Broadcasting
- Introduction
- Server Side Installation
- Client Side Installation
- Concept Overview
- Defining Broadcast Events
- Authorizing Channels
- Broadcasting Events
- Receiving Broadcasts
- Presence Channels
- Client Events
- Notifications
Introduction
In many modern web applications, WebSockets are used to implement realtime, live-updating user interfaces. When some data is updated on the server, a message is typically sent over a WebSocket connection to be handled by the client. WebSockets provide a more efficient alternative to continually polling your application's server for data changes that should be reflected in your UI.
For example, imagine your application is able to export a user's data to a CSV file and email it to them. However, creating this CSV file takes several minutes so you choose to create and mail the CSV within a queued job. When the CSV has been created and mailed to the user, we can use event broadcasting to dispatch a App\Events\UserDataExported
event that is received by our application's JavaScript. Once the event is received, we can display a message to the user that their CSV has been emailed to them without them ever needing to refresh the page.
To assist you in building these types of features, Laravel makes it easy to "broadcast" your server-side Laravel events over a WebSocket connection. Broadcasting your Laravel events allows you to share the same event names and data between your server-side Laravel application and your client-side JavaScript application.
Supported Drivers
By default, Laravel includes two server-side broadcasting drivers for you to choose from: Pusher Channels and Ably. However, community driven packages such as laravel-websockets provide additional broadcasting drivers that do not require commercial broadcasting providers.
{tip} Before diving into event broadcasting, make sure you have read Laravel's documentation on events and listeners.
Server Side Installation
To get started using Laravel's event broadcasting, we need to do some configuration within the Laravel application as well as install a few packages.
Event broadcasting is accomplished by a server-side broadcasting driver that broadcasts your Laravel events so that Laravel Echo (a JavaScript library) can receive them within the browser client. Don't worry - we'll walk through each part of the installation process step-by-step.
Configuration
All of your application's event broadcasting configuration is stored in the config/broadcasting.php
configuration file. Laravel supports several broadcast drivers out of the box: Pusher Channels, Redis, and a log
driver for local development and debugging. Additionally, a null
driver is included which allows you to totally disable broadcasting during testing. A configuration example is included for each of these drivers in the config/broadcasting.php
configuration file.
Broadcast Service Provider
Before broadcasting any events, you will first need to register the App\Providers\BroadcastServiceProvider
. In a new Laravel applications, you only need to uncomment this provider in the providers
array of your config/app.php
configuration file. This BroadcastServiceProvider
contains the code necessary to register the broadcast authorization routes and callbacks.
Queue Configuration
You will also need to configure and run a queue worker. All event broadcasting is done via queued jobs so that the response time of your application is not seriously affected by events being broadcast.
Pusher Channels
If you plan to broadcast your events using Pusher Channels, you should install the Pusher Channels PHP SDK using the Composer package manager:
composer require pusher/pusher-php-server "~4.0"
Next, you should configure your Pusher Channels credentials in the config/broadcasting.php
configuration file. An example Pusher Channels configuration is already included in this file, allowing you to quickly specify your key, secret, and application ID. Typically, these values should be set via the PUSHER_APP_KEY
, PUSHER_APP_SECRET
, and PUSHER_APP_ID
environment variables:
PUSHER_APP_ID=your-pusher-app-id
PUSHER_APP_KEY=your-pusher-key
PUSHER_APP_SECRET=your-pusher-secret
PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER=mt1
The config/broadcasting.php
file's pusher
configuration also allows you to specify additional options
that are supported by Channels, such as the cluster.
Next, you will need to change your broadcast driver to pusher
in your .env
file:
BROADCAST_DRIVER=pusher
Finally, you are ready to install and configure Laravel Echo, which will receive the broadcast events on the client-side.
Pusher Compatible Laravel Websockets
The laravel-websockets package is a pure PHP, Pusher compatible WebSocket package for Laravel. This package allows you to leverage the full power of Laravel broadcasting without a commercial WebSocket provider. For more information on installing and using this package, please consult its official documentation.
Ably
If you plan to broadcast your events using Ably, you should install the Ably PHP SDK using the Composer package manager:
composer require ably/ably-php
Next, you should configure your Ably credentials in the config/broadcasting.php
configuration file. An example Ably configuration is already included in this file, allowing you to quickly specify your key. Typically, this value should be set via the ABLY_KEY
environment variable:
ABLY_KEY=your-ably-key
Next, you will need to change your broadcast driver to ably
in your .env
file:
BROADCAST_DRIVER=ably
Finally, you are ready to install and configure Laravel Echo, which will receive the broadcast events on the client-side.
Open Source Alternatives
The laravel-websockets package is a pure PHP, Pusher compatible WebSocket package for Laravel. This package allows you to leverage the full power of Laravel broadcasting without a commercial WebSocket provider. For more information on installing and using this package, please consult its official documentation.
Client Side Installation
Pusher Channels
Laravel Echo is a JavaScript library that makes it painless to subscribe to channels and listen for events broadcast by your server-side broadcasting driver. You may install Echo via the NPM package manager. In this example, we will also install the pusher-js
package since we will be using the Pusher Channels broadcaster:
npm install --save-dev laravel-echo pusher-js
Once Echo is installed, you are ready to create a fresh Echo instance in your application's JavaScript. A great place to do this is at the bottom of the resources/js/bootstrap.js
file that is included with the Laravel framework. By default, an example Echo configuration is already included in this file - you simply need to uncomment it:
import Echo from 'laravel-echo';
window.Pusher = require('pusher-js');
window.Echo = new Echo({
broadcaster: 'pusher',
key: process.env.MIX_PUSHER_APP_KEY,
cluster: process.env.MIX_PUSHER_APP_CLUSTER,
forceTLS: true
});
Once you have uncommented and adjusted the Echo configuration according to your needs, you may compile your application's assets:
npm run dev
{tip} To learn more about compiling your application's JavaScript assets, please consult the documentation on Laravel Mix.
