| Actions (94%) |
| AssertionException (100%) |
| BiFunctions (93%) |
| BiPredicates (100%) |
| Burst (90%) |
| Bytes (92%) |
| CachedFlowable (100%) |
| CachedObservable (100%) |
| Callables (100%) |
| CloseableFlowableWithReset (80%) |
| CloseableObservableWithReset (80%) |
| Consumer3 (N/A) |
| Consumers (88%) |
| DataSerializer (N/A) |
| DelimitedStringLinkedList (87%) |
| FlowableCollectWhile (99%) |
| FlowableDoOnEmpty (95%) |
| FlowableFetchPagesByRequest (100%) |
| FlowableInsertMaybe (93%) |
| FlowableInsertTimeout (89%) |
| FlowableMapLast (91%) |
| FlowableMatch (95%) |
| FlowableMaxRequest (97%) |
| FlowableMergeInterleave (97%) |
| FlowableMinRequest (100%) |
| FlowableOnBackpressureBufferToFile (100%) |
| FlowableRepeat (100%) |
| FlowableRepeatingTransform (91%) |
| FlowableReverse (94%) |
| FlowableServerSocket (88%) |
| FlowableStateMachine (100%) |
| FlowableStringInputStream (98%) |
| FlowableStringSplitSimple (98%) |
| FlowableWindowMinMax (100%) |
| Flowables (66%) |
| Functions (93%) |
| IO (93%) |
| Maybes (100%) |
| MemoryMappedFile (82%) |
| Observables (53%) |
| OnSubscribeCacheResetable (100%) |
| OnSubscribeCacheResettable (100%) |
| Options (89%) |
| Page (100%) |
| PagedQueue (96%) |
| Pages (93%) |
| Pair (100%) |
| Predicates (83%) |
| RetryWhen (80%) |
| RingBuffer (35%) |
| SchedulerHelper (87%) |
| SchedulerWithId (91%) |
| Serialized (90%) |
| Serializer (N/A) |
| SerializerBytes (100%) |
| SerializerJavaIO (100%) |
| SerializerString (100%) |
| Serializers (100%) |
| StateMachine (97%) |
| StateMachine2 (90%) |
| Statistics (100%) |
| Strings (96%) |
| ThrowingException (100%) |
| TransformerDecode (95%) |
| TransformerStateMachine (89%) |
| TransformerStringSplit (95%) |
| Transformers (94%) |
| Transformers (100%) |
| UnsafeAccess (80%) |
| ZippedEntry (100%) |


https://theampbook-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/theampbook.com/ch10/ga-session.html
https://theampbook.com/ch10/ga-session.html


- Vitamin A 7µg
- Vitamin C 10mg
- Vitamin D 0 µg
- Vitamin E 2mg
- Vitamin B10 0.07mg
- Vitamin K 21µg
Persea americana, or the avocado, possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla, Mexico, although fossil evidence suggests similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago. However, there is evidence for three possible separate domestications of the avocado, resulting in the currently recognized Mexican (aoacatl), Guatemalan (quilaoacatl), and West Indian (tlacacolaocatl) landraces. The Mexican and Guatemalan landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans. The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex.
The earliest residents were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland eating avocados, chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions. The oldest discovery of an avocado pit comes from Coxcatlan Cave, dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. Other caves in the Tehuacan Valley from around the same time period also show early evidence for the presence of avocado. There is evidence for avocado use at Norte Chico civilization sites in Peru by at least 3,200 years ago and at Caballo Muerto in Peru from around 3,800 to 4,500 years ago.
The native, undomesticated variety is known as a criollo, and is small, with dark black skin, and contains a large seed. It probably coevolved with extinct megafauna. The avocado tree also has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America, likely beginning as early as 5,000 BC. A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-Incan city of Chan Chan.
The earliest known written account of the avocado in Europe is that of Martín Fernández de Enciso (circa 1470–1528) in 1519 in his book, Suma De Geographia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Y Provincias Del Mundo. The first detailed account that unequivocally describes the avocado was given by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés in his work Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias in 1526. The first written record in English of the use of the word 'avocado' was by Hans Sloane, who coined the term, in a 1696 index of Jamaican plants. The plant was introduced to Spain in 1601, Indonesia around 1750, Mauritius in 1780, Brazil in 1809, the United States mainland in 1825, South Africa and Australia in the late 19th century, and Israel in 1908. In the United States, the avocado was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in 1833 and in California in 1856.
Before 1915, the avocado was commonly referred to in California as ahuacate and in Florida as alligator pear. In 1915, the California Avocado Association introduced the then-innovative term avocado to refer to the plant.
Per 100 g


The Akan Defined
The Akan naming application is an application based on the Ghanaian Cultural Naming System
To discover your Ghanaian traditional name using this Akan application,
please input your details correctly
into the relevant sections of the form as indicated below
and click the Generate Akan button
to generate your Akan name.


Welcome to deck-of-cards.js
A library that takes json objects and converts them into material cards.


Magister Dieter:
Isn't an astrologer the same thing as a fortune-teller? If word got around to the other Magisters that I consulted a fortune-teller I would never hear the end of it. No way!
"Don't worry. I will handle it."


Send Notifications
Send and forward Notifications.
#{timeBean.month}
#{timeBean.day}
, #{timeBean.year}
Send Notifications now
You can force send pending notifications (#{timeBean.totalNotificationsPlanned}), if desired.
Click the button to send pending notifications.
Forward error notifications
On the other hand, you can forward notifications with errors (#{timeBean.totalErrors}).
Click the button to forward notifications.


Positioning Synergy on Menu Bar?
-
Diomedes
Is there a way to control where the Synergy buttons appear on the menu bar? I've moved it all the way to the top in the Startup items under the Account preference pane, but it always winds as the leftmost set of icons in my menu bar. I have some other third party menu bar items, such as iSeek, WeatherMenu, and Salling Clicker that launch at startup.
-
Greg Hurrell
Synergy is an NSStatusItem which means you can't drag it around by holding the command key like you can with NSMenuExtras.
All NSStatusItems always appear to the left of all NSMenuExtras.
The order of NSStatusItems is determined by their launch order, with each subsequently launched item being placed to the left of the previously launched items. Note that when I say "launch" here I don't just mean "open" or "double-click"; I actually mean "open and wait for the NSStatusItem to appear in the menu bar".
I don't use any of the other apps you mention, but if they are NSMenuExtras then there is no way that you can get Synergy to be anything but to the left of them. If they are NSStatusItems then they are beating Synergy to the menu bar and you'll need to find a way of delaying them.
Life would be much easier if Apple allowed third-party developers to use the NSMenuExtra API, or if they gave similar functionality (the ability to command-drag) the NSStatusItem API. Unfortunately, the only way to circumvent this limitation is to engage in hackery, which I am not going to do for Synergy. Any third party app which does it risks being broken when Apple brings out Tiger (or sooner, if they please).
(When I wrote WinSwitch, I decided that I would go down the path of "hackery" because it just wasn't feasible to write a Fast User Switching menu replacement without it being the right-most... But Synergy is a different story.)
-
Magnetikal
Do you know if Apple is doing anything to remedy the NSStatusItem situation in 10.4? Or will be still be the same? I always assume they'd eventually merge the two APIs or provide the same functionality to 3rd party developers.
-
anonymous
menumeters manages to do it. i don't know why you can't. this and the poorly designed floater always keep me from paying and instead using free alternatives.
-
Greg Hurrell
Quote: menumeters manages to do it. i don't know why you can't.
Because Synergy is an NSStatusItem, and MenuMeters is an NSMenuExtra.
For the record, I've never seen any NSMenuExtra that includes clickable buttons in the menu bar. Programs like MenuMeters display information in the menu bar, but they don't provide buttons; click on them and a menu drops down.
As for whether or not I "can" do NSMenuExtras, see WinSwitch. Of course I can do it. But I've explained my reasons above for why Synergy uses NSStatusItem.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


