team.hasOne(Game, {as: 'HomeTeam', foreignKey : 'homeTeamId'});
Team.hasOne(Game, {as: 'AwayTeam', foreignKey : 'awayTeamId'});
Game.belongsTo(Team);
Even though it is called a HasOne association, for most 1:1 relations you usually want the BelongsTo association since BelongsTo will add the foreignKey on the source where hasOne will add on the target.
Difference between HasOne and BelongsTo
In Sequelize 1:1 relationship can be set using HasOne and BelongsTo. They are suitable for different scenarios. Lets study this difference using an example.
Suppose we have two tables to link Player and Team. Lets define their models.
var Player = this.sequelize.define('player', {/* attributes */})
, Team = this.sequelize.define('team', {/* attributes */});
When we link two models in Sequelize we can refer them as pairs of source and target models. Like this
Having Player as the source and Team as the target
Player.belongsTo(Team);
//Or
Player.hasOne(Team);
Having Team as the source and Player as the target
Team.belongsTo(Player);
//Or
Team.hasOne(Player);
HasOne and BelongsTo insert the association key in different models from each other. HasOne inserts the association key in target model whereas BelongsTo inserts the association key in the source model.
Here is an example demonstrating use cases of BelongsTo and HasOne.
var Player = this.sequelize.define('player', {/* attributes */})
, Coach = this.sequelize.define('coach', {/* attributes */})
, Team = this.sequelize.define('team', {/* attributes */});
Suppose our Player
model has information about its team as teamId
column. Information about each Team's Coach
is stored in the Team
model as coachId
column. These both scenarios requires different kind of 1:1 relation because foreign key relation is present on different models each time.
When information about association is present in source model we can use belongsTo
. In this case Player
is suitable for belongsTo
because it has teamId
column.
Player.belongsTo(Team) // `teamId` will be added on Player / Source model
When information about association is present in target model we can use hasOne
. In this case Coach
is suitable for hasOne
because Team
model store information about its Coach
as coachId
field.
Coach.hasOne(Team) // `coachId` will be added on Team / Target model
One-To-Many associations
One-To-Many associations are connecting one source with multiple targets. The targets however are again connected to exactly one specific source.
var User = sequelize.define('user', {/* ... */})
var Project = sequelize.define('project', {/* ... */})
// OK. Now things get more complicated (not really visible to the user :)).
// First let's define a hasMany association
Project.hasMany(User, {as: 'Workers'})
This will add the attribute projectId
or project_id
to User. Instances of Project will get the accessors getWorkers
and setWorkers
. We could just leave it the way it is and let it be a one-way association.
But we want more! Let's define it the other way around by creating a many to many association in the next section:
Sometimes you may need to associate records on different columns, you may use sourceKey
option:
var City = sequelize.define('city', { countryCode: Sequelize.STRING });
var Country = sequelize.define('country', { isoCode: Sequelize.STRING });
// Here we can connect countries and cities base on country code
Country.hasMany(City, {foreignKey: 'countryCode', sourceKey: 'isoCode'});
City.belongsTo(Country, {foreignKey: 'countryCode', targetKey: 'isoCode'});
Belongs-To-Many associations
Belongs-To-Many associations are used to connect sources with multiple targets. Furthermore the targets can also have connections to multiple sources.
Project.belongsToMany(User, {through: 'UserProject'});
User.belongsToMany(Project, {through: 'UserProject'});
This will create a new model called UserProject with the equivalent foreign keys projectId
and userId
. Whether the attributes are camelcase or not depends on the two models joined by the table (in this case User and Project).
Defining through
is required. Sequelize would previously attempt to autogenerate names but that would not always lead to the most logical setups.
This will add methods getUsers
, setUsers
, addUser
,addUsers
to Project
, and getProjects
, setProjects
, addProject
, and addProjects
to User
.
Sometimes you may want to rename your models when using them in associations. Let's define users as workers and projects as tasks by using the alias (as
) option. We will also manually define the foreign keys to use:
User.belongsToMany(Project, { as: 'Tasks', through: 'worker_tasks', foreignKey: 'userId' })
Project.belongsToMany(User, { as: 'Workers', through: 'worker_tasks', foreignKey: 'projectId' })
foreignKey
will allow you to set source model key in the through relation.
otherKey
will allow you to set target model key in the through relation.
User.belongsToMany(Project, { as: 'Tasks', through: 'worker_tasks', foreignKey: 'userId', otherKey: 'projectId'})
Of course you can also define self references with belongsToMany:
Person.belongsToMany(Person, { as: 'Children', through: 'PersonChildren' })
// This will create the table PersonChildren which stores the ids of the objects.
If you want additional attributes in your join table, you can define a model for the join table in sequelize, before you define the association, and then tell sequelize that it should use that model for joining, instead of creating a new one:
User = sequelize.define('user', {})
Project = sequelize.define('project', {})
UserProjects = sequelize.define('userProjects', {
status: DataTypes.STRING
})
User.belongsToMany(Project, { through: UserProjects })
Project.belongsToMany(User, { through: UserProjects })
To add a new project to a user and set its status, you pass extra options.through
to the setter, which contains the attributes for the join table
user.addProject(project, { through: { status: 'started' }})
By default the code above will add projectId and userId to the UserProjects table, and remove any previously defined primary key attribute - the table will be uniquely identified by the combination of the keys of the two tables, and there is no reason to have other PK columns. To enforce a primary key on the UserProjects
model you can add it manually.
UserProjects = sequelize.define('userProjects', {
id: {
type: Sequelize.INTEGER,
primaryKey: true,
autoIncrement: true
},
status: DataTypes.STRING
})
With Belongs-To-Many you can query based on through relation and select specific attributes. For example using findAll
with through
User.findAll({
include: [{
model: Project,
through: {
attributes: ['createdAt', 'startedAt', 'finishedAt'],
where: {completed: true}
}
}]
});
Scopes
This section concerns association scopes. For a definition of association scopes vs. scopes on associated models, see Scopes.
Association scopes allow you to place a scope (a set of default attributes for get
and create
) on the association. Scopes can be placed both on the associated model (the target of the association), and on the through table for n:m relations.
1:m
Assume we have tables Comment, Post, and Image. A comment can be associated to either an image or a post via commentable_id
and commentable
- we say that Post and Image are Commentable
this.Comment = this.sequelize.define('comment', {
title: Sequelize.STRING,
commentable: Sequelize.STRING,
commentable_id: Sequelize.INTEGER
});
this.Comment.prototype.getItem = function() {
return this['get' + this.get('commentable').substr(0, 1).toUpperCase() + this.get('commentable').substr(1)]();
};
this.Post.hasMany(this.Comment, {
foreignKey: 'commentable_id',
constraints: false,
scope: {
commentable: 'post'
}
});
this.Comment.belongsTo(this.Post, {
foreignKey: 'commentable_id',
constraints: false,
as: 'post'
});
this.Image.hasMany(this.Comment, {
foreignKey: 'commentable_id',
constraints: false,
scope: {
commentable: 'image'
}
});
this.Comment.belongsTo(this.Image, {
foreignKey: 'commentable_id',
constraints: false,
as: 'image'
});
constraints: false,
disables references constraints - since the commentable_id
column references several tables, we cannot add a REFERENCES
constraint to it. Note that the Image -> Comment and Post -> Comment relations define a scope, commentable: 'image'
and commentable: 'post'
respectively. This scope is automatically applied when using the association functions:
image.getComments()
SELECT * FROM comments WHERE commentable_id = 42 AND commentable = 'image';
image.createComment({
title: 'Awesome!'
})
INSERT INTO comments (title, commentable_id, commentable) VALUES ('Awesome!', 42, 'image');
image.addComment(comment);
UPDATE comments SET commentable_id = 42, commentable = 'image'
The getItem
utility function on Comment
completes the picture - it simply converts the commentable
string into a call to either getImage
or getPost
, providing an abstraction over whether a comment belongs to a post or an image.
n:m
Continuing with the idea of a polymorphic model, consider a tag table - an item can have multiple tags, and a tag can be related to several items.
For brevity, the example only shows a Post model, but in reality Tag would be related to several other models.
ItemTag = sequelize.define('item_tag', {
id : {
type: DataTypes.INTEGER,
primaryKey: true,
autoIncrement: true
},
tag_id: {
type: DataTypes.INTEGER,
unique: 'item_tag_taggable'
},
taggable: {
type: DataTypes.STRING,
unique: 'item_tag_taggable'
},
taggable_id: {
type: DataTypes.INTEGER,
unique: 'item_tag_taggable',
references: null
}
});
Tag = sequelize.define('tag', {
name: DataTypes.STRING
});
Post.belongsToMany(Tag, {
through: {
model: ItemTag,
unique: false,
scope: {
taggable: 'post'
}
},
foreignKey: 'taggable_id',
constraints: false
});
Tag.belongsToMany(Post, {
through: {
model: ItemTag,
unique: false
},
foreignKey: 'tag_id',
constraints: false
});
Notice that the scoped column (taggable
) is now on the through model (ItemTag
).
We could also define a more restrictive association, for example, to get all pending tags for a post by applying a scope of both the through model (ItemTag
) and the target model (Tag
):
Post.hasMany(Tag, {
through: {
model: ItemTag,
unique: false,
scope: {
taggable: 'post'
}
},
scope: {
status: 'pending'
},
as: 'pendingTags',
foreignKey: 'taggable_id',
constraints: false
});
Post.getPendingTags();
SELECT `tag`.* INNER JOIN `item_tags` AS `item_tag`
ON `tag`.`id` = `item_tag`.`tagId`
AND `item_tag`.`taggable_id` = 42
AND `item_tag`.`taggable` = 'post'
WHERE (`tag`.`status` = 'pending');
constraints: false
disables references constraints on the taggable_id
column. Because the column is polymorphic, we cannot say that it REFERENCES
a specific table.
Naming strategy
By default sequelize will use the model name (the name passed to sequelize.define
) to figure out the name of the model when used in associations. For example, a model named user
will add the functions get/set/add User
to instances of the associated model, and a property named .user
in eager loading, while a model named User
will add the same functions, but a property named .User
(notice the upper case U) in eager loading.
As we've already seen, you can alias models in associations using as
. In single associations (has one and belongs to), the alias should be singular, while for many associations (has many) it should be plural. Sequelize then uses the inflection library to convert the alias to its singular form. However, this might not always work for irregular or non-english words. In this case, you can provide both the plural and the singular form of the alias:
User.belongsToMany(Project, { as: { singular: 'task', plural: 'tasks' }})
// Notice that inflection has no problem singularizing tasks, this is just for illustrative purposes.
If you know that a model will always use the same alias in associations, you can provide it when creating the model
