The PWMPort class controls one of the two Pulse Width Modulation On Chip Peripheral (OCP) outputs integrated into the Raspberry Pi 2 CPU.
In the Linux operating system there are two ways of accessing the PWM devices. The first, file system access using device drivers, is the
standard and approved Linux technique. If the existence of a PWM port is detected during boot time, the PWM device driver interface will be exposed as files in the /sys/class/pwm
directory of the Raspberry Pi file system. The PWM ports will only be detected if that port is appropriately configured.
The second type of access is called Memory Mapped access and this treats the Raspberry Pi's RAM memory as if it were a file. The PWM port is manipulated as if it were a bit at an offset in a virtual file. The RPICSIO library does not, at this time, provide a class which utilizes Memory Mapped access to the PWM port - the file system based class named PWMPortFS is the only one available.
There are several possible pins on the Raspberry Pi 2 header which could, theoretically, output PWM signals. The actual pin used depends on the options appended to the device tree overlay when it is executed. If you use the device tree overlay configuration as advised below, the default pins will be Pin12 for PWM_0 and Pin35 for PWM_1;
A listing of all PWM Devices and their P8/P9 Headers is given below
PWM_0, // output pin depends on dt_overlay // GPIO_18, header Pin12 by default PWM_1, // output pin depends on dt_overlay // GPIO_19, header Pin35 by default
See the comments in the example code below for an explanation of the meaning of the above table.
There is a bit of a problem with the RPi's PWM ports the Raspbian operating system, (at the time this documentation was written), has an incorrect set of device tree overlays for the PWM ports. Theoretically, enabling the PWM ports should be as simple as including either one of the lines below in the /boot/config.txt
file.
# enable one PWM with GPIO_18, header Pin12 by default dtoverlay=pwm.dtbo # enable two PWMs GPIO_18, header Pin12 and GPIO_19, header Pin35 by default dtoverlay=pwm-2chan.dtboUnfortunately, the above lines do not work correctly. These device tree configuration overlays create the proper devices in the
/sys/class/pwm
directory but they omit to enable a hardware clock deep down in the OCP subsystem. With these overlays, the PWM devices simply will not work and they will not throw an error either. Fortunately, the clever people at JumpNowTek.com have come up with a much better device tree configuration file which does enable the appropriate clock. The source code for the overlays is available for download from this page http://www.jumpnowtek.com/rpi/Using-the-Raspberry-Pi-Hardware-PWM-timers.html and is also included in the RPICSIO source.
Of course, to use the JumpNowTek device tree overlays you will need to compile them up. This is done with the following series of commands.
/boot/overlays
for files with names of pwm-with-clk.dtbo
and pwm-2chan-with-clk.dtbo
. If you have these you do not need to download or compile anything - skip to Step 5 below.
sudo apt-get install device-tree-compiler
. Probably you will already have one as the Raspbian operating system ships with this.
/boot/overlays
directory.
cd /boot/overlays dtc -I dts -O dtb -o pwm-with-clk.dtbo pwm-with-clk-overlay.dts dtc -I dts -O dtb -o pwm-2chan-with-clk.dtbo pwm-2chan-with-clk-overlay.dtsAt this point you should be able to confirm that the files
pwm-with-clk.dtbo
and pwm-2chan-with-clk.dtbo
are present in the /boot/overlays
directory./boot/config.txt
file contains one of the lines below.
# enable one PWM with GPIO_18, header Pin12 by default dtoverlay=pwm-2chan.dtbo # enable two PWMs GPIO_18, header Pin12 and GPIO_19, header Pin35 by default dtoverlay=pwm-2chan-2chan.dtbo
Note that there are options available on the device tree overlays to route the PWM signal out to certain other pins on the RPi2's header. These are discussed on the JumpNowTek page, the defaults are as specified above.
The PWM port used in the examples below is PWM_0. This signal will, by default, appear on Pin12 of the header (GPIO_18) although it can be routed out to other pins. You will need to check the device tree overlay setup in the /boot/config.txt
file in order to confirm the pin being used.
Be aware that if you also use a second PWMPortFS object on PWM_1 (pin35 by default) the frequency of the PWM port must be configured to be identical as they actually share a single internal PWM device. They can, however, have an independent duty cycle.
Make sure you configure the duty cycle after you set the frequency on the port. The frequency is used to set the proper timings for the duty cycle and the duty cycle is not automatically adjusted if you change the base frequency of the PWM device.
You may also need to disable the audio - it has been rumoured to conflict with the PWM system. This is done by commenting out the line in the config.txt
file as shown below:
#dtparam=audio=on
The Raspbian Linux running on the Raspberry Pi is not a real-time operating system. However, OCP peripherals such as the PWM Devices have their own internal clock and so, once the frequency and duty cycle information is given to the port, that waveform will maintained with no interruptions. However, the act of making changes to the configuration (the duty cycle - for example) can, and will, have variable timing as the process is pre-emotively swapped in and out by the kernel.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Before creating any RPICSIO Port class you will need to ensure that the RPICSIO Library knows which type of Raspberry Pi you are dealing with. This is done by executing a call (only once is necessary) like the one below somewhere in your code before you create any port.
RPICSIOConfig.Instance.RPIType = RPITypeEnum.RPITYPE_RPI2;
The code below illustrates how to use the PWMPortFS class to configure a PWM device output a variety of duty cycle waveforms.
/// +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+= /// <summary> /// Tests a PWM Port (and presumably a servo attached to that port) /// by changing the pulse width duty cycle to 25%, 50% and 75% and /// back again. Once that is done, the pulse width is changed over the /// same range but much more smoothly. /// /// NOTE: /// Be aware that you need to ensure the PWM port is configured in /boot/config.txt /// before this code will work. This is done by including one of the statements /// /// dtoverlay=pwm-with-clk /// /// or /// /// dtoverlay=pwm-2chan-with-clk /// /// You also need to disable the audio (it conflicts with the PWM system) by /// commenting out the line in the config.txt as shown below /// #dtparam=audio=on /// /// The pwm-with-clk statement will give you PWM0 on GPIO_18 which is Pin12 on the /// RPi2 Header. The pwm-2chan-with-clk will give you the same PWM0 but also PWM1 /// which will be available on GPIO_19 which is Pin35 on the RPi2 header. /// /// NOTE: these two overlays do not ship with the default raspbian (at this time) /// you will need to download them from /// /// http://www.jumpnowtek.com/rpi/Using-the-Raspberry-Pi-Hardware-PWM-timers.html /// /// without these drivers the PWM subsystem will not work. You cannot use the /// drivers that ship with the default raspbian. They do not enable an internal /// clock. /// /// STANDARD NOTE: /// Be aware that you have to tell RPICSIO what type of Pi you are using. This /// is done by issuing the call below somewhere before you open any port. It /// only needs to be done once (replace the '2' with a 3 or 0 as appropriate). /// /// RPICSIOConfig.Instance.RPIType = RPITypeEnum.RPITYPE_RPI2; /// /// SIMPLE Test Harness /// Monitor GPIO 18 (pin 12) for the PWM_0 signal. /// /// Once you have done that the code below should work with a call like /// SimpleTestPWM(PWMPortEnum.PWM_0); /// if you used pwm-2chan-with-clk you can also use GPIO_19 (pin 35) for PWM_1 /// /// </summary> /// <param name="pwmID">The a2dID</param> /// <history> /// 01 Dec Cynic - Originally written /// </history> public void SimpleTestPWM(PWMPortEnum pwmID) { const uint DEFAULT_PERIOD_NS = 250000; const uint DEFAULT_DUTY_50PERCENT = (uint)(DEFAULT_PERIOD_NS*(0.5)); const uint DEFAULT_DUTY_75PERCENT = (uint)(DEFAULT_PERIOD_NS*(0.75)); const uint DEFAULT_DUTY_25PERCENT = (uint)(DEFAULT_PERIOD_NS*(0.25)); // open the port PWMPortFS pwmPort = new PWMPortFS(pwmID); // set the PWM waveform period pwmPort.PeriodNS = DEFAULT_PERIOD_NS; // we could also use FrequencyHz which does the same thing // pwmPort.FrequencyHz = 4000; // set the PWM waveform Duty Cycle pwmPort.DutyNS = DEFAULT_DUTY_50PERCENT; // we could also use DutyPercent which does the same thing // pwmPort.DutyPercent = 50; // set the run state to begin the output of the PWM waveform pwmPort.RunState = true; Console.WriteLine("PeriodNS is: " + pwmPort.PeriodNS.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("DutyNS is: " + pwmPort.DutyNS.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("FrequencyHz is: " + pwmPort.FrequencyHz.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("DutyPercent is: " + pwmPort.DutyPercent.ToString()); Console.WriteLine("RunState is: " + pwmPort.RunState.ToString()); // change the PWM duty cycle (i.e. rotate the servo) // until we get a key press on the console while (true) { // first we rotate the servo in steps Console.WriteLine(""); Console.WriteLine("Now Step Rotating Servo"); // set the Duty Cycle low pwmPort.DutyNS = DEFAULT_DUTY_25PERCENT; if (Console.KeyAvailable == true) break; Console.WriteLine("DutyPercent is: " + pwmPort.DutyPercent.ToString()); Thread.Sleep(3000); // set the Duty Cycle midway pwmPort.DutyNS = DEFAULT_DUTY_50PERCENT; if (Console.KeyAvailable == true) break; Console.WriteLine("DutyPercent is: " + pwmPort.DutyPercent.ToString()); Thread.Sleep(3000); // set the Duty Cycle high pwmPort.DutyNS = DEFAULT_DUTY_75PERCENT; if (Console.KeyAvailable == true) break; Console.WriteLine("DutyPercent is: " + pwmPort.DutyPercent.ToString()); Thread.Sleep(3000); // set the Duty Cycle midway pwmPort.DutyNS = DEFAULT_DUTY_50PERCENT; if (Console.KeyAvailable == true) break; Console.WriteLine("DutyPercent is: " + pwmPort.DutyPercent.ToString()); Thread.Sleep(3000); Console.WriteLine(""); Console.WriteLine("Now Smoothly Rotating Servo"); // now we rotate the servo smoothly from // 25.123% to 75.456% using a totally arbitrary increment for (double i = 25.123; i < 75.345; i=i+0.678) { pwmPort.DutyPercent = i; if (Console.KeyAvailable == true) break; Console.WriteLine("DutyPercent is: " + pwmPort.DutyPercent.ToString()); Thread.Sleep(250); } } // we are done, stop running pwmPort.RunState = false; // close the port pwmPort.Dispose(); }In the above code, the
pwmID
is passed in when the function was called. This value is a member of the
PWMPortEnum class
which lists all possible PWM ports which
can be present on the Raspberry Pi. The above code is called via a line which looks like:
SimpleTestPWM(PWMPortEnum.PWM_0);


