Writing pipe and compose functions - advanced JavaScript
I recently went down a rabbit hole while learning about pipe and compose functions in JavaScript. This is a fairly advanced topic and needs a lot of prerequisite knowledge to grasp.
I was testing my knowledge by going over technical JavaScript questions on https://30secondsofinterviews.org/ when I came across this one: “Create a function pipe that performs left-to-right function composition by returning a function that accepts one argument. “
The term “pipe” was vaguely familiar, as was “function composition”, but I honestly had no idea what this question was asking me for. I started by googling “left-to-right function composition”.
This led to several tutorials about writing pipe and compose functions. I saw a lot of reduce
and reduceRight
functions being used. I hadn’t seen reduceRight before. These pipe and compose examples used an arrow-function syntax I didn’t quite understand either, and it looked something like this:
const multiply = x => y => x * y
What’s with this extra parameter?
Seeing it all written out like this wasn’t making sense, so I found myself watching a tutorial on youtube about pipe and compose. The instructor used the above syntax in his video and called this a curried function, and directed viewers towards a video on that topic. That video made reference to pure functions and functional programming and said these were important topics to understand curried functions.
All of that to say there was a lot to learn before even being able to tackle the original question. I’ll go over everything I learned briefly below, because I know I’ll need to come back to this one day.
Here’s a quick list to summarize:
- pure functions and functional programming
reduce
andreduceRight
- curried functions
- pipe/compose and function composition
Pure functions and functional programming
These topics are related to each other.
Pure functions are those that will produce the same result given the same arguments, and will not affect anything in the global scope (no side effects). They won’t change the state of anything outside of it. They won’t mutate variables elsewhere in the program. To achieve this, you generally need to keep your functions as small as you can, using simple, reusable blocks of code.
Functional programming builds software using pure functions. It is declarative rather than imperative.
Wait… what does that mean?
Imperative vs Declarative programming
Imperative programming focuses on how the program works, the process of getting your result. Declarative programming focuses on what you are getting out of the program. Imperative is about the steps involved, declarative is about the end result. Imperative uses more control flow in its code.
We could write a whole article on that, maybe a whole course, but let’s move on.
My understanding of functional programming is that we create a lot of simpler functions that can accomplish one main task, and we use those functions together throughout our program to do more complex things. It’s like making a larger program with smaller building blocks of code. Your program will look less like instructions to the computer with lots of control flow, and more like a series of expressions, of functions being called.
Again, to be more accurate we could do an even deeper dive into this topic, this is just a general idea that was helpful for me.
Reduce and reduce right
Reduce is a difficult method to understand. Basically what it does is takes in an array, and for each item in the array, it runs some code, and adds the result to an accumulator - “reducing” it down to another value.
The go to example of this always seems to be a “sum” function
const array = [1, 2, 3];
const sum = array.reduce((accumulator, x) => accumulator + x, 0);
In this example, we perform reduce on the array. Reduce takes in an accumulator, the thing you’re boiling it all down to, and the array item (x). For each array item we run this code: accumulator + x
, and that value is returned from that iteration. On the first iteration, we have to initialize the value to something. In this case, since we are just adding some numbers together, we set it to 0. In the first iteration, the accumulator is 0, so we are doing “0 + 1”, and returning a value of 1. The value of the accumulator is now 1. We keep doing this until we have gone through each item in the array.
Notice that reduce goes through the array in order from left to right. We start with the left-most value, at the 0 index.
In reduceRight, we do the opposite. We start with the last value in the array. As far as I can tell that’s the only way they are different.
Reduce is used for “pipe” functions and reduceRight is used for “compose” functions, which we’ll see later.
Curried functions.
This can get a bit complicated so I’ll summarize as best as I can. This video and this article were very helpful for me to figure this out.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4MebkHvj8g
- https://medium.com/dailyjs/why-the-fudge-should-i-use-currying-84e4000c8743
If I try to describe it in my own words, currying functions is when you create a function that takes in multiple parameters separately, and these are used in separate steps of your function.
Most functions I’ve seen up until now take in all arguments at once, then run some code, returning one final result.
This doesn’t happen for curried functions. Within your function, the first argument is used in some code that returns another function. The function that is returned can use the second argument input into the function. And so on. If you were to write it all out line by line, you would end up with a lot of nested functions.
If you only give the function one parameter, the function can’t complete fully. The result returned is just another function, that can take another parameter to produce a result. This is called a partial application
There are some good use cases for this, explained in the article. For example, you could use the first part of the function to do some expensive calculation or fetch, save that to a variable, then use the resulting partial application with different parameters.
This probably doesn’t make a lot of sense without examples so please see the resources above.
For now I’ll try to explain it with the multiplication example above.
const multiply = x => y => x * y
To completely use this function, you might try something like const myNumber = multiply(2)(3) //6
You can place the arguments directly after each other, invoking it immediately
But let’s go step by step. What does multiply(2)
give us?
const times2 = multiply(2) // y => 2 * y
It returns a function where 2 is multiplied by our y parameter
The next step is passing in the y value
const myNumber = times2(3) //6
Let’s say we know that we might need to multiply a lot of different values by 2. We can partially apply the curried function with 2 as the first parameter. We are then left with a function that can multiply any value we give it by 2.
Also, not that this is very important, but “curried/currying” has nothing to do with the food. It comes from the logistician Haskell Curry.
Pipe and compose
Another video by the same youtuber was helpful: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kclGXphtmVg
Now we can put everything we’ve learned together to create pipe and compose functions.
Pipe and compose functions both take in several simple pure functions, and “compose” them together to create a more complex function. This more complex function would ideally have just one parameter.
Both are curried functions that take in arguments at separate steps. The first argument is an array consisting of the pure functions. The second argument is the value of the single parameter the function will be acting upon.
For pipe, the reduce
function is used to accumulate the array of pure functions from left to right. For compose, the reduceRight
function is used to accumulate the pure functions from right to left. That’s all that is meant by left to right and right to left in this context.
Here’s how you would write the pipe function:
const pipe = (...fns) => val => fns.reduce((acc, fn) => fn(acc), val)
And here are our pure functions and what we want our resulting function to look like:
const square = (v) => v * v;
const double = (v) => v * 2;
const addOne = (v) => v + 1;
const result = pipe(square, double, addOne);
…fns
is your array of pure functions. It will look like: [square, double, addOne]
val
is the argument that will be passed into the resulting function.
acc
is the accumulator, and fn
is the current pure function from our array that reduce is iterating upon.
The accumulator is initially set to val
.
That means the first iteration, going left to right in our array, will look like: square(val)
. acc
is now equal to square(val)
acc
is the now the argument for our next function, which is double
. We get double(square(val))
. That’s the new value of the accumulator.
Next we use addOne(acc)
, which ends up looking like addOne(double(square(val)))
let’s look at those steps again but with val = 3
- square(3) = 9
- double(9) = 18
- addOne(18) = 19
If we want to use a compose pattern instead of pipe, we would reverse the order of the pure functions in the array, and use reduceRight
instead of reduce.
Conclusion
There is of course a lot more complexity here than I’ve explained, and it’s possible my explanations are not 100% accurate. I personally found it difficult to understand the concepts when they were written with such technical language, and without the steps being explained. You can find all of that online already, so I didn’t want to just repeat that information. Definitely check out some other explanations in articles and videos for more detail.


{% extends "html/basic_page.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}404 - SDUST ACMer{% endblock %} {% block css %}{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Sorry, but the page you were trying to view does not exist.
It looks like this was the result of either:


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The CSS grid's breakpoints are the same as the default breakpoints for flex-layout. It's very useful for advanced layout with ngx-formly. You can check the dynamic form's advanced layout example.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
Recipe name
Cuisine
Preparation Time
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Serves
Date
Image
Ingredients
Method


My second Group Project. Created with phaser.js, Dungeon Runner
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In this project, I worked with two other coders to build a dashboard that would be able to provide a user with current weather, news, and financial performance of stocks and cryptocurrencies. This project was built utilizing a combination of HTML, CSS, Javascript, and JSON.


--- title: Creative 2.0 date: 2017-01-05 00:00:00 Z layout: project type: project subtitle: Web Design | Development background: "/img/projects/creative-2.0/portfolio-4-thumb.png" ---
Creative 2.0 is a theme in development focused on making ecommerce easy to use and accessible while maintaining a clean atmosphere and design that enhances the user experience. My goal is to make sure that it creates the optimal conversion environment that any user can use while still bringing the best of their product to the table.