var Project = sequelize.define('project', attributes, {
name: {
singular: 'task',
plural: 'tasks',
}
})
User.belongsToMany(Project);
This will add the functions add/set/get Tasks
to user instances.
Remember, that using as
to change the name of the association will also change the name of the foreign key. When using as
, it is safest to also specify the foreign key.
Invoice.belongsTo(Subscription)
Subscription.hasMany(Invoice)
Without as
, this adds subscriptionId
as expected. However, if you were to say Invoice.belongsTo(Subscription, { as: 'TheSubscription' })
, you will have both subscriptionId
and theSubscriptionId
, because sequelize is not smart enough to figure that the calls are two sides of the same relation. 'foreignKey' fixes this problem;
Invoice.belongsTo(Subscription, , { as: 'TheSubscription', foreignKey: 'subscription_id' })
Subscription.hasMany(Invoice, { foreignKey: 'subscription_id' )
Associating objects
Because Sequelize is doing a lot of magic, you have to call Sequelize.sync
after setting the associations! Doing so will allow you the following:
Project.belongsToMany(Task)
Task.belongsToMany(Project)
Project.create()...
Task.create()...
Task.create()...
// save them... and then:
project.setTasks([task1, task2]).then(function() {
// saved!
})
// ok, now they are saved... how do I get them later on?
project.getTasks().then(function(associatedTasks) {
// associatedTasks is an array of tasks
})
// You can also pass filters to the getter method.
// They are equal to the options you can pass to a usual finder method.
project.getTasks({ where: 'id > 10' }).then(function(tasks) {
// tasks with an id greater than 10 :)
})
// You can also only retrieve certain fields of a associated object.
project.getTasks({attributes: ['title']}).then(function(tasks) {
// retrieve tasks with the attributes "title" and "id"
})
To remove created associations you can just call the set method without a specific id:
// remove the association with task1
project.setTasks([task2]).then(function(associatedTasks) {
// you will get task2 only
})
// remove 'em all
project.setTasks([]).then(function(associatedTasks) {
// you will get an empty array
})
// or remove 'em more directly
project.removeTask(task1).then(function() {
// it's gone
})
// and add 'em again
project.addTask(task1).then(function() {
// it's back again
})
You can of course also do it vice versa:
// project is associated with task1 and task2
task2.setProject(null).then(function() {
// and it's gone
})
For hasOne/belongsTo its basically the same:
Task.hasOne(User, {as: "Author"})
Task#setAuthor(anAuthor)
Adding associations to a relation with a custom join table can be done in two ways (continuing with the associations defined in the previous chapter):
// Either by adding a property with the name of the join table model to the object, before creating the association
project.UserProjects = {
status: 'active'
}
u.addProject(project)
// Or by providing a second options.through argument when adding the association, containing the data that should go in the join table
u.addProject(project, { through: { status: 'active' }})
// When associating multiple objects, you can combine the two options above. In this case the second argument
// will be treated as a defaults object, that will be used if no data is provided
project1.UserProjects = {
status: 'inactive'
}
u.setProjects([project1, project2], { through: { status: 'active' }})
// The code above will record inactive for project one, and active for project two in the join table
When getting data on an association that has a custom join table, the data from the join table will be returned as a DAO instance:
u.getProjects().then(function(projects) {
var project = projects[0]
if (project.UserProjects.status === 'active') {
// .. do magic
// since this is a real DAO instance, you can save it directly after you are done doing magic
return project.UserProjects.save()
}
})
If you only need some of the attributes from the join table, you can provide an array with the attributes you want:
// This will select only name from the Projects table, and only status from the UserProjects table
user.getProjects({ attributes: ['name'], joinTableAttributes: ['status']})
Check associations
You can also check if an object is already associated with another one (N:M only). Here is how you'd do it:
// check if an object is one of associated ones:
Project.create({ /* */ }).then(function(project) {
return User.create({ /* */ }).then(function(user) {
return project.hasUser(user).then(function(result) {
// result would be false
return project.addUser(user).then(function() {
return project.hasUser(user).then(function(result) {
// result would be true
})
})
})
})
})
// check if all associated objects are as expected:
// let's assume we have already a project and two users
project.setUsers([user1, user2]).then(function() {
return project.hasUsers([user1]);
}).then(function(result) {
// result would be false
return project.hasUsers([user1, user2]);
}).then(function(result) {
// result would be true
})
Foreign Keys
When you create associations between your models in sequelize, foreign key references with constraints will automatically be created. The setup below:
var Task = this.sequelize.define('task', { title: Sequelize.STRING })
, User = this.sequelize.define('user', { username: Sequelize.STRING })
User.hasMany(Task)
Task.belongsTo(User)
Will generate the following SQL:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `User` (
`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
`username` VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `Task` (
`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
`title` VARCHAR(255),
`user_id` INTEGER REFERENCES `User` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE
);
The relation between task and user injects the user_id
foreign key on tasks, and marks it as a reference to the User
table. By default user_id
will be set to NULL
if the referenced user is deleted, and updated if the id of the user id updated. These options can be overridden by passing onUpdate
and onDelete
options to the association calls. The validation options are RESTRICT, CASCADE, NO ACTION, SET DEFAULT, SET NULL
.
For 1:1 and 1:m associations the default option is SET NULL
for deletion, and CASCADE
for updates. For n:m, the default for both is CASCADE
. This means, that if you delete or update a row from one side of an n:m association, all the rows in the join table referencing that row will also be deleted or updated.
Adding constraints between tables means that tables must be created in the database in a certain order, when using sequelize.sync
. If Task has a reference to User, the User table must be created before the Task table can be created. This can sometimes lead to circular references, where sequelize cannot find an order in which to sync. Imagine a scenario of documents and versions. A document can have multiple versions, and for convenience, a document has an reference to it's current version.
var Document = this.sequelize.define('document', {
author: Sequelize.STRING
})
, Version = this.sequelize.define('version', {
timestamp: Sequelize.DATE
})
Document.hasMany(Version) // This adds document_id to version
Document.belongsTo(Version, { as: 'Current', foreignKey: 'current_version_id'}) // This adds current_version_id to document
However, the code above will result in the following error: Cyclic dependency found. 'Document' is dependent of itself. Dependency Chain: Document -> Version => Document
. In order to alleviate that, we can pass constraints: false
to one of the associations:
Document.hasMany(Version)
Document.belongsTo(Version, { as: 'Current', foreignKey: 'current_version_id', constraints: false})
Which will allow us to sync the tables correctly:
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `Document` (
`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
`author` VARCHAR(255),
`current_version_id` INTEGER
);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `Version` (
`id` INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
`timestamp` DATETIME,
`document_id` INTEGER REFERENCES `Document` (`id`) ON DELETE SET NULL ON UPDATE CASCADE
);
Enforcing a foreign key reference without constraints
Sometimes you may want to reference another table, without adding any constraints, or associations. In that case you can manually add the reference attributes to your schema definition, and mark the relations between them.
var Series, Trainer, Video
// Series has a trainer_id=Trainer.id foreign reference key after we call Trainer.hasMany(series)
Series = sequelize.define('series', {
title: DataTypes.STRING,
sub_title: DataTypes.STRING,
description: DataTypes.TEXT,
// Set FK relationship (hasMany) with `Trainer`
trainer_id: {
type: DataTypes.INTEGER,
references: {
model: "trainers",
key: "id"
}
}
})
Trainer = sequelize.define('trainer', {
first_name: DataTypes.STRING,
last_name: DataTypes.STRING
});
// Video has a series_id=Series.id foreign reference key after we call Series.hasOne(Video)...
Video = sequelize.define('video', {
title: DataTypes.STRING,
sequence: DataTypes.INTEGER,
description: DataTypes.TEXT,
// set relationship (hasOne) with `Series`
series_id: {
type: DataTypes.INTEGER,
references: {
model: Series, // Can be both a string representing the table name, or a reference to the model
key: "id"
}
}
});
Series.hasOne(Video);
Trainer.hasMany(Series);
Creating with associations
An instance can be created with nested association in one step, provided all elements are new.
Creating elements of a "BelongsTo", "Has Many" or "HasOne" association
Consider the following models:
var Product = this.sequelize.define('product', {
title: Sequelize.STRING
});
var User = this.sequelize.define('user', {
first_name: Sequelize.STRING,
last_name: Sequelize.STRING
});
var Address = this.sequelize.define('address', {
type: Sequelize.STRING,
line_1: Sequelize.STRING,
line_2: Sequelize.STRING,
city: Sequelize.STRING,
state: Sequelize.STRING,
zip: Sequelize.STRING,
});
var Product.User = Product.belongsTo(User);
var User.Addresses = User.hasMany(Address);
// Also works for `hasOne`
A new Product
, User
, and one or more Address
can be created in one step in the following way:
return Product.create({
title: 'Chair',
user: {
first_name: 'Mick',
last_name: 'Broadstone',
addresses: [{
type: 'home',
line_1: '100 Main St.',
city: 'Austin',
state: 'TX',
zip: '78704'
}]
}
}, {
include: [{
association: Product.User,
include: [ User.Addresses ]
}]
});
Here, our user model is called user
, with a lowercase u - This means that the property in the object should also be user
. If the name given to sequelize.define
was User
, the key in the object should also be User
. Likewise for addresses
, except it's pluralized being a hasMany
association.
Creating elements of a "BelongsTo" association with an alias
The previous example can be extended to support an association alias.
var Creator = Product.belongsTo(User, {as: 'creator'});
return Product.create({
title: 'Chair',
creator: {
first_name: 'Matt',
last_name: 'Hansen'
}
}, {
include: [ Creator ]
});
Creating elements of a "HasMany" or "BelongsToMany" association
Let's introduce the ability to associate a project with many tags. Setting up the models could look like:
var Tag = this.sequelize.define('tag', {
name: Sequelize.STRING
});
Product.hasMany(Tag);
// Also works for `belongsToMany`.
Now we can create a project with multiple tags in the following way:
Product.create({
id: 1,
title: 'Chair',
tags: [
{ name: 'Alpha'},
{ name: 'Beta'}
]
}, {
include: [ Tag ]
})
And, we can modify this example to support an alias as well:
var Categories = Product.hasMany(Tag, {as: 'categories'});
Product.create({
id: 1,
title: 'Chair',
categories: [
{id: 1, name: 'Alpha'},
{id: 2, name: 'Beta'}
]
}, {
include: [{
model: Categories,
as: 'categories'
}]
})