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March 27, 2003
US forces dropping gold into the mud
Sydney Morning Herald | Submitted by: Look before u leap
"A particular point of concern for the US command is the huge overuse of precision-guided munitions and cruise missiles. Already the supply of heavy cruise missiles like the "Tomahawk" has been reduced by a third and, at the current rate of use, in three weeks the US will be left only with the untouchable strategic supply of these missiles. A similar situation exists with other types of precision-guided munitions. "The rate of their use is incompatible with the obtained results. We are literally dropping gold into the mud!" said Gen. Richard Mayers during a meeting at Pentagon yesterday morning."
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Teacher skins coyote in class, suspended
Wire Services | Submitted by: Razor
"A teacher who found a coyote on the road and skinned it in front of his students, potentially exposing them to rabies, was suspended without pay while two students underwent rabies vaccinations." The teacher, who fancied himself a taxidermists, decided to give students an impromptu lesson.
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Man killed in washing machine mishap
WHDH-TV 7 Boston | Submitted by: optional
"A worker at a uniform rental company was killed Tuesday after getting his head caught in an industrial washing machine, the company's owner said... "We have no idea yet why it rotated. We don't know if somebody switched it on. We don't know why the safety mechanism didn't work... This is not something that should have happened."
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Drug dealers go on strike in Copenhagen
Wire Services | Submitted by: Hans Krule
Christiana has an interesting history, a colony founded by counterculture enthusiast squatters in 1971, a little bit of anarchy within Copenhagen. It has turned out to be the city's most popular tourist attraction, but now there are proposals to bulldoze in favor of urban renewal What kind of urban renewal involves bulldozing your top tourist attractions, we wonder. Anyway, the drug dealers don't like this one bit
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Cannon fodder worth $1.49M
Canoe | Submitted by: Tim Howard
Checking out with a BOOM: "A jury has awarded $1.49 million to the family of a woman killed when a man set off an 80 year old cannon to celebrate Independence Day. Clara Smith, 63, was killed in 1999 by shrapnel from an antique cannon fired from a neighbor's yard several lots away.   So what?"
If this man got 90 days for animal cruelty, are they going to give the slaughter house workers the death penalty?
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Brighton man not too bright
The Intelligencer | Submitted by: Tim Howard
Suicide or stipidity? You make the call: "A Brighton man died Monday afternoon after driving his vehicle into a burning house.  "We were just pulling the hoses off the trucks when someone in a GMC Tracker drove right into the front entrance of the house," Tackaberry said." Bit of a waste of vehicle.
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The Parallax View
Washington Post | Submitted by: Monkeynavigated
"The well-documented war covers all the messiness, the whole war, whether it is well fought or not. By necessity, it produces ambiguous photographs. Photographs that some will read as images of humiliation and capture, others will read as soldiers working efficiently and cautiously in a hostile environment."
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Differing TV images feed Arab, US views
Boston Globe | Submitted by: dianalily
"The Arab world sees pictures of bloodied bodies of young children. They watch scenes crowded with corpses, including gruesome images of dead American soldiers. Americans see almost none of that. Their view of the war in Iraq, through television and print, is dominated by long-distance photos of bombs going off in Baghdad and intimate battlefield scenes conveyed by reporters who are traveling with US and British soldiers." Only because it's the kind of reality TV Americans prefer.
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DUI coordinator charged with DUI
South Florida Sun-Sentinel | Submitted by: Alter Ego
"A DUI coordinator in a Georgia court has resigned after being charged with drunken driving, officials said. Police said Brian P. Harrell, 24, was arrested Friday in Athens after being stopped about 1:30 a.m. while driving without his headlights on."
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End times are near (not again)
RTE Ireland | Submitted by: Vomit
The Indians and Pakastanis are making noises about slinging nuke missiles at each other again. What we have here is failure to communicate: "The launch took Indian military analysts by surprise as such an exercise was not expected during the Iraq war. Meanwhile, Pakistan test-fired a short-range missile coinciding with the Indian missile test, a foreign ministry spokesman said."
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Dowsing for Terrorists
Tri-Valley Herald | Submitted by: f00f
"One thing someone suggested is that if this works, could you identify a potential terrorist while he's in the airport?" Frank said. "Maybe the same technique could be used to find a dangerous bag among thousands in an airport. Who knows? Don't shoot the messenger, if you're not comfortable with the message." "I think it's got its merits... In fact, our government is using it. It's been using it for years. They just don't make a big deal out of it, because it's not scientifically provable."
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Put woman in will, get killed
Ft. Worth Star-Telegram | Submitted by: AnnePage
"A former retirement center nurse killed one of her suitors the day after he changed his will to include her as a beneficiary, a prosecutor told jurors as her murder trial began. Rowena Ledbetter, 70, who has been married seven times, is charged in the April 21 poisoning death of Herman "Mutt" Wilson, an 85-year-old widower and former Waco police lieutenant. Prosecutors said Ledbetter, who secretly married another widower in February 2002 while her relationship with Wilson continued, also manipulated Wilson into buying her a luxury car and jewelry."  This Hitler has only one objective, justice for his own people, sovereignty for his people, recognition of the independence of his people, and their right to their resources.  Ten times, that is what we stand for."
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McCarthyism resurgent
Guardian | Submitted by: Ann Onymous
"He was carrying an American flag and yelling support for the troops in a delayed St Patrick's Day parade over the weekend when he saw one woman carrying a sign saying: "No blood for oil". "She was wearing black and she was an older lady," says Bill. "And then our sheriff saw her and she didn't have a permit. So they put her in the back of the truck car and hauled her away."
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Middle school mafia
Cleveland Plain Dealer | Submitted by: Idle Hands
"The 'boss' of the Nordonia Middle School 'mafia' was an elaborate dreamer. He researched the mob on the Internet and in the library, attracted about a dozen followers and extracted $100 in entry fees to his group. His plans were even bigger than his actions. He envisioned getting rich quickly off prostitution, computer hacking, robbery, theft or candy sales. Police said a note written by the boss suggests he was eager to be in charge of a working organization: 'We need to take over the school quick. I want to be the guy that everybody knows. I have a plan to beat the system and make lots of money.'"
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Shit, now I can't palm cards with my red suit
NC Buy | Submitted by: HawaiianAtheist
Women: Don't wear anything red into Casinos. Not even Red Undergarments. Trust us. Those cameras that try to catch cheats may also be looking at your naughty bits: "He says he didn't believe security cameras were capable of such X-ray-vision until he viewed a piece of casino videotape which clearly showed a female blackjack dealer's derriere through her pants."
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US considering use of chemical weapons in Iraq
NewsMax | Submitted by: Vomit
Okay, so they're non lethal chemical weapons (like the "non lethal" stuff that killed 120 people in Moscow) but they're still banned under international conventions that the US seem to have a very flexiable interpretation of.
Incidently some of the first chemical weapons were supposed to be "non lethal" in the sense that they imposed the burden on the enemy of dealing with lots of sick soldiers. Nevertheless they killed a lot of them anyway. Someone remind us what this war is about again?
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Saddam once received Key to Detroit
Wire Services | Submitted by: Raven Eyed Bacchante
Saddam, reppin' up in Detroit: "Saddam's bond with Detroit started in 1979, when the Rev. Jacob Yasso of Chaldean Sacred Heart congratulated Saddam on his presidency. In return, Yasso said, his church received $250,000. 'He was very kind person, very generous, very cooperative with the West. Lately, what's happened, I don't know,' Yasso, 70, said Wednesday. 'Money and power changed the person.' Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick did not immediately return a phone message seeking comment."
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Depends on what your definition of IS is, part II
New York Post | Submitted by: Marla Jones
"But on the second day of his trial, Manhattan federal judge Robert Patterson dismissed the charges that Dewansingh threatened to use a weapon of mass destruction. He said Dewansingh, 32, had not threatened "to use" anthrax because the note merely stated that the substance "is" in the ABC store."
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You've got to hand it to them Neanderthals
BBC | Submitted by: Phatlor
"Computer reconstructions of fossilised bones show their hands had almost the same manual dexterity as ours. Far from being "butter fingered", they would have been adept at using implements such as axes and knives... The finding is important because it casts doubt on the idea that Neanderthals died out because of a physical inability to use stone tools."
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Little old lady shoots intruder, spares countertops
Go Upstate | Submitted by: Yosha
A 64 year old woman targetted an intruder by watching for his shadow underneath the crack of a door. She used a .357 Magnum, saying "I would have used a shotgun, but I had just had new countertops done and I didn't want to tear up the kitchen"... She waited until she saw a shadow, then shot through the door, hitting Huitt in the leg. She then heard Huitt cry out, so she guessed she had shot him. Keeping the door closed, she then called 911 and told them what had happened."
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Dedication and dependability of the USPS
WOKR-TV 13 Rochester | Submitted by: Captain Prozac
"Marine Staff Sergeant Billy Pinkerton wrote a letter to his parents on the cardboard back of one of food rations. Since he had no stamp, he wrote "free" in the upper right hand corner of the card, and it made it back to his parents in Marion, NY, this week. The Pinkertons originally thought the card was junk mail and almost threw it out before reading it."
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Torturers... unwanted?
Salon | Submitted by: Captain Prozac
"Foreigners who have tortured and abused people overseas should not be allowed into the United States, according to a bipartisan bill introduced Wednesday in the Senate. Rep. Mark Foley, R-Fla., and Rep. Gary Ackerman, D-N.Y., are introducing a companion bill in the House. "We cannot allow torturers and killers in other countries to enjoy freedom in America," Foley said. But don't worry, American born and trained torturers will still be hailed as heroes."
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Aidan Do
This web app was created by me - A software engineering student interested in front-end web-development.
This is a web app that describes css selectors in plain English.
This web app was created by me - A software engineering student interested in front-end web-development.
This web app covers most usecases but does not cover all css selector features like namespaces, psuedo elements, psuedo classes, relative selectors. If these features would interest you then send me an email. I’ll definitely add it if there’s demand for it.
The information provided by me on Describe your Selector is for general informational purposes only. All information on the Site is provided in good faith, however I make no representation or warranty of any kind, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, adequacy, validity, reliability, availability or completeness of any information on the Site.
Under no circumstance shall I have any liability to you for any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of the use of the site or reliance on any information provided on the site. Your use of the site and your reliance on any information on the site is solely at your own risk.


