I wanted to try ayahuasca or one of its analogues, so i ordered some up and set to work. I live in college dorms with a community kitchen so i wasn't particularly comfortable with lengthy extractions involving hours of boiling. My initial trials with quick preparations involved putting around 6 grams of mimosa hostilis root bark in a coffee grinder until it was for the most part a fine powder. The powder was then placed in a regular paper coffee filter and into a quick-brew type coffee maker (not a drip-brewer). I then ran 1 cup of distilled water with a few squirts of lemon juice in it through the machine. Each extraction took about 10 or so minutes, and after the first cup of water the filter needed to be changed because of clogging.
These short-period methods were effective, but not up to DMT's potential. The trips began with the ingestion of 2 teaspoons of ground syrian rue, waiting for the effects of the MAOI to kick in, then drinking the 2 cups of mimosa juice by taking a gulp once about every 2 minutes and rinsing my mouth with lemon juice until it was all gone. The nausea set in immediately after consumption, but i always fought vomiting until absolutely necessary. Puking is never fun, but it was never really too horrible or violent, and the third time i only gagged. The sickness always went away pretty much right after.
These coffee machine preparations resulted in what i'd describe as mid-dose acid trips (not really, but i can't think of any other effective analogy) complete with flowing visuals and intospection. I enjoyed these trips immensely, and went pretty much sleepless for 3 days, because i dosed 3 nights in a row.
I needed a break for about a week or so, to catch up on sleep and give my brain a rest. I read about other preparations online, and my interest was piqued by an article i read about the nausea of ayahuasca being caused by the extraction of tanins when mimosa is boiled. So, i decided to try my own cold-water extraction.
I ground about 6 grams of mimosa in my coffee grinder like before. I put it in a tupperware container with 1 cup of distilled water and lemon juice, mixed it thoroughly, then placed it in the refrigerator overnight. The next day the water had turned a dark purple-ish color. I strained it through a paper coffee filter and squeezed it out as best i could, and placed it in the fridge. I then took the ground-up mimosa and placed it back in the container, and added another cup of water. I let it sit overnight again, strained in the same manner as the first batch, then combined the liquids. I placed the 2 cups of brew in a pot, and proceded to evaporate off a portion of the liquid, never allowing it to get hot enough to boil. When i was finished there was approximately one cup of dark purple/brown liquid. I placed it in the refrigerator, ground and consumed my rue (no preparation, just swallowing it one tsp at a time, wrapped in tissue), and waited for the effects.
Some friends invited me along to pick some things up from the store, and i said i'd go if they waited until i threw up (they knew about my previous excursions), and they agreed to stay. Once i was feeling the effects of the rue, i drank the mimosa brew in 4 or 5 gulps over a 10 minute period. The other times i had experienced the nausea immediately, but not like this. I held back my gag reflex numerous times, but eventually gave up and vomited violently about 30 minutes later, which dissappointed me because i had held it for at least an hour the previous times. I didn't feel altered in the slightest, except for the effects of the rue, and left for the store.
We were there for a good 30 minutes or so, and i became very dissappointed as i wasn't feeling the slightest tryptamine effect. I accepted defeat and went to a fast food restaurant to get something to eat, since i had fasted all day. I had 1 cup of caffeinated soda, but wasn't concerned because i drink a lot of caffeine, and had consumed it under the use of MAOI's before, to no ill effect. All of a sudden, i got that 'something's different' feeling, and noticed a slight morphing and rippling effect. This was about 1 hour 15 minutes after vomiting. I thought that perhaps the caffeine was somehow triggering the small amount of DMT in my system. I mentioned it to my friends, and said i was happy, because tripping a little was better than nothing. My friends wanted to pick up a movie from a rental place down the street, so we went there and since i was tripping a bit, decided to wait in the car.
I felt something, subtly, creeping up on me. Nothing intense, just this ringing in my eyes and feeling in my head. I initially got a little worried, because i thought that perhaps i'd had too much caffeine. Then something happened. An analogy that i'd read somewhere that was something like 'a butterfly floating in front of a speeding freight train' comes to mind. I squirmed in my seat and tried to keep my eyes focused in an attempt to regain my bearings. I was lost in a sea of intensity, an ocean of flowing colors and complicated patterns. I sat in that car for an eternity, asuring myself it wasn't happening.