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Lato font.
Quick start
Download the project below and replace Bootstrap.
Download
Or Install using bower:
bower install paper-bootstrap
Files to copy
- paper.css and paper.js (Development)
- paper.min.css and paper.min.js(Minified/Production)
paper/
└── dist/
├── css/
│ ├── fonts/
│ │ ├── Lato/
│ │ ├── FontAwesome.otf
│ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.eot
│ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.svg
│ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.ttf
│ │ └── fontawesome-webfont.woff
│ │
│ ├── paper.css
│ └── paper.min.css
│
└── js/
├── paper.js
└── paper.min.js
Custom Theme
If you want to modify the theme here is what to do.
Fetch the Repository
- Install Git
- Clone the Repository using
git clone git@github.com:sudharti/paper.git
- This will download the master branch of the project's code to your system
- The project's folder structure is descibed below
Folder Structure
Before you jump into customization here is the description of how the project is organized into directories. Below is a tree like representation of the file structure.
paper/
├── dist/
│ ├── css/
│ │ ├── fonts/
│ │ │ ├── Lato/
│ │ │ ├── FontAwesome.otf
│ │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.eot
│ │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.svg
│ │ │ ├── fontawesome-webfont.ttf
│ │ │ └── fontawesome-webfont.woff
│ │ │
│ │ ├── font-awesome.css
│ │ ├── paper.css
│ │ ├── paper.css.map
│ │ └── paper.min.css
│ │
│ └── js/
│ ├── vendor/
│ ├── paper.js
│ └── paper.min.js
│
├── fonts/
│ └── Lato/
├── assets/
│ ├── css/
│ └── img/
├── src/
│ ├── js/
│ │ ├── bootstrap.js
│ │ ├── card.js
│ │ ├── jquery.backstretch.min.js
│ │ └── slidepanel.js
│ └── scss/
│ ├── bootstrap/
│ ├── components/
│ ├── _bootstrap.scss
│ └── paper.scss
├── pages/
│ ├── components.html
│ ├── css.html
│ ├── extras.html
│ ├── getting-started.html
│ └── slider.html
├── templates/
│ ├── code-templates/
│ ├── css/
│ ├── img/
│ ├── js/
│ ├── index.html
│ ├── blog.html
│ ├── login.html
│ ├── timeline.html
│ └── landing.html
├── index.html
├── Gruntfile.js
├── package.json
├── bower.json
└── .jshintrc
Grunt & Bower
Grunt - The Javascript Task Runner is used for automating tasks and compile the source. Paper also uses bower to fetch and install packages and their dependencies.
So install Grunt and Bower before customizing.
Installing Grunt
Grunt and it's plugins can be installed and managed using npm, the default Javascript package manager for nodejs. To install nodejs checkout the following link
You can then install Grunt using the following command
npm install -g grunt-cli
Installing Bower
You can install Bower using npm.
npm install -g bower
To install the packages navigate to the project and install using npm install & bower install
cd paper/
npm install
bower install
npm install will search for package.json and fetch the node packages into node_modules/ directory. Similarly bower_install will search for bower.json and fetch packages & dependencies into bower_components/ directory.
Grunt Tasks
The available grunt tasks(commands) are specified in the Gruntfile.js and listed below
- grunt clean: Cleans up the dist/ directory
- grunt copy: Copies the packages and files from bower_components into the dist/ folder
- grunt concat: Combines multiple files into final package
- grunt sass: Compiles the Sass files from src/ and generates css in dist/css
- grunt uglify: Uglify is used to minify the generated Javascript file into paper.min.js
- grunt cssmin: Minifies the generated CSS file into paper.min.css
- grunt: The default grunt task which performs the above tasks in the following order ['clean', 'copy', 'replace', 'sass', 'concat', 'uglify', 'cssmin']
- grunt connect: Task to connect a server
- grunt watch: Watches for changes in scss files and when it occurs performs grunt again
- grunt server: Start the server, performs grunt connect and grunt watch
How to Customize?
Once Grunt and Bower are installed and configured you can start customizing the theme. To customize the theme follow the steps:
- Modify the scss and js files under src/
- The scss directory consists of bootstrap/ which includes the native bootstrap scss files.
- The components/ directory has the added components along with fonts.scss
- The js/ directory has bootstrap.js, backstretch and additional components
- Start the server using grunt server
- Any changes you make to the scss files will trigger the watch task which will regenerate the dist/ files
- To manually compile the source again you can just execute grunt which will run the default task
- You can also execute the individual tasks listed above using grunt [taskname]
Additional Components
- Card Layout
- Feed Layout
- Pricing Tables
- Slider Panel
More info can be found at
Extras
Templates
Checkout some of the templates designed using paper
Templates
Contributing
If you want to contribute to this project
- Fork the Project at
https://github.com/sudharti/paper
- Make changes to the code
- Send Pull Request!
Issues
You can raise issues at
https://github.com/sudharti/paper/issues
If you really like this project you can help Spread the Word. You can also star the project at Github :)