Lydia Jin is a graduate student in the Data Science Master's program at The George Washington University.
Dr. Nima Zahadat is a professor of data science, information systems security, and digital forensics. His research focus is on studying the Internet of Things, data mining, information visualization, mobile security, security policy management, and memory forensics. He has been teaching since 2001 and has developed and taught over 100 topics. Dr. Zahadat has also been consultant with the federal government agencies, the US Air Force, Navy, Marines, and the Coast Guard. He enjoys teaching, biking, reading, and writing.
ReferencesBootstrap Timeline: https://codepen.io/jasondavis/pen/fDGdK
CSS Image Gallery: https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_image_gallery.asp
Slideshow: https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_js_slideshow.asp
wow.js Documentation: https://wowjs.uk/docs.html
CSS loader (Preloader): https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_loader.asp
Dataset: https://www.kaggle.com/shrutimehta/zomato-restaurants-data/version/2


{% extends "layout_with_help.html" %} {% block pageTitle %} NRS Diagnostic Prototype {% endblock %} {% block header %} {{ govukHeader() }} {% endblock %} {% block beforeContent %}
{% endblock %} {% block content %}Search for your target job so we can identify which skills it is that you need to acquire before being in a position to apply for the role.


mpc_state_new 109 mpc/mpc.c i->state = mpc_state_new(); mpc_state_new 138 mpc/mpc.c i->state = mpc_state_new(); mpc_state_new 169 mpc/mpc.c i->state = mpc_state_new(); mpc_state_new 197 mpc/mpc.c i->state = mpc_state_new(); mpc_state_new 676 mpc/mpc.c x->state = mpc_state_new(); mpc_state_new 2702 mpc/mpc.c a->state = mpc_state_new();


Last Updated: August 18, 2019
Career Buddy: Ruth Cisneros
My most recent passion project has been making the "Perfect Omelette." This project requires both logic and creativity/art. I balance them by knowing the process of making an omelette but also allowing for wiggle room when something isn't quite as "perfect" as it should be. "Perfect" is also subjective in this case. Different ingredients can make a perfect omelette for one person but a terrible omelette for another. I try to make it as aesthetically pleasing (for me) as possible while still maintaining the omelette style.
Why: Help expand the reach of local businesses
How: Using the LAMP stack to create these websites
What: Provide simple, low cost websites
Hi, my name is Justin. I create simple, low cost websites for local businesses that help to expand their reach. I'm using the LAMP stack to get these sites going. Do you support local business?
First Image: I chose this cat as my first photo to demonstrate where I am at career wise because I have found that cats do not always have full control over their situation, but they sure do act like they do. Everything on the surface seems calm and collected but there are times that that is only a facade. Cats also land on their feet most of the times and that is how I like to look at my future possibilities, I'll land just as I am supposed to.
Second Image: I chose this picturesque mountain for my second image because it best represents where I would like to be in a couple of years: a mountain in the industry. For me, mountains have always been a symbol of potential and strength and those are qualities I'd like to bring with me into my career over the next many years. I can link these two images with hard work, dedication, and the skill I will be learning at Deep Dive.
Upon Googling myself, something became glaringly obvious. I need to work on my online presence and get the results that are actually about me further up in the search results. Currently, the only thing that shows up for me is my linked in page. I would ultimately like to see more items in the search results such as my Twitter, my GitHub, and eventually my Personal Web Page project. Having a small number of relevant search results may sound like a bad thing but I think I would rather have a small number of positive results than a large number of things I'm not very proud of showing up. It seems like it would be easier to build up a presence than deal with a bad online presence.
We had a great time when we played Forbidden Island. The first thing we did was familiarize ourselves with the rules of the game. We kept the rules handy because it was our first time playing this game. Overall it went pretty smoothly. As a group we all communicated our intended next moves so we could discuss them as a group before actually making the moves. This helped us to beat the game. I found that each of us brought a new perspective to the game and each of us were making suggestions for the next move. Not one of us had no contributions to the victory and I believe that is why we were able to finish the game. We worked as a team and that lead us to victory.
For-Profit: The organization I found is a local business called "Big Color Printing." I was unable to find any of their employees on LinkedIn. I chose this organization because when I was in high school as a member of the student government, we used to do business with them regularly and they were always very friendly and accommodating. The person I will attempt to make contact with is named Chris, no last name is listed. The listed email is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>My strategy is to write and email expressing that I am a web developer and that I would like to offer my services for the maintenance of their web site. The URL for their website is http://www.bigcolorprinting.com/ .
Non-Profit: The organization I found is called "New Mexico Animal Friends." I was unable to find anything on LinkedIn for this business as well. I chose this organization because I love animals and they are working hard to get animals into good, loving homes. No particular employees were listed, but I did find an email address<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and a phone number of<PHONE_NUMBER>. My strategy for reaching out to this organzation is to email and inform them that I am a web developer and noticed that their site was having problems displaying when not full screen and that I could help them out with that and more if they would like. The URL for this site is www.nmaf.org .
My first week at Deep Dive was very busy but also very fun. I have already learned so much and cannot wait to see what the next nine weeks hold for me. There have been times where I've looked at the amount of work yet to come and got a little nervous, but with knowing how much this course will benefit me, I know I will be just fine as long as I continue to use my time wisely and get all of the work done. I am excited to continue in this program and for all the possibilities this course will open up for me.
Week two definitely picked up the pace for the cohort. There was a lof of new information and work thrown at us. Although it was more work and information than we have received so far, it was not overwhelming for me. I was really enjoying the amount of work and attention to detail everything needed. I can definitely see myself enjoying the work in the coming weeks. I discovered that when I have a lot of work to do is usually when I work best, I feel the urgency and importance of it all and that keeps me on track. I am looking forward to starting our capstone projects and for the rest of the Deep Dive experience.
Things are definitely getting more intense in class. This week we were introduced to our Capstone groups and projects. I really enjoy both of the group members I was assigned. I think we will be able to create a project that will be functional and beautiful. The pace of work has only picked up since last week. I find that I am getting both nervous and excited to tackle the remaining 7 weeks of the boot camp. I have been speaking with people I know that have also taken a boot camp and found it to be very reassuring. To learn that they were having the same feelings of nervousness, excitement, and stress really bring a nice sense of peace to my brain. I trust that if I just keep working hard that I will be just fine for the rest of the boot camp.
Week 4 was a good week. We made it through our first sprint in our capstone projects! Everything has been going well. I am starting to see all the content coming together. Understanding the content is very important to me and seeing how all the different things we have been working on come together and make a functional website is very exciting. I have been starting to think about what steps are necesary to get me where I want to go career wise and I will be making small steps in my spare time towards making my goals a reality. I am looking forward to meeting with the career coach and the instructors to check in with where I'm at and get/give some feedback about my experience so far. I look forward to week 5 and beyond.
Week 5 was the beginning of Sprint two for our capstone projects. The biggest item on the list for sprint 2 tasks was the unit testing. The actual writing of the test was not as bad as the thought of it. Once I figured out setting it up, it was not so bad. Another thing I enjoyed working on in week 5 was my personal web page. My web page is coming together nicely. There are still a few design elements I'm trying to decide on but overall, it is looking great!
Week 6 saw us finishing one of our unit tests while we are still fixing errors on the other two. Getting the first unit test to pass was a very exciting thing. Now that we know how to navigate the murky waters of the unit test, we can make the next two tests a little bit easier. During week 6 we also got the contact form on our personal web pages up and running. That was a very confusing process but in the end it was all working as it was supposed to. I think the knowledge that we only have 4 weeks left is really starting to set in. With that comes a whole new set of things to prepare and worry about. I imagine things will be getting pretty busy and hectic. I look forward to seeing what challenges these remaining weeks bring and I also look forward to getting the capstone and personal web page projects completed and ready to show off.


Jack Whitehall to Rangers? Comedian sends message to Steven Gerrard in brilliant video
Whitehall got his hands on a Rangers shirt after playing in Glasgow this week on his Stood Up tour.
by Record Sport OnlineIt's obvious which side of Glasgow comedian Jack Whitehall favours as he joked he would sign for Rangers.
Whitehall got his hands on a Rangers shirt after playing a show at The Hydro on his Stood Up tour earlier this week.
And he sent a hilarious message to Steven Gerrard to see if the Ibrox boss was looking for any reinforcements in the January transfer window.
He said: "Stevie, call me. I'm available"
Whitehall isn't the first celebrity to pledge their support to the Light Blues after wresting star Drew McIntyre sported a Gers top before the WWE show in Glasgow earlier this month .
McIntyre was pictured wearing the home shirt with Rangers legend Ally McCoist on the back of it and had a message for the Light Blues fans.
He said: "You might have noticed I am wearing my Rangers jersey, I am a Rangers fan I think everybody knows that. More importantly I am a Scottish football fan.
"Rangers and my career over the past few years have been very similar. I got fired, Rangers relegated to the bottom.
"We both fought fought fought and now we are both back on top.
"Rangers and Celtic are being talked about the world, Scottish football is being talked about in the world."


Task Tinder
Hard time sorting things?
Difficulties to decide on an order?
Enter list of things you want to sort
Select winner for each presented pair
Enjoy your prioritized list
Got it
Hint: Put your most important item first to prime the result in case of multiple possible solutions
Go!
Left
Right
Hint: Use the arrow keys.
Result


The headset definition defines the headset as defined by the SDK / Unity.
More...
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| string | Id [get, set] |
| | The ID assigned to the Headset More...
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| |
| SDKType | HeadsetSDKType [get, set] |
| | The designated hand that the controller is managing, as defined by the SDK / Unity. More...
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| |
| bool | IsPositionAvailable [get, set] |
| | Indicates whether or not the headset is currently providing position data. More...
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| |
| Vector3 | Position [get, set] |
| | Outputs the current position of the headset, as defined by the SDK / Unity. More...
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| |
| bool | IsRotationAvailable [get, set] |
| | Indicates whether or not the headset is currently providing rotation data. More...
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| |
| Quaternion | Rotation [get, set] |
| | Outputs the current rotation of the headset, as defined by the SDK / Unity. More...
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| |
| TrackingState | TrackingState [get, set] |
| | Outputs the current state of the headset, whether it is tracked or not. More...
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| |
| bool | IsOpaque [get, set] |
| | Indicates whether or not the headset display is opaque. More...
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| |
The headset definition defines the headset as defined by the SDK / Unity.
◆ HeadsetSDKType
| SDKType Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.HeadsetSDKType |
|
getset |
The designated hand that the controller is managing, as defined by the SDK / Unity.
◆ Id
| string Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.Id |
|
getset |
◆ IsOpaque
| bool Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.IsOpaque |
|
getset |
Indicates whether or not the headset display is opaque.
As defined by the SDK / Unity.
◆ IsPositionAvailable
| bool Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.IsPositionAvailable |
|
getset |
Indicates whether or not the headset is currently providing position data.
◆ IsRotationAvailable
| bool Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.IsRotationAvailable |
|
getset |
Indicates whether or not the headset is currently providing rotation data.
◆ Position
| Vector3 Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.Position |
|
getset |
Outputs the current position of the headset, as defined by the SDK / Unity.
◆ Rotation
| Quaternion Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.Rotation |
|
getset |
Outputs the current rotation of the headset, as defined by the SDK / Unity.
◆ TrackingState
| TrackingState Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.Headset.TrackingState |
|
getset |
Outputs the current state of the headset, whether it is tracked or not.
As defined by the SDK / Unity.
The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file:
- C:/Users/Thomas Peters/UnityProjects/MoveToCode/Assets/MRTK/Core/Definitions/Devices/Headset.cs