Rohit
Rohit is an aspiring researcher with experience in full stack development. After absorbing the Bay Area at some tech companies and some startups, he joined the Crowdsource research project to build a better platform. He like outdoors, sports, beer and tinkering with everything.


|
Race-Game
|
A class for all in-game cars. More...
#include <objects.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| car (hwlib::window &display, hwlib::xy start, hwlib::xy location) | |
| Constructor for the car class. More... | |
| bool | within (int x, int a, int b) |
| Compare 3 integers. More... | |
| bool | overlaps (car &other) |
| Compares locations. More... | |
| hwlib::xy | getLocation () |
| Returns location. More... | |
| void | setLocation (const hwlib::xy &newLocation) |
| Sets location. More... | |
| hwlib::xy | getStart () |
| Returns start. More... | |
| virtual void | update (mpu6050 &sensor) |
| Updates the car variables. More... | |
| virtual void | draw () |
| Draws the car. More... | |
| virtual void | interact (car &other) |
| Does nothign. More... | |
Protected Attributes | |
| hwlib::window & | display |
| hwlib::xy | start |
| hwlib::xy | location |
| hwlib::xy | size |
| hwlib::xy | end |
A class for all in-game cars.
A class made for the oncoming in-game traffic and a super-class for the player-controlled vehicle
|
inline |
Constructor for the car class.
The constructor takes a hwlib::window & display, hwlib::xy start and hwlib::xy location as variables. Start stands for the starting positions of the vehicles and location for their current location. The size of the vehicle is always 10 by 10 and the end is calculated by adding the location to the size.
|
virtual |
Draws the car.
In the oncoming traffic's case this funtion draws a square at the current location representing the oncoming cars
Reimplemented in player.
| hwlib::xy car::getLocation | ( | ) |
Returns location.
Returns the saved location variable
| hwlib::xy car::getStart | ( | ) |
Returns start.
Returns the starting location of the car
|
inlinevirtual |
Does nothign.
In the oncoming traffic's case this function does absolutely nothing and only exists so the user's car can use it without complicating the code of the application
Reimplemented in player.
| bool car::overlaps | ( | car & | other | ) |
Compares locations.
Compares the location of the car with the location and size of the other car Using within() it checks whether the 2 cars overlap and thus hit each other
| void car::setLocation | ( | const hwlib::xy & | newLocation | ) |
Sets location.
Sets the current location of a car to the desired position and adjusts the end of the car accordingly
|
virtual |
Updates the car variables.
In the oncoming traffic's case this function simply moves the cars forward and checks whether they've passed a certain point, if they have passed this point the cars get a random chance to appear again thus creating a unique wave of oncoming traffic every time the user passes a wave
Reimplemented in player.
| bool car::within | ( | int | x, |
| int | a, | ||
| int | b | ||
| ) |
Compare 3 integers.
Checks whether the first integer lies between the second and third ones


Using the Washington Trails Association mobile app, how can we improve hikers, nature lovers, runners, and athletes hiking experiences? In this project, I focused on improving the existing WTA mobile app to make it safer, and accessible for WTA users. This two-person, self-driven project allowed me to consider how I can design a product/service that is safe, relevant, and community-oriented for people who like to spend time with nature.
The current WTA mobile app allows users to search for hikes and trails throughout Washington state. While the app offers many useful features, it lacks a few key ones, such as the option to alert family and friends, optimized search results, the opportunity to connect with other hikers and form groups, and the ability to journal hiking adventures.
The mobile app was able to be transformed into a more informative and user-friendly app by incorporating features such as a community page, an offline map, and an alerts page. These new features enhance WTA users’ experiences by allowing them to hike safely while also including their loved ones in the process.
We consolidated our findings after conducting a semi-structured interview with six people from varied backgrounds. We discovered several recurrent behavior patterns in terms of pain points, interests, and goals which are significant to our design inquiry. With that, we established two personas based on our results.
We developed series of low-fidelity prototypes using whimsical to help guide our design. We created our low-fidelity prototype with new features such as a profile page, optimized search options, and emergency alerts page.
Overall 100% of our users preferred to use this new version over the original WTA app but they had some additional feedbacks.
By searching “hikes near me” users can find lists of parks near them. The corresponding search result includes ratings, distance, levels of difficulty, and the option to add each search result to their backpack. In these search results, users are able to view maps as well as apply filters, and sort to their preference.
After adding trails they want to go on to their backpack, users can view hike alerts, hike maps, hike descriptions, local emergency services, and create their hiking checklists.
Users can share their whereabouts with family and friends and alert them in the event of an emergency. Users can notify their emergency contacts once they've started their hikes if they have any concerns.
Hikers can create profiles, add/find friends, and make connections with other fellow hikers. Users can also form groups and plan their next hike.


Note: after changing these settings, you should restart MTGATracker to see effects
All-time counters keep a running tally of all your wins and losses across all play sessions.
These counters will be stored on exit and restored on launch.
The total counter is a count of all your wins and losses.
Session counters keep a running tally of your wins and losses in the current play session.
These counters will be reset automatically on the next launch.
Inspector is now local! You can read more about this change here. Click the button below to retrieve any data stored on the MTGATracker: Inspector Web Application
When you click this button, the collection script will go through four distinct steps: Authentication, Basic Record Collection, Cold-Storage Record Collection, and Draft Collection. Once clicked, please do not close the window until you see the "All Clear!" message in the log below.
You only need to do this process once! Please don't stress out our servers by running this process over and over. If you're having issues, please get in touch with us on Discord!
Collection log
Note: the decks database is derived from game records, and should never be "imported!"
DB Import log
Pressing this button will create a copy of your inspector database files at %APPDATA%/mtgatracker/database-backups/inspector-[type]-[date].db
On first launch, MTGATracker generates a key that is private and unique to your machine. Treat it like a password!
View Tracker key (Select, then use ctrl-c to copy): (click to reveal)
Add MongoDB connection strings here to sync MTGATracker data in the cloud. Read more here.
MTGA Tracker is unofficial Fan Content permitted under the Fan Content Policy. Not approved/endorsed by Wizards. Portions of the materials used are property of Wizards of the Coast. ©Wizards of the Coast LLC.
Version: { version } (commit { commit | short } / build { build })(MTGATracker cannot check for updates on first launch after installation or an update) (an update is downloading...) (an update is ready!)
Homepage: mtgatracker.com
Privacy: privacy.md
Documentation: README.md
Inspector: inspector.mtgatracker.com
MTGATracker had TONS of support from Open Source contributors this cycle. Thanks so much to everyone who put some code in!!
This shows us what features & settings y'all use the most to help us decide what to make next, and which features to continue supporting.


Spaghetti code has ethical concerns related to security for the end user. Spaghetti code creates the increased potential for unforeseen code usage or manipulation.
The Heartbleed vulnerability provides a strong example of the ethical dangers of spaghetti code. Spaghetti code is often made by hastily putting code together.
The implementation of the Heartbeat extension into OpenSSL allowed for the retrial of any information in the memory buffer.
Question 5:
Which of the following ethical concern holds the least relation to spaghetti code?