Changeset 808 for mystic/scripts
- Timestamp:
- 07/24/15 17:09:24 (10 months ago)
- File:
-
- 1 edited
-
mystic/scripts/support_hypercube_measures.py (modified) (1 diff)
Legend:
- Unmodified
- Added
- Removed
-
mystic/scripts/support_hypercube_measures.py
r776 r808 6 6 # - http://mmckerns.github.io/project/mystic/browser/mystic/LICENSE 7 7 8 __doc__ = """ 9 support_hypercube_measures.py [options] filename 8 from mystic.support import hypercube_measures 10 9 11 generate measure support plots from file written with 'write_support_file' 12 13 The options "bounds", "axes", 'weight", and "iters" all take indicator strings. 14 The bounds should be given as comma-separated slices. For example, using 15 bounds = "60:105, 0:30, 2.1:2.8" will set the lower and upper bounds for 16 x to be (60,105), y to be (0,30), and z to be (2.1,2.8). Similarly, axes 17 also accepts comma-separated groups of ints; however, for axes, each entry 18 indicates which parameters are to be plotted along each axis -- the first 19 group for the x direction, the second for the y direction, and third for z. 20 Thus, axes = "2 3, 6 7, 10 11" would set 2nd and 3rd parameters along x. The 21 corresponding weights are used to color the measure points, where 1.0 is black 22 and 0.0 is white. For example, using weight = "0 1, 4 5, 8 9" would use 23 the 0th and 1st parameters to weight x. Iters is also similar, however only 24 accepts comma-separated ints. Hence, iters = "-1" will plot the last iteration, 25 while iters = "0, 300, 700" will plot the 0th, 300th, and 700th in three plots. 26 ***Note that if weights are not normalized (to 1), an error will be thrown.*** 27 28 The option "label" takes comma-separated strings. For example, label = "x,y," 29 will place 'x' on the x-axis, 'y' on the y-axis, and nothing on the z-axis. 30 LaTeX is also accepted. For example, label = "$ h $, $ {\\alpha}$, $ v$" will 31 label the axes with standard LaTeX math formatting. Note that the leading 32 space is required, while a trailing space aligns the text with the axis 33 instead of the plot frame. 34 35 INTENDED FOR VISUALIZING WEIGHTED MEASURES (i.e. weights and positions) 36 37 Required Inputs: 38 filename name of the python convergence logfile (e.g paramlog.py) 39 """ 40 41 from support_convergence import best_dimensions 42 10 __doc__ = hypercube_measures.__doc__ 43 11 44 12 if __name__ == '__main__': 45 13 46 #XXX: note that 'argparse' is new as of python2.7 47 from optparse import OptionParser 48 parser = OptionParser(usage=__doc__) 49 parser.add_option("-b","--bounds",action="store",dest="bounds",\ 50 metavar="STR",default="0:1, 0:1, 0:1", 51 help="indicator string to set hypercube bounds") 52 parser.add_option("-x","--axes",action="store",dest="xyz",\ 53 metavar="STR",default="1, 3, 5", 54 help="indicator string to assign spatial parameter to axis") 55 parser.add_option("-w","--weight",action="store",dest="wxyz",\ 56 metavar="STR",default="0, 2, 4", 57 help="indicator string to assign weight parameter to axis") 58 parser.add_option("-i","--iters",action="store",dest="iters",\ 59 metavar="STR",default="-1", 60 help="indicator string to select iterations to plot") 61 parser.add_option("-l","--label",action="store",dest="label",\ 62 metavar="STR",default=",,", 63 help="string to assign label to axis") 64 parser.add_option("-n","--nid",action="store",dest="id",\ 65 metavar="INT",default=None, 66 help="id # of the nth simultaneous points to plot") 67 parser.add_option("-s","--scale",action="store",dest="scale",\ 68 metavar="INT",default=1.0, 69 help="grayscale contrast multiplier for points in plot") 70 parser.add_option("-f","--flat",action="store_true",dest="flatten",\ 71 default=False,help="show selected iterations in a single plot") 72 parsed_opts, parsed_args = parser.parse_args() 14 import sys 73 15 74 # get the name of the parameter log file 75 from mystic.munge import read_history 76 params, _cost = read_history(parsed_args[0]) 77 # would be nice to use meta = ['wx','wx2','x','x2','wy',...] 78 # exec "from %s import meta" % file 16 hypercube_measures(sys.argv[1:]) 79 17 80 try: # select the bounds81 bounds = parsed_opts.bounds.split(",") # format is "60:105, 0:30, 2.1:2.8"82 bounds = [tuple(float(j) for j in i.split(':')) for i in bounds]83 except:84 bounds = [(0,1),(0,1),(0,1)]85 86 try: # select which params are along which axes87 xyz = parsed_opts.xyz.split(",") # format is "0 1, 4 5, 8 9"88 xyz = [tuple(int(j) for j in i.split()) for i in xyz]89 except:90 xyz = [(1,),(3,),(5,)]91 92 try: # select which params are along which axes93 wxyz = parsed_opts.wxyz.split(",") # format is "0 1, 4 5, 8 9"94 wxyz = [tuple(int(j) for j in i.split()) for i in wxyz]95 except:96 wxyz = [(0,),(2,),(4,)]97 98 try: # select labels for the axes99 label = parsed_opts.label.split(',') # format is "x, y, z"100 except:101 label = ['','','']102 103 x = params[max(xyz[0])]104 try: # select which iterations to plot105 select = parsed_opts.iters.split(',') # format is "2, 4, 5, 6"106 except:107 select = ['-1']108 #select = ['0','1','2','3']109 110 try: # collapse non-consecutive iterations into a single plot...111 flatten = parsed_opts.flatten112 except:113 flatten = False114 115 try: # select which 'id' to plot results for116 id = int(parsed_opts.id)117 except:118 id = None # i.e. 'all' **or** use id=0, which should be 'best' energy ?119 120 try: # scale the color in plotting the weights121 scale = float(parsed_opts.scale)122 except:123 scale = 1.0 # color = color**scale124 125 # ensure all terms of bounds and xyz are tuples126 for bound in bounds:127 if not isinstance(bound, tuple):128 raise TypeError, "bounds should be tuples of (lower_bound,upper_bound)"129 for i in range(len(xyz)):130 if isinstance(xyz[i], int):131 xyz[i] = (xyz[i],)132 elif not isinstance(xyz[i], tuple):133 raise TypeError, "xyz should be tuples of (param1,param2,param3,...)"134 for i in range(len(wxyz)):135 if isinstance(wxyz[i], int):136 wxyz[i] = (wxyz[i],)137 elif not isinstance(wxyz[i], tuple):138 raise TypeError, "wxyz should be tuples of (param1,param2,param3,...)"139 140 # ensure all terms of select are strings of ints141 for i in range(len(select)):142 if isinstance(select[i], int): select[i] = str(select[i])143 if select[i].count(':'):144 raise ValueError, "iters should be ints"145 #if select[i] == '-1': select[i] = 'len(x)-1:len(x)'146 #elif not select[i].count(':'):147 # select[i] += ':' + str(int(select[i])+1)148 149 # take only the selected 'id'150 if id != None:151 param = []152 for j in range(len(params)):153 param.append([p[id] for p in params[j]])154 params = param[:]155 156 # at this point, we should have:157 #bounds = [(60,105),(0,30),(2.1,2.8)] or [(None,None),(None,None),(None,None)]158 #xyz = [(2,3),(6,7),(10,11)] for any length tuple159 #wxyz = [(0,1),(4,5),(8,9)] for any length tuple (should match up with xyz)160 #select = ['-1'] or ['1','2','3','-1'] or similar161 #id = 0 or None162 163 from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D164 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt165 from matplotlib.axes import subplot_class_factory166 Subplot3D = subplot_class_factory(Axes3D)167 168 plots = len(select)169 if not flatten:170 dim1,dim2 = best_dimensions(plots)171 else: dim1,dim2 = 1,1172 173 # use the default bounds where not specified174 bounds = [list(i) for i in bounds]175 for i in range(len(bounds)):176 if bounds[i][0] is None: bounds[i][0] = 0177 if bounds[i][1] is None: bounds[i][1] = 1178 179 # correctly bound the first plot. there must be at least one plot180 fig = plt.figure()181 ax1 = Subplot3D(fig, dim1,dim2,1)182 ax1.plot([bounds[0][0]],[bounds[1][0]],[bounds[2][0]])183 ax1.plot([bounds[0][1]],[bounds[1][1]],[bounds[2][1]])184 if not flatten:185 exec "plt.title('iterations[%s]')" % select[0]186 else:187 exec "plt.title('iterations[*]')"188 ax1.set_xlabel(label[0])189 ax1.set_ylabel(label[1])190 ax1.set_zlabel(label[2])191 a = [ax1]192 193 # set up additional plots194 if not flatten:195 for i in range(2, plots + 1):196 exec "ax%d = Subplot3D(fig, dim1,dim2,%d)" % (i,i)197 exec "ax%d.plot([bounds[0][0]],[bounds[1][0]],[bounds[2][0]])" % i198 exec "ax%d.plot([bounds[0][1]],[bounds[1][1]],[bounds[2][1]])" % i199 exec "plt.title('iterations[%s]')" % select[i - 1]200 exec "ax%d.set_xlabel(label[0])" % i201 exec "ax%d.set_ylabel(label[1])" % i202 exec "ax%d.set_zlabel(label[2])" % i203 exec "a.append(ax%d)" % i204 205 # turn each "n:m" in select to a list206 #_select = []207 #for sel in select:208 # if sel[0] == ':': _select.append("0"+sel)209 # else: _select.append(sel)210 #for i in range(len(_select)):211 # if _select[i][-1] == ':': select[i] = _select[i]+str(len(x))212 # else: select[i] = _select[i]213 #for i in range(len(select)):214 # p = select[i].split(":")215 # if p[0][0] == '-': p[0] = "len(x)"+p[0]216 # if p[1][0] == '-': p[1] = "len(x)"+p[1]217 # select[i] = p[0]+":"+p[1]218 #steps = [eval("range(%s)" % sel.replace(":",",")) for sel in select]219 steps = [eval("[int(%s)]" % sel) for sel in select]220 221 # at this point, we should have:222 #xyz = [(2,3),(6,7),(10,11)] for any length tuple223 #wxyz = [(0,1),(4,5),(8,9)] for any length tuple (should match up with xyz)224 #steps = [[0],[1],[3],[8]] or similar225 if flatten:226 from mystic.tools import flatten227 steps = [list(flatten(steps))]228 229 # adjust for logarithmic scaling of intensity230 from numpy import e231 scale = e**(scale - 1.0)232 233 # dot color is based on a product of weights234 t = []235 for v in range(len(steps)):236 t.append([])237 for s in steps[v]:238 for i in eval("[params[q][%s] for q in wxyz[0]]" % s):239 for j in eval("[params[q][%s] for q in wxyz[1]]" % s):240 for k in eval("[params[q][%s] for q in wxyz[2]]" % s):241 t[v].append([str((1.0 - i[q]*j[q]*k[q])**scale) for q in range(len(i))])242 if float(t[v][-1][-1]) > 1.0 or float(t[v][-1][-1]) < 0.0:243 raise ValueError, "Weights must be in range 0-1. Check normalization and/or assignment."244 245 # build all the plots246 for v in range(len(steps)):247 for s in steps[v]:248 u = 0249 for i in eval("[params[q][%s] for q in xyz[0]]" % s):250 for j in eval("[params[q][%s] for q in xyz[1]]" % s):251 for k in eval("[params[q][%s] for q in xyz[2]]" % s):252 for q in range(len(t[v][u])):253 a[v].plot([i[q]],[j[q]],[k[q]],marker='o',color=t[v][u][q],ms=10)254 u += 1255 256 plt.show()257 18 258 19 # EOF
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DEAR SIR FUNDS FOR INVESTMENTS.  I AM THE CHAIRMAN TENDER BOARD OF INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION (INEC).  TRANSFER OF FUND VALUED AT TWENTY ONE MILLION, SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND UNITED STATES DOLLARS (US$20.5M) TO A SAFE FOREIGN ACCOUNT. THE ABOVE FUND IN QUESTION IS NOT CONNECTED WITH ARMS, DRUGS OR MONEY LAUNDERING. IT IS A PRODUCT OF OVER INVOICED CONTRACT AWARDED IN 1999 BY INEC TO A FOREIGN COMPANY FOR THE SUPPLY OF ELECTORAL MATERIALS THAT WAS USED FOR CONDUCTING 1999 ELECTIONS. THE CONTRACT HAS LONG BEEN EXECUTED AND PAYMENT OF THE ACTUAL CONTRACT AMOUNT MADE TO THE FOREIGN CONTRACTOR; THEREBY LEAVING THE BALANCE OF US$20.5M IN DORMANT ACCOUNT WHICH MY COLLEAGUE AND I NOW WANT TO TRANSFER OUT OF NIGERIA INTO A RELIABLE FOREIGN ACCOUNT FOR OUR PERSONAL USE. AS CIVIL SERVANTS WE DO NOT HAVE THE NECESSARY FOREIGN ACCOUNT MACHINERY TO SUCCESSFULLY HANDLE THIS TRANSACTION. THEREFORE IT BECOMES NECESSARY TO SOURCE FOR A FOREIGN COMPANY WITH THE CAPABILITY TO ACT AS THE ORIGINAL BENEFICIARY OF THE CONTRACT.   MEANWHILE, MY COLLEAGUE AND I HAVE DECIDED TO SHARE THE MONEY IN THE FOLLOWING RATIO: 65% FOR MY COLLEAGUES AND I, THEN 30% FOR YOU THE ACCOUNT OWNER And 5% for contingencies that might arise or we incure during the course of this transactions. FURTHER DETAILS ABOUT THIS TRANSACTION WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE SUBSEQUENT CORRESPONDENCE. THIS TRANSACTION IS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL AND 100% RISK FREE.  NCLUDED WITHIN 15 WORKING DAYS SINCE ALL LOCAL CONTACTS AND ARRANGEMENTS HAVE BEEN PROPERLY PERFECTED FOR A SMOOTH AND SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION OF THIS TRANSACTION.  THANK YOU FOR YOUR ANTICIPATED CO-OPERATION. YOURS FAITHFULLY, DR.Ibrahim Galadima TELEPHONE NUMBER: + 234 80 33026121 E FAX NUMBER: + 1<PHONE_NUMBER> FOR ALL CORRESPONDENCE<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>from_ig@uymail.com


|
NUC472_NUC442_BSP V3.03.004
The Board Support Package for NUC472/NUC442
|
Modules | |
| ACMP Exported Functions | |
Macros | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_PIN |
| Selecting the voltage of ACMP negative input pin as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_BANDGAP |
| Selecting band-gap voltage as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_4_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 4/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_5_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 5/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_6_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 6/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_7_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 7/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_8_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 8/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_9_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 9/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_10_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 10/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_11_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 11/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_12_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 12/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_13_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 13/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_14_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 14/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_15_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 15/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_16_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 16/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_17_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 17/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_18_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 18/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_19_OVER_24_VDD |
| Selecting 19/24 VDD as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_4_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 4/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_5_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 5/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_6_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 6/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_7_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 7/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_8_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 8/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_9_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 9/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_10_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 10/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_11_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 11/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_12_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 12/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_13_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 13/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_14_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 14/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_15_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 15/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_16_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 16/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_17_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 17/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_18_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 18/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_VNEG_19_OVER_24_IREF |
| Selecting 19/24 IREF as the source of ACMP V-. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_HYSTERESIS_ENABLE |
| Enable hysteresis function. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_HYSTERESIS_DISABLE |
| Disable hysteresis function. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P0 |
| Selecting ACMP0_P0 as ACMP Channel 0 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P1 |
| Selecting ACMP0_P1 as ACMP Channel 0 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P2 |
| Selecting ACMP0_P2 as ACMP Channel 0 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P3 |
| Selecting ACMP0_P3 as ACMP Channel 0 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH0_POS_OPA0 |
| Selecting OPA0 as ACMP Channel 0 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P0 |
| Selecting ACMP1_P0 as ACMP Channel 1 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P1 |
| Selecting ACMP1_P1 as ACMP Channel 1 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P2 |
| Selecting ACMP1_P2 as ACMP Channel 1 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P3 |
| Selecting ACMP1_P3 as ACMP Channel 1 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH1_POS_OPA1 |
| Selecting OPA1 as ACMP Channel 1 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P0 |
| Selecting ACMP2_P0 as ACMP Channel 2 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P1 |
| Selecting ACMP2_P1 as ACMP Channel 2 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P2 |
| Selecting ACMP2_P2 as ACMP Channel 2 positive input source. More... | |
| #define | ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P3 |
| Selecting ACMP2_P3 as ACMP Channel 2 positive input source. More... | |
| #define ACMP_CH0_POS_OPA0 |
| #define ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P0 |
| #define ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P1 |
| #define ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P2 |
| #define ACMP_CH0_POSPIN_P3 |
| #define ACMP_CH1_POS_OPA1 |
| #define ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P0 |
| #define ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P1 |
| #define ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P2 |
| #define ACMP_CH1_POSPIN_P3 |
| #define ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P0 |
| #define ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P1 |
| #define ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P2 |
| #define ACMP_CH2_POSPIN_P3 |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_10_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_10_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_11_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_11_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_12_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_12_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_13_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_13_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_14_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_14_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_15_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_15_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_16_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_16_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_17_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_17_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_18_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_18_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_19_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_19_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_4_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_4_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_5_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_5_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_6_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_6_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_7_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_7_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_8_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_8_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_9_OVER_24_IREF |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_9_OVER_24_VDD |
| #define ACMP_VNEG_BANDGAP |