Cultural Blog
Fireside Chat Reflection
Nov 21, 2014
My conception of Dev Bootcamp is that it is a learning environment where personal engagement is paramount, and I think the “restaurant vs. kitchen mentality” sums up the DBC experience and philosophy very well. Much of traditional education is based on the mentality of being served, rather than the mentality of being engaged, and I agree that this largely stems from our culture of consumerism. It can sometimes be difficult to get out of the consumer mindset because we tend to adopt that mentality in many other areas of our lives, so I am a bit nervous, but I think it will ultimately be a refreshing and rewarding experience. Being in an environment where others have adopted a kitchen mindset also makes it much easier to do the same.
One thing that clicked with me while watching the video was the appropriateness of putting the more “rote memorization” or “muscle memory” learning portion of the course in Phase 0, as this allows Phases 1-3, when all the students are working together face-to-face, to be even more engaging, and I can see how this fits into the DBC philosophy. Admittedly, there are certain things you simply have to sit down and memorize, but by getting that out of the way in Phase 0, I can imagine how this would create an even more collaborative environment in future phases. From talking to several Chinese friends, I have heard that some children in China are often told to memorize their multiplication tables before they really even have the ability to understand what they are doing, so that when they do begin to learn multiplication, the building blocks are already there. This way, they come to not only understand the concepts, but implement them with speed.
Lastly, the idea of being disciplined when it comes to extricating oneself from the depths of a specific problem (aka “a rabbit hole”) really resonated with me. I often find myself in this situation and sometimes don’t know how best to deal with it. Should I step back because I have been barking up the wrong tree for 3 hours or have I actually almost arrived at the solution? This can be a challenging call to make, and I hope to get better at it as I go through DBC.


Test Cases for Signoff
Stream
Sub-Stream
Iteration
Story Number
Stream information / Confluence / Jira
Sub-Stream information / Confluence / Jira
Link to Iteration in Jira
4
Test Cases
Number
Description
Signoff Comments (Y/N/...)
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3


Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | imgreg_param |
| image region parameters More... | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef imgreg_param | imgreg_param_t |
| image region parameters | |
Functions | |
| imgreg_param_t | map_viewin2imgreg (const int fx, const int fy, const int rx, const int ry, const int rw, const int rh, const int XOsiz, const int YOsiz, const int Xsiz, const int Ysiz, const int numOfreslev) |
| map view-window requests to codestream image resolutions and regions | |
| void | find_level (int maxlev, int *lev, int *fx, int *fy, int *xmin, int *ymin, int *xmax, int *ymax) |
| find deconposition level and its resolution size C.4.1 Mapping view-window requests to codestream image resolution and regions Note: only round-down implemented | |
| int | comp_decomplev (int fw, int fh, int Xsiz, int Ysiz) |
| compute decomposition level (only to get the level use find_level for all parameters | |
| void | print_imgreg (imgreg_param_t imgreg) |
| print image region parameters |
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|
image region parameters
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compute decomposition level (only to get the level use find_level for all parameters
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find deconposition level and its resolution size C.4.1 Mapping view-window requests to codestream image resolution and regions Note: only round-down implemented
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map view-window requests to codestream image resolutions and regions
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print image region parameters
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Adey Abeba is a project that helps create awareness about menstrual hygiene management in Ethiopia which aims to improve the lives of girls and women by ensuring access to menstrual hygiene management information and products. We thrive to break walls of discrimination, neglect and shame that follows menstruation in our country. Having access to Menstrual hygiene products is a human right and based on sustainable developmental goal of UN we target to Ensuring healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages and gender and empower women along the way. We are devoted to bring about a society that is more aware about Menstrual health and management and shed some light on the issue to the community and concerning bodies.
What is Hygienic way of managing Menstruation and what options are available
Click here for moreMeet the Team


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block head %} {% let section = "players" %} {% endblock %} {% block body %}
| Name | Rating | Rank {% for player in players %} |
|---|---|---|
| {{player.name}} | {{player.rating}} | {{player.rating.rank()}} {% endfor %} |
| New |
This section allows starting a new season using the same players. After exporting data here, restart the application with a blank database and import the data.
To transfer a subset of players, edit the exported file before importing.