Using An Existing Client Instance
If you already have a pre-configured Pusher Channels client instance that you would like Echo to utilize, you may pass it to Echo via the client
configuration option:
import Echo from 'laravel-echo';
const client = require('pusher-js');
window.Echo = new Echo({
broadcaster: 'pusher',
key: 'your-pusher-channels-key',
client: client
});
Ably
Laravel Echo is a JavaScript library that makes it painless to subscribe to channels and listen for events broadcast by your server-side broadcasting driver. You may install Echo via the NPM package manager. In this example, we will also install the pusher-js
package.
You may wonder why we would install the pusher-js
JavaScript library even though we are using Ably to broadcast our events. Thankfully, Ably includes a Pusher compatibility mode which lets us use the Pusher protocol when listening for events in our client-side application:
npm install --save-dev laravel-echo pusher-js
Before continuing, you should enable Pusher protocol support in your Ably application settings. You may enable this feature within the "Protocol Adapter Settings" portion of your Ably application's settings dashboard.
Once Echo is installed, you are ready to create a fresh Echo instance in your application's JavaScript. A great place to do this is at the bottom of the resources/js/bootstrap.js
file that is included with the Laravel framework. By default, an example Echo configuration is already included in this file; however, the default configuration in the bootstrap.js
file is intended for Pusher. You may copy the configuration below to transition your configuration to Ably:
import Echo from 'laravel-echo';
window.Pusher = require('pusher-js');
window.Echo = new Echo({
broadcaster: 'pusher',
key: process.env.MIX_ABLY_PUBLIC_KEY,
wsHost: 'realtime-pusher.ably.io',
wsPort: 443,
disableStats: true,
encrypted: true,
});
Note that our Ably Echo configuration references a MIX_ABLY_PUBLIC_KEY
environment variable. This variable's value should be your Ably public key. Your public key is the portion of your Ably key that occurs before the :
character.
Once you have uncommented and adjusted the Echo configuration according to your needs, you may compile your application's assets:
npm run dev
{tip} To learn more about compiling your application's JavaScript assets, please consult the documentation on Laravel Mix.
Concept Overview
Laravel's event broadcasting allows you to broadcast your server-side Laravel events to your client-side JavaScript application using a driver-based approach to WebSockets. Currently, Laravel ships with Pusher Channels and Ably drivers. The events may be easily consumed on the client-side using the Laravel Echo JavaScript package.
Events are broadcast over "channels", which may be specified as public or private. Any visitor to your application may subscribe to a public channel without any authentication or authorization; however, in order to subscribe to a private channel, a user must be authenticated and authorized to listen on that channel.
{tip} If you would like to use an open source, PHP driven alternative to Pusher, check out the laravel-websockets package.
Using An Example Application
Before diving into each component of event broadcasting, let's take a high level overview using an e-commerce store as an example.
In our application, let's assume we have a page that allows users to view the shipping status for their orders. Let's also assume that a OrderShipmentStatusUpdated
event is fired when a shipping status update is processed by the application:
use App\Events\OrderShipmentStatusUpdated;
OrderShipmentStatusUpdated::dispatch($order);
The ShouldBroadcast
Interface
When a user is viewing one of their orders, we don't want them to have to refresh the page to view status updates. Instead, we want to broadcast the updates to the application as they are created. So, we need to mark the OrderShipmentStatusUpdated
event with the ShouldBroadcast
interface. This will instruct Laravel to broadcast the event when it is fired:
<?php
namespace App\Events;
use App\Order;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\Channel;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\InteractsWithSockets;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PresenceChannel;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PrivateChannel;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcast;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
class OrderShipmentStatusUpdated implements ShouldBroadcast
{
/**
* The order instance.
*
* @var \App\Order
*/
public $order;
}
The ShouldBroadcast
interface requires our event to define a broadcastOn
method. This method is responsible for returning the channels that the event should broadcast on. An empty stub of this method is already defined on generated event classes, so we only need to fill in its details. We only want the creator of the order to be able to view status updates, so we will broadcast the event on a private channel that is tied to the order:
/**
* Get the channels the event should broadcast on.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Broadcasting\PrivateChannel
*/
public function broadcastOn()
{
return new PrivateChannel('orders.'.$this->order->id);
}
Authorizing Channels
Remember, users must be authorized to listen on private channels. We may define our channel authorization rules in our application's routes/channels.php
file. In this example, we need to verify that any user attempting to listen on the private order.1
channel is actually the creator of the order:
use App\Models\Order;
Broadcast::channel('orders.{orderId}', function ($user, $orderId) {
return $user->id === Order::findOrNew($orderId)->user_id;
});
The channel
method accepts two arguments: the name of the channel and a callback which returns true
or false
indicating whether the user is authorized to listen on the channel.
All authorization callbacks receive the currently authenticated user as their first argument and any additional wildcard parameters as their subsequent arguments. In this example, we are using the {orderId}
placeholder to indicate that the "ID" portion of the channel name is a wildcard.
Listening For Event Broadcasts
Next, all that remains is to listen for the event in our JavaScript application. We can do this using Laravel Echo. First, we'll use the private
method to subscribe to the private channel. Then, we may use the listen
method to listen for the OrderShipmentStatusUpdated
event. By default, all of the event's public properties will be included on the broadcast event:
Echo.private(`orders.${orderId}`)
.listen('OrderShipmentStatusUpdated', (e) => {
console.log(e.order);
});
Defining Broadcast Events
To inform Laravel that a given event should be broadcast, you must implement the Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcast
interface on the event class. This interface is already imported into all event classes generated by the framework so you may easily add it to any of your events.