'The Painted Bird' Director Explains Why His 'Brutal' WWII Film Is Timelier Than 'The Avengers'
TheWrap Oscar magazine: “I don’t want to live in the world of the Avengers, I do this for the real world,” writer-director Vaclav Marhoul says
by Steve PondA version of this story about “The Painted Bird” first appeared in the International Film issue of TheWrap’s Oscar magazine.
Writer-director Václav Marhoul spent 11 years working on “The Painted Bird,” his nearly three-hour adaptation of Jerzy Kosiński’s harrowing novel about a young Jewish boy who is subjected to unimaginable horrors as he wanders through Eastern Europe during World War II.
He sat down with TheWrap to discuss his work on the film, which is the Czech Republic’s entry in the Oscars’ Best International Feature race.
How difficult was it to adapt this novel?
The book adapted to the movie is a different language. We are not using the written word, we are using picture and sound. That is why I worked on the screenplay for years and wrote 17 versions until I felt it was OK. And it was quite difficult, of course, for any screenwriter to pick up from the book the most important scenes and the most emotional scenes.
Jean-Claude Carrière once said that if you would like to adapt a book to a movie, the best way is that you will read the book, and then open the window and throw the book to the street, and then write only what you remember. I think that he was right. But of course I didn’t do that.
Also Read:
Why spend so much time adapting this particular book?
This story is timeless. It’s universal. It’s not about the Second World War. Right now, as we are doing this interview, in this very second, somebody is going to be killed by Turkish soldiers in Syria. In this moment, children are going to die. We’re still doing it, and it’s painful.
In the story, the “painted bird” symbolizes that if you are different, you will get in trouble. And maybe this is the reason why so many people love the book, because they do understand. It’s about principles. It’s about mankind. I just wanted to make “The Painted Bird” in the same way Jerzy Kosiński wrote the book: many questions and no answers.
It’s a hard film to shake, but also a hard one to watch at times.
People are saying, “Your film is so violent and so brutal.” And I say, “Do you really think so?” Because I didn’t show you anything. It’s only in your mind, not on the screen. And so many movies are so much more violent and brutal, but the people watching them are drinking wine or beer and they are OK with it, because it’s not true. It’s a fiction, it’s a fairy tale. The problem with “The Painted Bird” is that it’s truthful, it’s too real. The real is true, and the truth is always painful.
Also Read:
I think I made this very decently. It’s a poetry, a true poetry. That’s my duty. Not just to amuse people. I don’t want to live in the world of the Avengers. I do this for the real world.
I say the movie is about hope, and good, and love. And people say, “Vaclav, you must be crazy.” I’m not crazy. But if we say that the good, the love and the hope is symbolized by light, that’s positive — but the light is visible only in the dark. That’s a fact. Never you can see light in light. When I was writing the screenplay, I was thinking of opposing things. What does it mean, light and dark, good and evil, peace and war, love and hate? These things are really so important in our lives. And when you are watching “The Painted Bird,” you are so missing these things and so hoping to get them.
And the last scene is bringing you to hope. Maybe.
Read more from the International Film issue of TheWrap’s Oscar magazine.
Antonio Banderas, Cynthia Erivo, Diane Warren and more are vying for Academy recognition this season
View In Gallery


This is the message
11.11.1.a representation of SOAP envelope
When you activate the Submit SOAP submit control the page must be replaced by the form data. You must see
the values "<soap:Envelope>", "This is the message", and
"</soap:Envelope>" in the instance data.
Submit SOAP


File API & FileReader API not supported
XHR2's FormData is not supported
XHR2's upload progress isn't supported
Upload progress:
SVGsplit is made for splitting "groups" (<g> tags) in svg files down into seperate svg files. It then outputs them on the page and automatically downloads them, packaged up as a zip file. This is useful for creating SVG icons and works quite well with Adobe Illustrator or Inkscape. Just save your source file as an SVG and drop it in the box above. All the layer names will become the new file names for the split up SVGs. Email me if you have any questions: tim[at]tscanlin.com


Double curlies allow you to include properties from the component
Angular Templates - Interpolation
Simple expression are also allowed, you can run a component method (like fullName() below), or calculate 323213+34234
Exercise
In the next slide you'll edit component template to create a simple header and search form which will look like
this:
CatTube
Angular Templates - Interpolation in properties
Double curlies can be used anywhere in the templates, even in properties
Angular Templates - Data binding
There is a special way to bind the data to the properties using [ and ]
Angular Templates - Data binding extras
Angular supports more advanced bindings than just attribute name.
Event binding ( (event) )
The bindings directives you've met so far flow data in one direction: from a component to an element.
Conditional Display (*ngIf)
*ngIf renders a template on the DOM when its assigned expression evaluates to truthy.
Exercise
In the next slide you'll add a click handler to the search button, and display a message in case there were no
videos found. The result will look like this:
CatTube
No videos
Reference binding ( #var )
Sometimes we need to access a component from the template. We can mark it with #name, and it because
available as name everywhere in the template.
Conditional Display (*ngFor)
Loops over items in a collection and adds a template to the DOM for each item in the collection.
The *ngFor directive will display one puppy name for every puppy in the list.
Note the * that identifies a DOM structure-altering directive and the camelCase!
Exercise
In the next slide you'll finally display the videos! The result will look like this:
CatTube
Cute kitten
Kitten on the tree
Serouis cat
End of Templates Section
Please leave your thoughts using the feedback button below!


Lebanon Protests
by Associated Press1 / 6Anti-government protesters chant slogans against the Lebanese government, in Beirut, Lebanon, Sunday, Nov. 3, 2019. President Michel Aoun and his son-in-law, Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil, have been among the main targets of mass protests that aim to sweep from power Lebanon's entire sectarian and political elite. (AP Photo/Bilal Hussein)
BEIRUT (AP) — The Latest on anti-government protests in Lebanon (all times local):
6:45 p.m.
Tens of thousands of Lebanese have packed into central Beirut for the biggest anti-government demonstration since supporters of the militant Hezbollah group rampaged through their main protest site last week.
The demonstration on Sunday came hours after a much smaller rally of thousands was held in support of Lebanon's president and foreign minister, two of the main targets of the anti-government protests, which first erupted Oct. 17.
The protesters called for a general strike Monday and for the government to speed up the political transition following Prime Minister Saad Hariri's resignation last week.
The protesters are calling for sweeping changes to the political system established after the 1975-1990 civil war. President Michel Aoun, his son-in-law, Foreign Minister Gebran Bassil, and other political leaders have refused the protesters' demands to resign. Aoun and Bassil are members of a Christian party allied with the Iran-backed Hezbollah, which has accused foreign powers of manipulating the protests.
Hundreds of Hezbollah supporters rampaged through the main protest site on Tuesday, tearing down tents and setting them on fire. Hariri resigned hours later.
___
1:20 p.m.
Thousands of people are marching to show their support for Lebanon's president and his proposed political reforms.
The demonstration near Michel Aoun's presidential palace in southeastern Beirut comes after more than two weeks of widespread anti-government demonstrations.
Another such anti-government protest is scheduled for later Sunday in central Beirut.
These demonstrations have united people from the country's many religious sects and factions against the political class.
Those leaders have ruled Lebanon since the 1975-1990 civil war, and are widely seen as having tanked the economy.
Aoun, one of the main targets of the protesters' anger, gave a speech late Thursday proposing that Lebanon should move away from the decades-old sectarian political system. He said the country is at a "dangerous crossroads."


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{{url_query.survey}} {{url_query.dtr}}
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The download contains all data for Alaska. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the American Samoa. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific Coasts. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Guam. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for Hawai'i. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Northern Mariana Islands. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for Puerto Rico. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the U.S. Great Lakes. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the U.S. Virgin Islands. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
Report provides a summary of overarching methods and data sources used for all U.S. Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
The download contains all data for the Cape Fear Watershed. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Charleston Harbor Watershed. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Delaware Bay and Coastal Watersheds. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Narragansett Bay and Coastal Rhode Island Watersheds. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Portland and Midcoast Maine Watersheds. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the San Francisco Bay and Outer Coast Watersheds. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Savannah River Watersheds. The file also contains a readme file describing use.
The download contains all data for the Jacksonville and Lower St. Johns River Watersheds. The file also contains a readme file describing use.


{% extends "layout-public.html" %}
{% set title = '首页' %}
{% block title %}{{ title }}{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
{% include 'includes/basic-promo.html' %}
{% include 'includes/basic-features.html' %}
{% include 'includes/basic-feature-1.html' %}
{% include 'includes/basic-feature-2.html' %}
{% include 'includes/basic-pricing.html' %}
{% endblock %}


{% include 'rememberTheCheese/base_css.html' %}
This example is a quick exercise to illustrate how the default, static and fixed to top navbar work. It includes the responsive CSS and HTML, so it also adapts to your viewport and device.
To see the difference between static and fixed top navbars, just scroll.


How to clean a flat top grill, restaurant-style
by Rob BeschizzaThis vaguely comports to the methods I saw and knew in 1990s London. The proper way was to start with oil and use a grill brick [Amazon], but the reality is you will still need lots of environmentally unsound liquids. The mystery degreaser is Swisher but Ecolab is exactly the same stuff and widely available. Wear gloves. Never eat out.