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TEST METHOD: Suspended solids dried at 103-105oC
Revised: 30 January 2008 (addition of filter size and more advice on filtration volumes)
OVERVIEW
Suspended solids are an important indicator of water quality. A well mixed sample is filtered through a weighed standard glass-fibre filter and the retained residue dried and reweighed.
TASK SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Lab coat and safety shoes are mandatory. Use appropriate PPE.
| SPECIFIC JOB STEPS | HAZARDS WITHIN THIS STEP | HAZARD CONTROL |
| Turn on the analytical scales (0.1mg) and allow to equilibrate. | Weighing too soon is inaccurate. | Allow twenty minutes for equilibration. |
Apparatus
required in addition to analytical scales:
|
||
| Weigh filter and weighing pan, and record weight. Apply filter to sartorius unit, wrinkled side up. Start vacumn. | Filter may not seat properly | Seat filter by wetting it with a little distilled water first. |
| Continuously stir sample while pipetting a measured volume onto centre of filter. After filtration, wash sample through with five 10mL volumes of distilled water (3 volumes if sample is 'fresh' water). | Too small a volume is used to gain an accurate measure. Sometimes your volume may be too large and your filter may clog up. |
Sufficient sample to produce between 10mg and 200mg of solids should be used. Use 'typical' values from Table 1 below to decide what volume is required. Start again with a smaller volume |
| Where samples contain high levels of salts, they should be diluted to seawater equivalence PRIOR to sampling. For example, bitterns needs diluting at least 1:10. | Very saline water is viscous and will not filter or rinse. |
The predilution prevents the measurement of salts as 'solids'. It is necessary to record the dilution amount so that the final calculation can be corrected. |
| Remove filter carefully from Sartorius unit and transfer to the weighed pan. Dry for at least one hour at 103-105oC, cool in a dessicator to balance temperature and weigh. Repeat the drying/weighing cycle until the weight change is less than 0.5mg. | Weighing while the sample is hot gives an unstable reading. | Use the dessicator to cool the sample to the same temperature as the balance. |
Calculate as follows:
|
Table 1 - Typical suspended solids loads for common waters:
Marine waters |
5-80mg/L, typ 25, so filter a litre |
River waters |
0-200mg/L, headwaters frequently <10, Lower Murray may be 200, so filter a litre of very clear headwaters, ranging down to about 100mL for very turbid lower Murray water |
Stormwaters |
80-100mg/L, so filter between 200mL and a litre |
Raw sewage |
200-350mg/L, so filter between 100mL and 500mL |
Treated sewage |
100-200mg/L, so filter between 200mL and 750mL |


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| 1 |
Awad_2015 |
Protection conferred by live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses against variant Middle East IS/885/00-like and IS/1494/06-like isolates in commercial broiler chicks |
Awad, Faez; Forrester, Anne; Baylis, Matthew; Lemiere, Stephane; Ganapathy, Kannan |
2015 |
2015-09-09 |
NONCOMM |
N |
PMC4567785 |
26392909.0 |
10.1136/vetreco-2014-000111 |
8vljd5cv |
0.889191 |
Gerber_2016 |
Karimi_2018 |
| 2 |
Mohajer_Shojai_2016 |
The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg |
Mohajer Shojai, Tabassom; Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Arash; Karimi, Vahid; Barin, Abbas; Sadri, Naser |
2016 |
2016-01-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC4967842 |
27516987.0 |
|
8tzkohds |
0.777344 |
|
|
| 3 |
Ball_2019 |
Comparative protective immunity provided by live vaccines of Newcastle disease virus or avian metapneumovirus when co-administered alongside classical and variant strains of infectious bronchitis virus in day-old broiler chicks |
Ball, Christopher; Forrester, Anne; Herrmann, Andreas; Lemiere, Stephane; Ganapathy, Kannan |
2019 |
2019-12-10 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7127460 |
31607602.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.081 |
gptjqti7 |
0.717041 |
|
Ismail_2018 |
| 4 |
Sultan_2019 |
Protective Efficacy of Different Live Attenuated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Regimes Against Challenge With IBV Variant-2 Circulating in the Middle East |
Sultan, Hesham A.; Ali, Ahmed; El Feil, Wael K.; Bazid, Abdel Hamid I.; Zain El-Abideen, Mohamed A.; Kilany, Walid H. |
2019 |
2019-10-09 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6794438 |
31649942.0 |
10.3389/fvets.2019.00341 |
b77eg866 |
0.703770 |
|
Karimi_2018 |
| 5 |
MUNEER_1988 |
Efficacy of infectious bronchitis virus vaccines against heterologous challenge |
MUNEER, M.A.; NEWMAN, J.A.; HALVORSON, D.A.; SIVANANDAN, V.; NAGARAJA, K.V.; COON, C.N. |
1988 |
1988-07-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7131188 |
2851866.0 |
10.1016/s0034-5288(18)30889-0 |
i0o25spx |
0.693764 |
Elvinger_1996 |
|
| 6 |
Del_Vesco_2020 |
Genetic responses of inbred chicken lines illustrate importance of eIF2 family and immune-related genes in resistance to Newcastle disease virus |
Del Vesco, Ana Paula; Kaiser, Michael G.; Monson, Melissa S.; Zhou, Huaijun; Lamont, Susan J. |
2020 |
2020-04-09 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC7145804 |
32273535.0 |
10.1038/s41598-020-63074-9 |
bx07j9jt |
0.680499 |
|
|
| 7 |
Hassan_2017 |
Experimental co-infection of infectious bronchitis and low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses in commercial broiler chickens |
Hassan, Kareem E.; Ali, Ahmed; Shany, Salama A.S.; El-Kady, Magdy F. |
2017 |
2017-12-31 |
PMC |
N |
|
28692924.0 |
10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.024 |
fn3jkiil |
0.658507 |
|
|
| 8 |
Shi_X_2011 |
Evaluation of recombinant fowlpox virus expressing infectious bronchitis virus S1 gene and chicken interferon-γ gene for immune protection against heterologous strains |
Shi, Xing-Ming; Zhao, Yan; Gao, Hong-Bo; Jing, Zhang; Wang, Mei; Cui, Hong-Yu; Tong, Gang-Zhi; Wang, Yun-Feng |
2011 |
2011-02-11 |
PMC |
N |
|
|
10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.102 |
58vuqo2i |
0.641569 |
|
|
| 9 |
Chhabra_2015 |
Mucosal, Cellular, and Humoral Immune Responses Induced by Different Live Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination Regimes and Protection Conferred against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Q1 Strain |
Chhabra, Rajesh; Forrester, Anne; Lemiere, Stephane; Awad, Faez; Chantrey, Julian; Ganapathy, Kannan |
2015 |
2015-07-22 |
None |
N |
PMC4550669 |
26202435.0 |
10.1128/cvi.00368-15 |
jgaxbhqk |
0.610729 |
Yan_F_2013 |
|
| 10 |
Awad_2016 |
Experimental infection of IS/885/00-like infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free and commercial broiler chicks |
Awad, Faez; Chhabra, Rajesh; Forrester, Anne; Chantrey, Julian; Baylis, Matthew; Lemiere, Stephane; Hussein, Hussein Aly; Ganapathy, Kannan |
2016 |
2016-04-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7111892 |
27033901.0 |
10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.001 |
4ftt4vvy |
0.607082 |
Gerber_2016, Elvinger_1996 |
Ellakany_2019, Boroomand_2012 |
| 11 |
Karimi_2018 |
Including 793/B type avian infectious bronchitis vaccine in 1-day-old chicken increased the protection against QX genotype |
Karimi, Vahid; Mohammadi, Peyman; Ghalyanchilangeroudi, Arash; Ghafouri, Seyed Ali; Hashemzadeh, Masoud; Farahani, Reza Khaltabadi; Maghsouldoo, Hussein; Isakakroudi, Nima |
2018 |