The ShouldBroadcast
interface requires you to implement a single method: broadcastOn
. The broadcastOn
method should return a channel or array of channels that the event should broadcast on. The channels should be instances of Channel
, PrivateChannel
, or PresenceChannel
. Instances of Channel
represent public channels that any user may subscribe to, while PrivateChannels
and PresenceChannels
represent private channels that require channel authorization:
<?php
namespace App\Events;
use App\Models\User;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\Channel;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\InteractsWithSockets;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PresenceChannel;
use Illuminate\Broadcasting\PrivateChannel;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcast;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
class ServerCreated implements ShouldBroadcast
{
use SerializesModels;
/**
* The user that created the server.
*
* @var \App\Models\User
*/
public $user;
/**
* Create a new event instance.
*
* @param \App\Models\User $user
* @return void
*/
public function __construct(User $user)
{
$this->user = $user;
}
/**
* Get the channels the event should broadcast on.
*
* @return Channel|array
*/
public function broadcastOn()
{
return new PrivateChannel('user.'.$this->user->id);
}
}
After implementing the ShouldBroadcast
interface, you only need to fire the event as you normally would.html. Once the event has been fired, a queued job will automatically broadcast the event using your specified broadcast driver.
Broadcast Name
By default, Laravel will broadcast the event using the event's class name. However, you may customize the broadcast name by defining a broadcastAs
method on the event:
/**
* The event's broadcast name.
*
* @return string
*/
public function broadcastAs()
{
return 'server.created';
}
If you customize the broadcast name using the broadcastAs
method, you should make sure to register your listener with a leading .
character. This will instruct Echo to not prepend the application's namespace to the event:
.listen('.server.created', function (e) {
....
});
Broadcast Data
When an event is broadcast, all of its public
properties are automatically serialized and broadcast as the event's payload, allowing you to access any of its public data from your JavaScript application. So, for example, if your event has a single public $user
property that contains an Eloquent model, the event's broadcast payload would be:
{
"user": {
"id": 1,
"name": "Patrick Stewart"
...
}
}
However, if you wish to have more fine-grained control over your broadcast payload, you may add a broadcastWith
method to your event. This method should return the array of data that you wish to broadcast as the event payload:
/**
* Get the data to broadcast.
*
* @return array
*/
public function broadcastWith()
{
return ['id' => $this->user->id];
}
Broadcast Queue
By default, each broadcast event is placed on the default queue for the default queue connection specified in your queue.php
configuration file. You may customize the queue connection and name used by the broadcaster by defining connection
and queue
properties on your event class:
/**
* The name of the queue connection to use when broadcasting the event.
*
* @var string
*/
public $connection = 'redis';
/**
* The name of the queue on which to place the broadcasting job.
*
* @var string
*/
public $queue = 'default';
If you want to broadcast your event using the sync
queue instead of the default queue driver, you can implement the ShouldBroadcastNow
interface instead of ShouldBroadcast
:
<?php
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcastNow;
class OrderShipmentStatusUpdated implements ShouldBroadcastNow
{
//
}
Broadcast Conditions
Sometimes you want to broadcast your event only if a given condition is true. You may define these conditions by adding a broadcastWhen
method to your event class:
/**
* Determine if this event should broadcast.
*
* @return bool
*/
public function broadcastWhen()
{
return $this->order->value > 100;
}
Broadcasting & Database Transactions
When broadcast events are dispatched within database transactions, they may be processed by the queue before the database transaction has committed. When this happens, any updates you have made to models or database records during the database transaction may not yet be reflected in the database. In addition, any models or database records created within the transaction may not exist in the database. If your event depends on these models, unexpected errors can occur when the job that broadcasts the event is processed.
If your queue connection's after_commit
configuration option is set to false
, you may still indicate that a particular broadcast event should be dispatched after all open database transactions have been committed by defining an $afterCommit
property on the event class:
<?php
namespace App\Events;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Broadcasting\ShouldBroadcast;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
class ServerCreated implements ShouldBroadcast
{
use SerializesModels;
public $afterCommit = true;
}
{tip} To learn more about working around these issues, please review the documentation regarding queued jobs and database transactions.
Authorizing Channels
Private channels require you to authorize that the currently authenticated user can actually listen on the channel. This is accomplished by making an HTTP request to your Laravel application with the channel name and allowing your application to determine if the user can listen on that channel. When using Laravel Echo, the HTTP request to authorize subscriptions to private channels will be made automatically; however, you do need to define the proper routes to respond to these requests.
Defining Authorization Routes
Thankfully, Laravel makes it easy to define the routes to respond to channel authorization requests. In the App\Providers\BroadcastServiceProvider
included with your Laravel application, you will see a call to the Broadcast::routes
method. This method will register the /broadcasting/auth
route to handle authorization requests:
Broadcast::routes();
The Broadcast::routes
method will automatically place its routes within the web
middleware group; however, you may pass an array of route attributes to the method if you would like to customize the assigned attributes:
Broadcast::routes($attributes);
Customizing The Authorization Endpoint
By default, Echo will use the /broadcasting/auth
endpoint to authorize channel access. However, you may specify your own authorization endpoint by passing the authEndpoint
configuration option to your Echo instance:
window.Echo = new Echo({
broadcaster: 'pusher',
// ...
authEndpoint: '/custom/endpoint/auth'
});
Defining Authorization Callbacks
Next, we need to define the logic that will actually determine if the currently authenticated user can listen to a given channel. This is done in the routes/channels.php
file that is included with your application. In this file, you may use the Broadcast::channel
method to register channel authorization callbacks:
Broadcast::channel('orders.{orderId}', function ($user, $orderId) {
return $user->id === Order::findOrNew($orderId)->user_id;
});
The channel
method accepts two arguments: the name of the channel and a callback which returns true
or false
indicating whether the user is authorized to listen on the channel.
All authorization callbacks receive the currently authenticated user as their first argument and any additional wildcard parameters as their subsequent arguments. In this example, we are using the {orderId}
placeholder to indicate that the "ID" portion of the channel name is a wildcard.