Although there have been a few philosophers who have worked seriously on Bohr’s approach to quantum theory, it has for the most part been dismissed as incoherent, or as irrelevant to the concerns of contemporary philosophy of physics. Proponents of Bohm’s theory, for example, often contrast the ‘clarity’ of Bohm’s view with the ‘incoherence’ of Bohr’s. This attitude was more recently expressed at some length by Beller (1999), who claims that Bohr’s statements about quantum theory can be understood only if we presume him to have been a radical operationalist or simple-minded positivist. (Neither view would get him very far in today’s climate in philosophy of physics.) However, recent work by a few philosophers of physics has revealed that Bohr’s approach to quantum theory can be understood in reasonable terms, and that much of what he says about quantum theory is relevant to contemporary work in the field.
For example, one complaint often lodged against Bohr is that he made use of an unanalyzed notion of ‘measurement’, in precisely the way that contemporary philosophers of physics find unaccepable in an approach to the measurement problem. In particular, Bohr is supposed to have said that ‘the measurement’ determines what properties a system can and cannot have, thus giving rise to the doctrine of complementarity. It is further supposed that Bohr had nothing useful to say about how or why ‘the measurement’ determines which properties a system can and cannot have, so that his doctrine of complementarity is supposed to have been a rather unconvincing dogma.
However, a closer look at Bohr’s work shows that he spent a great deal of effort trying to understand how the conditions required for the empirical well-definedness of a given physical concept (such as position) rule out the empirical well-definedness of other physical concepts (such as momentum). He did not rely on an unanalyzed notion of ‘measurement’. In other words, Bohr did argue for his view, and the arguments are in some cases very convincing.
What is more, those arguments resonate with issues that are at the very center of contemporary philosophy of physics. For example, work on the so-called ‘modal’ interpretations of quantum theory has led to a deep mathematical understanding of ‘incompatibility’. In particular, due to a number of theorems from lattice theory and abstract algebra, we can say with a great deal of mathematical precision just why the well-definedness of a given physical property rules out the well-definedness of some other physical properties. In other words, we have a very rich mathematical account of incompatibility.
Bohr can illuminate the situation because he was concerned with the ‘physical’ account of incompatibility. As described above, he was concerned with how the conditions required for the empirical well-definedness of one of a pair of complementary physical properties are incompatible with the conditions required for the empirical well-definedness of the other. In other words, Bohr’s arguments can help us to understand how—or why—these recent mathematical results apply to the physical world.
Along similar lines, Bohr offers us a fresh view of an issue that arose at the PSA in 1996, ‘na¨ýve realism about operators’. The issue is this: why should we take the Hilbert space formalism of quantum theory seriously? That is, why should we presume that there is a simple connection between the operators on Hilbert space (and the relations between them) and the physical properties of physical systems (and the relations between them)? Again, Bohr provides arguments that take us from considerations of the empirical meaning of physical notions (such as ‘position’, ‘momentum’, ‘energy’, and so on) to the proper mathematical formalism to describe those physical notions. And he did so self-consciously. His claim, then, that the formalism of quantum theory was ‘inevitable’, and that the lessons that formalism teaches us are ‘necessary’, are not based on a ‘na¨ýve’ view about the formalism, but on careful physical considerations.
So in these cases and in others, contemporary philosophy of physics has something to learn from Bohr. At the same time, Bohr’s philosophy of quantum theory has something to gain from the conceptual resources and mathematical tools of contemporary philosophy of physics: we can use those resources and tools to re-express in perhaps more compelling terms the views that Bohr put forward. And we can do so while remaining sensitive to the historical Bohr, that is, without distorting his basic message.
This symposium is intended to illustrate in detail the sorts of consideration that are rehearsed briefly above. All of the participants have been closely involved in the ‘rennaisance’ of Bohr’s philosophy that has been occurring over the past year or so. Don Howard has been arguing for many years that Bohr’s message is not entirely incoherent and inscrutable. Scott Tanona is writing a dissertation explicating Bohr’s account of the correspondence principle and its role in the development of the notion of complementarity, and relating those issues to issues from contemporary philosophy of physics. (Tanona is presently at Indiana University—a student of Michael Friedman and Michael Dickson—but he will be finished by the end of this year and should be located somewhere else next year when the PSA occurs.) Michael Dickson has recently been writing and delivering talks about Bohr’s reply to EPR. Rob Clifton and Hans Halvorson have recently shown how to express Bohr’s reply to EPR in algebraic terms (allowing one to speak legitimately of precise positions and precise momenta, though—as they show in detail—not both simultaneously), and are now working on expressing other aspects of Bohr’s view in these terms.
The symposium should prove to be of wide interest and quite provocative. The idea that Bohr might have something useful to say to contemporary philosophy of physics is still very much a minority view. (One of us was recently told that only crazy people would work on this topic—and this comment came from somebody who himself works on the theory of ‘branching space-times’ !) Nonetheless, there has been enough work in this area over the past year or so (see, for example, the references in some of the abstracts) to show that it is in fact not crazy to suppose that Bohr had something useful to say.
We provide the common framework needed to assess the relative merits of Bohr and Bohm's interpretations of quantum mechanics. More precisely, we show that Bohr's complementarity interpretation can be explicated by means of the notion of inequivalent representations in algebraic quantum mechanics, and we then show that Bohm's interpretation results if we assume that the position representation is the unique physically preferred representation. Thus, there is a mathematically rigorous sense in which Bohm's intepretation is the "position half" of Bohr's dualistic "postion-momentum" interpretation. We then discuss Bohr's claim that ignoring the "momentum half" of quantum theory will result in loss of essential theoretical content.
Taking a cue from Bohr's use of the notion of a reference frame in his reply to EPR's argument against the completeness (and consistency) of standard quantum theory, this paper presents an analysis of EPR's argument using a quantum-theoretical account of reference frames based on the work of Mackey, and Aharonov and Kaufherr. That analysis appears to justify at least some crucial aspects of a Bohrian reply to EPR.
The doctrines about the interpretation of quantum mechanics normally clustered together under the heading of the “Copenhagen interpretation” are interesting in part because many, if not most of them, such as wavepacket collapse, were never asserted by the individual normally regarded as the founder of the Copenhagen view, Niels Bohr. In other papers (e.g., “What Makes a Classical Concept Classical?” and “A Brief on Behalf of Bohr”) I have attempted to disentangle Bohr’s own views from the views wrongly attributed to him as part of a Copenhagen interpretation. In this paper, I will start by reviewing arguments that I have earlier made placing the physical fact of non-separability or entanglement at the heart of a proper understanding of Bohr’s position, and then sketching the implications of this reading of Bohr for other famous Bohrian doctrines, such as his views on classical concepts. But the main focus of the paper will be an exploration of the way in which the myth of the Copenhagen interpretation first emerged. There certainly was a professional and social community centered around Bohr and his institute, and there was what one might term a Copenhagen ‘Geist’. But it will be suggested that it was Heisenberg, rather than Bohr, who was primarily responsible for promoting in the early 1950s the idea of a unitary Copenhagen perspective on the interpretation question, that Heisenberg’s status then as an exile from the Copenhagen community, thanks to his work on the German bomb, was an important factor in inclining him to this fabrication, and that the philosophical reception of Heisenberg’s writings from this period on the part of, especially, Popper and Feyerabend, was crucial for legitimating the myth.
Bohr held that quantum mechanical symbols find meaning only in the context of an experimental setting. Making a measurement requires establishing a correspondence between a property of the quantum object and a property of the measuring system via the introduction of a classical quantity with which the measuring instrument, classically understood, interacts. However, this correspondence is only approximate and involves the use of certain idealizations, and it is the commutation rules that tell us the limitations to this process. In this context I will examine the caution by Daumer, et. al. (1996) against taking too seriously the idea of operators as observables. I conclude that Bohr would neither ascribe to such 'naive realism' about operators nor dismiss the formalism as unimportant to the understanding of quantum phenomena. Rather, Bohr's approach to quantum theory suggests a middle ground.


黒の手番です。51 はどう動かしますか？
0-0:11pt
pips Black=132 White=145
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
1. 24/23 13/8 eq:-0.439 39.35% (G:8.83% B:0.16%) 60.65% (G:16.04% B:0.45%) 2. 24/23 6/1 eq:-0.554 (-0.115) 36.69% (G:8.81% B:0.22%) 63.31% (G:19.58% B:0.68%) 3. 17/11 eq:-0.615 (-0.175) 33.37% (G:9.30% B:0.24%) 66.63% (G:14.27% B:0.53%) 4. 13/8 4/3 eq:-0.743 (-0.303) 31.71% (G:7.96% B:0.28%) 68.29% (G:17.93% B:0.64%) 5. 17/16 13/8 eq:-0.678 (-0.238) 32.23% (G:7.54% B:0.14%) 67.77% (G:16.30% B:0.63%)