2018-10-29 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7088605 |
30374823.0 |
10.1007/s11250-018-1730-4 |
oke1d1vn |
0.597359 |
|
|
| 12 |
El-Shall_2020 |
Effect of essential oils on the immune response to some viral vaccines in broiler chickens, with special reference to Newcastle disease virus |
El-Shall, Nahed A.; Shewita, Ramadan S.; Abd El-Hack, Mohamed E.; AlKahtane, Abdullah; Alarifi, Saud; Alkahtani, Saad; Abdel-Daim, Mohamed M.; Sedeik, Mahmoud E. |
2020 |
2020-04-08 |
PMC |
N |
|
|
10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.008 |
w38jpqvo |
0.549010 |
Opriessnig_2012 |
|
| 13 |
Huang_2017 |
The relationship between liver-kidney impairment and viral load after nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus infection in embryonic chickens |
Huang, Qiqi; Gao, Xiaona; Liu, Ping; Lin, Huayuan; Liu, Weilian; Liu, Guohui; Zhang, Jin; Deng, Guangfu; Zhang, Caiying; Cao, Huabin; Guo, Xiaoquan; Hu, Guoliang |
2017 |
2017-06-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7107109 |
28108730.0 |
10.3382/ps/pew455 |
lkgcxjya |
0.548552 |
Barthold_1987, Lin_H_2015 |
Lin_H_2015, Røntved_2000, Mohammadi_2015 |
| 14 |
Li_H_2016 |
Recombinant duck enteritis viruses expressing major structural proteins of the infectious bronchitis virus provide protection against infectious bronchitis in chickens |
Li, Huixin; Wang, Yulong; Han, Zongxi; Wang, Yu; Liang, Shulin; Jiang, Lu; Hu, Yonghao; Kong, Xiangang; Liu, Shengwang |
2016 |
2016-06-30 |
PMC |
N |
|
26946113.0 |
10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.03.003 |
1tqfoecc |
0.541558 |
|
|
| 15 |
Yan_F_2013 |
Protection of chickens against infectious bronchitis virus with a multivalent DNA vaccine and boosting with an inactivated vaccine |
Yan, Fang; Zhao, Yujun; Hu, Yongting; Qiu, Jianyang; Lei, Wenxin; Ji, Wenhui; Li, Xuying; Wu, Qian; Shi, Xiumin; Li, Zhong |
2013 |
2013-03-24 |
NONCOMM |
N |
PMC3615232 |
23388447.0 |
10.4142/jvs.2<IP_ADDRESS> |
wwuqxx1r |
0.518951 |
|
|
| 16 |
Ismail_2018 |
Enhanced pathogenicity of low-pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza virus after vaccination with infectious bronchitis live attenuated vaccine |
Ismail, Zainab Mohamed; EL-Deeb, Ayman Hanea; EL-Safty, Mounir Mohamed; Hussein, Hussein Aly |
2018 |
2018-07-24 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6097558 |
30147269.0 |
10.14202/vetworld.2018.977-985 |
lwld8z0t |
0.518580 |
|
|
| 17 |
Zhou_2010 |
Immune response of AA broilers to IBV H120 vaccine and sodium new houttuyfonate |
Zhou, Yefei; Zhou, Meixian; Zhang, Dunlin; Zhang, Honglin; Zhang, Liyang |
2010 |
2010-12-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7111754 |
20451228.0 |
10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.04.010 |
bverdk5w |
0.511092 |
Gerber_2016 |
|
| 18 |
Kjærup_2014 |
Characterization of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses After IBV Infection in Chicken Lines Differing in MBL Serum Concentration |
Kjærup, Rikke Munkholm; Dalgaard, Tina S.; Norup, Liselotte R.; Hamzic, Edin; Sørensen, Poul; Juul-Madsen, Helle R. |
2014 |
2014-12-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC4259184 |
25343382.0 |
10.1089/vim.2014.0088 |
hywa06vl |
0.493893 |
Marinaro_2010 |
|
| 19 |
Munhoz_2014 |
Gallus gallus domesticus are resistant to infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites of the NC-1 strain |
Munhoz, Alexandre Dias; Amaral, Tatiane Fernanda do; Gonçalves, Luiz Ricardo; Moraes, Vera Maria Barbosa de; Machado, Rosangela Zacarias |
2014 |
2014-12-15 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7127050 |
25468016.0 |
10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.009 |
f9o90zg5 |
0.491946 |
Uehlinger_2007 |
|
| 20 |
Ellakany_2019 |
Effect of experimental Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection along with live infectious bronchitis vaccination in broiler chickens |
Ellakany, H.F.; Elbestawy, A.R.; Abd-Elhamid, H.S.; Gado, A.R.; Nassar, A.A.; Abdel-Latif, M.A.; Ghanima, I I Abo; Abd El-Hack, M.E.; Swelum, A.A.; Saadeldin, I.M.; Ba-Awadh, H.A.; Alowaimer, A.N. |
2019 |
2019-01-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7107161 |
30690611.0 |
10.3382/ps/pey324 |
o4sh6wqo |
0.481421 |
|
|
| 21 |
Sun_Q_2010 |
Swine intestine antimicrobial peptides inhibit infectious bronchitis virus infectivity in chick embryos |
Sun, Q.; Wang, K.; She, R.; Ma, W.; Peng, F.; Jin, H. |
2010 |
2010-03-23 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7107070 |
20181861.0 |
10.3382/ps.2009-00461 |
l5h0v0lc |
0.475955 |
|
Ellakany_2019 |
| 22 |
Mohammadi_2015 |
Viral quantity and pathological changes in broilers experimentally infected by IRFIBV32 isolate of infectious bronchitis virus |
Mohammadi, Ali; Asasi, Keramat; Boroomand, Zahra; Namazi, Fatemeh; Hosseinian, Seyedeh Alemeh |
2015 |
2015-11-12 |
PMC |
N |
PMC4663706 |
26645044.0 |
10.1007/s13337-015-0286-4 |
td4vr0zv |
0.471797 |
|
Boroomand_2012, Røntved_2000 |
| 23 |
Fadhilah_2020 |
Molecular and pathogenicity of infectious bronchitis virus (Gammacoronavirus) in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) |
Fadhilah, A.S.; Kai, T.H.; Lokman, H.I.; Yasmin, N.A.R.; Hafandi, A.; Hasliza, A.H.; Tengku Rinalfi, T.A.; Hezmee, M.N.M. |
2020 |
2020-04-08 |
PMC |
N |
|
|
10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.026 |
0l72xywr |
0.468636 |
|
Ellakany_2019 |
| 24 |
Oliveira_2013 |
Quails are resistant to infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites |
Oliveira, Uillians Volkart de; de Magalhães, Vanessa Carvalho Sampaio; Almeida, Clebson Pereira; Santos, Ivanildo dos Anjos; Mota, Danielle Andrade; Macêdo, Ludimila Santos; Silva, Fabiana Lessa; Carvalho, Fábio dos Santos; Wenceslau, Amauri Arias; Munhoz, Alexandre Dias |
2013 |
2013-11-15 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7127371 |
24041486.0 |
10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.009 |
0qqear2m |
0.430402 |
Gerber_2016, Munhoz_2014, Uehlinger_2007 |
Munhoz_2014 |
| 25 |
Cook_1991 |
Effect of in ovo bursectomy on the course of an infectious bronchitis virus infection in line C White Leghorn chickens |
Cook, J. K. A.; Davison, T. F.; Huggins, M. B.; McLaughlan, P. |
1991 |
1991-01-01 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7087224 |
1648896.0 |
10.1007/bf01314032 |
kbq9maux |
0.399199 |
|
Ellakany_2019 |
| 26 |
Zhao_2019 |
Dynamic profiles, biodistribution and integration evaluation after intramuscular/intravenous delivery of a novel therapeutic DNA vaccine encoding chicken type II collagen for rheumatoid arthritis in vaccinated normal rodent |
Zhao, Xiao; Long, Juan; Liang, Fei; Liu, Nan; Sun, Yuying; Xi, Yongzhi |
2019 |
2019-09-06 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6729025 |
31492169.0 |
10.1186/s12951-019-0528-5 |
vt930bns |
0.390629 |
|
|
| 27 |
van_Ginkel_2015 |
Age-dependent immune responses and immune protection after avian coronavirus vaccination |
van Ginkel, Frederik W.; Padgett, Justin; Martinez-Romero, Gisela; Miller, Matthew S.; Joiner, Kellye S.; Gulley, Stephen L. |
2015 |
2015-05-28 |
None |
N |
PMC7115535 |
25910920.0 |
10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.026 |
by8albr9 |
0.382148 |
|
|
| 28 |
Reddy_2016 |
Productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens |
Reddy, Vishwanatha R. A. P.; Trus, Ivan; Desmarets, Lowiese M. B.; Li, Yewei; Theuns, Sebastiaan; Nauwynck, Hans J. |
2016 |
2016-07-13 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4944500 |
27412035.0 |
10.1186/s13567-016-0354-9 |
hjnqscd7 |
0.349711 |
Décimo_1993, Marinaro_2010 |
|