Authorization Callback Model Binding
Just like HTTP routes, channel routes may also take advantage of implicit and explicit route model binding. For example, instead of receiving a string or numeric order ID, you may request an actual Order
model instance:
use App\Models\Order;
Broadcast::channel('orders.{order}', function ($user, Order $order) {
return $user->id === $order->user_id;
});
{note} Unlike HTTP route model binding, channel model binding does not support automatic implicit model binding scoping. However, this is rarely a problem because most channels can be scoped based on a single model's unique, primary key.
Authorization Callback Authentication
Private and presence broadcast channels authenticate the current user via your application's default authentication guard. If the user is not authenticated, channel authorization is automatically denied and the authorization callback is never executed. However, you may assign multiple, custom guards that should authenticate the incoming request if necessary:
Broadcast::channel('channel', function () {
// ...
}, ['guards' => ['web', 'admin']]);
Defining Channel Classes
If your application is consuming many different channels, your routes/channels.php
file could become bulky. So, instead of using closures to authorize channels, you may use channel classes. To generate a channel class, use the make:channel
Artisan command. This command will place a new channel class in the App/Broadcasting
directory.
php artisan make:channel OrderChannel
Next, register your channel in your routes/channels.php
file:
use App\Broadcasting\OrderChannel;
Broadcast::channel('orders.{order}', OrderChannel::class);
Finally, you may place the authorization logic for your channel in the channel class' join
method. This join
method will house the same logic you would have typically placed in your channel authorization closure. You may also take advantage of channel model binding:
<?php
namespace App\Broadcasting;
use App\Models\Order;
use App\Models\User;
class OrderChannel
{
/**
* Create a new channel instance.
*
* @return void
*/
public function __construct()
{
//
}
/**
* Authenticate the user's access to the channel.
*
* @param \App\Models\User $user
* @param \App\Models\Order $order
* @return array|bool
*/
public function join(User $user, Order $order)
{
return $user->id === $order->user_id;
}
}
{tip} Like many other classes in Laravel, channel classes will automatically be resolved by the service container. So, you may type-hint any dependencies required by your channel in its constructor.
Broadcasting Events
Once you have defined an event and marked it with the ShouldBroadcast
interface, you only need to fire the event using the event's dispatch method. The event dispatcher will notice that the event is marked with the ShouldBroadcast
interface and will queue the event for broadcasting:
use App\Events\OrderShipmentStatusUpdated;
OrderShipmentStatusUpdated::dispatch($order));
Only To Others
When building an application that utilizes event broadcasting, you may occasionally need to broadcast an event to all subscribers to a given channel except for the current user. You may accomplish this using the broadcast
helper and the toOthers
method:
use App\Events\OrderShipmentStatusUpdated;
broadcast(new OrderShipmentStatusUpdated($update))->toOthers();
To better understand when you may want to use the toOthers
method, let's imagine a task list application where a user may create a new task by entering a task name. To create a task, your application might make a request to a /task
URL which broadcasts the task's creation and returns a JSON representation of the new task. When your JavaScript application receives the response from the end-point, it might directly insert the new task into its task list like so:
axios.post('/task', task)
.then((response) => {
this.tasks.push(response.data);
});
However, remember that we also broadcast the task's creation. If your JavaScript application is also listening for this event in order to add tasks to the task list, you will have duplicate tasks in your list: one from the end-point and one from the broadcast. You may solve this by using the toOthers
method to instruct the broadcaster to not broadcast the event to the current user.
{note} Your event must use the
Illuminate\Broadcasting\InteractsWithSockets
trait in order to call thetoOthers
method.
Configuration
When you initialize a Laravel Echo instance, a socket ID is assigned to the connection. If you are using a global Axios instance to make HTTP requests from your JavaScript application, the socket ID will automatically be attached to every outgoing request as a X-Socket-ID
header. Then, when you call the toOthers
method, Laravel will extract the socket ID from the header and instruct the broadcaster to not broadcast to any connections with that socket ID.
If you are not using a global Axios instance, you will need to manually configure your JavaScript application to send the X-Socket-ID
header with all outgoing requests. You may retrieve the socket ID using the Echo.socketId
method:
var socketId = Echo.socketId();
Receiving Broadcasts
Listening For Events
Once you have installed and instantiated Laravel Echo, you are ready to start listening for events that are broadcast from your Laravel application. First, use the channel
method to retrieve an instance of a channel, then call the listen
method to listen for a specified event:
Echo.channel(`orders.${this.order.id}`)
.listen('OrderShipmentStatusUpdated', (e) => {
console.log(e.order.name);
});
If you would like to listen for events on a private channel, use the private
method instead. You may continue to chain calls to the listen
method to listen for multiple events on a single channel:
Echo.private(`orders.${this.order.id}`)
.listen(...)
.listen(...)
.listen(...);
Leaving A Channel
To leave a channel, you may call the leaveChannel
method on your Echo instance:
Echo.leaveChannel(`orders.${this.order.id}`);
If you would like to leave a channel and also its associated private and presence channels, you may call the leave
method:
Echo.leave(`orders.${this.order.id}`);
Namespaces
You may have noticed in the examples above that we did not specify the full App\Events
namespace for the event classes. This is because Echo will automatically assume the events are located in the App\Events
namespace. However, you may configure the root namespace when you instantiate Echo by passing a namespace
configuration option:
window.Echo = new Echo({
broadcaster: 'pusher',
// ...
namespace: 'App.Other.Namespace'
});
Alternatively, you may prefix event classes with a .
when subscribing to them using Echo. This will allow you to always specify the fully-qualified class name:
Echo.channel('orders')
.listen('.Namespace\\Event\\Class', (e) => {
//
});
Presence Channels
Presence channels build on the security of private channels while exposing the additional feature of awareness of who is subscribed to the channel. This makes it easy to build powerful, collaborative application features such as notifying users when another user is viewing the same page or listing the inhabitants of a chat room.