#include "types.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Classes | |
| struct | OP201_SECURITY_INFO |
| struct | GP211_SECURITY_INFO |
| struct | OP201_DAP_BLOCK |
| struct | OP201_RECEIPT_DATA |
| struct | OP201_KEY_INFORMATION |
| struct | GP211_DAP_BLOCK |
| struct | GP211_RECEIPT_DATA |
| struct | GP211_KEY_INFORMATION |
Defines | |
| #define | OP_201 201 |
| OpenPlatform specification 2.0.1' mode. | |
| #define | GP_211 211 |
| GlobalPlatform specification 2.1.1 mode. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP01 0x01 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '01'. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02 0x02 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02'. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP01_IMPL_i05 0x05 |
| #define | GP211_SCP01_IMPL_i15 0x15 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i44 0x44 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i45 0x45 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i54 0x54 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i55 0x55 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i04 0x04 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i05 0x05 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i0A 0x0A |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i0B 0x0B |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i14 0x14 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i15 0x15 |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i1A 0x1A |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i1B 0x1B |
| #define | GP211_SCP01_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_DEC_C_MAC 0x03 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '01': C-DECRYPTION and C-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP01_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_MAC 0x01 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '01': C-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP01_SECURITY_LEVEL_NO_SECURE_MESSAGING 0x00 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '01': No secure messaging expected. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_DEC_C_MAC_R_MAC 0x13 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-DECRYPTION, C-MAC and R-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_MAC_R_MAC 0x11 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-MAC and R-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_R_MAC 0x10 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02': R-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_DEC_C_MAC 0x03 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-DECRYPTION and C-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_MAC 0x01 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-MAC. | |
| #define | GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_NO_SECURE_MESSAGING 0x00 |
| Secure Channel Protocol '02': No secure messaging expected. | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUB_N 0xA1 |
| 'A1' RSA Public Key - modulus N component (clear text). | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUB_E 0xA0 |
| 'A0' RSA Public Key - public exponent e component (clear text) | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_N 0xA2 |
| ''A2' RSA Private Key - modulus N component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_D 0xA3 |
| ''A3' RSA Private Key - private exponent d component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_P 0xA4 |
| ''A4' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder P component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_Q 0xA5 |
| ''A5' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder Q component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_PQ 0xA6 |
| ''A6' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder PQ component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_DP1 0xA7 |
| ''A7' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder DP1 component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_DQ1 0xA8 |
| ''A8' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder DQ1 component | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_3DES 0x81 |
| Reserved (triple DES). | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_DES 0x80 |
| '80' DES mode (EBC/CBC) implicitly known. | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_3DES_CBC 0x82 |
| '82' Triple DES in CBC mode. | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_DES_ECB 0x83 |
| '83' DES in ECB mode. | |
| #define | GP211_KEY_TYPE_DES_CBC 0x84 |
| '84' DES in CBC mode. | |
| #define | OP201_SECURITY_LEVEL_ENC_MAC 0x03 |
| Command messages are signed and encrypted. | |
| #define | OP201_SECURITY_LEVEL_MAC 0x01 |
| Command messages are signed. | |
| #define | OP201_SECURITY_LEVEL_PLAIN 0x00 |
| Command messages are plaintext. | |
| #define | OP201_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUP_N 0xA1 |
| 'A1' RSA Public Key - modulus N component (clear text). | |
| #define | OP201_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUP_E 0xA0 |
| 'A0' RSA Public Key - public exponent e component (clear text) | |
| #define | OP201_KEY_TYPE_DES 0x80 |
| DES (ECB/CBC) key. | |
| #define | OP201_KEY_TYPE_DES_ECB 0x81 |
| DES ECB. | |
| #define | OP201_KEY_TYPE_DES_CBC 0x82 |
| DES CBC. | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef struct OP201_DAP_BLOCK | OP201_RSA_DAP_BLOCK |
| typedef struct OP201_DAP_BLOCK | OP201_3DES_DAP_BLOCK |
| typedef struct GP211_DAP_BLOCK | GP211_RSA_DAP_BLOCK |
| typedef struct GP211_DAP_BLOCK | GP211_3DES_DAP_BLOCK |
This file contains security related definitions.
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_3DES 0x81 |
Reserved (triple DES).
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_3DES_CBC 0x82 |
'82' Triple DES in CBC mode.
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_DES 0x80 |
'80' DES mode (EBC/CBC) implicitly known.
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_DES_CBC 0x84 |
'84' DES in CBC mode.
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_DES_ECB 0x83 |
'83' DES in ECB mode.
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_D 0xA3 |
''A3' RSA Private Key - private exponent d component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_DP1 0xA7 |
''A7' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder DP1 component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_DQ1 0xA8 |
''A8' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder DQ1 component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_N 0xA2 |
''A2' RSA Private Key - modulus N component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_P 0xA4 |
''A4' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder P component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_PQ 0xA6 |
''A6' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder PQ component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PRIV_Q 0xA5 |
''A5' RSA Private Key - Chinese Remainder Q component
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUB_E 0xA0 |
'A0' RSA Public Key - public exponent e component (clear text)
| #define GP211_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUB_N 0xA1 |
'A1' RSA Public Key - modulus N component (clear text).
| #define GP211_SCP01 0x01 |
Secure Channel Protocol '01'.
| #define GP211_SCP01_IMPL_i05 0x05 |
Secure Channel Protocol '01': "i" '05': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, no ICV encryption, 3 Secure Channel Keys
| #define GP211_SCP01_IMPL_i15 0x15 |
Secure Channel Protocol '01': "i" '15': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, ICV encryption, 3 Secure Channel Keys
| #define GP211_SCP01_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_DEC_C_MAC 0x03 |
Secure Channel Protocol '01': C-DECRYPTION and C-MAC.
| #define GP211_SCP01_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_MAC 0x01 |
Secure Channel Protocol '01': C-MAC.
| #define GP211_SCP01_SECURITY_LEVEL_NO_SECURE_MESSAGING 0x00 |
Secure Channel Protocol '01': No secure messaging expected.
| #define GP211_SCP02 0x02 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02'.
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i04 0x04 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '04': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, no ICV encryption, 1 Secure Channel base key, unspecified card challenge generation method
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i05 0x05 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '05': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, no ICV encryption, 3 Secure Channel Keys, unspecified card challenge generation method
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i0A 0x0A |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '0A': Initiation mode implicit, C-MAC on unmodified APDU, ICV set to MAC over AID, no ICV encryption, 1 Secure Channel base key
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i0B 0x0B |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '0B': Initiation mode implicit, C-MAC on unmodified APDU, ICV set to MAC over AID, no ICV encryption, 3 Secure Channel Keys
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i14 0x14 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '14': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, ICV encryption for CMAC session, 1 Secure Channel base key, unspecified card challenge generation method
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i15 0x15 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '15': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, ICV encryption for CMAC session, 3 Secure Channel Keys, unspecified card challenge generation method
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i1A 0x1A |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '1A': Initiation mode implicit, C-MAC on unmodified APDU, ICV set to MAC over AID, ICV encryption for C-MAC session, 1 Secure Channel base key
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i1B 0x1B |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" '1B': Initiation mode implicit, C-MAC on unmodified APDU, ICV set to MAC over AID, ICV encryption for C-MAC session, 3 Secure Channel Keys
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i44 0x44 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" = '44': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, no ICV encryption, 1 Secure Channel base key, well-known pseudo-random algorithm (card challenge),
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i45 0x45 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" = '45': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, no ICV encryption, 3 Secure Channel Keys, well-known pseudo-random algorithm (card challenge),
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i54 0x54 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" = '54': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, ICV encryption for C-MAC session, 1 Secure Channel base key, well-known pseudo-random algorithm (card challenge),
| #define GP211_SCP02_IMPL_i55 0x55 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': "i" = '55': Initiation mode explicit, C-MAC on modified APDU, ICV set to zero, ICV encryption for C-MAC session, 3 Secure Channel Keys, well-known pseudo-random algorithm (card challenge).�
| #define GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_DEC_C_MAC 0x03 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-DECRYPTION and C-MAC.
| #define GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_DEC_C_MAC_R_MAC 0x13 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-DECRYPTION, C-MAC and R-MAC.
| #define GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_MAC 0x01 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-MAC.
| #define GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_C_MAC_R_MAC 0x11 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': C-MAC and R-MAC.
| #define GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_NO_SECURE_MESSAGING 0x00 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': No secure messaging expected.
| #define GP211_SCP02_SECURITY_LEVEL_R_MAC 0x10 |
Secure Channel Protocol '02': R-MAC.
| #define GP_211 211 |
GlobalPlatform specification 2.1.1 mode.
| #define OP201_KEY_TYPE_DES 0x80 |
DES (ECB/CBC) key.
| #define OP201_KEY_TYPE_DES_CBC 0x82 |
DES CBC.
| #define OP201_KEY_TYPE_DES_ECB 0x81 |
DES ECB.
| #define OP201_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUP_E 0xA0 |
'A0' RSA Public Key - public exponent e component (clear text)
| #define OP201_KEY_TYPE_RSA_PUP_N 0xA1 |
'A1' RSA Public Key - modulus N component (clear text).
| #define OP201_SECURITY_LEVEL_ENC_MAC 0x03 |
Command messages are signed and encrypted.
| #define OP201_SECURITY_LEVEL_MAC 0x01 |
Command messages are signed.
| #define OP201_SECURITY_LEVEL_PLAIN 0x00 |
Command messages are plaintext.
| #define OP_201 201 |
OpenPlatform specification 2.0.1' mode.