Cidmap files
These are FontForge's own files which it uses to map from CIDs in one Registry-Ordering-Supplement to unicode code points.
Cidmap files generally live in $(PREFIX)/share/fontforge (often /usr/local/share/fontforge or /usr/share/fontforge), though they will also be found if they are in the directory containing fontforge itself or the current directory. They are named <registry>-<Ordering>-<Supplement>.cidmap. So "Adobe-Japan1-6.cidmap", or "Adobe-CNS1-4.cidmap".
The first line of the file consists of two numbers, usually the same, which are the total number of CIDs defined by this ROS.
Subsequent lines have one of three formats
- <cid> <unicode>
- <cid1>..<cid2> <unicode>
- <cid> <postscript-name>
A <cid> is just a decimal number, <unicode> is a hex number, and <postscript-name> is a PostScript name token preceded by a slash.
The first few lines of Adobe-Japan1-6.cidmap look like:
23057 23057 0 /.notdef 1..60 0020 61 00a5 62..92 005d 93 00a6
So there are 23057 cids in this ROS. CID 0 is mapped to the postscript name "/.notdef", cids 1-60 are mapped to space (U+0020), exclam (U+0021), ..., lbracket (U+005b), CID 61 is mapped to yen (U+00a5), and so forth.


| 516 | (A) | als thonowre and thike rayne threpande in skewes |
| 519 | (C) | As þonnther in thykke rayne . persheth þe skyes |
| 513 | (D) | As thundur in thik reyne þirlid þe skyes |
| 504 | (E) | as thunder in thikke reyn . hurleth in þe skyes . |
| (Ex) | ---- no text ---- | |
| 533 | (L) | as þonder & þicke rayn þrowolande in skyes |
| 493 | (P) | Als thonour in a thik rayne & thrymbland schoures |
| 512 | (U) | As thunder in thik reyne / thrilles the skyes |
| (V) | ---- no text ---- |


Feed Your Boredom
Activity and Business Selector
Search
Activity
Business
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Nice to meet you, I'm Yvonne Kung! I'm a 2015 UC Davis graduate with a background in Design and Japanese, but I draw digitally and traditionally in my free time.
I'm interested in game design and illustration, but I'm hoping to combine that with my language skills in Mandarin Chinese and Japanese.
In my spare time, I love reading, drawing, watching animated films, and learning new languages. I also really like hamsters.


Statistical Machine Learning
In statistical machine learning, we consider the problem of inferring the probability structure behind data from a relatively small number of examples. The key is how to model the probability structure that generates the data and how to efficiently solve the unknown parameters.
We consider the properties of various learning machines, the dynamics of optimization, and the statistical properties of the estimated parameters from the standpoint of mathematical science.
Universality of Multi-Layer Perceptron
It has been proved from various points of view that the neural network is a universal function approximator that can approximate arbitrary nonlinear functions sufficiently well. We clarify the class of functions that can be represented by the neural network based on the integral representation (Ridgelet transform), and investigate the relationship between the accuracy of approximation by finite sums and the integral representation.
Murata, N.: “An integral representation of functions using three-layered networks and their approximation bounds”, Neural Networks, Volume 9, Issue 6, August 1996, Pages 947-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-6080(96)00000-7
Sonoda S., Murata, N. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis Volume 43, Issue 2, September 2017, Pages 233-268 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2015.12.005
Statistical Analysis of On-line Learning
Learning is a flexible and effective means of extracting the stochastic structure of the environment. In practice, two different types of learning are used, namely batch learning and on-line learning. The batch learning procedure uses all the training examples repeatedly so that its performance is compared to the statistical estimation procedure. On-line learning is more dynamical, updating the current estimate by observing a new datum one by one. On-line learning is slow in general but works well in the changing environment. We give a unified framework of statistical analysis for batch and on-line learning. The topics include the asymptotic learning curve, generalization error and training error, over-fitting and over-training, efficiency of learning, and an adaptive method of determining learning rate.
Murata, N., and Amari, S.: “Statistical analysis of learning dynamics”, Signal Processing, Volume 74, Issue 1, January 1999, Pages 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1684(98)00206-0
Murata, N., Kawanabe, M., Ziehe, A., Müller, K.-R., and Amari, S.: “On-line learning in changing environments with applications in supervised and unsupervised learning”, Neural Networks, Volume 15, Issue 4–6, June-July 2002, Pages 743–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-6080(02)00060-6
Change-Point Detection in a Sequence of Bags-of-Data
Change-point detection is an important engineering problem, and various methods have been proposed. Many existing methods assume that each data point observed at each time step is a single multi-dimensional vector, but to make them applicable to a wider class of problems, we propose a non-parametric and computationally efficient method. First, the underlying distribution behind each bag-of-data is estimated and embedded in the metric space with earth mover’s distance. Then, using the distance-based information estimator, we evaluate how the sequence of bags-of-data varies in the metric space to derive a change-point score. A procedure is also incorporated to adaptively determine the timing of alarms by calculating confidence intervals for the change-point scores at each time step by means of Bayesian bootstrap. This makes it possible to avoid false alarms in noisy situations and to detect changes of various magnitudes.
Koshijima, K., Hino, H. and Murata, N.: “Change-Point Detection in a Sequence of Bags-of-Data”, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Volume 27, Number 10, October 2015, Pages 2632-2644. https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2015.2426693
related works
Hino, H. and Murata, N.: “Information estimators for weighted observations”, Neural Networks, Volume 46, October 2013, Pages 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2013.06.005
Transition Matrix Estimation for Brand Share Analysis
In a product market or stock market, different products or stocks compete for the same consumers or purchasers. We propose a method to estimate the time-varying transition matrix of the product share using a multivariate time series of the product share. The method is based on the assumption that each of the observed time series of shares is a stationary dis- tribution of the underlying Markov processes characterized by transition probability matrices. We estimate transition probability matrices for every observation under natural assumptions. We demonstrate, on a real-world dataset of the share of automobiles, that the proposed method can find intrinsic transition of shares.
Chiba, T., Hino, H., Akaho, S., and Murata, N.: “Time-Varying Transition Probability Matrix Estimation and Its Application to Brand Share Analysis”, PLOS ONE, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2017, e0169981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169981


Meteor is free HTML website template by Tooplate. Feel free to use this layout for your project.
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Biodiesel schltz suculents phone cliche ramps snackwave coloring book tumeric poke, typewriter.
Biodiesel schltz suculents phone cliche ramps snackwave coloring book tumeric poke, typewriter.
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Pinterest 90's wolf celiac dreamcatcher listicle deep v semiotics. Intelligentsia literally meggings trust fund put a bird on it. Shoreditch crucifix artisan pug shaman twee. Health goth bicycle rights retro iPhone.


--- layout: default --- {% include header.html %} {% include intro.html %} {% include rsvp.html %} {% include travel.html %}


Judd Trump edges Ronnie O’Sullivan in absorbing Belfast final
World champion retains Northern Ireland Open crown after sublime performance
Judd Trump produced a superb performance to retain his Northern Ireland Open crown with a 9-7 victory over Ronnie O’Sullivan at Belfast’s Waterfront Hall.
The world champion hit four centuries as he repeated his 2018 win over O’Sullivan to secure his third ranking title of the season.
Yet it was no cruise with O’Sullivan, in a high-quality encounter, refusing to let the near-faultless Trump power ahead.
Five-time world champion O’Sullivan never led but repeatedly responded to Trump’s clearances with excellent breaks of his own.
In the end, in a match where errors were few and far between, Trump had enough of an advantage to hold on and he secured his latest success with a break of 84.
Trump said on Eurosport: “It’s obviously hard to defend any title but do it against Ronnie is amazing.
“The game was free-flowing. He was scoring heavy, I was scoring heavy. I think it was good to watch.
“It was important to get off to a good start against him. We’ve seen in the tournament everyone who falls behind gets steamrollered.
“You’ve got to play against Ronnie otherwise you lose. It’s quite simple. I’ve got to up my game to stand any chance.”
Trump set the standard early, opening up a 2-0 lead with breaks of 68 and 56 before O’Sullivan responded with a brilliant 126.
A run of 123 allowed Trump to restore a two-frame lead but O’Sullivan hit back with 88.
Trump claimed the next two to move 5-2 ahead and may have fancied a maximum after potting 11 reds and 11 blacks in the seventh.
O’Sullivan took the last frame of the opening session and the first of the next to reduce the deficit but another century, 106, put Trump 6-4 ahead.
The world champion again fell short of a maximum as he recorded 113 in the 11th frame but O’Sullivan kept himself in contention with 72 in the next and a 76 clearance cut the gap to 7-6.
Trump responded to the pressure yet again to move within one of victory with a break of 124 but O’Sullivan was still not done, replying with a brilliant 135.
Trump had to produce his best yet again and did so with another fluid break to clinch victory.
“It was a good match, I think everyone must have enjoyed watching that,” said O’Sullivan.
“I loved every minute of it and I enjoyed watching Judd playing some great shots.”


Get a bird's-eye view of the sources, the projects you're working on and your daily summary.
You can create and send invoices for the time you tracked. Fast and simple, from any device.
Our dedicated support team will always be there just in case you need help. So forget about automated replies.
 TimeTracker's pricing plans will match your budget.


SERVICES
Before we sign a contarct or write a code our team will spend the necessary time needed to understand your product vision
The outcome of this scoping session is proposal or high-level statement of work.
based on your requiremnts we can provide a complete offering or just the pieces you need.


{% extends "tracker/base.html" %} {% block head %} {% load static %} {% endblock %} {% block body %}
The goal of this project is to demonstrate proof-of-concept for a small form factor python based hardware tracking device using GPS and GSM connectivity.
Python Developer with 10 years of hardware expertise applying circuit and firmware design techniques to engineer and test electronic devices and computer hardware.
Derek is a developer, a veteran and a life-long learner. He loves dogs, coffee and good beer. In his time off he enjoys gaming and.. well pretty much just gaming. Derek is a long time EVE Online player and 3k MMR scrub in Dota2. But he has lots of hats so it's fine.
A Python developer proficient in a variety of programming languages and software development tools. My previous experience in music recording and theory have given me the initiative to tackle difficult topics in web development.
Python Developer with experience managing teams ranging in size from 4 to 150. Experienced with MEAN stack and Python. Emphasis on Object Oriented Programming and Test Driven Development.