Authorizing Presence Channels
All presence channels are also private channels; therefore, users must be authorized to access them. However, when defining authorization callbacks for presence channels, you will not return true
if the user is authorized to join the channel. Instead, you should return an array of data about the user.
The data returned by the authorization callback will be made available to the presence channel event listeners in your JavaScript application. If the user is not authorized to join the presence channel, you should return false
or null
:
Broadcast::channel('chat.{roomId}', function ($user, $roomId) {
if ($user->canJoinRoom($roomId)) {
return ['id' => $user->id, 'name' => $user->name];
}
});
Joining Presence Channels
To join a presence channel, you may use Echo's join
method. The join
method will return a PresenceChannel
implementation which, along with exposing the listen
method, allows you to subscribe to the here
, joining
, and leaving
events.
Echo.join(`chat.${roomId}`)
.here((users) => {
//
})
.joining((user) => {
console.log(user.name);
})
.leaving((user) => {
console.log(user.name);
});
The here
callback will be executed immediately once the channel is joined successfully, and will receive an array containing the user information for all of the other users currently subscribed to the channel. The joining
method will be executed when a new user joins a channel, while the leaving
method will be executed when a user leaves the channel.
Broadcasting To Presence Channels
Presence channels may receive events just like public or private channels. Using the example of a chatroom, we may want to broadcast NewMessage
events to the room's presence channel. To do so, we'll return an instance of PresenceChannel
from the event's broadcastOn
method:
/**
* Get the channels the event should broadcast on.
*
* @return Channel|array
*/
public function broadcastOn()
{
return new PresenceChannel('room.'.$this->message->room_id);
}
As with other events, you may use the broadcast
helper and the toOthers
method to exclude the current user from receiving the broadcast:
broadcast(new NewMessage($message));
broadcast(new NewMessage($message))->toOthers();
As typical of other types of events, you may listen for events sent to presence channels using Echo's listen
method:
Echo.join(`chat.${roomId}`)
.here(...)
.joining(...)
.leaving(...)
.listen('NewMessage', (e) => {
//
});
Client Events
{tip} When using Pusher Channels, you must enable the "Client Events" option in the "App Settings" section of your application dashboard in order to send client events.
Sometimes you may wish to broadcast an event to other connected clients without hitting your Laravel application at all. This can be particularly useful for things like "typing" notifications, where you want to alert users of your application that another user is typing a message on a given screen.
To broadcast client events, you may use Echo's whisper
method:
Echo.private(`chat.${roomId}`)
.whisper('typing', {
name: this.user.name
});
To listen for client events, you may use the listenForWhisper
method:
Echo.private(`chat.${roomId}`)
.listenForWhisper('typing', (e) => {
console.log(e.name);
});
Notifications
By pairing event broadcasting with notifications, your JavaScript application may receive new notifications as they occur without needing to refresh the page.html. Before getting started, be sure to read over the documentation on using the broadcast notification channel.
Once you have configured a notification to use the broadcast channel, you may listen for the broadcast events using Echo's notification
method. Remember, the channel name should match the class name of the entity receiving the notifications:
Echo.private(`App.Models.User.${userId}`)
.notification((notification) => {
console.log(notification.type);
});
In this example, all notifications sent to App\Models\User
instances via the broadcast
channel would be received by the callback. A channel authorization callback for the App.Models.User.{id}
channel is included in the default BroadcastServiceProvider
that ships with the Laravel framework.


ANGELA A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1996 James Berardinelli
RATING (0 TO 10): 8.0 Alternative Scale: ***1/2 out of ****
United States, 1996 Running Length: 1:39 MPAA Classification: No MPAA Rating (Sex, mature themes) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 1.85:1 Shown at the Philadelphia Festival of World Cinema, 5/3/96, 5/4/96
Cast: Miranda Stuart Ryne, Charlotte Blythe, Anna Thompson, John Ventimiglia Director: Rebecca Miller Producers: Ron Kastner Screenplay: Rebecca Miller Cinematography: Ellen Kuras
ANGELA, director Rebecca Miller's award-winning debut feature (it captured two prizes at last year's Sundance Film Festival), presents a view of the modern world through the eyes of a creative ten-year old girl. With a relaxed pace and lyrical visual style, this motion picture, which explores issues of spirituality and guilt, will never find an audience among mainstream movie-goers. Nevertheless, for those who appreciate perceptive, offbeat, experimental features, ANGELA offers a rewarding one-hundred minutes.
The two main characters, Angela (Miranda Stuart Ryne) and her six- year old sister, Ellie (Charlotte Blythe), have just moved into a new upstate New York home. Their mother, Mae (Anna Thompson), a manic- depressive ex-singer, has an erratic relationship with her two daughters and her husband, Andrew (John Ventimiglia).  Angela doesn't understand her mother, but she's sure that her own sin and spiritual inadequacies are somehow responsible for Mae's problems, so, with Ellie in tow, she runs away from home, following obscure "signs from God" in a quest to purify herself, and, as a result, save her mother.
Angela readily plugs the holes in her understanding of the Catholic catechism by coming up with mystical constructions of her own. In her metaphysical vision, the world is a place of angels -- both good and bad -- and the difference between going to heaven or hell depends on whether you can differentiate between the two. Mistakes are easy to make -- Angela erroneously believes a pedophile to be an agent of God because he gives her the money to win a stuffed animal at a carnival. She sees reality through naive eyes, and Miller (who wrote the screenplay in addition to handling the directorial chores) does a superlative job of presenting this story from the child's viewpoint while still making it clear what the more objective, "adult" perspective of events is.