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Click "MY PROFILE" to return to the "about me" page. Also below "MY PROFILE", you will find some of the projects, several unfinished, that I've been working on. Please click the different ones below (listed in no particular order) to see some of my progress.
For Epicodus, we learned about the "Box Model," which can be adjusted in the CSS. As each element on a webpage takes up space, the box model is used to describe the space around the element. This exercise helped me to practice using the box model (including margin, border, and padding). This allowed me to understand what each property manipulated.
In my example website, I made a pretend "band page," with a kitten as the lead singer. Exercises included to add a sidebar with a border, padding margin, and a background color. Inside the sidebar were "pretend" locations for the tours of the band. Additionally, I practiced to add padding around the images on the band webpage.
Additionally please see the following links for both the Github page, and its respective repository.


Authors:
Contents:
Problems to solve:
Solution requirements:
The CPU Manager is a new software component in Kubelet responsible for assigning pod containers to sets of CPUs on the local node. In later phases, the scope will expand to include caches, a critical shared processor resource.
The kuberuntime notifies the CPU manager when containers come and
go. The first such notification occurs in between the container runtime
interface calls to create and start the container. The second notification
occurs after the container is stopped by the container runtime. The CPU
Manager writes CPU settings for containers using a new CRI method named
UpdateContainerResources
.
This new method is invoked from two places in the CPU manager: during each
call to AddContainer
and also periodically from a separate
reconciliation loop.
CPU Manager block diagram. Policy
, State
, and Topology
types are
factored out of the CPU Manager to promote reuse and to make it easier
to build and test new policies. The shared state abstraction allows
other Kubelet components to be agnostic of the CPU manager policy for
observability and checkpointing extensions.
The CPU Manager must understand basic topology. First of all, it must determine the number of logical CPUs (hardware threads) available for allocation. On architectures that support hyper-threading, sibling threads share a number of hardware resources including the cache hierarchy. On multi-socket systems, logical CPUs co-resident on a socket share L3 cache. Although there may be some programs that benefit from disjoint caches, the policies described in this proposal assume cache affinity will yield better application and overall system performance for most cases. In all scenarios described below, we prefer to acquire logical CPUs topologically. For example, allocating two CPUs on a system that has hyper-threading turned on yields both sibling threads on the same physical core. Likewise, allocating two CPUs on a non-hyper-threaded system yields two cores on the same socket.
Decision: Initially the CPU Manager will re-use the existing discovery mechanism in cAdvisor.
Alternate options considered for discovering topology:
/proc/cpuinfo
and construct a
convenient data structure.lscpu -p
in a subprocess and construct a
convenient data structure based on the output. Here is an example of
data structure to represent CPU topology in go. The linked package
contains code to build a ThreadSet from the output of lscpu -p
.mpi-hwloc
–
potentially adding support for the hwloc file format to the Kubelet.type State interface {
GetCPUSet(containerID string) (cpuset.CPUSet, bool)
GetDefaultCPUSet() cpuset.CPUSet
GetCPUSetOrDefault(containerID string) cpuset.CPUSet
SetCPUSet(containerID string, cpuset CPUSet)
SetDefaultCPUSet(cpuset CPUSet)
Delete(containerID string)
}
type Manager interface {
Start(ActivePodsFunc, status.PodStatusProvider, runtimeService)
AddContainer(p *Pod, c *Container, containerID string) error
RemoveContainer(containerID string) error
State() state.Reader
}
type Policy interface {
Name() string
Start(s state.State)
AddContainer(s State, pod *Pod, container *Container, containerID string) error
RemoveContainer(s State, containerID string) error
}
type CPUSet map[int]struct{} // set operations and parsing/formatting helpers
type CPUTopology // convenient type for querying and filtering CPUs
Kubernetes will ship with three CPU manager policies. Only one policy is active at a time on a given node, chosen by the operator via Kubelet configuration. The three policies are none, static and dynamic.
The active CPU manager policy is set through a new Kubelet
configuration value --cpu-manager-policy
. The default value is none
.
The CPU manager periodically writes resource updates through the CRI in
order to reconcile in-memory cpuset assignments with cgroupfs. The
reconcile frequency is set through a new Kubelet configuration value
--cpu-manager-reconcile-period
. If not specified, it defaults to the
same duration as --node-status-update-frequency
(which itself defaults
to 10 seconds at time of writing.)
Each policy is described below.
This policy preserves the existing Kubelet behavior of doing nothing
with the cgroup cpuset.cpus
and cpuset.mems
controls. This “none”
policy would become the default CPU Manager policy until the effects of
the other policies are better understood.
The “static” policy allocates exclusive CPUs for containers if they are included in a pod of “Guaranteed” QoS class and the container’s resource limit for the CPU resource is an integer greater than or equal to one. All other containers share a set of CPUs.
When exclusive CPUs are allocated for a container, those CPUs are removed from the allowed CPUs of every other container running on the node. Once allocated at pod admission time, an exclusive CPU remains assigned to a single container for the lifetime of the pod (until it becomes terminal.)
The Kubelet requires the total CPU reservation from --kube-reserved
and --system-reserved
to be greater than zero when the static policy is
enabled. This is because zero CPU reservation would allow the shared pool to
become empty. The set of reserved CPUs is taken in order of ascending
physical core ID. Operator documentation will be updated to explain how to
configure the system to use the low-numbered physical cores for kube-reserved
and system-reserved cgroups.
Workloads that need to know their own CPU mask, e.g. for managing
thread-level affinity, can read it from the virtual file /proc/self/status
:
$ grep -i cpus /proc/self/status
Cpus_allowed: 77
Cpus_allowed_list: 0-2,4-6
Note that containers running in the shared cpuset should not attempt any application-level CPU affinity of their own, as those settings may be overwritten without notice (whenever exclusive cores are allocated or deallocated.)
The static policy maintains the following sets of logical CPUs:
SHARED: Burstable, BestEffort, and non-integral Guaranteed containers run here. Initially this contains all CPU IDs on the system. As exclusive allocations are created and destroyed, this CPU set shrinks and grows, accordingly. This is stored in the state as the default CPU set.
RESERVED: A subset of the shared pool which is not exclusively
allocatable. The membership of this pool is static for the lifetime of
the Kubelet. The size of the reserved pool is the ceiling of the total
CPU reservation from --kube-reserved
and --system-reserved
.
Reserved CPUs are taken topologically starting with lowest-indexed
physical core, as reported by cAdvisor.
ASSIGNABLE: Equal to SHARED - RESERVED
. Exclusive CPUs are allocated
from this pool.
EXCLUSIVE ALLOCATIONS: CPU sets assigned exclusively to one container. These are stored as explicit assignments in the state.
When an exclusive allocation is made, the static policy also updates the default cpuset in the state abstraction. The CPU manager’s periodic reconcile loop takes care of updating the cpuset in cgroupfs for any containers that may be running in the shared pool. For this reason, applications running within exclusively-allocated containers must tolerate potentially sharing their allocated CPUs for up to the CPU manager reconcile period.
func (p *staticPolicy) Start(s State) {
fullCpuset := cpuset.NewCPUSet()
for cpuid := 0; cpuid < p.topology.NumCPUs; cpuid++ {
fullCpuset.Add(cpuid)
}
// Figure out which cores shall not be used in shared pool
reserved, _ := takeByTopology(p.topology, fullCpuset, p.topology.NumReservedCores)
s.SetDefaultCPUSet(fullCpuset.Difference(reserved))
}
func (p *staticPolicy) AddContainer(s State, pod *Pod, container *Container, containerID string) error {
if numCPUs := numGuaranteedCPUs(pod, container); numCPUs != 0 {
// container should get some exclusively allocated CPUs
cpuset, err := p.allocateCPUs(s, numCPUs)
if err != nil {
return err
}
s.SetCPUSet(containerID, cpuset)
}
// container belongs in the shared pool (nothing to do; use default cpuset)
return nil
}
func (p *staticPolicy) RemoveContainer(s State, containerID string) error {
if toRelease, ok := s.GetCPUSet(containerID); ok {
s.Delete(containerID)
s.SetDefaultCPUSet(s.GetDefaultCPUSet().Union(toRelease))
}
return nil
}
| Pod | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| Pod [Guaranteed]: A: cpu: 0.5 |
Container A is assigned to the shared cpuset. |
| Pod [Guaranteed]: A: cpu: 2.0 |
Container A is assigned two sibling threads on the same physical core (HT) or two physical cores on the same socket (no HT.) The shared cpuset is shrunk to make room for the exclusively allocated CPUs. |
| Pod [Guaranteed]: A: cpu: 1.0 B: cpu: 0.5 |
Container A is assigned one exclusive CPU and container B is assigned to the shared cpuset. |
| Pod [Guaranteed]: A: cpu: 1.5 B: cpu: 0.5 |
Both containers A and B are assigned to the shared cpuset. |
| Pod [Burstable] | All containers are assigned to the shared cpuset. |
| Pod [BestEffort] | All containers are assigned to the shared cpuset. |
A container arrives that requires exclusive cores.
A container that was assigned exclusive cores terminates.
The shared pool becomes empty.
--kube-reserved
and --system-reserved
to be greater than zero when the static policy is enabled. The number
of exclusively allocatable CPUs is
floor(capacity.cpu - allocatable.cpu)
and the shared pool initially
contains all CPUs in the system.TODO: Describe the policy.
Capturing discussions from resource management meetings and proposal comments:
Unlike the static policy, when the dynamic policy allocates exclusive CPUs to a container, the cpuset may change during the container’s lifetime. If deemed necessary, we discussed providing a signal in the following way. We could project (a subset of) the CPU manager state into a volume visible to selected containers. User workloads could subscribe to update events in a normal Linux manner (e.g. inotify.)
func (p *dynamicPolicy) Start(s State) {
// TODO
}
func (p *dynamicPolicy) AddContainer(s State, pod *Pod, container *Container, containerID string) error {
// TODO
}
func (p *dynamicPolicy) RemoveContainer(s State, containerID string) error {
// TODO
}
| Pod | Interpretation |
|---|---|
isolcpus
Linux kernel boot parameter. The operator
may want to correlate exclusive cores with the isolated CPUs, in which
case the static policy outlined above, where allocations are taken
directly from the shared pool, is too simplistic.
isolcpus
can be added.cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level
. “controls the width of
the range of CPUs over which the kernel scheduler performs immediate
rebalancing of runnable tasks across CPUs.”exclusive
flag. This will not be used. We will achieve
exclusivity for a CPU by removing it from all other assigned cpusets.


disabling a student account , will interrupt him from this plateform and will not be able to create his orject sheet
Get Started| ID | First name | Last name | Carte identité | submited report | Final year project file | authorized to pass a Project | account disabled |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{x.id}} | {{x.firstName}} | {{x.lastName}} | {{x.cin}} | {{x.hasSubmittedAReport}} | {{x.isCreated}} | {{x.isAutorised}} | {{x.isDisabled}} |


{% extends "layout_multi_sections_home.html" %} {% block page_title %} Home Page {% endblock %} {% block css_register %} {% endblock %} {% block header %} {% endblock %} {% block main_nav %} {% include "includes/main_nav.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block sectionOneTop %} {% endblock %} {% block sectionOneFull%} {% endblock %} {% block sectionOneFullBottom %}{% endblock %} {% block breadcrumb %} {% endblock %} {% block sectionOneContent %} {% endblock %} {% block pageContent %}
Belle Isle Tenant Management Organisation
Welcome to Belle Isle Tenant Management Organisation - we are one of the largest Tenant Management Organisations in the country and we manage homes and estate services in Belle Isle in partnership with Leeds City Council. You will find useful information here about how to contact us, renting a home in Belle Isle, requesting repairs, our aims and performance and how to get more involved in the Belle Isle community.


Home / Service
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of increasing ranking and visibility of your website/brand in search engines. Search engines such as Google will display organic results based on search keyword and listing on Google is free.
Visibility is the key to success in online marketing or e-commerce businesses. Digital marketing does just that, whether through search ads, display advertising or video ads, we are committed to elevate your business to a level that you have never imagined before, increasing your visibility to millions of people online. This new and refined digital platform provides targeted and measurable action to your objectives, including online sales, growing brand awareness, and driving leads.
RIZ Digital proudly offers the service of crafting the most trusted and effective marketing media in the world. Social media marketing opens a wide opportunity for many businesses to grow, build, and interact with their customer bases, not to mention influence the target market.
RIZ Digital always puts forth the importance of reality, beauty, and engagement for your website. We have been churning the right formulas to excite both our clients and end users through our website development. Our creations are not only beautiful, but also is an experience.


--- layout: page title: About Us description: This is CS50 AP Puyo background: '/img/bg-about.jpg' ---
CS50 is Harvard University's introduction to the intellectual enterprises of computer science and the art of programming, CS50 AP is a free adaptation of CS50 for high schools, and CS50 AP Puyo is a modified version of CS50 AP which is taught in a city located in the Amazon Region of Ecuador called Puyo.
This is a beta project which goal is to show the importance of teaching coding skills to high school students. The classes are taught in a high school called San Vicente Ferrer because this was the high school where the instructor studied, so the teachers, who already know him, supported his idea of teaching a beta programming course, and the principal allowed him to use the high school's facilities completely for free.


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{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% block styles %} {% endblock %} {% block title %}Wage Offer{% endblock %} {% block content %}
You are Employer.
How much will you offer to Worker for completing the previously seen word encoding task?
{% if policy == True %} Please enter a wage offer above {{ min_wage }}. {% else %} Please enter a wage offer above {{ wage_low }}. {% endif %}
{{ form.offer }}
| Round | Wage Offer | Decision | Payoff |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{ p.round_number }} | {{ p.group.offer }} | {{ p.group.decision }} | {{ p.payoff }} |
{% next_button %}
{% include Constants.instructions_template %} {% endblock %}