I won't get lost in detail trying to describle the undescribable, as there are already plenty of reports that explain much more elegantly than i could, but in summary i tripped harder than i ever thought possible, and saw for a brief moment the 'dmt elves' even. The peak effects only lasted for around an hour or so, and once i regained my senses i was still tripping harder than i had ever before (excluding the previous hour, of course), and it seemed like absolute mudanity!
So, it is safe to say the cold-water method does work, however with my lack of experience i can't say that it is as effective as more tried and true techniques. All i know is it worked for me, and after a short break, i hope to try my luck a little further down the rabbit hole.
good luck,
stay safe
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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AuthRequest determines whether a specific request is permitted to load the /debug/requests or /debug/events pages.
It returns two bools; the first indicates whether the page may be viewed at all, and the second indicates whether sensitive events will be shown.
AuthRequest may be replaced by a program to customize its authorization requirements.
The default AuthRequest function returns (true, true) if and only if the request comes from localhost/<IP_ADDRESS>/[::1].
var AuthRequest = func(req *http.Request) (any, sensitive bool) { host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(req.RemoteAddr) if err != nil { host = req.RemoteAddr } switch host { case "localhost", "<IP_ADDRESS>", "::1": return true, true default: return false, false } }
DebugUseAfterFinish controls whether to debug uses of Trace values after finishing. FOR DEBUGGING ONLY. This will slow down the program.
var DebugUseAfterFinish = false
func Events(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)
Events responds with a page of events collected by EventLogs. The package initialization registers it in http.DefaultServeMux at /debug/events.
It performs authorization by running AuthRequest.
func NewContext(ctx context.Context, tr Trace) context.Context
NewContext returns a copy of the parent context and associates it with a Trace.
func Render(w io.Writer, req *http.Request, sensitive bool)
Render renders the HTML page typically served at /debug/requests. It does not do any auth checking. The request may be nil.
Most users will use the Traces handler.
func RenderEvents(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request, sensitive bool)
RenderEvents renders the HTML page typically served at /debug/events. It does not do any auth checking. The request may be nil.
Most users will use the Events handler.
func Traces(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)
Traces responds with traces from the program. The package initialization registers it in http.DefaultServeMux at /debug/requests.
It performs authorization by running AuthRequest.
An EventLog provides a log of events associated with a specific object.
type EventLog interface { // Printf formats its arguments with fmt.Sprintf and adds the // result to the event log. Printf(format string, a ...interface{}) // Errorf is like Printf, but it marks this event as an error. Errorf(format string, a ...interface{}) // Finish declares that this event log is complete. // The event log should not be used after calling this method. Finish() }
func NewEventLog(family, title string) EventLog
NewEventLog returns a new EventLog with the specified family name and title.
Trace represents an active request.
type Trace interface { // LazyLog adds x to the event log. It will be evaluated each time the // /debug/requests page is rendered. Any memory referenced by x will be // pinned until the trace is finished and later discarded. LazyLog(x fmt.Stringer, sensitive bool) // LazyPrintf evaluates its arguments with fmt.Sprintf each time the // /debug/requests page is rendered. Any memory referenced by a will be // pinned until the trace is finished and later discarded. LazyPrintf(format string, a ...interface{}) // SetError declares that this trace resulted in an error. SetError() // SetRecycler sets a recycler for the trace. // f will be called for each event passed to LazyLog at a time when // it is no longer required, whether while the trace is still active // and the event is discarded, or when a completed trace is discarded. SetRecycler(f func(interface{})) // SetTraceInfo sets the trace info for the trace. // This is currently unused. SetTraceInfo(traceID, spanID uint64) // SetMaxEvents sets the maximum number of events that will be stored // in the trace. This has no effect if any events have already been // added to the trace. SetMaxEvents(m int) // Finish declares that this trace is complete. // The trace should not be used after calling this method. Finish() }
func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (tr Trace, ok bool)
FromContext returns the Trace bound to the context, if any.
func New(family, title string) Trace
New returns a new Trace with the specified family and title.