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Provides data from the United Nation's World Population Prospects 2015.
| Version: | 1.1-0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.14.2) |
| Published: | 2016-06-03 |
| Author: | Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. |
| Maintainer: | Hana Sevcikova <hanas at uw.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | http://esa.un.org/wpp, http://esa.un.org/unpd/ppp |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | ChangeLog |
| CRAN checks: | wpp2015 results |
| Reference manual: | wpp2015.pdf |
| Package source: | wpp2015_1.1-0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: wpp2015_1.1-0.zip, r-release: wpp2015_1.1-0.zip, r-oldrel: wpp2015_1.1-0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: wpp2015_1.1-0.tgz, r-oldrel: wpp2015_1.1-0.tgz |
| Old sources: | wpp2015 archive |
| Reverse imports: | bayesDem, socialmixr |
| Reverse suggests: | bayesLife, bayesPop, bayesTFR, wppExplorer |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=wpp2015 to link to this page.


{% extends 'home/base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block body %}
There are links across the top to change settings. Under the lights link, you configure the pins and lights you need for your particular traffic signal. You should have one light for each light you have connected to your pi. You should use the BCM mode pin number, and not the physical pin number, when setting the pins. You also need to know if your relay needs to be pulled high or low in order to turn the light on. Most solid relay modules are counterintuitively low when on, and high when off. You can control as many lights as you have GPIO pins on the pi with this.
When deciding the delay and duration, you need to understand that the lights go in a cycle. The timing is from the beginning of the entire cycle. For instance, on a five light system, you might want the green arrow to be on 10 seconds before the solid green light comes on, and you might want both of them to be on at the same time for a short period, but you want the green arrow to come on immediately. That means that your delay for the green arrow is 0, while the delay for the solid green light is 10.
A sample set of values for a 5 light system might be as follows:
| Light | Pin | Delay | Duration | Pull |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green Arrow | 18 | 0.0 | 10.0 | LOW |
| Green | 17 | 5.0 | 25.0 | LOW |
| Yellow Arrow | 15 | 10.0 | 5.0 | LOW |
| Yellow | 4 | 30.0 | 5.0 | LOW |
| Red | 27 | 35.0 | 38.0 | LOW |
You will notice that the delay shows the order in which they will turn on. The lower the delay, the sooner in the cycle the light will turn on. Once it is on, it will stay on as long as the duration is set. The duration starts from the time the light is turned on, not from the beginning of the cycle. That means, for instance, since the yellow arrow comes on at 10 seconds from the start of the cycle, due to its delay, it will shut off 15 seconds into the cycle, because it stays on for 5 seconds after the initial 10 second wait to turn on. None of the lights rely on any other light to be on or off.
With this kind of setup, even if you have a full intersection's worth of lights, even pedestrian signals, you can control them individually.
I have designed this to react to switch positions as well. Unfortunately, it has been necessary to hard code some of this into the program that does the actual work. That means that if you want to do different things than use a sensor to flash the lights on and off, you will need to modify the code.
Currently, there are two switches. One is a mode switch that flips it between being a regular traffic signal and reacting to the other switch, which is a sound sensor.
In the future, I intend to allow some interaction with an LCD screen. I want to be able to change what is shown on the screen through this web interface.