What streets look like in 30 cities around the world
by Lia Ryerson- What streets look like can vary dramatically from city to city.
- In Havana, Cuba, you’ll see classic cars and pastel-colored homes.
- Bangkok, Thailand, has a reputation for being fast-paced and exciting, with neon signs and street vendors.
- Visit Insider’s homepage for more stories
“There’s no place like home,” Dorothy said in “The Wizard of Oz,” and the phrase became an instant classic.
While nothing quite beats the feeling of coming home after a long day, every so often we find ourselves being overtaken by wanderlust. We’ll catch a glimpse of an intriguing street while watching a foreign film, or fall in love with a particularly descriptive passage in a book, and before we know it we’re researching late into the night, gazing at photos of far-off places and imagining what life is like in distant cities.
Luckily, these days you can check out what other parts of the world look like from the comfort of your home. We’ve compiled a list of 30 of the most stunning streets all around the world.
Keep scrolling to see how different streets can look in cities across the globe.
Jaisalmer, India
Jaisalmer is nicknamed “The Golden City” of India, and for good reason; the city is recognized for its yellow sandstone architecture and its ravishing bazaars, such as the shopping street inside the Sonar (Golden) Fort pictured above.
Santorini, Greece
Blue-domed churches, whitewashed walls, prismatic roads, and dazzling ocean views are a dime a dozen in Santorini, Greece – even the most remote corners of the city offer postcard worthy scenery. This street in Oia city, Santorini, Greece, encapsulates the colorful charm the romantic city is beloved for.
Brooklyn, New York
When people think of New York City, they often envision the hustle and bustle of Manhattan; however, the brownstones dotting the tree-lined streets of Brooklyn are famous in their own right. These romantic, historic structures have housed notable writers such as Truman Capote, Arthur Miller, Truman Capote, and Hart Crane. While brownstones exist all over New York, the majority of them can be found in Brooklyn neighborhoods such as Brooklyn Heights, Fort Greene, Park Slope, and Bed-Stuy.
New Taipei City, Taiwan
Jiufen, a small mountain village nestled in the Ruifang District of New Taipai City, Taiwan, is known for its cobblestone roads, stunning ocean views, and distinctive red lanterns lining its streets. Shuqi Road, in particular, is said to have served as the inspiration behind Studio Ghibli’s 2001 Japanese animation film “Spirited Away.”
Marrakech, Morocco
Marrakech is a vibrant city awash in color. Take a stroll through the Medina, a walled medieval center full of tourist-friendly souvenirs, flavorful food, and friendly locals.
Cartagena, Colombia
Forget Paris – Cartagena is a city that truly encapsulates the spirit of love and romance, as tangles of cobbled alleys wind through colonial plazas and churches covered in clambering ivy and dreamy bougainvillea.
Oxford, England
They don’t call Oxford the “City of Dreaming Spires” for nothing. Home to one of the world’s most famous universities, Oxford’s streets are studded with every major architectural style of buildings in England, ranging from the Saxons to the present day.
Havana, Cuba
The streets of Havana are rife with contradictory elements that meld together into truly harmonious landscapes. Pastels intertwine with vibrant, primary colors while vintage cars zip down faded glamorous streets toward sun-splashed shores that once hosted Spanish conquistadors and the literati.
Kyoto, Japan
Kyoto, the former capital of Japan, is famous for its lush gardens and glimmering, historic temples and shrines. Higashiyama, pictured above, is one of the city’s best preserved historic districts, filled with pedestrian-only walkways and traditional Japanese inns called “ryokan.”
Alaçati, Turkey
Alaçati’s whitewashed houses, serpentine streets, and aqua oceans earn the city its spot as one of Turkey’s most idyllic hidden treasures. Art galleries and boutiques are dotted all along its narrow, cobbled roads, and the building’s shutters, painted in shades of blue and green, lend the city a peaceful air.
Umbria, Italy
Often called Italy’s green heart, Umbria is distinctive because it’s the only Italian region that has neither a coastline nor a border with any other countries. Easily reached from both Florence and Rome, Umbria will appeal to nature buffs in search of medieval hill towns, and thick, emerald forests, while oenophiles will enjoy its delicious wine.
Belize, Central America
While Belize City is notorious for its crime rate, Belize City is distinct because its streets are lined with both run-down buildings with crumbling infrastructures as well as handsome colonial homes. For instance, check out Playa Asuncion street, pictured above, at Caye Caulker island in Belize, Central America.
Suzhou, China
Suzhou, a highly romanticized city, is located in the southeastern Jiangsu Province of East China. While Suzhou has fallen victim to modernization – many of its historic sites have been replaced with modern architecture – the city’s initial beauty endures thanks to its clusters of harmonious pavilions, gardens, surviving canals, and exquisite pagodas.
Paris, France
No area screams “Paris” as much as beautiful Montmartre, otherwise known as “The Mountain of Martyrs.” This charming quarter is lined with steep, cobbled streets, lively plazas, and colorful striped awnings.
Barcelona, Spain
While in other cities you may be forced to visit museums to indulge in the arts, you need only take a walk in Barcelona to immerse yourself in streets festooned with famous, elegant, and unusual buildings at every turn.
Bahia, Brazil
Bahia exemplifies what happens when you blend African and Portuguese influences. Feast your eyes upon jewel-toned buildings lining gilded stone paths in Pelourinho, a famous historic center in Salvador.
Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok has a reputation for being fast-paced and exciting, and Soi Rambuttri, an alley tucked away in the old district of Bangkok, is no exception. Come nightfall, the U-shaped alley lights up and serves popular street food to locals and hungry tourists alike.
Alexandria, Egypt
A Mediterranean port city in Egypt, Alexandria is home to lovely promenades dotted with shady palms, a variety of old-world cafés, and one of the seven wonders of the ancient world – a lighthouse from the Hellenistic period.
Amsterdam, Holland
While Amsterdam conjures images of passenger ships gliding through glimmering canals, the land above the water is stunning in its own right. Cobblestone streets will lead you through bulb fields and swanky coffee shops, and the Reguliersgracht canal – a central canal that offers striking views of the “Seven Bridges of Amsterdam” – is a must-see.
London, UK
London is a sprawling city with plenty of nooks and crannies. While it’s famously home to landmarks such as Big Ben, the London Eye, and, of course, Buckingham Palace, the city’s streets offer beautiful historic buildings and colorful, bustling thoroughfares, like Carnaby Street in the heart of the city’s West End.
Sousse, Tunisia
Sometimes called “the Pearl of the Sahel,” Sousse, one of the older cities in Tunisia, is a medieval town with colorful walls, stone pavement, and stunning beaches. Additionally, Sousse has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Budapest, Hungary
Not too big and not too small, Budapest is the perfect sized metropolis to explore on foot. Marvel at Budapest’s many architectural feats, such as its grand old churches, stunning bridges, and regal castles. There’s a reason Budapest was ranked among the most beautiful European cities by Travel and Leisure in 2017, after all.
Table Mountain, South Africa
Table Mountain, a flat-topped mountain in Cape Town, is one of the most iconic landmarks South Africa has to offer. Its coastal roads are fringed by an impossibly blue ocean, and visitors can either choose to hike to the top, or get there via its famous cable car.
Évora, Portugal
Situated in the heart of the Alentejo region, Évora is an enchanting medieval town in Portugal. Its history is so beautifully preserved that UNESCO even calls Évora a “museum-city.” Today, visitors can walk along Évora’s cobblestone streets and view its cluster of museums and monuments on foot.
Lindau, Germany
If you were to picture a fairytale-like land in your mind’s eye, it would probably look something like Lindau, a charming island town located at the border between Germany and Switzerland. Venture into the heart of its historic town center, where medieval houses in a kaleidoscope of colors line cobblestones paths.
Old City, Harar, Ethiopia
Known to its residents as “Gēy,” Harar is a sacred city in eastern Ethiopia surrounded by a centuries-old wall. The interior of Harar’s old city is distinguishable for its labyrinth of colorful walls and its mix of both traditional Harari houses and modern abodes with wooden verandas.
Outback, Australia
“The Outback” is the colloquial name for the vast stretch of mostly arid land that makes up Australia’s interior. Its rugged atmosphere has captivated travelers for years – especially because you’re bound to encounter at least one roaming animal in the open, otherworldly space.
St. Petersburg, Russia
St. Petersburg is Russia’s second-largest city after Moscow. Widely considered Russia’s cultural heart, St. Petersburg is home to a myriad of famous streets, including Nevsky Prospekt, Troitskaya Ploshchad (Trinity Square), and Palace Square. Check out its colorful buildings and horse-drawn carriages, pictured above.
Québec City, Canada
Even the most summer-obsessed travelers are sure to fall in love with the wintry Québec City, one of North America’s oldest settlements – in fact, Old Town is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Its narrow cobblestone streets, soaring church spires, towering castle walls, and twinkling lights transform the town into a veritable winter wonderland you’ll want to visit all year long.
Dubrovnik, Croatia
Dubrovnik, which dates back to the 13th century, has made quite a name for itself over the years. Not only does the city play King’s Landing in “Game of Thrones,” but the city now offers an UberBOAT service to make island hopping a breeze. Additionally, Dubrovnik is perched in the shimmering blue waters of the Adriatic sea, and is also the home of Stari Grad, one of the oldest towns in Europe, which is filled with Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture.


Green Dragon Acupuncture
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/**
* c0ders is the story of a group of programmers that work in a
small decadent ISP where they try to demonstrate
* everyday how professional
they are, but of course without
any comprehension of their so called "superiors"
*/
Past strips from c0ders.
At this moment there is no organization with a relational database
for this repository. If someday I need to, I'll be pleased to
develop a good system to surf on them.


Spam Attacks Analysis
Transcript By: Bryan Bishop
Category: Conference
Hunting moby dick, an analysis of 2015-2016 spam attacks
Antoine Le Calvez (khannib)
video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCE2OzKIab8&t=1h12m10s
https://twitter.com/kanzure/status/1005525351517360129
Introduction
Hi. Thanks for Breaking Bitcoin to invite me to speak and to present this research on Moby Dick.
Moby Dick and spam attacks– let me explain, Moby Dick is an entity that spammed or sent a lot of transactions in bitcoin in 2015. We did some analysis on who this person is or what they were doing. This is bitcoin archaeology, where we analyze past activities and try to analyze what happened and get insight into what could happen.
Who am I? I am Antoine Le Calvez. I created p2sh.info in 2014 which is a website that releases statistics on bitcoin that I find interesting. I like to dig into stuff like spam attacks. I have been doing this work with LaurentMT.
There’s been some research about what these in particular on spam attacks.. there was a published paper, but we tried to dig deeper and present insights.

On a blockchain, it’s a bit hard to know what is spam. Labeling something as spam could be contentious from time to time. We also have the example of services being inefficient about not batching transactions or just doing silly things. It’s hard for someone to come in and say this is spam or not spam. And one of the goals of bitcoin is to not centrally censor transactions.
General rules about spam– it’s unsolicited, it’s high volume. Thankfully for the attacks that we saw, or the transactions we studied, we knew they were stress tests or spam attacks. That made it easier for us to be comfortable saying this is spam or not, even though people could argue.
A lot of people saw the chart of number of UTXOs which grew steadily through 2014-2015 and one day just grew up and continued growth. The spam attacks we studied created many UTXOs. They were very visible at the time where people saw full blocks.
If we look at the small UTXOs between 1k and 10k sat BTC, we see that they had these low values and match the definition of spam.
Semi-manual analysis
To dive deeper into this, we used something called semi-manual analysis. It’s not automated.
We look at transactions, patterns in fees, input numbers, output numbers, in value. We found some distinct waves of spam that each happened.
Wave 1: between 2015-06-16 and 2015-07-01 Claimed by coinwallet.eu. 10k sat UTXOs.
Wave 2: between 2015-07-06 and 2015-07-17. Made miners produce 1 megabyte blocks, including a monster 1 MB block with 2 transactions. 1k sat UTXOs.
Wave 3: between 2015-07-25 and 2015-08-09. This is the most mysterious one, with 1k sat outputs.
Wave 4: between 2015-09-01 and 2015-09-07. This was claimed by coinwallet.eu, and had 1k sat UTXOs.
These were “stress tests” claimed by coinwallet.eu. The second wave happened a bit later and they reduced the size of the outputs and it was less money to spend. It was the first time that a one megabyte block that was mined, and it had a single transaction that took a while to process.
The biggest one we have less information about who did it and why. And the last wave, wave 4, happened a bit later.
That’s how it looks on the network. The second wave was the most interesting as it used many different patterns of creating UTXOs. It was sending money to private keys, to services, etc. Money was sent to wikileaks and many different parties -it was a bit of a party on the network.
There were millions of UTXOs created in a matter of days or weeks. We wanted to dig deeper into this one because it had more meat. There was one where people were creating UTXOs and just claiming them later- less interesting.
Overall statistics
- 2.78 GB of block space (2.2% of current blockchain)
- 268 BTC in fees (9.6 sat/byte average)
- 1.34 million transactions (0.05% of total)
- 2 million UTXOs still unspent (3.7% of current UTXO set)
In 2015, 268 BTC was somewhat expensive. They had to create the UTXOs and the spending of the outputs. It’s not the same person that bears the cost of not cleaning up or spending the money. It was 1.3 million transactions, which now is a few days but back then it was a lot of transactions.
There’s still 2 million UTXOs that every node has to store in memory. It looks like it’s not going to go down, unless someone spends or gives away the private keys, and with the rising fees it’s less economically viable for these coins to get spent. It’s a burden on all the nodes.
A two step dance
The main attack had a two step dance aspect where someone created outputs in days, one party. It took many months for people to spend them- the services, the attackers, it’s not clear who was on the receiving side of it. It was effected by network conditions and backlogs. The effect has now dissipated after other waves of activity which are still in the UTXO set. But for this one, we– here we start– pure facts, we start speculating.
A strange timing
There was a comment: “Don’t pay attention to those spam broadcasts, as all miners have been ignoring them since October by using the minrelaytxfee command line/bitcoin.conf option” – jtoomim, May 2016
You can see at the red line, it looked like these transactions would be stopped processing, but it started again. To relay a transaction, it has to pay at least 1 sat/byte. These were not. They were under the min relay fee. There was a 2 week backlog around July 26 before the transactions… the blocks were sort of empty, not empty though. By some miners, not all of them, these were getting mined. There’s more to talk about this that LaurentMT talked about in some medium articles.
This may have been produced for political reasons to fill blocks when there was not a big demand for it.
What can we do?
We cannot people from spending their money. That’s the whole point of bitcoin. But we can try to prevent inefficient use of bitcoin. I would like everyone to be able to spend their coins but to do it in a least impactful way, in a highly efficient way.
High volume activity is still doable but fees can mitigate this. The fee market can compete against attacks.
The targets could use segwit- cheaper claiming of outputs. It used to be cheaper to create outputs than to spend them. If you don’t spend them then you don’t have the burden of spending them later. Segwit reduces this asymmetry. But it’s still present- it still costs more to spend an output than to create it.
Raising the dust limit could work. It’s the minimum for a transaction to be relayed. Raising depends on the fee. It’s defined as the amount that is economically spendable.
Better monitoring would be useful. People see the mempool clog up and assume there’s spam. There needs to be more tools to be transparent about what’s going on. The network is not necessarily under attack. We need some way to make it clear what is high volume activity, which is supposedly legitimate, and high-volume activity that seems to be spam.
Coin selection algorithms could be spam-resistant if it is optimized to deal with low value outputs and to ignore those. There’s incentive for some people to send low value outputs so that coin selection algorithms pick them up and spend them. People might try to do this to leak outputs together, which is bad for privacy.
Conclusion
If you have any questions or ideas– we tried our best to figure this out, but we would like to learn more in tandem with the community. The more information, the more enlightened we are. Thank you.