The parser package manages the parsers that are used to interpret information coming into or going out of OpenRate.


| MATLAB 文件帮助: cv.composeRT | 查看 cv.composeRT 的代码 | Index |
composeRT Combines two rotation-and-shift transformations
S = cv.composeRT(rvec1, tvec1, rvec2, tvec2)
rvec3
or tvec3
with regard to rvec1
,
tvec1
, rvec2
, and tvec2
, respectively. Each derivative is
a 3x3 float matrix.The function computes:
rvec3 = rodrigues^-1( rodorigues(rvec2) * rodrigues(rvec1) )
tvec3 = rodrigues(rvec2) * tvec1 + tvec2
where rodrigues
denotes a rotation vector to a rotation matrix
transformation, and rodrigues^-1
denotes the inverse transformation.
See cv.Rodrigues for details.
Also, the function can compute the derivatives of the output vectors with regards to the input vectors (see cv.matMulDeriv). The function us used inside cv.stereoCalibrate but can also be used in your own code where Levenberg-Marquardt or another gradient-based solver is used to optimize a function that contains a matrix multiplication.


Actor Model Explained
- An actor is the primitive unit of computation.
- An entity with an address (like email address)
- Can do 3 things:
Actor Model Explained
Send a message to another actor ✉
Receive a message (and do some computations) 📝
Create more actors 🙋♂🙋♂🙋♂🙋♂🙋♂
Simple as That!
Actor's Internal State
- Actor maintains its own iternal state.
- The state is not accesible from the outside:
- Can be changed by the actor itself only
- Which means, state is updated by messages
- Similar to getter and setter methods in OOP
Actor's Internal State
Actor A wants to change Actor B's state
Actor's Internal State
Actor A sends a message to Actor B
Actor's Internal State
Actor B receives the messsge and acts
Actor's Internal State
Actor B's internal state is changed 🎉🎉🎉


View the library of solutions.
A modal window is a web dialog box which appears upon a user action which launches it. An interstitial is a modal-like window which appears on page load.
Focus should go to the first actionable element when the modal is opened. This should be the close modal button.
Focus should go to the dialog box itself. This will cause the screen reader to read the entire intersitial content.
If the box is a modal, focus should go to the triggering mechanism if it still exists. Otherwise it should go to the <body>.
If the box is an interstitial, focus should go to the <body>.
The dialog window should have a role="dialog".
When using role="dialog" it is imperative that you place all dialog content within a nested container having a role="document". Otherwise, in some browsers content that doesn't gain focus will not be read.
You are mimicking an operating system dialog wherein there is no way to leave the dialog without either:
A web dialog box should mimic this behavior. As long as the user has a way out either by using the close button or by hitting “ESC” the modal is fine. It is acceptable that the user is unable to reach the browser chrome while the modal window is active.
Make sure the close button has descriptive screen-reader-text which says something like "close dialog box" (just "close" or "close window" is too confusing).


A New Type of Hangman Game Made Possible by Python
Hello there and greetings! My name is Michael and I'm a freelance web developer. As I went into work today, I decided to go into the bookstore. When I arrived
at the bookstore, I came across a magazine on the programming language Python. As I was
flipping through the pages, I saw a really, cool game called Hangman that was made in Python.
When I got home today, I decided that I was going to make on my computer. Not the one from the magazine, but my own version.
Here are some reasons as to why you should check out this app:
It's a new and exciting version of Hangman that is made in the most, popular backend language in the world.
The author of it has published a bunch of projects on GitHub which everyone should check out.
I redesigned the color scheme of it, so it looks somewhat presentable to a web dev's eyes.
If you are interested in seeing more of this developers cool and exciting games, please fill out the form below and I can see who all is interested in this project:
Again, thank you for checking out this dude's hard work and cool project.