Company profile - Canadian Company Capabilities
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
QA Consultants
Mailing Address:
1400-5700 Young Stnorth york, Ontario
M2M 4K2
Location Address:
1400-5700 Young Stnorth york, Ontario
M2M 4K2
Tel.:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Tel.:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Logo
Company Profile
QA Consultants mission is dedicated to becoming the worlds leading provider of sophisticated and quality testing solutions and related professional services. QA Consultants mission is to be the primary trusted advisor and solution provider in helping clients dramatically lower their testing costs and to achieve these results through onshore site(s) for testing solutions.
Today, many of QA Consultants (QAC) clients have realized significant decreases in testing costs, achieved dramatically improved quality, faster time to market and faster application delivery by automating key elements of their testing. Founded in 1994, QA Consultants have major clients in the UK, the USA and Canada consisting of some of the largest public and private sector organizations.
QACs reputation for onshore and the high quality suite of testing solutions is spreading in North America with several major US corporations approaching QAC to provide testing solutions without any solicitation from QAC.
QAC is currently the only firm that has separated the Quality Assurance Service business from that of Systems Development thereby providing;
Independent quality advice and testing;
Separation of duties;
Trusted advice and testing results;
Full profile
Full profile
Contact information
Company description
Product / Service / Licensing
Work Products / Deliverables
Test Strategies
Test Plans
Test Cases
Test Scripts
On-Time and On-Budget delivery
On-Shore Test Factory:
Located in Toronto, Canada, the TestFactory from QA Consultants is the first on-shore testing facility in Canada, offering new opportunities for software testing and quality assurance needs.
Cost reduction, return on investment, time to production, third-party governance (ie. Clients, developers), quality of final product, facilities and human resources are the focal points of concern for many companies who are seeking software quality assurance. These aspects tend to become an issue when outsourcing overseas, and offsite locations usually carry a certain level of difficulty due to their geographical challenges. Although off-shore facilities are still dominating the market and the shift to a local facility may take time, the results show a positive change in all of the above issues and more.
Based on experience and collective input from different clients, working with an on-shore facility can offer the following benefits:
- Superlative staffing in a top-level facility
- Same and/or cheaper hourly rates than off-shore facilities
- Easy access to location, designed for visitations and meetings
- No communication challenges due to different time-zones
- No immigration or work visas required
- All employees are hired from local Canadian Universities/Colleges, creating local job opportunities
At QA Consultants, we believe that the software quality assurance is not just testing but a series of tasks that are focused to ensure the highest standards of the delivered software products. The Software Quality assurance process should knit all the phases of the Pre Software Development and the Post Development phases.
QA Consultants works as an integrated part of your company and will help you to identify your needs, recommend the appropriate solutions, and implement them to achieve our common goal of High Quality Software.
We offer a compete line of software Quality Assurance Services and Solutions
With reducing the costs seems to be the "call of the day" for IT Executives these days and with QA and Testing often accounting for more than 30% of their budgets, being able to pay only for what they actually use gives them the opportunity to reduce the budgets they allocate for testing and at the same time be able to provide an influx of testing resources when they actually need them. Executives know that majority of Full-Time testers spend close to 40% of their time simply being on stand-by as they are so much depended on when development passes them the code.
On-Demand Testing offers a resource solution that combines the strengths of both I.T. agencies and global service providers while eliminating their weaknesses.
Market profile
Alliances:
- Sales/Marketing
Industry sector market interests:
- Agriculture
- Construction
- Consumer Products
- Culture
- Environment
- Fishery
- Forestry
- Information Technology and Telecommunications
- Manufacturing
- Medical/Biotechnology/Chemical
- Mining/Petroleum/Gas
- Service Industry
- Tourism
- Transportation
- Wholesale/Retail
- Aerospace
- Defence
- Automotive
- Food and Beverage Manufacturing
- Furniture and Wood Product
- Pulp and Paper
- Plastics and Rubber Products
- Primary and Fabricated Metal
- Electrical Equipment
- Textile and Clothing
Geographic markets:
Actively pursuing:
- United States
- Virgin Islands (U.S.)
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- District of Columbia
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
Sector information
Key / Major clients:
QA Consultants' team of over 300 consultants has a wide range of experience and business knowledge and has a solid track record in Financial Services, Consumer & Industrial markets, the Technology sector, Communication and Content, Telecommunications, Government and Healthcare sectors. Innovative firms such as Canadian Tire, Symcor, Aviva Insurance, ADP, Loyalty, Shoppers Drug Mart and many others have outsourced their testing efforts to us.Testimonial:
Key Player: VP of Quality Assurance (fortune 500 company)Goal: Dramatically reduce testing time on projects and increase quality of business applications.
Contributing Reason: Lack of experienced resources for testing and overall quality assurance.
Capability: Leverage QA Consultants services and Outsourcing to test & quality assure every major business application.
Benefit statement: He told us that he needed a way for his staff, while developing timelines for major applications and current workloads, to leverage dedicated services on a contract basis to implement a Quality Assurance methodology to their existing environment, integrate testing into each application delivery and train their internal & external staff in the use of Quality testing through mentoring & knowledge transfer.
Actual Benefit: The initial estimate for testing all of the major applications was 18 months. With the help of QA Consultants services, testing and integration of a formal QA methodology, efforts began immediately. As a result, the Quality Assurance group reduced testing time by 30% to just over one year, trained existing staff to continue the next phases by transferring the knowledge to full time staff and increased performance of the systems by 32%.
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
Contacts
Contact information
Description
Company description
Products, services and licensing
Product / Service / Licensing
Work Products / Deliverables
Test Strategies
Test Plans
Test Cases
Test Scripts
On-Time and On-Budget delivery
On-Shore Test Factory:
Located in Toronto, Canada, the TestFactory from QA Consultants is the first on-shore testing facility in Canada, offering new opportunities for software testing and quality assurance needs.
Cost reduction, return on investment, time to production, third-party governance (ie. Clients, developers), quality of final product, facilities and human resources are the focal points of concern for many companies who are seeking software quality assurance. These aspects tend to become an issue when outsourcing overseas, and offsite locations usually carry a certain level of difficulty due to their geographical challenges. Although off-shore facilities are still dominating the market and the shift to a local facility may take time, the results show a positive change in all of the above issues and more.
Based on experience and collective input from different clients, working with an on-shore facility can offer the following benefits:
- Superlative staffing in a top-level facility
- Same and/or cheaper hourly rates than off-shore facilities
- Easy access to location, designed for visitations and meetings
- No communication challenges due to different time-zones
- No immigration or work visas required
- All employees are hired from local Canadian Universities/Colleges, creating local job opportunities
At QA Consultants, we believe that the software quality assurance is not just testing but a series of tasks that are focused to ensure the highest standards of the delivered software products. The Software Quality assurance process should knit all the phases of the Pre Software Development and the Post Development phases.
QA Consultants works as an integrated part of your company and will help you to identify your needs, recommend the appropriate solutions, and implement them to achieve our common goal of High Quality Software.
We offer a compete line of software Quality Assurance Services and Solutions
With reducing the costs seems to be the "call of the day" for IT Executives these days and with QA and Testing often accounting for more than 30% of their budgets, being able to pay only for what they actually use gives them the opportunity to reduce the budgets they allocate for testing and at the same time be able to provide an influx of testing resources when they actually need them. Executives know that majority of Full-Time testers spend close to 40% of their time simply being on stand-by as they are so much depended on when development passes them the code.
On-Demand Testing offers a resource solution that combines the strengths of both I.T. agencies and global service providers while eliminating their weaknesses.
Market
Market profile
Alliances:
- Sales/Marketing
Industry sector market interests:
- Agriculture
- Construction
- Consumer Products
- Culture
- Environment
- Fishery
- Forestry
- Information Technology and Telecommunications
- Manufacturing
- Medical/Biotechnology/Chemical
- Mining/Petroleum/Gas
- Service Industry
- Tourism
- Transportation
- Wholesale/Retail
- Aerospace
- Defence
- Automotive
- Food and Beverage Manufacturing
- Furniture and Wood Product
- Pulp and Paper
- Plastics and Rubber Products
- Primary and Fabricated Metal
- Electrical Equipment
- Textile and Clothing
Geographic markets:
Actively pursuing:
- United States
- Virgin Islands (U.S.)
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- District of Columbia
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
Sector
Sector information
Key / Major clients:
QA Consultants' team of over 300 consultants has a wide range of experience and business knowledge and has a solid track record in Financial Services, Consumer & Industrial markets, the Technology sector, Communication and Content, Telecommunications, Government and Healthcare sectors. Innovative firms such as Canadian Tire, Symcor, Aviva Insurance, ADP, Loyalty, Shoppers Drug Mart and many others have outsourced their testing efforts to us.Testimonial:
Key Player: VP of Quality Assurance (fortune 500 company)Goal: Dramatically reduce testing time on projects and increase quality of business applications.
Contributing Reason: Lack of experienced resources for testing and overall quality assurance.
Capability: Leverage QA Consultants services and Outsourcing to test & quality assure every major business application.
Benefit statement: He told us that he needed a way for his staff, while developing timelines for major applications and current workloads, to leverage dedicated services on a contract basis to implement a Quality Assurance methodology to their existing environment, integrate testing into each application delivery and train their internal & external staff in the use of Quality testing through mentoring & knowledge transfer.
Actual Benefit: The initial estimate for testing all of the major applications was 18 months. With the help of QA Consultants services, testing and integration of a formal QA methodology, efforts began immediately. As a result, the Quality Assurance group reduced testing time by 30% to just over one year, trained existing staff to continue the next phases by transferring the knowledge to full time staff and increased performance of the systems by 32%.