Negative reasoning in Chalk
I’ve had the pleasure in recent weeks of working on Chalk, the project that Niko’s been blogging about:
The project has a few goals:
Recast Rust’s trait system explicitly in terms of logic programming, by “lowering” Rust code into a kind of logic program we can then execute queries against.
Provide a prototype for an implementation based on these principles in rustc.
Provide an executable, highly readable specification for the trait system.
We expect many benefits from this work. It will consolidate our existing, somewhat ad hoc implementation into something far more principled and expressive, which should behave better in corner cases, and be much easier to extend. For example, the current implementation already supports associated type constructors.
It also makes it much easier to gain confidence in what the trait system is doing, because we can understand it in relatively simple logical terms.
Open problems in paradise
All that said, Chalk isn’t finished, and it’s currently missing some of the core pieces of the real trait system.
I’ve been trying to puzzle out a tangle of related such open problems for Chalk. In particular, I want to work out how to:
Give a very precise and principled meaning for the Yes, No, and Maybe results you can receive.
Account for the various “mode switches” we employ in today’s trait system, which control the degree of negative reasoning permitted.
Account for rustc’s precedence rules that e.g. give more weight to
where
clauses than to blanketimpl
s when it comes to type inference.Support coherence checking, which requires (constrained) negative reasoning.
Leverage the orphan rules for reasoning.
Incorporate specialization soundly (ruling out lifetime dispatch).
The theme that ties all of these topics together is negative reasoning, i.e the ability to conclude definitively that something is not true. For the trait system, that usually means that a type definitively does not implement a trait. And what we’ve learned over time is, relying on this kind of reasoning can make your code brittle to changes in other crates: new impls are added all the time, and can invalidate these kinds of negative conclusions. We’ve carefully designed the existing trait system to strike the right balance between the ability to reason negatively and the ability of other crates to evolve, but the current implementation feels ad hoc and incomplete. The challenge is putting all of this on much firmer footing, by understanding it in terms of explicit logic programming, and keeping the underlying logic grounded in well-understood logical principles. (And that, by the way, would be a huge win, since we’ve often been quite fearful about negative reasoning in rustc, since it’s so easy to do it incorrectly.)
It turns out that Prolog has similar concerns about negation. In particular, the
natural way of implementing negation in a Prolog engine is through failure:
not P
means you tried but failed to prove P
given the facts currently
present in the Prolog program. For this to be valid as logical negation, we
have to view the program under a “closed world assumption”: the facts that
follow from the program’s clauses, and only those facts, are true.
To understand the rest of this post, you’ll want to have read at least the first of Niko’s series.
Negative reasoning in Rust today
To get more clarity about the negative reasoning issues, let’s look at the various places they come into play in the current trait system.
The current system has two distinct “mode switches”:
Intercrate mode, which forces the trait system to account for the possibility that (1) downstream crates using this crate can introduce new types and trait impls that we can’t know about and (2) upstream crates could be changed to introduce new trait impls.
User-facing projection mode, which forces the trait system to account for the possibility that upstream crates could be changed to introduce new specializations (and thus alter the definition of an associated type).
We’ll see what this means concretely in a moment, but one observation right off the bat: these switches are not used orthogonally today. In particular, there is no code today that uses intercrate mode without also using user-facing projection mode.
Let’s go through the three major areas of the compiler that use the trait system and see how they employ these modes, and what the implications are.
Overlap checking and intercrate mode
Part of trait coherence is checking impls for overlap. Consider the following:
trait MyTrait { .. }
impl<T: Error> MyTrait for T { .. }
impl MyTrait for () { .. }
Do these two impls overlap? It depends on whether (): Error
– or more
precisely, whether we can definitively conclude not { (): Error }
. If we are
allowed to conclude that not { (): Error }
, then we can conclude that the two
impls don’t overlap.
 On the one hand, currently ()
does not implement the Error
trait (both are defined in std
), and hence the
two impls here do not overlap. However, if std
was ever changed so that ()
implemented Error
, these impls would overlap and could not be allowed. In
other words, std
adding such an impl would irrevocably break this code! And
we’d like for std
to be able to add trait implementations without requiring a
new major version of Rust.
Part of
the rebalancing coherence RFC was
a decision that these kinds of negative conclusions can only be drawn about
type/trait combinations that are fully under the current crate’s control. In
other words, it connects negative reasoning to the orphan rule, which says
which impls a crate is allowed to provide. (There is also a mechanism, called
fundamental
, to promise that certain impls won’t be provided in the future,
but we’ll ignore that for now.) By limiting negative reasoning in this way, we
can “future proof” crates against changes their dependencies will likely make,
such as introducing impls. While such changes can still cause type inference
ambiguities, they can never cause irrevocable breakage.
To illustrate where we do allow negative reasoning for overlap checking, consider the following variant:
trait MyTrait { .. }
impl<T: Error> MyTrait for T { .. }
struct MyStruct { .. } // does not implement Error
impl MyTrait for MyStruct { .. }
Here, we allow the trait system to conclude that not { MyStruct: Error }
,
because whether or not MyStruct: Error
is entirely under this crate’s
control, so there is no risk of an innocent upstream change breaking this
crate.
Here’s a more subtle case:
trait MyTrait { .. }
trait Aux { .. } // no impls in this crate
impl<T: Error> MyTrait for T { .. }
struct MyStruct<U> { .. } // no impl for Error in this crate
impl<T> MyTrait for MyStruct<T> { .. }
impl<T: Aux> Error for MyStruct<T> { .. }
This example has a lot going on. The key point is that the current crate defines
an Aux
trait, but does not implement it for any types. Hence, there is no
T
you could mention in this crate such that T: Aux
, and hence no type T
such that MyStruct<T>: Error
. Can we thus conclude that for all T
, not {
MyStruct<T>: Error }
? No! Because a downstream crate using this one could
define a new type Foo
and implement Aux
for it, and then suddenly
MyStruct<Foo>
would have two applicable impls of MyTrait
.
For that reason, we consider not only the way that existing, upstream crates could provide new impls over time, but also consider that downstream crates can introduce new types, and new trait impls for them, that we will never be able to know about here.
All of the above restrictions on negative reasoning are part of intercrate mode, which is only used by overlap checking.
Type checking and user-facing projection mode
Another case of negative reasoning arises through specialization. Consider:
// Crate A
trait Foo { type T; }
impl<T> Foo for T {
default type T = bool;
}
// Crate B
use crate_a::Foo;
fn main() {
let x: <bool as Foo>::T = true;
}
Should this compile? More specifically, is it valid for crate B to conclude that
the associated type T
for bool
‘s implementation of Foo
is bool
?
It would be sound to make that assumption, since we know that crate A is the
only crate that can implement Foo
for bool
(due to the orphan rules), and
chose not to specialize the impl. However, in the future, crate A could be
modified with an additional impl:
impl Foo for bool {
type T = ();
}
And that change would break crate B. So this is again a question of what changes an upstream crate should be able to make in a minor revision.
Currently, we tilt things in favor of crate A being able to add such an impl, and thus do not allow the original example to compile. This is again a form of constraining negative reasoning: we do not allow crate B to conclude that there is not a more specialized impl that applies, because there could be one in the future.
Interestingly, in the current implementation you could not write fn main
even
in crate A, where all of the relevant impls are under the crate’s direct
control. I consider this a bug.
In any case, this negative reasoning restriction is called “user-facing projection mode” (as opposed to “trans-facing”, which we’ll see below). It’s turned on during both type checking and overlap checking.
Why type checking does not turn on intercrate mode
Today, type checking and overlap checking differ in one (big) way with respect to negative reasoning: type checking does not turn on intercrate mode. Why?
Consider the following, quite contrived example:
trait Foo<T> {
fn make() -> T;
}
trait Bar<T> {}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Local;
impl<T> Foo<T> for () where (): Bar<T> {
fn make() -> T { panic!() }
}
impl Foo<Local> for () {
fn make() -> Local { Local }
}
fn main() {
println!("{:?}", <()>::make());
}
This code compiles and prints “Local”. That’s because, from what this crate can
see, no type implements Bar<T>
, so only the second impl of Foo
is viable.
That conclusion is then fed into type inference, which decides to interpret
<()>::make()
as <() as Foo<Local>>::make()
.
This is all kosher because, for soundness, the only thing that matters about type inference is that, in the end, we get something that typechecks. And we’ve made a deliberate decision to not make type inference future-proofed against changes in other crates, since that creates serious ergonomic problems (see the linked post, particularly the section on conditional impls).
Trans
On the other hand, when it comes time to actually generate code, we are no
longer interested in future-proofing (which has already been taken care of in
the static checking described above), and instead expect to get a clear-cut
answer to all questions we ask of the trait system–in part because all of the
questions will involve fully monomorphized types. In particular, we need to
allow default
associated types to be revealed, so that we can generate code.
Thus, when using the trait system within trans, we allow full-blown negative reasoning.
Modal logic
So, putting together all of the above: the trait system engages in various forms of negative reasoning, but at different times this reasoning is restricted in different ways. Only the trans point of view correlates directly with Prolog’s “negation as failure”/closed world view. The question now is, can we understand the restricted forms of negative reasoning in logical terms as well?
It turns out that there’s a very satisfying answer: use a modal logic.
Modal logic makes truth relative to a possible world, rather than being an absolute thing. In one world, the sky is blue; in another world, it’s red. That’s the story for “facts”. But the basic rules of logic apply no matter what world you’re talking about: 1+1 = 2 in every possible world.
An important aspect of modal logics is modalities, which are basically ways of qualifying a statement by what world(s) you are talking about. The statement I just made above is an example of a modal statement: 1+1 = 2 in every possible world. There are lots of possible modalities, like “in every future world” or “in some possible world” and so on.
There’s a lot more to say about modal logic, but this post is going to tell the story in a Rust-centric way. You can find more background here.
Possible worlds in Rust
What does all this mean for Rust? We can give a rational reconstruction of what the compiler currently does via modal logic, and use it to guide the development of Chalk, resolving a number of open questions along the way.
First off, a “possible world” for us will be a full crate graph, with a particular crate being considered “the current crate” (the one actively being compiled). In the simplest case, there’s just one crate, like in the following two examples:
// Program A
struct MyType;
trait MyTrait {}
impl MyTrait for MyType {}
and
// Program B
struct MyType;
trait MyTrait {}
Both crates define MyType
and MyTrait
, but in the first one MyType:
MyTrait
, while in the second one, not { MyType: MyTrait }
. The facts on the
ground depend on the crate you’re compiling. And when you’re asking Chalk a
question, that question is normally grounded in the particular crate graph
you’ve lowered to Chalk’s logic. In other words, statements made directly about
the current world are interpreted in, well, a “closed world” way: we know
precisely what the world is, and can give firm answers on that basis. That’s the
appropriate interpretation for trans, as we saw above.
Second–and this is really the key idea–we add a modality to Chalk to make statements about all compatible worlds to the one we’re currently in. This is how we capture the idea of “future proofed” reasoning of the kind we want in type and coherence checking. A world is compatible with the current world if:
- The current crate is unchanged.
- All dependencies of the current crate still exist, but may be extended in semver-compatible ways (i.e., ways that would only require a minor version bump).
- Downstream crates (that use the current crate) can come, go, and otherwise change in arbitrary ways.
Let’s see an example. Suppose we have a two crate dependency graph:
// WORLD 1
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate A
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
trait Foo {}
struct CrateAType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate B -- the current crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateBType;
Here’s a compatible world, one that extends crate A in a minor-bump kind of way:
// WORLD 2
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate A
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
trait Foo {}
struct CrateAType;
impl Foo for CrateAType {} // <- changed
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate B -- the current crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateBType;
Now, here’s an interesting thing: in the world 1, not { CrateAType: Foo
}
. But in this new, compatible world 2, CrateAType: Foo
! The facts on the
ground have changed in a meaningful way.
Could we go the other way around? That is, if we’re currently talking about the
world 2, is world 1 considered compatible? No. Because removing a
trait impl is not a semver-compatible change. What that means in practice is
that, when jumping to a compatible world, you can go from not { Foo: Bar }
to
Foo: Bar
, but not the other way around.
Here’s a world that is incompatible with the world 1:
// World 3
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate A
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
trait Foo {}
struct CrateAType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate B -- the current crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateBType;
impl Foo for CrateBType {} // <- changed
The change here is very similar to the change in world 2, but the key difference
is which crate was changed: crate B, the “current crate”, is different in this
world, and that makes it incompatible with world 1. This is how we get a
distinction for the “local” crate, which we control and therefore don’t need to
future-proof against. So if not { CrateBType: Foo }
and crate B is the current
crate, we know that in any compatible world, not { CrateBType: Foo }