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Assuming the final target of csi-cc is either an executable or an object file, that file will contain all the information necessary to extract the information gathered by running the instrumented executable. Static metadata from the instrumentation process can be extracted using the extract-section tool in the Tools directory of this release. The metadata page has information about extracting and interpreting this data for each form of instrumentation.
When a running, instrumented program crashes, traced data must be extracted from the produced core dump. The variables page has information about finding this data using a debugger.
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SENSE AND SENSIBILITY A film review by Michael John Legeros Copyright 1996 Michael John Legeros
(Columbia) Directed by Ang Lee Written by Emma Thompson, from the novel by Jane Austen Cast Emma Thompson, Kate Winslet, Alan Rickman, Hugh Grant MPAA Rating "PG" Running Time 135 minutes Reviewed at Mission Valley Cinemas, Raleigh, NC (20JAN96)
==
Over-praised even more than Ron Howard's good-but-not-that-good APOLLO 13, the last Jane Austen adaptation of the year (after CLUELESS and PERSUASION) is a sweet, stately affair. The story stars Emma Thompson and Kate Winslet (HEAVENLY CREATURES) as two sisters-sans- dowries, anxious to be married even if their cash-flow problems may preclude same. The suitors do come, of course, and all sorts of silliness ensues as everyone tries to figure out exactly who is engaged to whom.
The charms of SENSE AND SENSIBILITY are many, thanks in great part to the warmth of a fine cast. The stronger performances include Winset, Thompson, Alan Rickman, and Elizabeth Spriggs, my favorite, as the lively Mrs. Jennings. Sure, Ms. Thompson is too old for her part, but she's a world better than the less-than-divine Hugh Grant. The stam- mering actor is too stiff the role of Bachelor Number One and his presence completely weakens one of the story's core relationships.
Taiwanese director Ang Lee (EAT DRINK MAN WOMAN) directs from a screenplay by Thompson (!) that's very amusing. In fact, the audience that I saw this with laughed at almost every line, gesture, or action by the characters. Perhaps the reason for so much praise is due, in part, to what this movie *isn't.* SENSE AND SENSIBILITY is easy to like (and easy to recommend) because it doesn't contain any blood, bullets, hookers, strippers, cursing, swearing, superheroes, product plugs, sex, drugs, rock `n' roll, or other self-destructive behaviors.
Grade: B+
--
Mike Legeros - Raleigh, NC
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(h) -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(w)
Visit the MOVIE HELL site
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


The graph below shows a graph of the function \(A(t) = A \sin(2\pi f t + \phi)\).
where \(f\) is the frequency in \(Hz\) of the wave, and is related to the time period of the wave by \(T = f^{-1}\); \(t\) is time in seconds, and \(\phi\) is the phase angle in radians. The phase angle \(\phi\) is related to the time delay of the signal \(\tau\) by the relation \(\tau = \frac{\phi}{2 \pi f}\). The blue (phase-shifted) complex number plotted on the phasor diagram is given by \(z = e^{i\phi}\).
The red waveform shows the input before phase shift, and the blue waveform shows the input after phase shift.


Biologists use bacteria to clone DNA for sequencing. These bacteria are then injected with the DNA that needs to be cloned and allowed to reproduce on a large plate. As these bacteria reproduce, they begin to form colonies. Only bacteria from healthy colonies will be used for sequencing. And here bioinformatics take the game and use technologies to automate these process.
Let's represent a plate snapshot as a pixel grid. You are given this grid as a binary matrix where 1 is bacteria cell and 0 is empty. Our goal is find the largest healthy bacteria colony which has grown uniformly. Bacteria can grow in four adjacent cells and bacteria colony is a set of bacterias that are connected. The healthy colonies look similar to the images represented below.
Next, we can see that unhealthy colonies are marked with an orange color. Remember that a single cell is not a colony, so it cannot be counted as healthy colony.
Your mission is to find the largest healthy colony and return the coordinates of the center cell. The top-left cell has coordinates (0, 0). If on the plate no a healthy colony, then return (0, 0) (or [0, 0]). If on the plate several largest colonies with the same size, then return any of them.
Input: A grid as a tuple of tuples with integers 1/0.
Output: The coordinates of the largest colony as a list or a tuple of two integers.
Example:
How it is used: This mission presents a mix of modeling, pattern recognition and data structure programing in addition to presenting some ideas for how to use it in bioinformatics. That is assuming of course that bioinformatics can be useful for classical biology.
Precondition:
5 ≤ len(grid) ≤ 20
all(5 ≤ len(row) ≤ 20 for row in grid)


To set monitor profile, download color profile for your monitor from the manufacturer's website and install, then set it as default monitor profile on Color Management settings on Control Panel.
Search web with keyword such as "set monitor color profile Windows 10" for more detailed instruction.
App will exit.