Miranda Stuart Ryne, a young actress of astounding ability, was chosen for the title role from a field of more than 1000 hopefuls. Viewing her nearly-flawless performance, it's easy to understand why Miller cast her. For someone of her age, she has amazing screen presence, and makes acting appear effortless. The impish Charlotte Blythe, although not as effective as her older co-star, is entirely believable.
When we're children, we attribute more power to ourselves than we actually have. That's the quality of youth that ANGELA most perfectly captures. Not since last year's obscure Polish feature, CROWS, has there been a more apt exploration of how children relate to their setting. Angela's refuge is the imaginative spirituality that she shares only with her sister. The film builds slowly, but inevitably, towards a conclusion that is at once powerful, shocking, and moving. In some ways, ANGELA can be seen as a cautionary tale about the dangers of taking a particular dogma to an extreme, but, mostly, the movie reminds us of the complexity of life from the child's point-of-view, something it's easy to forget once we cross the invisible boundary of adulthood.
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>web: http://www.cybernex.net/~berardin
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Unlike the "Hook Methods in fixtures with examples" specification, this specification has no commands outside of the named examples.
Since this part of the specification is in the first example and there is no "outer" example, the @BeforeExample methods should have been called 1 time, and the @AfterExample methods should have been called 0 time.
Since this part of the specification is in the second example, the @BeforeExample methods should have been called 2 times, and the @AfterExample methods should have been called 1 times.


Trump Hopes Prisoner Exchange Leads to Afghan Peace
Trump also thanked President Ghani for his “courageous support” with release of Haqqani Network leaders.
by TOLOnews.comUS President Donald Trump on Wednesday tweeted that he hopes the release of two professors by the Taliban on Tuesday will “pave the way” for a ceasefire and help facilitate peace in Afghanistan.
“We join families of Kevin King and Tim Weeks in celebrating their release from Taliban captivity. Thanks to President Ghani for his courageous support. Let’s hope this leads to more good things on the peace front like a ceasefire that will help end this long war. Proud of my team!” Trump tweeted.
Kevin King, 63, from the US, and Timothy Weeks, 50, from Australia, were professors at the American University in Afghanistan in Kabul and were abducted by the Haqqani Network in August 2016.
Both men were freed by the Taliban in the southern province of Zabul on Tuesday following the release of three Haqqani commanders on Monday evening, sources said. Anas Haqqani, Haji Mail Khan and Hafiz Rashid were flown from Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan to Qatar, where, according to sources, they will remain under “house arrest.”
On November 12, President Ghani at a press conference confirmed that the three Haqqani Network commanders had been “conditionally released” in exchange for the release of the two foreign professors, in the interest of a peace settlement.


The future of cars are changing, soon there may be no more gasoline powered cars on the road, but what type of car will take the lead in this market?
Read This ArticleWhere does the easter bunny come from?
Read This ArticleEarios Podcast Network, run entirely by women, is revolutionizing the podcasting scene. With lower barriers of entry, a focus on creating, and some very funny guests, they're tackling the podcast bias against women head on.
Read This ArticleRivian is a new growing and developing car manufacturer that aims to take control of the electric car market. It is being heavily invested in by some of the biggest companies in the world.
Read This ArticleIn this article we explore some good options for jobs if you are a highschool student
Read This ArticleGiven the racist, sexist, and religious discriminations throughout American classics, should we continue to read these texts? I interviewed Brown University professor Arnold Weinstein to get his take on the importance of these classics.
Read This ArticleIf you’ve ever been on social media, chances are that you’ve witnessed digital blackface, the trend of nonblack audiences using Black vernacular and images for the sake of memes. But how should we regard this practice?
Read This ArticleGentrified areas and unfair building restrictions becoming a major issue in the Los Angeles. What are people doing about it?
Read This ArticleWith recent controversy over President Biden’s Title IX executive order, transphobic sentiment flimsily masked by “feminism” is rampant. Here’s how to spot it.
Read This ArticleThis article will focus on the affects of social isolation on our mental health, and one of the main reasons why: social media
Read This ArticleIn celebration of Women’s History Month, this article will honor a few of the amazing contributions made by women.
Read This ArticleHow racism against Asian Americans has increased over the course of the pandemic
Read This ArticleDespite Disney's claims of wanting to learn from their past mistakes of creating and profitting off of racist stereotypes, they continue to ignore that they created one of the most prominent blackface characters of all time.
Read This ArticleRacism towards Asians in America has persisted for a long time in American history.
Read This ArticleA brief description of river gorge national park in WV
Read This ArticleDetails the differences between Trump's and Biden's handling of LGBTQ+ civil rights issues.
Read This ArticleIf you're anything like me, this second impeachment is not only confusing, but a bit boring. This is a quick overveiw of Mr. Trump's second impeachment.
Read This ArticleSocial media is defined as a system of network and applications that enable users to create and share content while participating in social networking.
Read This ArticleMisinformation, trolling, and violence reign where freedom of speech reaches its limits. In the depths of local news comment sections, people argue beneath the facts - literally. These places are a cause of anger for readers, commenters and news organizations alike.
Read This ArticleI-Message reactions have a different type of power in the way of communicating through texting. So, I asked a few people what their thoughts on this are.
Read This ArticleColleges have used extracurricular activities to make decisions about prospective students. However, is it time we acknowledge the high expecations these elite colleges have regarding excessive leadership positions in these activities, along with the growing inequity there is between lower and higher income students in finding such opportunities?
Read This ArticleLooking at how body image can be changed and percieved negatively through social media.
Read This ArticleIt is common knowledge that the first amendment allows all citizens of America freedom of speech, but with people increasing use of technology to cyberbully and post insensitive content on social media, freedom of speech has become freedom to hate.
Read This ArticleWith a rising trend in veganism and more concern about climate change, how many people don't have access to healthy, more ethical food?