|
Hephaestus
0.0.4
|
Describes a vulkan window. Is used as a base for all operations. More...
#include <window.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| window ()=default | |
| Standard default constructor. More... | |
| window (int width, int height, const char *app_name, uint32_t version) | |
| Window constructor. More... | |
| virtual | ~window () |
| Standard virtual destructor. More... | |
| window (const window &other)=delete | |
| Deleted copy constructor. Use the move constructor instead. More... | |
| window & | operator= (const window &rhs)=delete |
| Deleted copy assignment operator. Use the move assignment operator instead. More... | |
| window (window &&other) noexcept | |
| Standard copy constructor. More... | |
| window & | operator= (window &&other) noexcept |
| Standard move assignment operator. More... | |
| bool | ext_supported (const char *ext) |
| Query if an extension is supported by the current instance. More... | |
| bool | dev_ext_supported (const char *ext) |
| Query if an extension is supported by the current physical device. More... | |
| bool | layer_supported (const char *lay) |
| Check if a validation layer is supported by the current instance. More... | |
| bool | should_close () |
| Poll if this window should be closed (ie. The user closed it) More... | |
| inline ::vk::Extent2D | get_dims () |
| Get the current size of the window (in pixels). More... | |
| std::pair<::vk::Fence, ::vk::CommandBuffer > | copy_buffer (generic_buffer *source, generic_buffer *dest, bool wait=true, size_t src_offset=0, size_t dest_offset=0, size_t size=0) |
| Copy data from one buffer to another. More... | |
| void | set_swap_recreate_callback (void(*new_callback)(::vk::Extent2D)) |
| Set the callback that is called whenever the swapchain needs to be recreated. More... | |
| void | clear_recording () |
| Clear the recording buffer. More... | |
| void | save_recording () |
| Create new command buffers according to the contents of the recording buffer. More... | |
| void | rec_bind_shader (shader_program *shader) |
| Add a pipeline binding operation to the recording buffer. More... | |
| void | rec_set_viewport (::vk::Viewport viewport) |
| Record setting the viewport. Consult vulkan docs. More... | |
| void | rec_set_scissor (::vk::Rect2D scissor) |
| Record setting the scissor. Consult vulkan docs. More... | |
| void | rec_set_default_viewport () |
| Record setting the default viewport, which covers the entire screen. More... | |
| void | rec_set_default_scissor () |
| Record setting the default scissor, which covers the entire screen. More... | |
| void | rec_bind_vbos (vertex_buffer *vbo) |
| Record binding a single vertex buffer object. More... | |
| void | rec_bind_vbos (vertex_bind_info *bi, uint32_t start=0) |
| Record binding a list of vertex buffer objects. More... | |
| void | rec_bind_index_buffer (index_buffer ibo) |
| Record binding an index buffer. More... | |
| void | rec_draw_indexed (uint32_t num_indices) |
| Record issuing a draw command using the index buffer. More... | |
| void | rec_draw (unsigned num_verts) |
| Record issuing a standard draw command. More... | |
| shader_program * | new_shader_program (const std::string &fp, const char *metapath="/shader_metadat.txt") |
Construct and retrieve a new hp::vk::shader_program More... | |
| void | delete_shader_program (shader_program *sh) |
| Destroy a shader_program associated with this window. More... | |
| void | delete_cmd_buffers (::vk::CommandBuffer *bufs, uint32_t num=1) |
Destroy any command buffer associated with this window allocated to the current cmd_pool More... | |
| void | wait_fences (::vk::Fence *fences, uint32_t num=1, uint64_t timeout=UINT64_MAX) |
| Block until the fences provided are signaled. More... | |
| inline ::vk::Fence | new_fence () |
| Construct and retrieve a new vk::Fence. See vulkan documentation for more details. More... | |
| void | delete_fence (::vk::Fence fence) |
| Destroy a fence associated with this window. More... | |
| generic_buffer * | new_buffer (size_t size, const ::vk::BufferUsageFlags &usage, const ::vk::MemoryPropertyFlags &flags) |
| Construct and retrieve a new generic_buffer. More... | |
| void | delete_buffer (generic_buffer *buf) |
| Destroy a generic_buffer associated with this window. More... | |
| void | draw_frame () |
| Draw the next frame to the screen. More... | |
Friends | |
| class | shader_program |
| class | generic_buffer |
| struct | vertex_buffer |
| void | on_resize_event (GLFWwindow *win, int width, int height) |
| void | on_iconify_event (GLFWwindow *win, int state) |
Describes a vulkan window. Is used as a base for all operations.
Definition at line 598 of file window.hpp.
|
default |
Standard default constructor.
| hp::vk::window::window | ( | int | width, |
| int | height, | ||
| const char * | app_name, | ||
| uint32_t | version | ||
| ) |
Window constructor.
| width | Width of the window in pixels |
| height | Height of the window in pixels |
| app_name | The name of you application |
| version | Version of you application, should be a return value of VK_MAKE_VERSION() . See vulkan documentation for more details. |
|
virtual |
Standard virtual destructor.
|
delete |
Deleted copy constructor. Use the move constructor instead.
window(window &&other) noexcept
move constructor instead!
|
noexcept |
Standard copy constructor.
| other | Right hand side of the copy construction |
| void hp::vk::window::clear_recording | ( | ) |
Clear the recording buffer.
| std::pair<::vk::Fence,::vk::CommandBuffer > hp::vk::window::copy_buffer | ( | generic_buffer * | source, |
| generic_buffer * | dest, | ||
| bool | wait = true , |
||
| size_t | src_offset = 0 , |
||
| size_t | dest_offset = 0 , |
||
| size_t | size = 0 |
||
| ) |
Copy data from one buffer to another.
| source | The source buffer of the copy operation |
| dest | The destination buffer of the copy operation |
| wait | Whether or not to wait for the copy operation to finish. See the return values for the function. |
| src_offset | Index (in bytes) in the source at which to start copying data. |
| dest_offset | Index (in bytes) in the destination at which to start writing data. |
| size | The size (in bytes) of the data that should be copied. If set to 0, the entire sizes of the buffers are automatically copied (ie. size is set to the size of the buffers, so the sizes MUST be equal) |
wait
parameter is set to false
. These objects MUST be EXPLICITLY DESTROYED! If wait
is false
or the sizes of the buffers are mismatched while size
is 0, then this function would return VK_NULL_HANDLE
s.
|
inline |
Destroy a generic_buffer associated with this window.
window::new_buffer
. | buf | The buffer to destroy |
Definition at line 1019 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Destroy any command buffer associated with this window allocated to the current cmd_pool
| bufs | Pointer to a list of command buffers to destroy |
| num | Number of command buffers the list contains |
Definition at line 945 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Destroy a fence associated with this window.
window::new_fence()
. | fence | Fence to destroy |
Definition at line 990 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Destroy a shader_program associated with this window.
window::new_shader_program
. | sh | Pointer to the shader program to destroy |
Definition at line 932 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Query if an extension is supported by the current physical device.
| ext | Name of the extension to check. |
Definition at line 751 of file window.hpp.
| void hp::vk::window::draw_frame | ( | ) |
Draw the next frame to the screen.
|
inline |
Query if an extension is supported by the current instance.
| ext | Name of the extension to check. |
Definition at line 741 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Get the current size of the window (in pixels).
Extent2D
assiciated with this window. Definition at line 780 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Check if a validation layer is supported by the current instance.
| lay | The name of the validation layer to check. |
Definition at line 762 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Construct and retrieve a new generic_buffer.
delete
on pointer returned by this function! Use window::delete_buffer()
instead! It is also NOT necessary to call delete_buffer
; the buffers are automatically cleaned up when window is destroyed! | size | The size (in bytes) of the buffer to create. |
| usage | See hp::vk::vertex_usage , hp::vk::index_usage , etc. Consult Vulkan docs for vk::BufferUsageFlags. |
| flags | See hp::vk::memory_local and hp::vk::memory_host . Consult Vulkan docs for vk::MemoryPropertyFlags. |
Definition at line 1006 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Construct and retrieve a new vk::Fence. See vulkan documentation for more details.
delete
on pointer returned by this function! Use window::delete_fence()
instead! It is also NOT necessary to call delete_fence
; the fences are automatically cleaned up when window is destroyed! Definition at line 973 of file window.hpp.
References hp::vk::handle_res(), HP_FATAL, and HP_GET_CODE_LOC.
|
inline |
Construct and retrieve a new hp::vk::shader_program
Upon construction, the file at "fp + metapath"
will be loaded and read. The expected contents of each line of the file are: "[fragment-shader|vertex-shader];[entrypoint]: [filename]"
(Example: "vertex-shader;main: vert.spv"
would load fp + "/vert.spv"
as the vertex shader with entrypoint "main"). Whitespace is ignored and comments are made with the "#"
character. Comments at the end of lines are NOT supported. The line "fragment-shader;main: frag.spv # <some comment>"
would be invalid. Further examples are available under the "Examples" tag of the documentation.
delete
on pointer returned by this function! Use window::delete_shader_program()
instead! It is also NOT necessary to call delete_shader_program
; the shaders are automatically cleaned up when window is destroyed! | fp | The path to load the shader program from. DO NOT INCLUDE A TRAILING SLASH OR THE LOADING OPERATION WILL FAIL |
| metapath | The path to the file containing the metadata for the shader. A LEADING SLASH MUST BE INCLUDED OR THE LOADING OPERATION WILL FAIL. |
shader_program
. Definition at line 919 of file window.hpp.
Deleted copy assignment operator. Use the move assignment operator instead.
window &operator=(window &&other) noexcept
move assignment operator instead. Standard move assignment operator.
| other | Right hand side of the move assignment operation. |
other
parameter. | void hp::vk::window::rec_bind_index_buffer | ( | index_buffer | ibo | ) |
Record binding an index buffer.
| ibo | Index buffer to bind. |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_bind_shader | ( | shader_program * | shader | ) |
Add a pipeline binding operation to the recording buffer.
Call this function before setting viewports, scissors, and other dynamic states. A pipeline must be bound for ANY draw operation.
| shader | Shader to bind. |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_bind_vbos | ( | vertex_bind_info * | bi, |
| uint32_t | start = 0 |
||
| ) |
Record binding a list of vertex buffer objects.
See documentation for vertex_bind_info
and vulkan docs for vkCmdBindVertexBuffers
| bi | Pointer to vertex_bind_info . See do |
| start | Index of the first VBO to bind in the list |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_bind_vbos | ( | vertex_buffer * | vbo | ) |
Record binding a single vertex buffer object.
| vbo | The vertex buffer to bind |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_draw | ( | unsigned | num_verts | ) |
Record issuing a standard draw command.
| num_verts | Number of vertices to draw. |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_draw_indexed | ( | uint32_t | num_indices | ) |
Record issuing a draw command using the index buffer.
| num_indices | Number of indices from the index buffer to draw. |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_set_default_scissor | ( | ) |
Record setting the default scissor, which covers the entire screen.
| void hp::vk::window::rec_set_default_viewport | ( | ) |
Record setting the default viewport, which covers the entire screen.
| void hp::vk::window::rec_set_scissor | ( | ::vk::Rect2D | scissor | ) |
Record setting the scissor. Consult vulkan docs.
| scissor | New scissor |
| void hp::vk::window::rec_set_viewport | ( | ::vk::Viewport | viewport | ) |
Record setting the viewport. Consult vulkan docs.
| viewport | New viewport |
| void hp::vk::window::save_recording | ( | ) |
Create new command buffers according to the contents of the recording buffer.
|
inline |
Set the callback that is called whenever the swapchain needs to be recreated.
Use this callback to re-record the command buffers if you wish. (The viewport and scissor would've changed, so rerecording would be necessary)
| new_callback | The new callback to replace the old one. |
save_recording()
IN THE CALLBACK! SWAP CHAIN RECREATION ALREADY IMPLICITLY CALLS IT! Definition at line 815 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Poll if this window should be closed (ie. The user closed it)
Definition at line 771 of file window.hpp.
|
inline |
Block until the fences provided are signaled.
| fences | Pointer to a list of fences |
| num | The number of fences that list contains (default to 1 for waiting on a single fence) |
| timeout | The maximum amount of time (in nanoseconds) this would block before aborting. By default there is no timeout (Signified by the value UINT64_MAX ). |
Definition at line 962 of file window.hpp.
|
friend |
Definition at line 673 of file window.hpp.
|
friend |
|
friend |
|
friend |
Definition at line 671 of file window.hpp.
|
friend |
Definition at line 675 of file window.hpp.


Pets allowed
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Hot tub
Lakeside
Full washer and dryer
Kitchen with full size appliances
Dishwasher
Fishing on property
Charcoal grill
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Rental comes with a boat
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At door parking
Fully furnished


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Wrong Credentials
Your are registered as shop manager if you want to purchase then singup as customer


REVIEW: Anaconda By Luke Buckmaster<EMAIL_ADDRESS>On the Buckmaster scale of 0 stars (bomb), to 5 stars (a masterpiece): 2 and a half stars
For the Hollywood industry, a giant snake really isn't that big a deal. We've already been treated to rampaging dinosaurs, vicious lions, hungry sharks and even human devouring aliens - so a snake, or "anaconda", doesn't seem that appealing amongst the crowd of successful thriller vehicles. But people love to be scared; the fear industry is profitable as movie goers constantly flock to the cinema in the hope of being scared witless.
Anaconda does in many ways complete all that it sets out to do; it has an eerie and sinister approach and has the same sort of tension, and corniness, that Jaws and many others have been infamous for. However this alone is not even close to adequate for the dismal plot to got unnoticed, leaving a lot to be desired even in this type of film.
The Anaconda heroes and villains are all together trapped inside a Jaws-like boat, which leaves no room for decent character development, or more to point, it shows none. The entire film is not protective of its main characters nearly as much as it should be - many die but nobody really cares because we all came to see the snakes anyway, which are quite obviously the stars of the movie.
Aside from all of this, I must admit that I did enjoy watching most of Anaconda. Amongst all the disappointing acting and horrific animation of the water bound beasts, this film is surprisingly appealing due to the sheer innocence and almost kiddish style in which it's portrayed. Anaconda follows in the footsteps of just about every scary film created, bringing the true essence of fear and suspense to the silver screen the traditional and effective way. I guess the only difference is after walking away from Jaws you feared the water and creatures within it, but after seeing Anaconda I sneered at the thought of a 3 metre computer-generate piece of fluff ever existing. But that just makes it all the more fun.
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to subscribe to my newsletter (unless, of course, you already have) or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for any inquiries or feedback
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Taliban Ready to Resume Peace Talks Following Trump's Visit to Kabul
The Taliban said today they are ready to resume peace talks with theUS - a day after President Donald Trump's surprise visit to US troops in Afghanistan, Reuters reported.
Trump has announced that peace talks with hardline Islamist insurgents in Afghanistan will resume.
“The Taliban wants to make a deal and we’re meeting with them and we’re saying it has to be a cease-fire and they didn’t want to do a cease-fire and now they do want to do a cease-fire,” Trump said during a meeting with Afghan President Ashraf Ghani at Bagram Air Field.
“I believe it probably will work out that way, and we'll see what happens,” he added.
Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said today that they are "ready to resume talks" that have failed since Trump terminated them earlier this year.
"Our stance is still the same. If peace talks start, it will be resumed from the stage where it had stopped," Mujahid told Reuters.
"We are hoping that Trump’s visit to Afghanistan will prove that he is serious to start talks again. We don’t think he has not much of a choice," said a senior Taliban commander on conditions of anonymity, Reuters reported.
Earlier, representatives of the Taliban leadership told Reuters that since the end of last week, the group has been negotiating in Doha with senior US officials and that the peace talks could soon be resumed officially.
Trump's surprise visit to Afghanistan was his first since becoming president, and took place a week after the exchange of captives between Washington and the Taliban, which raised hopes that an agreement could be reached to end the war, Reuters notes.