Ben Stiller is playing the kind of character Adam Sandler should be playing.  Stiller is still flirting with disaster and it is a joy to watch him in "Meet the Parents," a chaotic yet thoroughly restrained howler in the tradition of "Father of the Bride." When I think of Stiller in this film, I think of Murphy's Law - whatever can go wrong will go wrong.
 Problem is she catches him at the wrong time when she mentions that her father, who is hard to please, has agreed to her other sister's wedding proposal to be married on their front lawn. Naturally, Greg and Pam go to meet her parents on Long Island, NY, to attend the wedding. Enter Pam's father (Robert De Niro), who pretends to be a retired florist to cover for his ex-CIA activities, and Pam's mother (Blythe Danner) who has a tender smile, even in the midst of chaos. Everything goes wrong from the start of what should be an enjoyable weekend. Greg screws up the family prayer at the dinner table when he hilariously mentions how to milk a cat (he also tells bad jokes). There is the running gag of De Niro's prized pet, a cat named Mr. Jinx, whom De Niro considers as much a family member as anyone else. Mr. Jinx has been trained to relieve itself in a toilet, though Greg suggests at one point that the cat could probably flush too. Then there is the whole septic tank incident, not to mention Pam's ex-boyfriend (Owen Wilson) who lives luxuriously and invites them to his home to show off. An excruciating lie-detector test followed by the usual misunderstandings about marijuana, and the constant use of Greg's last name ad nauseam.
Stiller is pitch-perfect as Greg - every scene he is in made me laugh louder than most comedies this year (and his resume is not bad either, from his roles in "Reality Bites" to "Flirting With Disaster" to "Mystery Men"). But what makes Stiller such a natural at being made a mockery is his vulnerability, whether it is seeing him dressed in pajamas when walking into his possible future in-laws at breakfast time or his slow burn leading to a completely frazzled condition in front of De Niro's hidden video cameras - he is the clumsy nerd with a core of humanity. We may not always understand his motives but we can't help but feel sorry for him, even if he spray paints a cat's tail!
De Niro is at his comical best relaxing with smoothness and calmness, the likes of which we have not seen since "Wag the Dog." De Niro does not force the audience to laugh with him, he merely plays it straight and has great comic timing. I cannot imagine a more suitable foil than De Niro's coiled charm to Stiller's maddening anxiety.
The Pam character and the ex-fiance are two characters that do not fit in to the frothy mix. Teri Polo is so bland and forgettable as Greg's girlfriend that she hardly seems worth all the trouble - that may be cruel but consider what someone with far more personality and range could have done with this role, say Lisa Kudrow or Uma Thurman? Owen Wilson also seems tired and flat as the ex, and it is generally a wasted, unnecessary role considering there is no payoff - he might dislike or disapprove of Pam's new love but there is not a single scene where he expresses that emotion.
I would have loved more intimate scenes between Danner and De Niro (the most unlikely pair of actors to play a married couple), but "Meet the Parents" is quite a laughfest from start to finish. And watching De Niro come up against Stiller is a marvelous sight and a true laugh riot to witness. Let's see those two again on screen soon, and Mr. Jinx too.
For more reviews, check out JERRY AT THE MOVIES at http://buffs.moviething.com/buffs/faust/
E-mail me with any questions, comments or general complaints at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Have you ever wanted to build something but you had no idea what to do? Just as authors sometimes have "writers block" it's also true for developers. This list is intended to solve this issue once and for all! 👍
Repo LinkA list of User Stories which should be implemented (these stories act more as a guideline than a forced list of To-Do's. Feel free to add your own stories if you want);
A list of bonus features that not only improve the base project, but also your skills at the same time (these are optional and should be attempted only after you have completed the required user stories)
All the resources and links to help you find what you need to complete the project


-
Yellow SubmarineBeatles
-
Don't Stop Me NowQueen
-
Billie JeanMichael Jackson
Just pull page down to let the magic happen.
Just pull page down to let the magic happen.