Hi,
I've made some changes to emonhub to support running on both python3 and python 2.x (currently it only supports 2.x).
I've also tweaked the http reporter to make use of HTTP Keep-Alive - this cuts the amount of network traffic by about half (as the TCP connection stays open between data items, so the repeated TCP set-up and tear-down traffic doesn't happen).
I've based this on git@github.com:openenergymonitor/emonhub.git
If there's an appetite to merge either of these, please let me know I'll tidy them up and rebase them if necessary.
Tim.
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
I've based this on git@github.com:openenergymonitor/emonhub.git
...which is the emonpi variant - and not the emonhub version currently used in v9.0 RC2. (for info)
Paul
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
I find in general that there's a bit of a dearth of info about which versions developers should be targeting changes at. Something along the lines of a contributing section on the web site, or just a note in the README for each git tree would be fine (e.g. "use this for x, but don't develop on it unless y, please use the z tree instead") etc.
OpenVPN (to pick a project at random) has a couple of wiki pages like this:
https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/Contributing
https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/DeveloperDocumentation
Possibly the info is in the forums somewhere, but it's difficult to find, and difficult to know if a particular post is up to date - "You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike".
I'll be happy to get these changes ready to merge against whichever tree I should be targeting, so long as I know that there is an appetite to see these features, and I know which tree that is...
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
I'd certainly like to see this and Paul would know (and has said) which tree to target
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
The main 'emonhub' version was/is being developed by Paul Burnell, and is which is being used in v9.0 RC - which is the current emoncms release.
However, whilst developing the emonpi, Trystan found it necessary to make changes to emonhub, in effect creating a tweaked version solely for the emonpi. The two are not interchangeable.
so long as I know that there is an appetite to see these features,
I think that there is always an appetite for improvement and further development - see what Chaveiro has achieved in v9, and I would assume that development branch of Paul's git repo would be the appropriate start point, however, let's hopefully get some feedback from Paul Burnell first.
Paul
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
@Tim - I had previously looked into the python3 jump for emonHub and the info I found suggested development for both 2.7 and 3.4 simultaneously was difficult and it was easier to "convert" 2.7 code to 3.4 than the other way round. so being more familiar with 2.7 and the fact emonHub was already 2.7 I decided this wasn't a bridge I had to cross just yet. I thought I would postpone the change until after the major changes as I had enough to tackle etc etc. I did wonder at the time how do I continue the simultaneous dev for 2.7 and 3.4 after making the switch but again, it wasn't something I had to figure out if sticking with 2.7 for now.
I am keen to adopt 3.4 changes but need to evaluate the full (ongoing) picture to make an informed decision so please feel free to show me you proposed changes and/or advise/steer me in the correct direction.
The "keep alive" sounds good and was something I had wanted to explore for another part of emonHub, How does this effect the server? would emoncms.org see more or less traffic? when it comes to traffic emoncms.org has to be the biggest concern, unless using a pay per byte data service to a private server etc. How does this scale? does it offer a saving across the board or just frequent posting? Correct me if I'm wrong (which isn't unlikely) but would there be a point where this becomes efficient and before that occasional posting better as it is? if so it doesn't mean it cannot be useful, just that some settings or logic applied to manage it.
I'm currently tied up on something that is consuming all my time, which is why I've not been about over the last couple of weeks, please don't think I'm not interested, I would like to pick up the emonHub dev again if the interest is there.
I will post some thoughts and a status of emonhub or maybe add some notes to the repo to help explain the branches, versions and proposed future of emonhub.
Paul
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
Hi Paul,
I've not got too much knowledge of Python, but I was chasing a bug which I thought may have been down to a particular library version on python2.7 (it wasn't in the end), the changes just involved using the 2to3 utility from python3.4, along with some manual changes to work around a couple of language differences (which didn't seem too offensive).
In my testing, the resultant code worked under both 2.7 and 3.4.
Re the keepalive support, the upshot should be a saving in bandwidth (should be around a half, but I can check) and CPU on both the client end and the server end due to TCP connection setup and tear down.
With the default Apache config on Debian/Ubuntu etc. the default keep-alive time is 5 seconds, so to be effective the server config would need to be changed to a keep-alive period which is longer than the (typical) emonhub reporting interval. I used 70 seconds in my testing.
When using Apache+mod_php, and longer keep-alives I'd expect the RAM usage to increase (as there will be more apache processes sitting around, and each has a full copy of PHP in-process), so it would probably be better to switch to PHP-FPM.
Having said that PHP-FPM is probably the best thing to use for running PHP these days with or without keep-alive, this would have the effect of making the number of copies of PHP in RAM just dependent on the number of concurrent PHP code executions (instead of being reliant on the number of HTTP connections - including those which are serving static content which are nothing to do with PHP).
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
I'm not going to pretend to understand the wizardry of php or the inner workings of a server so I will need to take your word and/or wait to hear from T&G on this, or maybe Chaveiro could comment as I have very little involvement on the emoncms side of things, but certainly if emoncms was "keep alive" ready it could be viable.
I am planning to split the current emoncms http reporter into 2 reporters to help users report to other endpoints without the complication of the emoncms stuff so there will be a basic http reporter and then a emoncmshttp reporter would inherit from that and add the more emoncms specific formatting etc, so it could be possible to add it as a optional setting to the generic http reporter and use as appropriate in the emoncmshttp reporter.
Can you link to some example code?
Regards the python3, I think the better route (for me) at the moment would be to continue in 2.7 and convert later if there is no immediate benefit, your "converted code" won't necessarily be portable or merge from the "converted emon-pi" to another repo anyhow, so may as well run the 2to3 utility once most of the new stuff is in perhaps.
But I would still like to see what you have if it's possible, a "before and after 2to3" for the emon-pi variant may give me an insight into what to aim for (or avoid) whilst moving closer to the conversion and any pointers/advice or assistance you may be able to offer would be very appreciated too.
Paul
Re: Emonhub on python3 and keep alive
Paul, would there be any mileage in creating a new git branch in emonhub which Tim could fork, and lay down his ideas, which you can both work on collaboratively?
Paul


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Submit bug reports here or to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please include the name of your Linux distribution, processor type, and step-by-step instructions for reproducing the error.


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{/block:Description} {/block:Link} {block:Chat}IBM Watson answers questions using evidence-based insights. We’re a group of dreamers. Imagine what we could do together.
IBM Watson can read millions of financial reports so planners can recommend better investments. Watson will help improve financial planning.


Inventory
Use Inventory Items
Opening
You enter into a brightly lit Kitchen. There is a large
Window
opposite you, above the
Kitchen Counter
. To your right, you see a
Refrigerator
. To your left, there is a long
Dining Table
A small leaflet falls out of the Salt Shaker.
"New In Nagpur: Enjoy The Exotic Extravaganza Nights"
The Window
You can see a garden out of the window.
A sign proclaims: "The First Letter is Important".
A yellow garden gnome stands beside it.
The Kitchen Counter
A
Hammer
is kept on the counter. There is a
Drawer
below the counter.
The Drawer
You open the Drawer to see a
Screwdriver.
The Dining Table
The dining table is barren except for a single
Salt Shaker.
You can see something lodged within the salt.
Towards the far end of the table, you can see a
Circuit Breaker.
The Circuit Breaker
You open the Circuit Breaker. There are wires of many colours, and a port.
You know you have to connect one of the wires to the port. What is the colour of the wire you connect?
Submit
The Refrigerator
You open the Refrigerator. It is empty. There is a small
Panel
at the very back.
The Panel
You try to open the Panel, but it is screwed in.


Boston’s Smart fined for public criticism of officiating
NEW YORK (AP) - Boston guard Marcus Smart has been fined $15,000 by the NBA for public criticism of the officiating.
The NBA fined Smart on Friday, a day after his comments following the Celtics’ 108-87 victory at Charlotte.
“Really, just, I wish they would call the game the right way,” Smart said Thursday night. “A lot of calls that they called, I didn’t understand where the fouls were. And it just seems like whenever I get the ball and I’m on offense, I can’t get a call. Nobody else is going to protect yourself. You’ve got to protect yourself. So if that means I’ve got to lose a little bit of money, then I’ve got to lose a bit.”
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81% companies use spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets...).
More than 90% of spreadsheets contain errors.
Businesses can spend up to 50% of their time manipulating spreadsheets instead of seeing the big picture.
Data in spreadsheets have no relations, are copied over and over again, your productivity decreases.
Deployment can take months or even years.
Over 90% of IT projects are delivered late.
Over 40% of IT projects end up failing or becoming unused.
You end up with another system loaded with unnecessary features and unfortunately you did not get the features you really wanted. You now have one more system to maintain.

You can enter your data as easily as into a table. Spreadsheet data limits are not a problem. You can define columns and footers with functions, ask your colleague to complete a piece of the table, or set who can read and write your data. You can later see a complete history of changes.
You can search for your data as easily as in any search engine like Google. You can see your data in a way that makes the most sense to you - in a calendar, map, Gantt chart, agile board, graph of relations, as multiple connected tables, etc. Simply choose what is right for you.
Not only you can view your data in different perspectives, you can interactively edit them in their visual form.
When any of your data evolves over time, you can add a time dimension and see the changes or work with past values.
Rows of tables usually fit into a context of other data. However, it is not suitable to put all the related information in a single table. To solve that, you can add relations between rows in different tables. You can also specify rules for an automated relations creation. The relations can then be used in various perspectives and for data analysis.
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Cross-Origin Fetch Requests
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Graduate Student in Computer Engineering at Syracuse University, New York. Full Stack Developer focused on Front-End Technologies. Also skilled in Android and iOS app development. Total of 3+ years experience in Software Development.
I spend my time playing FIFA, watching and re-watching The Office and discovering new music on Spotify. Make sure to reach out to find out more about me! :)
Technologies: ASP.NET MVC, SQL Server, MS Azure, Postgres, JavaScript, Semantic UI
Full Stack development of a website and a RESTful service for USA Today’s database on Coaches’ Contracts and NCAA Financial Reports.
The website will contain a data entry portal and a user access section, part of it hidden behind a paywall.
Technologies: JavaScript, Node.js, Electron, React, Webpack, InboxSDK, Handlebars.js
Independently developed ‘Fesk’, a Node.js based multi-platform Desktop Application built using the Electron framework, for users to have services such as Gmail, Outlook and Slack in one place. The UI was built using React and Material UI components.
The application, aimed at increased productivity acts as an extended browser, while having desktop-specific features such as push notifications from all services.
Developed a Google Chrome extension for Finly’s Expense Management product using the JavaScript InboxSDK library.
Parsing of the e-mail, combined with Handlebars.js was used to auto-fill forms and speed up the addition of expenses.
Technologies: UNIX/Linux Administration, Oracle SQL, Shell and Perl scripting
Worked on Mediation applications based on Comptel’s Eventlink tool, coupled with a UNIX/Linux back-end and real-time database archival for real-time processing of call records and delivery to downstream systems.
Created a web dashboard using the JavaScript Google Charts API to monitor daily traffic in Voice, SMS and Data streams in terms of number of input records received.
Coursework: Software Modeling and Analysis, Object Oriented Design, Android Programming, Design Patterns, Internet Programming, Data Structures & Algorithms, Computer Security.
GPA: 3.8
GPA: 3.4
Provides a central hub for users to create groups and share project related resources, ideas, tasks, reminders and easy communication. Firebase tools integrated for access control and group messaging.
View AppWeb Application for an Error Logging system, consisting of a DLL, a REST Service and a Website used to log messages and provide analysis of collected data. HTML, CSS, JS, C#, ASP.NET MVC 5 w/ Razer.
View ProjectDeveloped an Android app for the soccer news website madaboutepl.net, using it’s RSS feeds to fetch articles. Used SQLite databases to enable offline reading, with niche UI features such as a night mode switch.
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| A secret admirer's crush on a high school athlete takes a fatal turn. | |
| Genres: | Horror, Thriller |
| Director: | Malik Bader |
| Writer: | Sonny Mallhi |
Cast: | Young Girl - Ashleigh Craig Young Boy - Cody Hamilton Scott - Lucas Till Bess - Crystal Reed Coach Evans - Isaiah Mustafa Referee - Dan Metcalfe Brock - Derrick Kemp Corey - Preston Davis Karen - Mariah Buzolin Jules - Sarah Bolger Mike - Holt McCallany Mrs. Brown - Camille Guaty Andie - Caitriona Balfe David - Leigh Whannell Jeffrey - Reid Ewing Barista - Melissa Young Maya - Nikki SooHoo Bess' Mother - Meredith Salenger Mr. Graham - Michael Landes Goth Girl - Kristin Quick |


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The Lego bricks you use in Bricksmith come from a part library called
LDraw, maintained by Lego hobbyists around the world. Their effort is
hosted on the Internet at www.ldraw.org.
Periodically, LDraw.org releases more official parts. But sometimes, the
part you need hasn't been included in an official release yet—either
because the part was only recently finished, or because the part is
still being perfected before it is certified for official release. In
either case, you can still use the parts today. You just have to
download and install them.
New Official Parts
Official Parts have been fully certified by LDraw and released in a part
update package to the library. Part updates are listed
here, but I don't recommend
downloading them that way. Here's the easier route:
Download and Install
-
Download the newest complete LDraw library.
-
Drag the old LDraw folder that came with Bricksmith to the trash.
-
Move the new LDraw folder you downloaded to the place where the old folder was.
Making Your New Parts Appear in Bricksmith's Part Browser
- Go to Bricksmith > Preferences.
- Select the Parts tab.
- Click "Reload Parts" in the LDraw Folder section.
New Unofficial Parts
Unofficial parts haven't been released in an official part update yet,
either because they aren't certified perfect yet, or because they are
queued up waiting for the next official update. There are two ways to
download unofficial parts:
- The Easy Way (everything at once)
- The Hard Way (one part at a time.)
The Easy Way (everything at once)
- Download the complete archive of parts in the tracker.
-
Rename the downloaded folder "ldrawunf" to "Unofficial"
-
Move the folder to LDraw/Unofficial
- Follow steps under "Making Your New Parts Appear in Bricksmith's Part Browser" above.
Note: there are a few applications (notably L3P) which don't recognize
parts in LDraw/Unofficial. Should you encounter one, you'll have to
manually merge the files into the main LDraw folder. Do not
accidentally overwrite nested folders such as PARTS/S or P/48.
The Hard Way (One part at a time.)
- Look up the part number you need (it's usually
molded on the bottom of the Lego brick somewhere)
- Search for it on the LDraw Part Tracker.
- Download it and copy it to LDraw/Unofficial/parts
- Check for any listed dependencies or subparts.
- Download them. The website will tell you where they go; usually it's LDraw/Unofficial/P.
- Repeat as needed until you have no more subparts to download. Note that subparts can require other subparts.
If you use unofficial parts and want to share your creations with others,
they must also install the unofficial parts you used.