Read This ArticleIn light of Donald Trump's Impeachment trial, many people don't seem to know how an impeachment actually works. The purpose of this article is to simply explain the impeachment process and to give insight on the current status of Trump's impeachment.
Read This ArticleIs organic produce really worth it? Is conventional actually better?
Read This ArticleChances are that you’ve heard the name Breonna Taylor circulating in headlines over the past few months. Here’s what happened and some take aways, from a tired Black American.
 This article explores the many different emotions they experience and the toll Covid-19 has taken on teens in the U.S.
Read This ArticleThis article will talk about the Colorado wildifres, and some ways we can prevent these wildfires.
Read This ArticleFollowing the attack on Capitol Hill, your mind may be filled with confusion on how, what, and why the dometic terrorists decided to attack the prominent building. This article will help you understand what happened, and who's to blame.
Read This ArticleHow does a second lockdown affect people.
Read This ArticleWhy the use of the word simp perpetuates a toxic culture of disrespect.
Read This ArticleIn all of the chaos of the BLM protests, the pandemic, and climate change, one small issue seems to have escaped American's attention: Actual genocide, committed by the United States. Find out about Trump's latest crimes against humanity.
Read This ArticleSo many people are unable to cast their vote due to simple obstacles like transportation. It seems unfair for such a small thing to take away someones voice. Lyft is driving up to save the day!
Read This ArticleInformation about lawsuits regarding affirmative action, along with other issues with the college process.
Read This ArticleThe effects of the upcoming election
Read This ArticleSome thoughts on recent American political events.
Read This ArticleThe election this year is far from normal. From fear of voter fraud to threats of refusal to leave office, it will definitely be an interesting time. But what can you do as an average citizen to prepare for the worst, and what should you do if it happens?
Read This ArticleJustice Ginsburg's recent death leaves a vacancy on the Supreme Court. What is the process for filling a vacancy and why is it so controversial right now?
Read This ArticleUSC professor suspended using a Chinese expression that sounds like a racial slur in English
Read This ArticleThe details and benefits from the recent Travis Scott and McDonalds partnership.
Read This ArticleCOVID-19 is affecting all parts of our lives. For students especially, college admissions can be rough, and this pandemic isn’t making it any better. So, how is this virus changing the way students, and universities, approach college admissions?
Read This ArticleThe US Food and Drug Administration announced in early February of a plan to clear the market of most flavors for cartridge-based e-cigarettes in the United States.The policy will not apply to flavored products for open tank systems that are sold in vape shops. Cartridge-based e-cigarettes have been popular among youth, and the policy may prevent use of these specific substances, yet teens are still able to get their hands on numerous other vaping products through loopholes the FDA is allowing.
Read This ArticleWhat is fake meat and is it sustainable?
Read This ArticleStudent protests against strict dress codes in their school
Read This ArticleThe SAT is a standardized test widely used by colleges to predict college success, testing one’s ability in reading, writing, and math.
The SAT gained much controversy for not being a good measure of intelligence and helping a student understand their college readiness.
Many, like College officials, believe the SAT is designed to test a student’s intellectual abilities, while others, mostly students, think that the SAT is too universal and can be perceived differently by certain people.
California Wildfires are impacting the lives of our fellow Greenhills alumni.
Here’s their perspective.
American lobsters have made a deal with the devil for everlasting youth.
But like any Faustian bargain, this deal has its consequences.
Discusses the case of Korematsu v United States. Analyzes the recent ruling on the Trump travel ban and how it relates to Korematsu
Read This ArticleGrocery stores are designed to lure you into spending more and can constantly bankrupt your grocery budget. Nothing happens by accident in a supermarket. Everything is designed to sell. The grocery basket itself, the music, and the location of items are purposely made to cause you to overspend.
Read This ArticleA look at some of Apple’s competitive corporate strategies
Features consumer interviews
As new technological innovations are developed each year, the time we spend staring at screens is only rising.
Has technology become harmful to our health, our relationships, and our lives?
Red Delicious apples used to be popular in the U.S., but are rapidly losing support. They lack flavor and prioritize appearance over taste.
Students at Greenhills attest to the inferiority of this apple.


Right of Publicity
by BRIEFPASADENA, Calif. – The Ninth Circuit ruled that singer Steve Perry’s right-of-publicity claims against musician Phil Brown should be remanded for a hearing on Perry’s request for a preliminary injunction. The former Journey lead singer claims Brown falsely implied Perry was a part of his band and threatened to release old vocal performances, even though Perry owns the intellectual property rights.
Copyright © 2019 courthousenews.com


Factorial SDE model for linear-time multi-output GP regression. Implemented in JAX.
Doubly Mixed-Effects GP
Multi-task GP regression model that allows explicit decomposition of complex task and sample correlations. Implemented in GPflow and TensorFlow.
Pose Estimation
CNN models for spacecraft relative pose estimation: ASPP + Homoscedastic Uncertainty Loss Weighting / Cross-Domain Spherical Embedding / Transfer Learning. Implemented in TensorFlow Keras.
LDA-CAVI
Implementation of Coordinate Ascent Variational Inference (CAVI) for Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA).
TFA-BOLD5000
Clustering Methods and Topographic Factor Analysis (TFA) on the BOLD5000 fMRI dataset for study of correlation between image semantics and cortical regions.
COSMIC
Content-based Onboard Summarization to Monitor Infrequent Change (COSMIC): Random Forest and FCN-based Martian Swiss cheese detection.
Speech-to-Text Web App
Flask-based web application that records sound (as PCM/WAV) and converts speech to text via Google Cloud Speech API.
Fake News Stance Detection Seminar
Seminar on stance detection models involving MLPs, CNNs, gradient-boosted Decision Trees, etc.
Daum News Crawler
Web crawler that collects Daum News article data, implemented as part of a project for fake news detection engine development.
Medical 3D Display
Visual demo of interactive side-by-side view of the human heart, one generated by a trained AI engine and the other from real MRI data.