Treebank Statistics: UD_Maghrebi_Arabic_French-Arabizi: Features: Polarity
This feature is universal.
It occurs with 1 different values: Neg
.
551 tokens (3%) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
276 types (4%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Polarity
.
227 lemmas (4%) occur at least once with a non-empty value of Polarity
.
The feature is used with 10 part-of-speech tags: VERB (223; 1% instances), PART (192; 1% instances), ADV (76; 0% instances), ADP (27; 0% instances), PRON (23; 0% instances), NOUN (5; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances), ADJ (1; 0% instances), AUX (1; 0% instances), DET (1; 0% instances).
VERB
223 VERB tokens (6% of all VERB
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
The most frequent other feature values with which VERB
and Polarity
co-occurred: Mood=EMPTY (223; 100%), Gender=EMPTY (180; 81%), Number=EMPTY (180; 81%), Person=EMPTY (180; 81%).
VERB
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(223; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): makan, makanch, makanche, makanech, matkhafouche, liysa, makach, makache, makch, mamatEMPTY
(3264): vive, est, rana, c, a, viva, rah, rak, suis, yal3ab
Polarity
seems to be lexical feature of VERB
. 100% lemmas (183) occur only with one value of Polarity
.
PART
192 PART tokens (69% of all PART
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
PART
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(192; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): la, ma, machi, lala, lan, maa, makach, mechni, Annaba, falaEMPTY
(85): ghir, ila, illa, fa, ghire, ghi, rir, bla, la, sawfa
Polarity
seems to be lexical feature of PART
. 100% lemmas (21) occur only with one value of Polarity
.
ADV
76 ADV tokens (9% of all ADV
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
ADV
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(76; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): pas, ne, n’, ni, n, pa, donc, ka, la, noEMPTY
(799): ki, dima, bien, ga3, plus, meme, jamais, bark, vraiment, wach
ADP
27 ADP tokens (2% of all ADP
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
The most frequent other feature values with which ADP
and Polarity
co-occurred: AdpType=Prep (27; 100%).
ADP
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(27; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): ma3andna, ma3andnach, ma3andouche, mafihach, m3andiche, ma33andouche, ma3adna, ma3adnach, ma3and’homch, ma3andaEMPTY
(1661): fi, de, m3a, f, b, pour, ta3, a, 3la, bi
Polarity
seems to be lexical feature of ADP
. 100% lemmas (17) occur only with one value of Polarity
.
PRON
23 PRON tokens (1% of all PRON
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
The most frequent other feature values with which PRON
and Polarity
co-occurred: PronType=EMPTY (23; 100%).
PRON
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(23; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): walou, rien, mechni, walo, mahou, mechou, wallou, waloo, walouuuu, yEMPTY
(1946): li, m3ak, je, ana, hada, had, il, vous, on, m3akom
NOUN
5 NOUN tokens (0% of all NOUN
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
NOUN
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(5; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): balahabe, la3ala9a, makida, ma3labalkomch, ma3labalnachEMPTY
(3605): 3am, match, blad, equipe, monde, saha, algerien, algeriens, coupe, hak
CCONJ
2 CCONJ tokens (0% of all CCONJ
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
CCONJ
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(2; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): niEMPTY
(1032): w, wa, et, ou, o, mais, we, wala, est, besah
ADJ
1 ADJ tokens (0% of all ADJ
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
ADJ
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(1; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): machabahEMPTY
(1058): bon, bonne, tous, mlih, national, ga3, tout, vrais, kbir, grand
AUX
1 AUX tokens (3% of all AUX
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
The most frequent other feature values with which AUX
and Polarity
co-occurred: Gender=EMPTY (1; 100%), Number=EMPTY (1; 100%), Person=EMPTY (1; 100%).
AUX
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(1; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): mahoucheEMPTY
(33): a, ai, Kount, est, avons, c, kona, nkoon, on, ont
DET
1 DET tokens (0% of all DET
tokens) have a non-empty value of Polarity
.
DET
tokens may have the following values of Polarity
:
Neg
(1; 100% of non-emptyPolarity
): laEMPTY
(2142): el, l, les, la, al, le, l’, e, un, des
Relations with Agreement in Polarity
The 10 most frequent relations where parent and child node agree in Polarity
:
PRON –[cc]–> CCONJ (1; 100%),
VERB –[mark]–> PART (1; 100%).


SnowMan Game
Guess the word before the SnowMan runs out of time to land his trick!
already guessed
choose your next move
scoreboard
jumps survived
jumps crashed
lives left


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2 ml of .5 mg bromo / ml %40 ethanol was diluted in 8 ml of water to create a 100 ug / ml solution. Product was shared between 4 people; one 120-pound female at one 100 ug dose, and the other three (males, 115-140 pounds) at 300 ug doses (100 ug dose every 3 hours from initial dose).
T+0 - First dose.
T+3h - No effects noticed yet, second dose is taken.
T+4h - Still no effects; 24 oz. of 5.5% ABV Bud Light is consumed over the period of an hour.
T+6h - Last dose is taken...mild confusion, brighter colors are noticed. Slight stimulation begins to take hold.
T+12h - Still awake, very light visual activity (warping, tracers, etc.) is apparent.
T+18h - Approximately 4 grams of mid-grade cannabis is smoked between the three 300 ug-dosed subjects.
T+19h - I begin sweating and my skin becomes very clammy. Heavy visual activity at approximately Level IV intensity; patterning begins pushing through the walls of the house and morphing, while green vines flow between them.
T+29h - Visual effects begin degrading, stimulatory effects have now recessed.
Extreme nausea was experienced for 48 hours after ingestion; also, severe vaso-constriction was imminent (but no lasting vascular effects have been noted). Very light visual activity through most of the experience...onset and peak were unpredictable. I recommend avoiding bromo dragonfly and would suggest 2-CB instead, which has a much more predictable timetable and much more intense visual activity.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