---
layout: post
title: Really Nice GF1 Images
tags:
- General Photography
- M43
- Micro 4:3
- Panasonic GF1
- travel
status: publish
type: post
published: true
meta:
aktt_notify_twitter: "yes"
_edit_last: "2"
_edit_lock: "1285113841"
_thumbnail_id: "2527"
ghostpool_post_template: Default
ghostpool_link: Full Size Image/Video
ghostpool_post_image: http://photo.rwboyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/SDIM0027.jpg
ghostpool_post_faded_image: http://photo.rwboyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/SDIM0027.jpg
ghostpool_circle_image: http://photo.rwboyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/SDIM0027.jpg
aktt_tweeted: "1"
_wp_old_slug: ""
dsq_thread_id: "370924571"
---
Remember I said that I use Flickr as a research tool to get a good sense of how a camera reacts prior to actually putting money out? Well I did when I was buying a GF1, I was cleaning up my desk top where I drag links to out of habit today and came across this photographer that does not take pictures for a living that uses a GF1.
 Not that is a giant issue but she has like not one comment on her Vietnam set. Maybe everyone is far too into post processing to give these even a first look but I for one actually think that not only is this an outstanding example of the GF1 being used in the way it should be but also of some very credible travel photography. Actually more than credible - if she were doing this full time she could shoot for a number of dead tree establishments. Take a look. Let me know what you think.
RB


class: center, middle # Recommender Systems Thibault Allart --- # Agenda 1. Introduction to recommender systems and first steps into bandit. 2. Contextual bandit. 3. Matrix factorization and deep recommender system. 4. Historical sampling bias. 5. List recommendation, position based model and EM algorithm. 6. A first look into reinforcement learning. 7. Deploying and calling an API using Flask, Nginx and Docker. 8. Project. 9. Soutenances. --- # Introduction 1. The diversity of recommender systems. 2. Bandit framework. 3. Epsilon greedy algorithm. 4. Upper Confidence Bound algorithm. 5. Thompson sampling algorithm. 6. Non stationary rewards. 7. Delayed rewards. --- # The diversity of recommender systems. .center[
] --- .center[
] .centerleft[
] .centerleft[
] --- .center[
] .center[
] .center[
] .center[
] --- # The diversity of recommender systems. .center[
] --- # The diversity of recommender systems. .center[
] --- # The diversity of recommender systems. .center[
] --- # The diversity of recommender systems. .center[
] --- # The diversity of recommender systems. .center[
] --- # Starting with a simpler problem Let's start to simplify the problem by assuming that: - We recommend only one item at the time - We have no informations (about the user, product, etc) - The rewards are stationary --- # Bandit framework Notebook: https://github.com/thibaultallart/IA316-2020 --- # Epsilon-greedy .centerleft[
\\ REQUIRE: \epsilon \in [0,1] \\ \text{1. } \text{At round t,} \\ \text{2.} \ \ \ \ \text{with probability } \epsilon: \\ \text{3.}   Recall that .center[
\begin{align*} \text{Posterior probability } &\propto \text{ Likelihood } \times \text{ Prior probability} \\ f(\theta|x) &\propto f(x|theta) \times f(\theta) \end{align*}
] If prior and posterior are in the same probability distribution family they are then called conjugate distributions. A long list of conjugate prior can be found on [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_prior). --- # Thompson sampling --- --- # References - Sutton and Barto [book](http://www.incompleteideas.net/book/the-book.html) - Emilie Kaufmann [lectures](http://chercheurs.lille.inria.fr/ekaufman/RL.html)


[GSoC 2016] Refactoring symbols and implementing External functions
The last week was focused on moving the Symbol definitions in the runtime environment to a separate ruby module, CT_Symbols. This involved a lot of changes to the structure of object code but in the end the module is very concise and accurate. We also tested all the existing test cases against the new module.
After that I implemented the compare
External function as per the algorithm. Initially the comparison was done based on alphabetical ordering of symbol names for data constructors, but this was a mistake and was later corrected to comparison of token value instead. I also added a corresponding test case for the same.
Next I will be working on the =:<=
and the =:<<=
operators which are described in this paper.


|
M480 BSP V3.05.005
The Board Support Package for M480 Series
|
Macros | |
| #define | EBI0_READ_DATA8(u32Addr) |
| Read 8-bit data on EBI bank0. More... | |
| #define | EBI0_WRITE_DATA8(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 8-bit data to EBI bank0. More... | |
| #define | EBI0_READ_DATA16(u32Addr) |
| Read 16-bit data on EBI bank0. More... | |
| #define | EBI0_WRITE_DATA16(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 16-bit data to EBI bank0. More... | |
| #define | EBI0_READ_DATA32(u32Addr) |
| Read 32-bit data on EBI bank0. More... | |
| #define | EBI0_WRITE_DATA32(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 32-bit data to EBI bank0. More... | |
| #define | EBI1_READ_DATA8(u32Addr) |
| Read 8-bit data on EBI bank1. More... | |
| #define | EBI1_WRITE_DATA8(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 8-bit data to EBI bank1. More... | |
| #define | EBI1_READ_DATA16(u32Addr) |
| Read 16-bit data on EBI bank1. More... | |
| #define | EBI1_WRITE_DATA16(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 16-bit data to EBI bank1. More... | |
| #define | EBI1_READ_DATA32(u32Addr) |
| Read 32-bit data on EBI bank1. More... | |
| #define | EBI1_WRITE_DATA32(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 32-bit data to EBI bank1. More... | |
| #define | EBI2_READ_DATA8(u32Addr) |
| Read 8-bit data on EBI bank2. More... | |
| #define | EBI2_WRITE_DATA8(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 8-bit data to EBI bank2. More... | |
| #define | EBI2_READ_DATA16(u32Addr) |
| Read 16-bit data on EBI bank2. More... | |
| #define | EBI2_WRITE_DATA16(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 16-bit data to EBI bank2. More... | |
| #define | EBI2_READ_DATA32(u32Addr) |
| Read 32-bit data on EBI bank2. More... | |
| #define | EBI2_WRITE_DATA32(u32Addr, u32Data) |
| Write 32-bit data to EBI bank2. More... | |
| #define | EBI_ENABLE_WRITE_BUFFER() |
| Enable EBI Write Buffer. More... | |
| #define | EBI_DISABLE_WRITE_BUFFER() |
| Disable EBI Write Buffer. More... | |
Functions | |
| void | EBI_Open (uint32_t u32Bank, uint32_t u32DataWidth, uint32_t u32TimingClass, uint32_t u32BusMode, uint32_t u32CSActiveLevel) |
| Initialize EBI for specify Bank. More... | |
| void | EBI_Close (uint32_t u32Bank) |
| Disable EBI on specify Bank. More... | |
| void | EBI_SetBusTiming (uint32_t u32Bank, uint32_t u32TimingConfig, uint32_t u32MclkDiv) |
| Set EBI Bus Timing for specify Bank. More... | |
| #define EBI0_READ_DATA16 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI0_READ_DATA32 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI0_READ_DATA8 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI0_WRITE_DATA16 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI0_WRITE_DATA32 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI0_WRITE_DATA8 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI1_READ_DATA16 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI1_READ_DATA32 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI1_READ_DATA8 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI1_WRITE_DATA16 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI1_WRITE_DATA32 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI1_WRITE_DATA8 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI2_READ_DATA16 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI2_READ_DATA32 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI2_READ_DATA8 | ( | u32Addr | ) |
| #define EBI2_WRITE_DATA16 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI2_WRITE_DATA32 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI2_WRITE_DATA8 | ( | u32Addr, | |
| u32Data | |||
| ) |
| #define EBI_DISABLE_WRITE_BUFFER | ( | ) |
| #define EBI_ENABLE_WRITE_BUFFER | ( | ) |
| void EBI_Close | ( | uint32_t | u32Bank | ) |
| void EBI_Open | ( | uint32_t | u32Bank, |
| uint32_t | u32DataWidth, | ||
| uint32_t | u32TimingClass, | ||
| uint32_t | u32BusMode, | ||
| uint32_t | u32CSActiveLevel | ||
| ) |
Initialize EBI for specify Bank.
| [in] | u32Bank | Bank number for EBI. Valid values are: |
| [in] | u32DataWidth | Data bus width. Valid values are: |
| [in] | u32TimingClass | Default timing configuration. Valid values are: |
| [in] | u32BusMode | Set EBI bus operate mode. Valid values are: |
| [in] | u32CSActiveLevel | CS is active High/Low. Valid values are: |
This function is used to open specify EBI bank with different bus width, timing setting and
active level of CS pin to access EBI device.
| void EBI_SetBusTiming | ( | uint32_t | u32Bank, |
| uint32_t | u32TimingConfig, | ||
| uint32_t | u32MclkDiv | ||
| ) |
Set EBI Bus Timing for specify Bank.
| [in] | u32Bank | Bank number for EBI. Valid values are: |
| [in] | u32TimingConfig | Configure EBI timing settings, includes TACC, TAHD, W2X and R2R setting. |
| [in] | u32MclkDiv | Divider for MCLK. Valid values are: |
This function is used to configure specify EBI bus timing for access EBI device.