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Leviticus 25:15
According to the number of years after the jubilee thou shalt buy of thy neighbor, and according unto the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee:


Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Industry Cluster & Tech Cluster
Tech clusters like Silicon Valley play a central role for modern innovation, business competitiveness, and economic performance. This paper reviews what constitutes a tech cluster, how they function internally, and the degree to which policy makers can purposefully foster them. We describe the growing influence of advanced technologies for businesses outside of traditional tech fields, the strains and backlash that tech clusters are experiencing, and emerging research questions for theory and empirical work.
They find ICT employment shares nearly double the usual estimates using their unique ‘sector-product’ approach, however this conclusion is more speculative (ICT production space is around 42 percent larger than SIC-based estimates, with around 70,000 more companies) (Nathan & Rosso, 2015)
2.2 Cluster Dynamics
Industrial dynamics and clusters: a survey, regional research. This article reviews clusters and their impact on the entry, exit, and growth of firms, as well as the literature supporting the evolutionary dynamics of cluster formation. This extensive review shows strong evidence that clusters promote the entry of manufacturers, but the evidence that clusters can promote the growth and survival of firms is rather weak. From a number of open-ended questions, this research extracts various future research paths that emphasize the importance of manufacturer heterogeneity and the exact mechanism that supports the localized economy (Frenken, Cefis and Stam, 2014).
Relative researchers found that industry clustering not only increased firm entry but also firm exit rates. This implied that clusters could emerge and exist because they provide entry opportunities but they do not necessarily generate Marshallian economies that increase firm survival (Boschma, 2015).
by looking at how clusters influence entry, departure, and growth via localization economics, and by taking a long-term look at cluster emergence and evolution.
Entry is strongly influenced by clustering. Empirical research have consistently found that as cluster size grows, so does the rate of admission. Most potential entrepreneurs simply stay in their region of origin, therefore this empirical correlation does not imply that enterprises locate in a cluster because they gain from co-location.
Localization economies appear to play a role in entrance decisions in these research, but only for technologically trailing businesses who stand to gain the most and have the least to lose from co-location (ALCCER and CHUNG, 2007).
Cluster effect on the whole England area Enterprise entry does play an important role in shaping the overall dynamics. The new entrants that survive in the cluster will become larger over time, resulting in broader expansion and overall impact (Clementi & Palazzo, 2016) https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~gclement/Papers/Entry_exit.pdf
2.3 Industry Mix
On average, companies in large cities are more productive. There are two main explanations: corporate choice (big cities strengthen competition and only allow the most productive people to survive) and agglomeration economies (big cities promote interaction and increase productivity), which may be strengthened by the natural advantages of localization. In order to distinguish them, we nested a general version of the easy-to-handle company selection model and a standard agglomeration model. Stronger choices in large cities cut the distribution of productivity to the left, while stronger gatherings move to the right and expand the distribution. Using this forecast, French firm-level data, and new quantile methods, we show that firm choices cannot explain differences in spatial productivity. The results are applicable to various departments, city size thresholds, institutional samples and regional definitions.
The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) is a commonly used economic concept in competition law, antitrust[1], and technology management. It’s a measure of a company’s size in relation to the industry it’s in, as well as an indicator of how competitive it is (Liston-Heyes & Pilkington, 2004).
2.4 How location affect entry pattern in UK/Global
2.5 How time affect entry pattern in UK/Global
2.6 Other factor can affect dynamics pattern in UK
Firm density has a beneficial effect on entry rates in the early stages of an industry since each firm has the potential to bring in new entrants. Legitimation has been coined to describe this positive density impact. Higher company density levels, on the other hand, become a barrier to entrance as the industry evolves and grows, owing to fierce market competition (Boschma, 2015).
The empirical evidence reveals that technology and the stage of the industry life cycle impact the relationship between business size and the likelihood of survival.(Agarwal and Audretsch, 2001) Entry may be less about radical innovation and more about filling strategic niches in established businesses that are nonetheless technologically intensive, neutralizing the impact of entry size on the likelihood of survival.(ibid)
Over time, smaller factories generated proportionately more jobs, implying that job-growth incentives to larger enterprises may have been misdirected. Overall, our findings suggest that the impacts of size and age on manufacturing plant expansion in a developing economy are similar to those in rich economies (negative relationship between plant age and plant growth )(Liu, Tsou and Hammitt, 1999)


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ABOUT US
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh(ULAB) is a private liberal arts-based University in Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Founded in February 2002, permission to open was received from the University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh in November 2003, pursuant to the Private University Act 1992.
ULAB incorporates the values of Liberal Arts and Sustainability into its curricula, through its General Education Department and its Center for Sustainable Development (CSD). ULAB is a research-intensive University, with multiple research opportunities for its faculty members and students.
Schools and Degree-Granting Programs (UGC Approved)
ULAB offers degree programs in the following schools:
School of Arts and Humanities
Department of English and Humanities
Bachelor of Arts in English
Master of Arts in English
School of Social Science
Department of Media Studies and Journalism
Bachelor of Social Science, Media Studies and Journalism
Masters in Communication
School of Business
Department of Business Administration
Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA)
Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)
School of Science and Engineering
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (ETE)
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)
ULAB’s General Education Program (GED) is a non-degree-granting program, which runs courses to fulfill the liberal arts curriculum.


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My name is Michelle and I am a software developer from Olympia, WA.
My name is Garfield and I am a Jr Data Intergration Engineer looking to step into Software Development in the near future. I also served 8 years in the Army. I hope to one day be a part of something ground breaking and innovative that will significantly impact human life on a whole which is what really drives me to code.
My name is Michael and I am a software developer from Portland, OR. I plan to use tech skills to make the world more accessible
My name is Alex and I am a software developer from Seattle, WA. I plan to take my skills learned and apply them to my indie game development.