{# node has children only when the node is open. clicking open nodes should close it #}
{% for part in node.commodity_code %}
{{ part }}
{% endfor %}
{% if node.children %}
{% for child in node.children %}
{% include 'core/hierarchy_node.html' with node=child parent=node %}
{% endfor %}


Keep an eye on the dock (Mac) or taskbar (Windows, Unity) for this application!
It should indicate a progress that advances from 0 to 100%.
It should then show indeterminate (Windows) or pin at 100% (other operating systems) briefly and then loop.


This package is very good for situations where you'd like to impress your guests but on a budget.
Who said you can't party like a king, even if you aren't one? This is the right package for you.
If you are interested in it, this is what it entails:
- Stylish Tents and Seats
- Food and Drinks Catering
- An amazing sound system with a capable DJ
- A Master of Ceremony well known in the industry
- Decorations and post clean-up services
- A talented photographer


frontendHandle Class
Handle the communication between electron's main process and electron's renderer process
Item Index
Methods
- addHolidays
- addProf
- changePassword
- changeStudentClass
- createStudent
- deleteStudent
- delHolidays
- delProf
- editProf
- editStudent
- getClass
- getClassList
- getHolidays
- getLogs
- getLogs
- getLogs
- getNotifications
- getProf
- getStudents
- logIn
- logout
- modTime
- redirect
- resetTime
- setAbsent
- setFixed
- setPage
- setTime
- tag
- toggleLR
- toggleNotification
Methods
addHolidays
-
event
-
arg
Create a new holidays object in the database
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
addProf
-
event
-
arg
Create a new professor
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
changePassword
-
event
-
arg
Change the password of the currently connected user if any
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectThe new raw password
changeStudentClass
-
event
-
arg
Change a student's class
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
createStudent
-
event
-
arg
Create a new students
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
deleteStudent
-
event
-
arg
Delete a student from the database
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
delHolidays
-
event
-
arg
Delete holidays in the database
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
delProf
-
event
-
arg
Delete a professor object from the database
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
editProf
-
event
-
arg
Edit a professor object
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
editStudent
-
event
-
arg
Edit a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getClass
-
event
-
arg
Get the current class object
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectThe scope (see server_methods.js)
getClassList
-
event
-
arg
Get a list of all the existings classes
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getHolidays
-
event
-
arg
Get the holidays
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getLogs
-
event
-
arg
Create a new leave request in the database
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getLogs
-
event
-
arg
Get all the leaves request accessible for the currently connected user if any
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectNothing
getLogs
-
event
-
arg
Get the logs of a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getNotifications
-
event
-
arg
Get alls the notification relative to a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getProf
-
event
-
arg
Get all the informations relative to the professor currently connected if any
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
getStudents
-
event
-
arg
Get the students from the server
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectThe scope of the search (see the server_methods.js)
logIn
-
event
-
arg
Log into the server
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectRaw credentials entered by the user
logout
-
event
-
arg
Log out of the server
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectNothing
modTime
-
event
-
arg
Add/Sub time to a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
redirect
-
event
-
arg
Redirect the renderer process to another page
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
IntegerWhich page to redirect to
resetTime
-
event
-
arg
Reset the time and last tagged time of student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
setAbsent
-
event
-
arg
Toggle the absent status of a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
setFixed
-
event
-
arg
Toggle the status blocked of student. If blocked the student must comply to the fixed schedule
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
setPage
-
event
-
arg
Set the global variable to the current page
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectThe page ID
setTime
-
event
-
arg
Set the time of a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
tag
-
event
-
arg
Tag a student
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectValidated data entered by the user
toggleLR
-
event
-
arg
Toggle the accepted status of a leave application's
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
ObjectThe id and the new value of the status
toggleNotification
-
event
-
arg
Change the status (either read or unread) of notification
Parameters:
-
event
EventThe event object
-
arg
IntegerThe notification id