randomize after round
Distance:
Width:
Data Sets: (click to make active)
The plots below show different evaluations of the test data. These plots update automatically after an inactivity of 2 seconds. Figure 2 shows a scatter plot of time over effective ID. The effective Index of Difficulty (IDe) in is computed as follows:
Figure 3 shows a histogram of the throughput for each dataset. Throughput is computed as IDe/movement time and therefore has the unit bits/second. Throughput and its distribution can be one of the indicators of a device's performance. To make an encompassing assessment further metrics have to be used like error rate, and overall user comfort and user satisfaction.
The following two figures illustrate the mouse's movement path and speed during the test. In figure 4 All data is anchored in the start position of each trial. The positional movement data is projected onto the target vector, to make comparisons over all approach directions easy.
Figure 5 finally shows the movement sped in pixel per ms over the movement time. Analysing the user's movements beyond Fitts' law can yield additional insights into different qualities of various input devices. For the sake of completeness and contrast we'd like to exemplary refer to [Bootsma et al. 2004].
This interactive experiment was created as part of an assignment for the User Interface Technologies course at the University of Copenhagen in spring 2012. Group Members: Simon Wallner, Otilia Danet, Trine Eilersen, and Jesper Tved.
This project is licensed under the permissive MIT license, The full source is availble on github


Facebook apologises after black workers complain of bias
Facebook apologised on Friday after black employees anonymously shared feelings of workplace bias in an online post.
The post shared at Medium by a "FB Blind" profile laid out perceived slights by managers, white colleagues, and the human resources department.
"No one at Facebook, or anywhere, should have to put up with this behaviour," corporate communications vice president Bertie Thomson said in response to an AFP query.
"We are sorry. It goes against everything that we stand for as a company. We're listening and working hard to do better."
Incidents described in the Medium post included being targeted for negative performance reviews or snide comments.
"On the inside, we are sad. Angry. Oppressed. Depressed," the post read.
"And treated every day through the micro and macro aggressions as if we do not belong here."
The anonymous post maintained that the atmosphere at Facebook has worsened in the past year when it came to non-white workers being recognised, empowered and treated equitably.
"The problem is not just with black employees of different genders," the post read.
"We are remaining anonymous because Facebook creates a hostile culture where anyone that is non-white is made to feel fear for their job and their safety to report any bad behaviours."


Name: Household Electricity Use Study (HES)
| Data characteristics | Multivariate time series ,demographic data | Type of building(s) | Residential | Date | 2010-2011 |
| Type of attributes | Real and integer numbers , string | Number of buildings | 251 | Duration | One year/One month |
| Level of detail | Whole building, some Appliances | Location of buildings | England | Sampling frequency | two minutely/five minutely |
Access to the dataset>
At the moment the dataset is not publically available. Although a detailed report including sampling information and several graphs can be downloaded from here
Data set description
This dataset is provided by Department for environment food and rural affairs (defra) . It contains electricity consumption of 26 homes during one year and 225 homes during one months, across England. Some aims of this data capturing program were identifying and characterising the electric appliances, understanding the pattern of their usage particularly in peak times, and capturing userís habit data for some specific appliances.


What I learned this week
Main Concepts What is the Web? The Web is all the HTML documents that exist in the largest network, which is a series of servers.What is HTML? HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is the language browsers interpret as what we see as pages in the Internet. At the end it is a programming language. There are over 20 billion HTML pages on the Internet.
What are URLs? URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the standard to request information and locate HTML pages on the Internet. A URL is sent to the server that stores the page requested. The server sends back the right page to be interpreted by the browser on your computer.
What is HTTP? It stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, which is the protocol, or series of standardize instructions that the Internet uses to link HTML pages.
Web Applications were briefly mentioned as the goal for this course.How does the Internet Works?
User sends a request from a device
The URL requested goes to the Internet
Through the HTTP protocol it is located in a server
The server sends the requested URL through HTTP
The URL travels through the Internet
The user’s browser interprets the HTML Page for the user to read/see/listen.
What is a Tag? A Tag is an HTML label describing the content of an HTML page. Tags are always contained within a less than and a more than brackets. And in most cases are used in pairs, an opening tag “(tag)” and a closing tag “(/tag)".
What is a Void Tag? A Void Tag has no content and therefore does not require a closing tag. Examples of a void tag are the bracket tag “(br), and image tag “(img)”.
What is an Inline Tag? Inline Tags are simple line tags. That is, they are not contained in boxes. Examples are: the (br), (img), (em), (b) tags, etc.
What is an Block Tag? Block Tags are always contained in boxes (although not always seen as such through their representation of the content. Examples are: The paragraph tag “(p)(/p)”, the anchor tag “(a)(/a)”, or the division tag “(div)(/div).
What is an Element? An Element is everything that is contained between an opening and a closing tag.
What is an Attribute? Attributes are properties assigned to the content in a tag, such as color, font, size, location, border size, etc.


In each pair of silver boxes below, the two patterns must be identical.
א ÷ × - +
÷ × - + ת
א ÷ × - +
÷ × - + ת
א + - × ÷
+ - × ÷ ת
א + - × ÷
+ - × ÷ ת
÷ × - + א
ת ÷ × - +
÷ × - + א
ת ÷ × - +


@DoNotImplement interface AbstractParty : Destination
An AbstractParty contains the common elements of Party and AnonymousParty, specifically the owning key of the party. In most cases Party or AnonymousParty should be used, depending on use-case.
owningKey |
abstract val owningKey: PublicKey |
nameOrNull |
abstract fun nameOrNull(): CordaX500Name? |
ref |
Build a reference to something being stored or issued by a party e.g. in a vault or (more likely) on their normal ledger. abstract fun ref(bytes: OpaqueBytes): PartyAndReference open fun ref(vararg bytes: Byte): PartyAndReference |
AnonymousParty |
The AnonymousParty class contains enough information to uniquely identify a Party while excluding private information such as name. It is intended to represent a party on the distributed ledger. interface AnonymousParty : AbstractParty |
Party |
The Party class represents an entity on the network, which is typically identified by a legal name and public key that it can sign transactions under. As parties may use multiple keys for signing and, for example, have offline backup keys, the "public key" of a party can be represented by a composite construct – a CompositeKey, which combines multiple cryptographic public key primitives into a tree structure. interface Party : AbstractParty |


Uladzimir Abramchuk
Uladzimir Abramchuk
| Name | Definition | Pseudo-code equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| id |
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| apply |
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| self_apply |
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| Description | λ-expression | Pseudo-code equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| combinator x is bound |
|
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| x and y are free |
|
|
| y is bound x is free |
|
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(λx.t) t2 -> [x := t2]t
(λx.t) t2
is called a redex ("reducible expression")| λ-expression | Pseudo-code equivalent |
|---|---|
|
|
The leftmost, outermost redex is always reduced first
Works similar to if-clause
id (id (λz.id z)) =>
id (λz.id z) =>
λz.id z =>
λz.z
Only outermost redexes are reduced and a redex is reduced only when its right-hand side has already been reduced to a value
Works similar to function call
id (id (λz.id z)) ->
id (λz.id z) ->
λz.id z
A term is in normal form if no β reduction is possible
A term in the λ-calculus has at most one normal form, which may be reached by normal order evaluation
λx.λy.(x y) y => λy.y y //Wrong!
λx.λy.(x y) y == //α-rename bound variable y into z
λx.λz.(x z) y =>
λz.y z
Two functions are the same if and only if they give the same result for all arguments
| λ-expression | Pseudo-code equivalent |
|---|---|
|
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Currying is the technique of translating the evaluation of a function that takes multiple arguments into evaluating a sequence of functions, each with a single argument
λx.λy.x y
| Original | Curried |
|---|---|
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Partial function application says "if you fix the first arguments of the function, you get a function of the remaining arguments"
| Original | Partially applied |
|---|---|
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def name args = expression
def id x = λx.x
def self_apply s = λs.s s
def apply func arg = λfunc.λarg.func arg
//This works only as textual replacement!
== defined replacement notation
=> normal order β reduction
=> ... => multiple normal order β reduction
-> applicative order β reduction
-> ... -> multiple applicative order β reduction
def fst f s = λf.λs.f
def snd f s = λf.λs.s
(fst arg1) arg2 ==
((λf.λs.f) arg1) arg2 =>
(λs.arg1) arg2 =>
arg1
def pair f s func = λf.λs.λfunc.(func f) s
(pair arg1) arg2 ==
((λf.λs.λfunc.(func f) s) arg1) arg2 =>
(λs.λfunc.(func arg1) s) arg2 =>
λfunc.(func arg1) arg2
condition ? expression : expression
def cond e1 e2 c = λe1.λe2.λc.(c e1) e2
def true = fst
def false = snd
def and x y = λx.λy.(x y) false
Notation: if ... then ... else ...
def zero = id
def iszero = λn.n fst
def succ = λn.λs.(s false) n
def pred = λn.((iszero n) zero) (n snd)
def one = succ zero
def two = succ one == succ (succ zero)
...
def add x y = if iszero y
then x
else add (succ x) (pred y)
//Doesn't work this way!
//All names in expressions must be replaced by their
//definitions before the expression is evaluated!
//Inner add will be substituted infinitely...
def y f s = λf.(λs.f (s s)) (λs.f (s s))//Y combinator
def add1 f x z = if iszero z
then x
else f (succ x) (pred z)
def add = y add1
Notation: rec name args = expression
rec add x y = if iszero y
then x
else add (succ x) (pred y)
rec mult x y = if iszero y
then zero
else add x (mult x (pred y))
def make_obj type value = λs.s type value
def type obj = obj fst
def value obj = obj snd
def istype t obj = equal (type obj) t
def error_type = zero
def MAKE_ERROR = make_obj error_type
def ERROR = MAKE_ERROR error_type
def iserror = istype error_type
def bool_type = one
def MAKE_BOOL = make_obj bool_type
def TRUE = MAKE_BOOL true
def FALSE = MAKE_BOOL false
def isbool = istype bool_type
def BOOL_ERROR = MAKE_ERROR bool_type
def COND E1 E2 C = if isbool C
then if value C
then E1
else E2
else BOOL_ERROR
Notation: IF condition THEN expr1 else expr2
def list_type = three
def islist = istype list_type
def ISLIST L = MAKE_BOOL (islist L)
def MAKE_LIST = make_obj list_type
def CONS H T = if islist T
then MAKE_LIST λs.(s H T)
else LIST_ERROR
def NIL = MAKE_LIST λs.(s LIST_ERROR LIST_ERROR)
def ISNIL = if islist L
then MAKE_BOOL (iserror (HEAD L))
else LIST_ERROR
def HEAD L = if islist L
then (value L) fst
else LIST_ERROR
def TAIL L = if islist L
then (value L) snd
else LIST_ERROR
Slides: http://bit.ly/NH99es
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github: http://github.com/u-abramchuk
Uladzimir Abramchuk