dataset is designed to easily manage collections of JSON objects. Objects are associated with a unique key you provide. The objects themselves are stored on disc in a folder inside the collection folder. The collection folder contains a JSON object document called collection.json. This file stores metadata about the collection including the association of keys with paths to their objects. dataset comes in several flavors — a command line program called dataset, a Go langauge package also called dataset, a shared library called libdataset and a Python 3.7 package called py_dataset. This tutorial talks both the command line program and the Python package. The command line is great for simple setup but Python is often more convienent for more complex operations.
To create a collection you use the init verb. In the following examples you will see how to do this with both the command line tool dataset as well as the Python module of the same name.
Let’s create a collection called friends.ds. At the command line type the following.
dataset init friends.ds
Notice that after you typed this and press enter you see an “OK” response. If there had been an error then you would have seen an error message instead.
Working in Python is similar to the command line. We import the
modules needed then use them. For these exercises we’ll be
importing the following modules sys, os, json and
of course dataset via from py_dataset import dataset
.
import sys
import os
import json
from py_dataset import dataset
# stop is a convenience function
def stop(msg):
print(msg)
sys.exit(1)
err = dataset.init("friends.ds")
if err != "":
stop(err)
In Python the error message is an empty string if everything is ok, otherwise we call stop which prints the message and exits. You will see this pattern followed in a number of upcoming Python examples.
There is no dataset verb to remove a collection. A collection is just a folder with some files in it. You can delete the collection by throwing the folder in the trash (Mac OS X and Windows) or using a recursive remove in the Unix shell.
As with many systems that store information dataset provides for basic operations of creating, updating and deleting. In the following section we will work with the friends.ds collection and favorites.ds collection we created previously.
I have some friends who are characters in ZBS radio plays. I am going to create and save some of their info in our collection called friends.ds. I am going to store their name and email address so I can contact them. Their names are Little Frieda, Mojo Sam and Jack Flanders.
dataset create friends.ds frieda \
'{"name":"Little<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Notice the “OK”. Just like init the create verb returns a status. “OK” means everything is good, otherwise an error is shown. Doing the same thing in Python would look like.
err = dataset.create("friends.ds", "frieda",
{"name":"Little<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if err != "":
stop(msg)
With create we need to provide a collection name, a key (e.g. “frieda”) and Python dict (which becomes our JSON object). Now let’s add records for Mojo Sam and Jack Flanders.
command line –
dataset create friends.ds "mojo" \
'{"name": "Mojo Sam, the Yudoo Man", "email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>dataset create friends.ds "jack" \
'{"name": "Jack Flanders", "email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>in python –
err = dataset.create("friends.ds", "mojo",
{"name": "Mojo Sam, the Yudoo Man",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if err != "":
stop(err)
err = dataset.create("friends.ds", "jack",
{"name": "Jack Flanders",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>if err != "":
stop(err)
We have three records in our friends.ds collection — “frieda”, “mojo”, and “jack”. Let’s see what they look like with the read verb.
command line –
dataset read friends.ds frieda
This command emitts a JSON object. The JSON is somewhat hard to read. To get a pretty version of the JSON object used the “-p” option.
dataset read -p friends.ds frieda
On the command line you can easily pipe the results to a file for latter modification. Let’s do this for each of the records we have created so far.
dataset read -p friends.ds frieda >frieda-profile.json
dataset read -p friends.ds mojo >mojo-profile.json
dataset read -p friends.ds jack >jack-profile.json
Working in python is similar but rather than write out our JSON structures to a file we’re going to keep them in memory as Python dict.
In Python –
(frieda_profile, err) = dataset.read("friends.ds", "frieda")
if err != "":
stop(err)
(mojo_profile, err) = dataset.read("friends.ds", "mojo")
if err != "":
stop(err)
(jack_profile, err) = dataset.read("friends.ds", "jack")
if err != "":
stop(err)
In Python, just like with init and create the read verb returns a tuple of the value and err. Notice a pattern?
Next we can modify the profiles (the *.json files for the command line version). We’re going to add a key/value pair for “catch_phrase” associated with each JSON object in friends.ds. For Little Frieda edit freida-profile.json to look like –
{
"_Key": "frieda",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"name": "Little Frieda",
"catch_phrase": "Woweee Zoweee"
}
For Mojo’s mojo-profile.json –
{
"_Key": "mojo",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"name": "Mojo Sam, the Yudoo Man",
"catch_phrase": "Feet Don't Fail Me Now!"
}
An Jack’s jack-profile.json –
{
"_Key": "jack",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"name": "Jack Flanders",
"catch_phrase": "What is coming at you is coming from you"
}
On the command line we can read in the updated JSON objects and save the results in the collection with the update verb. Like with init and create the update verb will return an “OK” or error message. Let’s update each of our JSON objects.
dataset update friends.ds freida frieda-profile.json
dataset update friends.ds mojo mojo-profile.json
dataset update friends.ds jack jack-profile.json
TIP: By providing a filename ending in “.json” the dataset command knows to read the JSON object from disc. If the object had stated with a “{” and ended with a “}” it would assume you were using an explicit JSON expression.
In Python we can work with each of the dictionaries variables we save from our previous read example. We add our “catch_phrase” attribute then update each record.
frieda_profile["catch_phrase"] = "Wowee Zowee"
mojo_profile["catch_phrase"] = "Feet Don't Fail Me Now!"
jack_profile["catch_phrase"] = "What is coming at you is coming from you"
err = dataset.update("friends.ds", "frieda", frieda_profile)
if err != "":
stop(err)
err = dataset.update("friends.ds", "mojo", mojo_profile)
if err != "":
stop(err)
err = dataset.update("friends.ds", "jack", jack_profile)
if err != "":
stop(err)
As an exercise how would you read back the updated version on the command line or in Python?
Eventually you might want to remove a JSON object from the collection. Let’s remove Jack Flander’s record for now.
command line –
dataset delete friends.ds jack
Notice the “OK” in this case it means we’ve successfully delete the JSON object from the collection.
An perhaps as you’ve already guessed working in Python looks like –
err = dataset.delete("friends.ds", "jack")
if err != "":
stop(err)
Eventually you have lots of objects in your collection. You are not going to be able to remember all the keys. dataset provides a keys function for getting a list of keys as well as a count to give you a total number of keys.
Now that we’ve deleted a few things let’s see how many keys are in friends.ds. We can do that with the count verb.
Command line –
dataset count friends.ds
In Python –
cnt = dataset.count("friends.ds")
print(f"Total Records Now: {cnt}")
Likewise we can get a list of the keys with the keys verb.
dataset keys friends.ds
If you are following along in Python then you can just save the keys to a variable called keys.
keys = dataset.keys("friends.ds")
print("\n".join(keys))
JSON objects are tree like. This structure can be inconvienent for some types of analysis like tabulation, comparing values or generating summarizing reports. A spreadsheet, table or 2D grid like structure is often a more familair format for these types of tasks. grid is dataset’s verb for taking a list of keys, a list of dot paths to the JSON objects attributes and returning a 2D grid of the results. The 2D grid is easy to iterate over. A grid doesn’t enforce any specifics on the columns and rows. It only contains the values you specified in the list of keys and dot paths.
Let’s create a grid from our friends.ds collection.
dataset keys friends.ds keys >fiends.keys
dataset grid -i=friends.keys friends.ds .name .email .catch_phrase
As with read the grid verb can take the “-p” option to make the JSON grid a little easier to read.
dataset grid -p -i=friends.keys friends.ds .name .email .catch_phrase
Notice we make a list of keys first and save those to a file. Then we use that list of keys and create our grid. The grid output is in JSON notation. In Python making a grid follows a similar patter, generate a list of keys, use those keys and a list of dot paths to define the grid.
keys = dataset.keys("friends.ds")
(g, err) = dataset.grid("friends.ds", keys,
[".name", ".email", "catch_phrase"])
if err != "":
stop(err)
print(json.dumps(g, indent = 4))
In python grid like create and update returns a tuple that has your result and an error status. Finally we print our result using the JSON module’s dumps.
dataset also comes with a frame verb. A frame is an order list of objects with some additional matadata. It is similar to the “data frames” concepts in languages like Julia, Matlab, Octave, Python and R. It is a data structure that can be easily mapped to a grid (2D array or rows and columns). A frame is represented as an array of objects there the column names correspond to a attribute name in an object. It enforces a structure that behaves like a grid but is also easy to iterate over for other types of processing. Like our “grid” command a a frame will also derive heading labels (object attribute names) from the dot paths used to define the frame and will include metadata about the collection, keys used to define the frame and default types of data in the columns. The extra information in a frame stays with the collection. Frames are persistent and can be easily recalculated based on collection updates.
To define a frame we only need one additional piece of information besides what we used for a grid. We need a name for the frame.
Working from our previous grid example, let’s call this frame “name-and-email”.
dataset frame-create -i=friends.keys friends.ds \
"name-and-email" \
.name=name .email=email \
.catch_phrase=catch_phrase
In python it would look like
keys = dataset.keys("friends.ds")
err = dataset.frame_create("friends.ds", "name-and-email",
keys, {
".name": "name",
".email": "email",
".catch_phrase": "catch_phrase"
})
if err != "":
stop(err)
To see the full contents of a frame we only need to supply the collection and frame names.
dataset frame friends.ds "name-and-email"
In Python it’d look like
(f, err) = dataset.frame("friends.ds", "name-and-email")
if err != "":
stop(err)
print(json.dumps(f, indent = 4))
Looking at the resulting JSON object you see other attributes beyond the object list of the frame. These are created to simplify some of dataset more complex interactions.
Most of the time you don’t want the metadata, so you we have a way of just retrieving the object list.
dataset frame-objects friends.ds "name-and-email"
Or in Python
object_list = dataset.frame_objects("friends.ds", "name-and-email")
Let’s add back the Jack record we deleted a few sections ago and “reframe” our “name-and-email” frame.
# Adding back Jack
dataset create friends.ds jack jack-profile.json
# Save all the keys in the collection
dataset keys friends.ds >friends.keys
# Now reframe "name-and-email" with the updated friends.keys
dataset frame-reframe -i=friends.keys friends.ds "name-and-email"
# Now let's take a look at the frame
dataset frame -p friends.ds "name-and-email"
Like with grid and read before it the “-p” option will cause the JSON representation of the frame to be pretty printed.
Let’s try the same thing in Python
err = dataset.create("friends.ds", "jack", jack_profile)
if err != "":
stop(err)
keys = dataset.keys("friends.ds")
err = dataset.frame_reframe("friends.ds", "name-and-email", keys)
if err != "":
stop(err)
(f, err) = dataset.frame("friends.ds", "name-and-email")
if err != "":
stop(err)
print(json.dumps(f, indent = 4))
We can list the frames in the collection using the frames verb.
dataset frames friends.ds
In Python
frame_names = dataset.frames("friends.ds")
print("\n".join(frame_names))
In our frame we have previously defined three columns, looking at the JSON representation of the frame we also see a “labels” attribute. Labels are used when exporting and synchronizing content between a CSV file, Google Sheet and a collection (labels become column names).
Labels are set at the time of frame definition and persist as long as the frame exists. The order of the columns reflects the order of the pairs defining the dot paths and labels. In our previous examples we provided the order of the columns for the frame “name-and-email” as .name, .email, .catch_phrase dot paths. If we want to have the labels “ID”, “Display Name”, “EMail”, and “Catch Phrase” we need to define our frame that way.
dataset frame-delete friends.ds "name-and-email"
dataset frame friends.ds "name-and-email" \
"._Key=ID" ".name=Display Name" \
".email=EMail" ".catch_phrase=Catch Phrase"
In Python it look like
err = dataset.frame_delete("friends.ds", "name-and-email")
if err != "":
stop(err)
err = dataset.frame("friends.ds", "name-and-email",
"._Key": "ID",
".name": "Display Name",
".email": "EMail",
".catch_pharse": "Catch Phrase"
})
if err != "":
stop(err)
Finally the last thing we need to be able to do is delete a frame. Delete frames work very similar to deleting a JSON record.
dataset frame-delete friends.ds "name-and-email"
Or in Python
err = dataset.frame_delete("friends.ds", "name-and-email")
if err != "":
stop(err)
TIP: Frames like collections have a number of operations. Here’s the list
Continue exploring dataset with


Preface |
||||
|
A few years ago, for a certain project, I was looking for a scripting language providing widgets. Finally, there remained two of them to my choice: Python and Tcl/Tk. I was a novice to both of them. Python appeared easier, but when checking the documentation of Tkinter, I found this hint: for more details, read the Tcl/Tk documentation. So, I threw away Python and took Tcl/Tk. Now, it's me who provides a Tk interface to another scripting language, and I am willed not to repeat Python's mistake.—In short: if you are a novice to Tk, you can read this manual confidentally. If there should be an error in this documentation, just ask me. To answer, I will not respond: RTFM, but check out the docs for an error. Promise. (If you know of Tcl/Tk, it should suffice if you read about the widget hierarchie, nonetheless! And, for safety's sake, the restrictions too, please.) |


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Specify the ID of the load test step.
The step ID is used to identify the various load test executions in your job and should stay constant for the same execution across the builds of your job in order to get continuous graphs.


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