will
still be true.
Now let’s talk about the other kind of change allowed to the world: arbitrary changes to downstream crates. In world 1, we didn’t have any crates downstream from crate B. Here’s a world that does:
// WORLD 4
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate A
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
trait Foo {}
struct CrateAType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate B -- the current crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateBType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate C -- a downstream crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
extern crate crate_b;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateCType;
impl Foo for CrateCType {}
So, in world 1 we could conclude not { exists<T> { T: Foo } }
. But in world 4
here, we have CrateCType: Foo
. That’s the kind of thing that we assume can
happen during coherence checking, but today we don’t in typechecking. As we’ll
see later, though, this single notion of compatible worlds will end up sufficing
for both.
Finally, let’s look at one more world, this time involving downstream crates:
// WORLD 5
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate A
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
trait Foo {}
struct CrateAType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate B -- the current crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateBType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate C -- a downstream crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
extern crate crate_b;
use crate_a::*;
use crate_b::*;
impl Foo for CrateBType {} // <- Note the type here
This world is not just incompatible with world 1–it’s not even a possible
world! That’s because crate C violates the orphan rule by providing an impl for
a type and trait it does not define (Foo
for CrateBType
). In other words,
when we consider “all compatible worlds”, we take into account the orphan rules
when doing so. And that’s why, starting from world 1, we know that in all
compatible worlds, not { CrateBType: Foo }
.
The compat
modality
The discussion for Rust so far has focused on the underlying meaning of
worlds. But we want to “surface” that meaning through a modality that we can use
when making statements or asking questions in Chalk. We’ll do this via the
compat
modality. (For modal logic aficionados, this is basically the “box”
modality, where the reachable worlds are the “compatible” ones, described
below.)
The basic idea is that if we pose a query Q
, that’s understood in terms of the
current world, but if we ask compat { Q }
, we’re asking if Q
is true in all
compatible worlds.
Revisiting our example above, if world 1 is the current world, here are some fact’s we’ll be able to deduce
not { CrateAType: Foo }
not { CrateBType: Foo }
not { exists<T> { T: Foo } }
compat { not { CrateBType: Foo } }
– in every compatible world, we still know thatCrateBType
does not implementFoo
And here are some statements that will not hold:
compat { not { CrateAType: Foo } }
, because of examples like world 2.compat { CrateAType: Foo }
, because of world 1 itself.compat { not { exists<T> { T: Foo } } }
, for similar reasons
Note that for a given query Q
, we might not be able to show compat { Q }
or compat { not { Q } }
, because some compatible worlds satisfy Q
, and
some don’t. So, within the compat
modality, you don’t get
the
law of the excluded middle.
There’s more to say about this modality and how it’s implemented, but we can
already put some cards on the table: when we’re type or coherence checking, the
queries we pose to Chalk will be placed within a compat
modality, which
essentially “future proofs” their conclusions. For trans, we’ll pose queries
directly about the current world.
In other words, having the compat
modality means we can decide whether to make
a “closed world assumption” or not, depending on what we’re trying to do.
Not taking Yes or No for an answer
To finish telling the story around modalities in Chalk, as well as to fully capture the current trait system’s behavior, we need to talk a little bit about what kinds of answers you can get when you pose a query to Chalk.
Traditional logic programming gives you two kinds of answers: Yes (with some information about how the query was resolved) and No. So for example, take the following Rust program:
trait Foo: Display {
fn new() -> Self;
}
impl Foo for u8 { ... }
impl Foo for bool { ... }
If you ask exists<T> { T: Foo }
in a traditional Prolog engine, you’ll get
something like “Yes, T = u8”; if you ask again, you’ll get “Yes, T = bool”, and
if you ask a final time, you’ll get “No”.
That’s not quite what we want for Rust. There, “existential” questions come up
primarily when we’re in the middle of type inference and we don’t know what a
particular type is yet. Think about a program using the Foo
trait like so:
fn main() {
println!("{}", Foo::new());
}
When we go to type check this function, we don’t immediately know what the type
returned by Foo::new()
is going to be, or which impl
to use. While it’s true
that there do exist types we could use, we don’t want to pick one at random
for type inference. Instead, we want an error asking the programmer to clarify
which type they wanted to use.
On the other hand, when there’s only one choice of type given other constraints, we allow type inference to assume the programmer must have meant that type:
struct Foo;
trait Convert<T> {
fn convert(self) -> T;
}
impl Convert<bool> for Foo {
fn convert(self) -> bool { true }
}
fn main() {
println!("{}", Foo.convert()) // prints `true`
}
Similarly, when it comes time to generate code, we expect there to be a unique choice of impl to draw each method call from!
These considerations have led both rustc and Chalk to adopt a kind of three-way answer system: Yes, No, and Maybe. The precise meaning of these outcomes has been a bit muddy, but part of what I want to advocate for is the following setup:
Yes: in the current world, there is a unique way of choosing the existentials (inference variables) to make the query true; here’s what it is.
No: the query does not hold in the current world.
Maybe: the query may or may not hold in the current world; optionally, here’s a suggestion of what to choose for the existentials if you get stuck.
What is this business about getting stuck? In general, when we’re type checking a function body, we don’t always know the type of everything at the time we encounter it. Take, for example, the following:
fn main() {
let mut opt = None;
opt = Some(true);
}
When we are typechecking the first line, we know that opt
will have type
Option<?T>
, but we don’t know what ?T
is; it’s an inference variable. Later
on in checking, as we encounter further constraints, we’ll learn that ?T
must
be bool
. By the time we finish typechecking a function body, all inference
variables must be so resolved; otherwise, we wouldn’t know how to generate the
code!
This inference process is interleaved with querying the trait system, as in the
Convert
example above. So in general we need the trait system to feed back
information about unknown types. But for the case of Maybe
, the trait system
is saying that there might be multiple ways of implementing the trait, and the
suggested types being returned should only be used as a “fallback” if type
checking otherwise can’t make any progress.
Let’s take a look at a couple of ways that this version of Maybe helps.
Leveraging Maybe for where
clause precedence
In the current trait system, where
clauses are given precedence over other
impls when it comes to type inference:
pub trait Foo<T> { fn foo(&self) -> T; }
impl<T> Foo<()> for T { fn foo(&self) { } }
impl Foo<bool> for bool { fn foo(&self) -> bool { *self } }
pub fn foo<T>(t: T) where T: Foo<bool> {
println!("{:?}", <T as Foo<_>>::foo(&t));
}
fn main() { foo(false); }
The program prints false
. What’s happening here is that the call to foo
within println!
does not provide enough information by itself to know whether
we want the Foo<bool>
impl or the Foo<()>
impl, both of which apply. In
other words, there’s not a unique way to resolve the type. However, the
current trait system assumes that if you have an explicit where
clause, it
should take precedence over impls, and hence influence type inference.
It wasn’t initially clear how this would carry over to Chalk, where we’re trying to take a “pure logic” stance on things, and hence would prefer not to bake in various notions of precedence and so on.
However, with the reading of Maybe given above, we can yield a Maybe answer here
and recommend to type inference that it choose bool
if it gets stuck, but
we’ve made clear that this is a sort of “extra-logical” step.
Leveraging Maybe for type checking under compat
Similarly, recall that in the current trait system, there are two different
mode switches, but so far we’ve only talked about a single compat
modality to
add to Chalk.
The key, again, is to leverage Maybe. In particular, we can have both type
checking and coherence checking make queries to Chalk within the compat
modality. But if they get a Maybe answer back, they will interpret it
differently:
Coherence, which is trying to be conservative, will consider a Maybe to mean “Yes, these could potentially overlap”, and hence produce an error.
Type checking, as explained above, will take the fallbacks suggested by Maybe under advisement, and if it gets stuck, will apply them and see whether it can make further progress.
Here again was the example that distinguished the modes that type checking and coherence used:
trait Foo<T> {
fn make() -> T;
}
trait Bar<T> {}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct Local;
impl<T> Foo<T> for () where (): Bar<T> {
fn make() -> T { panic!() }
}
impl Foo<Local> for () {
fn make() -> Local { Local }
}
fn main() {
println!("{:?}", <()>::make());
}
The key point was: can you deduce that not { exists<T> { (): Bar<T> } }
, and
hence that only the second impl of Foo
could possibly apply?
In the system proposed by this post, we’d follow a chain of events like the following:
- The type checker asks:
exists<T> { compat { (): Make<T> } }
- We check the first impl, and end up asking:
compat { (): Bar<?T> }
- We return
Maybe
, since we’re withincompat
and there are indeed some compatible worlds for which(): Bar<?T>
for some?T
; but we have no idea what that?T
should be. - We check the second impl, and get
Yes
with?T = Local
. - Since there were multiple possibilities, we don’t have a unique answer;
but only one of the possibilities gave us a suggestion for the inference variables.
So we return
Maybe
with?T = Local
- We check the first impl, and end up asking:
- The type checker takes under advisement that
?T
should be unified withLocal
if nothing else constrains it.
In other words, unlike with the current trait implementation, we don’t have to
pretend that we actually get a unique answer here; we can work within the
future-proofed compat
modality, and get back a Maybe
answer with the
suggestion we wanted.
It’s quite nice that all of the static checking takes place under the “future
proofing” of the compat
modality, whereas trans talks only about the world as
it is, under a closed world assumption.
Implementing not
and compat
in Chalk
Before we close out this post, it’s worth being a bit more concrete about how
not
and compat
would be implemented in Chalk (neither exists today).
Negation
For not { Q }
, we basically follow Prolog-style negation-as-failure:
- Attempt to solve Q, then dispatch on the answer we got:
- If we got
Yes
, returnNo
- If we got
No
, - If there are no existential variables within
Q
, returnYes
- Otherwise, return
Maybe
, with no type suggestions - If we got
Maybe
, returnMaybe
, with no type suggestions
- If we got
As you can see, with negation we don’t get information about existential variables, which is the same in traditional Prolog.
The compat
modality
The implementation of compat { Q }
is a bit more complex. First of all, it’s
important to realize that Chalk already operates on an explicit “world”, namely
the program you’ve lowered to it. When you ask questions, it will use this world
as one source of facts (together with where
clauses, basically). So the
question is: how do we tweak this setup to capture the idea of “Evaluate this in
any world compatible with the current one”?
We certainly can’t literally construct every such world, as there are an
infinite number of them. But fortunately, we don’t have to. The role of the
world in Chalk, as I said above, is to provide a core source of facts. To model
“some arbitrary compatible world”, we just need to capture the various facts
that might be true in such a world. This can be done in a “lazy” kind of way: in
the compat
modality, whenever we are seeing whether a particular fact is true
by virtue of the current world, we see whether it’s a fact that could be made
true in some compatible world, and if so yield Maybe
(with no suggested types).
Let’s look at this concretely, revisiting world 1:
// WORLD 1
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate A
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
trait Foo {}
struct CrateAType;
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// crate B -- the current crate
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
extern crate crate_a;
use crate_a::*;
struct CrateBType;
If we ask CrateAType: Foo
, we’ll get No. But if we ask compat { CrateAType:
Foo }
, then Chalk should switch into “compatible world” mode, so that when it’s
consulting the world whether CrateAType: Foo
, it will determine that such an
impl could be added by crate A, and hence return Maybe. But compat {
CrateBType: Foo }
will return No, because we know the current crate controls
the existence of such an impl. And hence, compat { not { CrateBType: Foo } }
returns Yes. (Other than turning on “compatible world” mode, the compat
modality just re-invokes the solver and returns up whatever was found.)
This strategy has much in common with the current rustc implementation, but now we have explicit negation (which does the right thing both inside and outside the modality), and we can get away with just this single modality, versus rustc’s two different “global switches”. Moreover, we’ve rationally reconstructed the behavior by connecting it to modal logic, which puts us on better footing for exploring extensions (like negative trait impls and so on).
A word about associated types:
as
Niko’s latest post discusses,
when we lower impls we separately lower the fact that the impl exists from the
various projections it provides. For compat
, we only need to handle Type:
Trait
kinds of facts; the “applicative fallback” for associated type projection
takes care of the rest.
Altogether, we avoid actually constructing some particular compatible world, and avoid having to guess meaningful facts about it; we just say “Maybe” to any question that could have a different answer in some compatible world.
What’s next
Putting together everything proposed in this post, we’ve achieved quite a bit:
- A clear meaning for Yes/No/Maybe.
- A story for the various “modes” in today’s trait system, which means we can support type checking, coherence checking, and trans.
- A story for integrating the orphan rules into Chalk.
- A story for integrating the
where
clause precedence rules into Chalk. - A clear treatment of negative reasoning in general, which will allow us to much more confidently employ it in the future.
What’s missing to achieve parity with rustc is specialization. It turns out that the modal foundation laid here provides most of what we need for specialization. However, there are some additional concerns around “lifetime dispatch”, which render rustc’s implementation of specialization unsound. The Chalk implementation should provide a testbed for finally solving those issues. I plan to have a follow-up post about that in the near future.
The design presented here is also just an “on paper” design. I’ll be working to implement it over the coming weeks.