Riot Games
Riot Games, Inc. was founded as an Indie game developer in 2006 by Brandon "Ryze" Beck, and Marc "Tryndamere" Merrill in Los Angeles. The company announced its first game, League of Legends: Clash of Fates, in October 2008, and released the game in October 2009 as simply League of Legends. Their game uses a free-to-play model, supported by microtransactions rather than ads or boxed copy sales. In 2008, Riot Games obtained initial funding of US$7 million provided by venture capital firms Benchmark Capital and FirstMark Capital. In a second round of funding in 2009, the company raised $8 million from Benchmark, FirstMark, and Chinese technology giant Tencent Holdings.In early 2011, Tencent Holdings bought out a majority stake in Riot Games. Tencent later reported the deal was for $231,465,000 in an interim report. Employees at the company include veterans of Defense of the Ancients, such as the former lead developer Steve "Guinsoo" Feak, and the former official DotA-Allstars.com website founder Steve "Pendragon" Mescon.Riot Games also employs some former Blizzard Entertainment employees, including Greg Street, former Lead Systems Designer for World of Warcraft. On July 12, 2013, Business Insider named Riot Games #4 on its list of the top 25 technology companies to work for in 2013. On November 8, 2013 Riot Games announced that the company would relocate to a new building in West Los Angeles in 2015.
Riot Games
League of Legends (LoL) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed and published by Riot Games for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It is a free-to-play game that is supported by micro-transactions and inspired by the mod Defense of the Ancients for the video game Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne. In League of Legends, players assume the role of a character, called a "champion", with unique abilities, battling with a team against other player or computer-controlled champions. In the most popular game modes, the goal is to destroy the opposing team's "nexus", a building which lies at the heart of a base protected by defensive structures. Each League of Legends game is discrete, with all champions starting off each game fairly weak and progressing by accumulating gold and experience over the course of the game. League of Legends was generally well received at release, and it has grown in popularity in the years since. By July 2012, League of Legends was the most played PC game in North America and Europe in terms of the number of hours played. As of January 2014, over 67 million people play League of Legends per month, 27 million per day, and over 7.5 million concurrently during peak hours. League of Legends has a large, active competitive scene. In North America and Europe, Riot Games organizes the League of Legends Championship Series, which consists of 10 professional teams in each continent. Similar regional competitions exist in China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. These regional competitions culminate with the annual League of Legends World Championship, which in 2013 had a grand prize of $1 million and attracted 32 million viewers online. The 2014 tournament had the fifth largest prize pool in esports history, sitting at 2.3 million dollars.


It is fairly rare to find large corporations with this ownership structure, but examples include John Lewis (UK retailer) and a handful of traditional Building Societies that have not de-mutualized.


Cards contain content and actions about a single subject.
Basic card
A card is declared with the css class ls-card on a div. Inside the card div, you can added content and at the end add a ls-card-actions div to add actions on the card as buttons.
Card TitleI am a very simple card.
Card with Media
Cards can embed media to illustrate the content.
Card with horizontal media and text
The media can be displayed smaller and horizontally with the text.
Forest By Aloïs Moubax from Pexels


| 1 | package org.ahocorasick.interval; | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | import java.util.List; | |
| 4 | import java.util.Set; | |
| 5 | import java.util.TreeSet; | |
| 6 | ||
| 7 | import static java.util.Collections.sort; | |
| 8 | ||
| 9 | public class IntervalTree { | |
| 10 | ||
| 11 | private final IntervalNode rootNode; | |
| 12 | ||
| 13 | public IntervalTree(List<Intervalable> intervals) { | |
| 14 | this.rootNode = new IntervalNode(intervals); | |
| 15 | } | |
| 16 | ||
| 17 | public List<Intervalable> removeOverlaps(final List<Intervalable> intervals) { | |
| 18 | ||
| 19 | // Sort the intervals on size, then left-most position | |
| 20 |
1
1. removeOverlaps : removed call to java/util/Collections::sort → KILLED |
sort(intervals, new IntervalableComparatorBySize()); |
| 21 | ||
| 22 | final Set<Intervalable> removeIntervals = new TreeSet<>(); | |
| 23 | ||
| 24 | for (final Intervalable interval : intervals) { | |
| 25 | // If the interval was already removed, ignore it | |
| 26 |
1
1. removeOverlaps : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (removeIntervals.contains(interval)) { |
| 27 | continue; | |
| 28 | } | |
| 29 | ||
| 30 | // Remove all overallping intervals | |
| 31 | removeIntervals.addAll(findOverlaps(interval)); | |
| 32 | } | |
| 33 | ||
| 34 | // Remove all intervals that were overlapping | |
| 35 | for (final Intervalable removeInterval : removeIntervals) { | |
| 36 | intervals.remove(removeInterval); | |
| 37 | } | |
| 38 | ||
| 39 | // Sort the intervals, now on left-most position only | |
| 40 |
1
1. removeOverlaps : removed call to java/util/Collections::sort → SURVIVED |
sort(intervals, new IntervalableComparatorByPosition()); |
| 41 | ||
| 42 |
1
1. removeOverlaps : mutated return of Object value for org/ahocorasick/interval/IntervalTree::removeOverlaps to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → KILLED |
return intervals; |
| 43 | } | |
| 44 | ||
| 45 | public List<Intervalable> findOverlaps(final Intervalable interval) { | |
| 46 |
1
1. findOverlaps : mutated return of Object value for org/ahocorasick/interval/IntervalTree::findOverlaps to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → KILLED |
return rootNode.findOverlaps(interval); |
| 47 | } | |
| 48 | ||
| 49 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 20 |
1.1 |
|
| 26 |
1.1 |
|
| 40 |
1.1 |
|
| 42 |
1.1 |
|
| 46 |
1.1 |


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