Engineering Team Roster
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Arsenal to rival Inter Milan for 17-year-old Brazilian forward – report
Arsenal are keeping tabs on Flamengo forward Reinier Jesus, according to a report
by Transfer AgentArsenal are set to battle it out with Inter Milan for the signature of Brazilian teenager Reinier Jesus, according to a report in England.
The Sun is reporting that the Gunners are looking to plan for a future without without Arsenal captain Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang.
The same article states that Arsenal have been scouting potential targets in South America in the hope of unearthing a replacement.
According to the same story, the Gunners have been impressed with Flamengo teenager Reinier after his good form for the Brazilian club.
The Sun go on to report that the Gunners are thought to have contacted the 17-year-old’s father about a potential bid for the teenager.
The report continues that Arsenal can expect to face competition from Serie A side Inter Milan, who have also been scouting Reinier.
The Brazilian forward is also being linked with Real Madrid, Paris Saint-Germain, Manchester City, Juventus and Everton, The Sun report adds.
Arsenal signed Brazilian teenager Gabriel Martinelli in the summer from Ituano.
The 18-year-old has impressed in the cup competitions with four goals in two games in the League Cup and three goals in three games in the Europa League.
Arsenal were held to a 2-2 draw with Southampton at The Emirates in the Premier League at the weekend.


File
Objects with Stream Constructors
Some constructors for IO streams that connect to disk files
use a File
object argument.
(Previously, examples used constructors with String arguments).
Here is a list of them:
FileInputStream(File file) throws IOException FileOutputStream(File file) throws IOException FileReader(File file) throws FileNotFoundException FileWriter(File file) throws FileNotFoundException
Here is some more of the file copy program, now with blanks to fill in the constructors:
import java.io.*; class CopyBytes { public static void main ( String[] args ) { DataInputStream instr; DataOutputStream outstr; . . . . File inFile = new File( args[0] ); File outFile = new File( args[2] ); . . . . try { instr = new DataInputStream( new BufferedInputStream( new FileInputStream( ____________ ))); outstr = new DataOutputStream( new BufferedOutputStream( new FileOutputStream( ____________ ))); . . . . } }


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And again - We are here for you We are always here for you to help you learn all the latest technologies in town... 27 feb


Recently I had the opportunity to play with Apache Camel and Spring Boot. I found the result quite entertaining! If you haven’t heard the name before, it is an open source routing tool which can receive messages, process them and send them to other destinations. In my case, I was reading payment messages from one topic, storing them in a db and then scheduled request with a POST call to another server.
Now, I could just start talking about all the different commands you can use, but I prefer to show you the project step by step. Some of the code is omitted such as Java Beans, JPA, Spring annotations, but what I do care about is to get the idea of how things work.
- First we read from a specific topic.
- Then we log and direct our call to another route where we will get our server token. This route is omitted for now
- With the use of .bean simply we call the specified bean’s method, in that case
getUnsentMessages
- Split command is used in cases where bean method
getUnsentMessages
returns a List of results and we only want to perform REST calls for each one individually. - Directs the output.
from(props.getDispatchMessageScheduler())
.log("Retrieve unsent messages")
.to("direct:authService")
.bean(topicMessageHandler,"getUnsentMessages")//injected bean
.split(body())
.to("direct:unsentTopics");
The code we just saw, will be the message generator for our consumer:
1 Receive message from direct 2..6 Log and process the message. In those lines we start seeing some Java too. With the .getIn() command we receive the direct message and map it to our base class. On lines 5 we create a header element for later use.
1. from("direct:unsentTopics")
2. .log("Dispatch topic")
3. .process(exchange -> {
4. MyBaseClass baseClass = exchange.getIn().getBody(MyBaseClass.class);
5. exchange.getIn().setHeader("RECORD_ID", baseClass.getId());
6. })
7..14 Here we set all the headers prior to our POST request.
7. .setHeader("CamelHttpMethod")
8. .simple("POST")
9. .setHeader("Content-Type")
10. .simple("application/json;charset=UTF-8")
11. .setHeader("Accept")
12. .simple("application/json")
13. .setHeader("Authorization")
14. .simple("Bearer ${header.TOKEN}")
15..30 In those lines we try to determine the messages type and corresponding URL. One thing to have in mind is that the URLs where in http4 format. Also a cool trick to use when playing with http status is to use the parameter ?throwExceptionOnFailure=false
in the URL. By default when you make a call and receive anything but 100…299 response code an exception will be thrown which is not what I wanted.
15. .process(new Processor() {
16. @Override
17. public void process(final Exchange exchange) throws Exception {
18. String uri="";
19. MyBaseClass body =exchange.getIn().getBody(MyBaseClass.class);
20. if(body.getMessage() == null)
21. throw new RuntimeException("Empty body message");
22. if( body.getMessage().contains(FLOW_DESCRIMINATOR_DEPOSIT)) {
23. uri = props.getDepositUrl(); }
24.
25. if( body.getMessage().contains(FLOW_DESCRIMINATOR_LOAN)) {
26. uri = props.getLoanUrl(); }
27. else {
28. throw new RuntimeException("Invalid message type:" + body.getMessage()); }
29. exchange.getIn().setHeader("URI", uri);
30. } })
31..45 In those lines we see two new commands .recipientList() and .choice(). The first one is most appropriately used in cases where you want to forward the same message to dynamically specify recipients. In our case we have only one. The .choice() is like an if/else command. When a specific condition is met do A otherwise do B. The scope of the command ends with .end()
31. .setBody().simple("${body.message}")
32. .recipientList(header(URI"))
33. .choice()
34. .when()
.simple("${header.CamelHttpResponseCode} == 200")
35. .process(exchange -> {
36. Integer recordId = exchange.getIn().getHeader("RECORD_ID",Integer.class);
37. exchange.getIn().setBody(recordId); })
38. .bean(topicMessageHandler,"successfullyDispatched")
39. .log("Topic dispatch completed successfully")
40. .otherwise()
41. .process(exchange -> {
42. MyErrorObject errorObj = createErrorObject(exchange);
43. exchange.getIn().setBody(errorObj); })
44. .bean(topicMessageHandler,"unsuccessfullyDispatched")
45. .end();
To sum it up, we managed to do a lot of stuff with little coding. It is a great tool for cases where you just want to route traffic. This was my first project so I am pretty sure there much optimization to be done, just wanted to show you the basics. One thing that I still haven’t found though is how to test Camel applications properly.


daily learnings as a ruby dev
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This blog is to chronicle my growth in understanding of ruby, rails development, front-end frameworks, e-commerce, and design.
My name is Jam, when I'm not blogging - I enjoy running, hot yoga and Wast African Dance. Follow me on Twitter @pplcallmejam.
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L&T Valves conferred ‘Green Channel’ status
This is the first private enterprise in the country to secure the coveted status, the company claimed
by Special CorrespondentL&T Valves, a subsidiary of Larsen & Toubro on Friday secured the ‘Green Channel Status’ from the Directorate General Quality Assurance (DGQA) of the Union Ministry of Defence. L&T Valves is the first private enterprise in the country to secure the coveted status, the company claimed.
Rear Admiral A. George, Additional Director General, Quality Assurance (Warship Projects) formally awarded the ‘Green Channel Status’ to L&T Valves during the QA Industry Conclave (South Zone) in Chennai on Friday.
Sameer Godbole, CFO, L&T Valves and S.P. Rajnish, GM, Business Development, Special Projects, L&T Valves received the status from Rear Admiral George.
As part of ‘Make in India’ initiative, the Union Ministry of Defence had introduced the Green Channel Policy in March 2017. The policy allows manufacturers to self-certify their supplies to the Defence services.
L&T Valves makes valves for various sectors, including oil and gas, power, petrochemicals, chemicals, water and defence and aerospace.