On my capstone project, I analyzed the homicides report data. In this project I examined the data - explored trends in the data (solved vs. unsolved cases), relationships between variables, and added visual representation of the data throughout the analysis. Then I tried to predict whether a case would be solved or not based on its features. The Data: The Murder Accountability Project is the most complete database of homicides in the United States currently available. This dataset includes murders from the FBI's Supplementary Homicide Report from 1976 to the present and Freedom of Information Act data on more than 22,000 homicides that were not reported to the Justice Department. This dataset includes the age, race, sex, ethnicity of victims and perpetrators, in addition to the relationship between the victim and perpetrator and weapon used. For the full notebook, please check out on my portfolio repo.
This is a project I did during the data science bootcamp I attended at General Assembly. This project applies Bayesian inference (and other tactics) to a fascinating dataset: the Global Terrorism Database. Please check out the full analysis on my portfolio repo.


A B C D E F G H I L M O P R S T U W X Y
All Classes All Packages
All Classes All Packages
All Classes All Packages
T
- testAllFinished() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the allFinished method returns true if all of the boats have finished the race.
- testAllFinishedProgress() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the getProgress method can determine when every boat is finished.
- testAllNotFinished() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the allFinished method can determine when none of the boats are finished.
- testApplyDamageNoDivisionByZeroError() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the ApplyDamage method does not reduce the durability further than 0.
- testApplyDamageReducesDurability() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the ApplyDamage method reduces the durability of the boat.
- testBoostAppliedCorrectly() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the Boost method applies the appropriate boost and applies it correctly.
- testCheckIfInLaneLeftBoundaryLimit() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the CheckIfInLane method checks that the boat is within the left lane boundary.
- testCheckIfInLaneOutsideLeftBoundaryLimit() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the CheckIfInLane method checks that the boat is outside the left lane boundary.
- testCheckIfInLaneOutsideRightBoundaryLimit() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the CheckIfInLane method checks that the boat is outside the right lane boundary.
- testCheckIfInLaneRightBoundaryLimit() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the CheckIfInLane method checks that the boat is within the right lane boundary.
- testCheckIfInLaneWhileInLane() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the CheckIfInLane method checks that the boat is within the boundaries for the lane.
- testDecreaseSpeedAtZeroSpeed() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the DecreaseSpeed method will not decrease the speed below zero.
- testDecreaseSpeedDecreasesSpeed() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Test that the DecreaseSpeed method decreases the speed of the boat.
- testFromJSONCreatesObject() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.IOTest
-
Tests that the fromJSON method returns the JSON converted into the correct class type.
- testIncreaseSpeedAtMaxSpeed() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the IncreaseSpeed method will not increase the speed higher than the max speed for the specific boat.
- testIncreaseSpeedIncreasesSpeed() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the IncreaseSpeed method increases the speed of the boat.
- testIncrement() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the IncrementTimer method can successfully increment the timer.
- testMakeDragonBoatGame() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.DragonBoatGameTest
-
Tests that the makeDragonBoatGame method recreates the object from the data.
- testMove() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ObstacleTest
-
Tests that the Move method is able to move an obstacle to a new position.
- testMoveForwardMovesUp() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the MoveForward method increases the y-position of the boat.
- testNoFinishedProgress() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the getProgress method can determine when none of the boats are finished.
- testOpponentsFinishedProgress() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the getProgress method can determine when all the opponents are finished.
- testOpponentsNotFinished() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the allFinished method can determine when the opponents are not finished.
- testPlayerFinishedProgress() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the getProgress method can determine when the player is finished.
- testPlayerNotFinished() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the allFinished method can determine when the player is not finished.
- testReadFileDoesntExist() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.IOTest
-
Tests that the readFile method returns null when the file doesn't exist.
- testReadFileReturnsFilesContent() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.IOTest
-
Tests that the readFile method returns a string with the file's content.
- testRemove() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ObstacleTest
-
Tests that the Remove method is able to remove an obstacle from its lane and the game.
- testRemoveBoostWhenBoosted() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the removeBoost method removes the boost once it is no longer needed.
- testRemoveBoostWhenNotBoosted() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that teh removeBoost method removes the boost when it isn't being boosted.
- testReset() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the Reset method will successfully put the boat back into its initial state.
- testReset() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.ProgressBarTest
- testSpawnObstacleCreatesBoost() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the SpawnObstacle method can spawn a boost.
- testSpawnObstacleCreatesGoose() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the SpawnObstacle method can spawn a goose.
- testSpawnObstacleCreatesLog() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the SpawnObstacle method can spawn a log.
- testSpawnObstacleIncreasesObstacleCount() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the SpawnObstacle method increases the number of obstacles.
- testSpawnObstacleReachedObstacleLimit() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the SpawnObstacle method will not spawn more obstacles than the limit.
- testSteerLeftAtLeftBoundary() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the SteerLeft method will not move the boat if it as at the left boundary of the map.
- testSteerLeftMovesLeft() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the SteerLeft method moves the boat to the left.
- testSteerRightAtRightBound() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the SteerRight method will not move the boat if it as at the right boundary of the map.
- testSteerRightMovesRight() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the SteerRight method moves the boat to the right.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.BoostTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.GooseTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.IOTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method correctly converts data to JSON.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LogTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.OpponentTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.PlayerTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSON() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the toJSON method returns the object in JSON form.
- testToJSONAndMakeBoost() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.BoostTest
-
Tests that the makeBoost method recreates the object from the data.
- testToJSONAndMakeGoose() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.GooseTest
-
Tests that the makeGoose method recreates the object from the data.
- testToJSONAndMakeLane() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LaneTest
-
Tests that the makeLane method recreates the object from the data.
- testToJSONAndMakeLog() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.LogTest
-
Tests that the makeLog method recreates the object from the data.
- testToJSONAndMakeOpponent() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.OpponentTest
-
Tests that the makeOpponent method recreates the method from the data.
- testToJSONAndMakePlayer() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.PlayerTest
-
Tests that the makePlayer method recreates the method from the data.
- testToJSONAndMakeProgressBar() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.ProgressBarTest
-
Tests that the makeProgressBar method recreates the object from the data.
- testUpdateFastestTimeAccountsForPenalties() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the UpdateFastestTime method takes into account time penalties.
- testUpdateFastestTimeIncludesPenalties() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the UpdateFastestTime method includes time penalties in the new fastest time.
- testUpdateFastestTimeInitialUpdate() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the UpdateFastestTime method successfully updates the boat's fastest time for the first time.
- testUpdateFastestTimeUpdatesTime() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the UpdateFastestTime method successfully updates the boat's fastest time when it is faster
- testUpdateFastestTimeWithSlowerTime() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.unit.BoatTest
-
Tests that the UpdateFastestTime method will not update the boat's fastest time when given a slower time.
- testWriteFileWritesFile() - Method in class caseus.dragonboattesting.tests.integration.IOTest
-
Tests that the writeFile method returns null when the file doesn't exist.
- texture - Variable in class com.dragonboat.game.Boat
- texture - Variable in class com.dragonboat.game.Course
- texture - Variable in class com.dragonboat.game.Obstacle
- texture - Variable in class com.dragonboat.game.ProgressBar
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.Boost
-
Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.DragonBoatGame
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.Goose
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into a JSON file so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.Lane
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.Log
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.Opponent
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.Player
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON() - Method in class com.dragonboat.game.ProgressBar
-
--ASSESSMENT 2-- Converts data about the instance into JSON so it can be recreated later.
- toJSON(Object) - Static method in class com.dragonboat.game.IO
-
Returns the JSON representation of the object.
- totalDeltaTime - Variable in class com.dragonboat.game.GameScreen
- type - Variable in class com.dragonboat.game.Boost
All Classes All Packages


Methods summary
public
|
#
__construct( array $attributes = array(), boolean $exists = false )
Create a new Eloquent model instance.
Create a new Eloquent model instance.
Parameters
- $attributes
array
- $exists
boolean
|
public
Laravel\Database\Eloquent\Model
|
#
fill( array $attributes, boolean $raw = false )
Hydrate the model with an array of attributes.
Hydrate the model with an array of attributes.
Parameters
- $attributes
array
- $raw
boolean
Returns
|
public
Laravel\Database\Eloquent\Model
|
#
fill_raw( array $attributes )
Fill the model with the contents of the array.
Fill the model with the contents of the array.
No mutators or accessibility checks will be accounted for.
Parameters
Returns
|
public static
|
#
accessible( array $attributes = null )
Set the accessible attributes for the given model.
Set the accessible attributes for the given model.
Parameters
|
public static
Laravel\Database\Eloquent\Model |false
|
#
create( array $attributes )
Create a new model and store it in the database.
Create a new model and store it in the database.
If save is successful, the model will be returned, otherwise false.
Parameters
Returns
|
public static
integer
|
#
update( mixed $id, array $attributes )
Update a model instance in the database.
Update a model instance in the database.
Parameters
- $id
mixed
- $attributes
array
Returns
integer
|
public static
Laravel\Database\Eloquent\Model
|
#
find( string $id, array $columns = array('*') )
Find a model by its primary key.
Find a model by its primary key.
Parameters
- $id
string
- $columns
array
Returns
|
public static
array
|
#
all( )
Get all of the models in the database.
Get all of the models in the database.
Returns
array
|
public
Laravel\Database\Eloquent\Model
|
#
_with( array $includes )
The relationships that should be eagerly loaded by the query.
The relationships that should be eagerly loaded by the query.
Parameters
Returns
|
public
Relationship
|
#
has_one( string $model, string $foreign = null )
Get the query for a one-to-one association.
Get the query for a one-to-one association.
Parameters
- $model
string
- $foreign
string
Returns
Relationship
|
public
Relationship
|
#
has_many( string $model, string $foreign = null )
Get the query for a one-to-many association.
Get the query for a one-to-many association.
Parameters
- $model
string
- $foreign
string
Returns
Relationship
|
protected
Relationship
|
#
has_one_or_many( string $type, string $model, string $foreign )
Get the query for a one-to-one / many association.
Get the query for a one-to-one / many association.
Parameters
- $type
string
- $model
string
- $foreign
string
Returns
Relationship
|
public
Relationship
|
#
belongs_to( string $model, string $foreign = null )
Get the query for a one-to-one (inverse) relationship.
Get the query for a one-to-one (inverse) relationship.
Parameters
- $model
string
- $foreign
string
Returns
Relationship
|
public
Relationship
|
#
has_many_and_belongs_to( string $model, string $table = null, string $foreign = null, string $other = null )
Get the query for a many-to-many relationship.
Get the query for a many-to-many relationship.
Parameters
- $model
string
- $table
string
- $foreign
string
- $other
string
Returns
Relationship
|
public
boolean
|
#
push( )
Save the model and all of its relations to the database.
Save the model and all of its relations to the database.
Returns
boolean
|
public
boolean
|
#
save( )
Save the model instance to the database.
Save the model instance to the database.
Returns
boolean
|
public
integer
|
#
delete( )
Delete the model from the database.
Delete the model from the database.
Returns
integer
|
protected
|
#
timestamp( )
Set the update and creation timestamps on the model.
Set the update and creation timestamps on the model.
|
protected
Laravel\Database\Eloquent\Query
|
#
query( )
Get a new fluent query builder instance for the model.
Get a new fluent query builder instance for the model.
Returns
|
final public
boolean
|
#
sync( )
Sync the original attributes with the current attributes.
Sync the original attributes with the current attributes.
Returns
boolean
|
public
boolean
|
#
changed( string $attribute )
Determine if a given attribute has changed from its original state.
Determine if a given attribute has changed from its original state.
Parameters
Returns
boolean
|
public
boolean
|
#
dirty( )
Determine if the model has been changed from its original state.
Determine if the model has been changed from its original state.
Models that haven't been persisted to storage are always considered
dirty.
Returns
boolean
|
public
string
|
#
table( )
Get the name of the table associated with the model.
Get the name of the table associated with the model.
Returns
string
|
public
array
|
#
get_dirty( )
Get the dirty attributes for the model.

Returns
array
|
public
integer
|
#
get_key( )
Get the value of the primary key for the model.
Get the value of the primary key for the model.
Returns
integer
|
public
|
#
set_key( integer $value )
Set the value of the primary key for the model.
Set the value of the primary key for the model.
Parameters
|
public
|
#
get_attribute( string $key )
Get a given attribute from the model.
Get a given attribute from the model.
Parameters
|
public
|
#
set_attribute( string $key, mixed $value )
Set an attribute's value on the model.
Set an attribute's value on the model.
Parameters
|
final public
|
#
purge( string $key )
Remove an attribute from the model.
Remove an attribute from the model.
Parameters
|
public
array
|
#
to_array( )
Get the model attributes and relationships in array form.
Get the model attributes and relationships in array form.
Returns
array
|
protected
array
|
#
fire_event( string $event )
Fire a given event for the model.
Fire a given event for the model.
Parameters
Returns
array
|
public
mixed
|
#
__get( string $key )
Handle the dynamic retrieval of attributes and associations.
Handle the dynamic retrieval of attributes and associations.
Parameters
Returns
mixed
|
public
|
#
__set( string $key, mixed $value )
Handle the dynamic setting of attributes.
Handle the dynamic setting of attributes.
Parameters
|
public
boolean
|
#
__isset( string $key )
Determine if an attribute exists on the model.
Determine if an attribute exists on the model.
Parameters
Returns
boolean
|
public
|
#
__unset( string $key )
Remove an attribute from the model.
Remove an attribute from the model.
Parameters
|
public
mixed
|
#
__call( string $method, array $parameters )
Handle dynamic method calls on the model.
Handle dynamic method calls on the model.
Parameters
- $method
string
- $parameters
array
Returns
mixed
|
public static
mixed
|
#
__callStatic( string $method, array $parameters )
Dynamically handle static method calls on the model.
Dynamically handle static method calls on the model.
Parameters
- $method
string
- $parameters
array
Returns
mixed
|
Properties summary
public
array
|
$attributes
|
array() |
#
All of the model's attributes.
All of the model's attributes.
|
public
array
|
$original
|
array() |
#
The model's attributes in their original state.
The model's attributes in their original state.
|
public
array
|
$relationships
|
array() |
#
The relationships that have been loaded for the query.
The relationships that have been loaded for the query.
|
public
boolean
|
$exists
|
false |
#
Indicates if the model exists in the database.
Indicates if the model exists in the database.
|
public
array
|
$includes
|
array() |
#
The relationships that should be eagerly loaded.
The relationships that should be eagerly loaded.
|
public static
string
|
$key
|
'id' |
#
The primary key for the model on the database table.
The primary key for the model on the database table.
|
public static
array
|
$accessible
|
|
#
The attributes that are accessible for mass assignment.
The attributes that are accessible for mass assignment.
|
public static
array
|
$hidden
|
array() |
#
The attributes that should be excluded from to_array.
The attributes that should be excluded from to_array.
|
public static
boolean
|
$timestamps
|
true |
#
Indicates if the model has update and creation timestamps.
Indicates if the model has update and creation timestamps.
|
public static
string
|
$table
|
|
#
The name of the table associated with the model.
The name of the table associated with the model.
|
public static
string
|
$connection
|
|
#
The name of the database connection that should be used for the model.
The name of the database connection that should be used for the model.
|
public static
string
|
$sequence
|
|
#
The name of the sequence associated with the model.
The name of the sequence associated with the model.
|
public static
integer
|
$per_page
|
20 |
#
The default number of models to show per page when paginating.
The default number of models to show per page when paginating.
|


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C:/Users/New/Documents/Games_Technology/Year4_Semester1/ICT397/~My Work/Assignment2/ICT397Carre/CarreGameEngine/Dependencies/assimp-4.1.0/include/assimp/IOStream.hpp File Reference
File I/O wrappers for C++.
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#include "
types.h
"
Include dependency graph for IOStream.hpp:
This graph shows which files directly or indirectly include this file:
Go to the source code of this file.
Namespaces
namespace
Assimp
Classes
class
Assimp::IOStream
CPP-API: Class to handle file I/O for C++.
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Detailed Description
File I/O wrappers for C++.
Definition in file
IOStream.hpp
.
Generated on Fri Jun 1 12:57:04 2018 for Assignment2 - OOber Taxi by
1.5.6


Constant Value:
The identity and nature of the values of each of these variables is implementation-dependent, except that it must be distinct from each of the values of the others, and it must be a valid first argument to the function boole.
Description:
Each of these constants has a value which is one of the sixteen possible bit-wise logical operation specifiers.
Examples:
(boole boole-ior 1 16) => 17 (boole boole-and -2 5) => 4 (boole boole-eqv 17 15) => -31
See Also:
Notes: None.


'the' - this configuration object is a dictionary which has some preset values
that could be used anywhere in the project use `from main import the` to import `the` object
This function accepts the following cli arguments:
-e --eg startup example
-d --dump on test fail, exit with startdump
-f --file file with csv data
-h --help show help
-n --nums number of nums to keep
-s --seed random number seed
-S --seperator field seperator