The core of pyfftw consists of the FFTW class, wisdom functions and a couple of utility functions for dealing with aligned arrays.
This module represents the full interface to the underlying FFTW library. However, users may find it easier to use the helper routines provided in pyfftw.builders.
FFTW is a class for computing the complex N-Dimensional DFT or inverse DFT of an array using the FFTW library. The interface is designed to be somewhat pythonic, with the correct transform being inferred from the dtypes of the passed arrays.
On instantiation, the dtypes and relative shapes of the input array and output arrays are compared to the set of valid (and implemented) FFTW schemes. If a match is found, the plan that corresponds to that scheme is created, operating on the arrays that are passed in. If no scheme can be created, then ValueError is raised.
The actual FFT or iFFT is performed by calling the execute() method.
The arrays can be updated by calling the update_arrays() method.
The created instance of the class is itself callable, and can perform the execution of the FFT, both with or without array updates, returning the result of the FFT. Unlike calling the execute() method, calling the class instance will also optionally normalise the output as necessary. Additionally, calling with an input array update will also coerce that array to be the correct dtype.
See the documentation on the __call__() method for more information.
Arguments:
input_array and output_array should be numpy arrays. The contents of these arrays will be destroyed by the planning process during initialisation. Information on supported dtypes for the arrays is given below.
axes describes along which axes the DFT should be taken. This should be a valid list of axes. Repeated axes are only transformed once. Invalid axes will raise an IndexError exception. This argument is equivalent to the same argument in numpy.fft.fftn(), except for the fact that the behaviour of repeated axes is different (numpy.fft will happily take the fft of the same axis if it is repeated in the axes argument). Rudimentary testing has suggested this is down to the underlying FFTW library and so unlikely to be fixed in these wrappers.
direction should be a string and one of 'FFTW_FORWARD' or 'FFTW_BACKWARD', which dictate whether to take the DFT (forwards) or the inverse DFT (backwards) respectively (specifically, it dictates the sign of the exponent in the DFT formulation).
Note that only the Complex schemes allow a free choice for direction. The direction must agree with the the table below if a Real scheme is used, otherwise a ValueError is raised.
flags is a list of strings and is a subset of the flags that FFTW allows for the planners:
The FFTW planner flags documentation has more information about the various flags and their impact. Note that only the flags documented here are supported.
threads tells the wrapper how many threads to use when invoking FFTW, with a default of 1.
planning_timelimit is a floating point number that indicates to the underlying FFTW planner the maximum number of seconds it should spend planning the FFT. This is a rough estimate and corresponds to calling of fftw_set_timelimit() (or an equivalent dependent on type) in the underlying FFTW library. If None is set, the planner will run indefinitely until all the planning modes allowed by the flags have been tried. See the FFTW planner flags page for more information on this.
Schemes
The currently supported schemes are as follows:
| Type | input_array.dtype | output_array.dtype | Direction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Complex | complex64 | complex64 | Both |
| Complex | complex128 | complex128 | Both |
| Complex | clongdouble | clongdouble | Both |
| Real | float32 | complex64 | Forwards |
| Real | float64 | complex128 | Forwards |
| Real | longdouble | clongdouble | Forwards |
| Real1 | complex64 | float32 | Backwards |
| Real1 | complex128 | float64 | Backwards |
| Real1 | clongdouble | longdouble | Backwards |
1 Note that the Backwards Real transform for the case in which the dimensionality of the transform is greater than 1 will destroy the input array. This is inherent to FFTW and the only general work-around for this is to copy the array prior to performing the transform. In the case where the dimensionality of the transform is 1, the default is to preserve the input array. This is different from the default in the underlying library, and some speed gain may be achieved by allowing the input array to be destroyed by passing the 'FFTW_DESTROY_INPUT' flag.
clongdouble typically maps directly to complex256 or complex192, and longdouble to float128 or float96, dependent on platform.
The relative shapes of the arrays should be as follows:
In the above expressions for the Real transform, the axes arguments denotes the unique set of axes on which we are taking the FFT, in the order passed. It is the last of these axes that is subject to the special case shown.
The shapes for the real transforms corresponds to those stipulated by the FFTW library. Further information can be found in the FFTW documentation on the real DFT.
The actual arrangement in memory is arbitrary and the scheme can be planned for any set of strides on either the input or the output. The user should not have to worry about this and any valid numpy array should work just fine.
What is calculated is exactly what FFTW calculates. Notably, this is an unnormalized transform so should be scaled as necessary (fft followed by ifft will scale the input by N, the product of the dimensions along which the DFT is taken). For further information, see the FFTW documentation.
The FFTW library benefits greatly from the beginning of each DFT axes being aligned on the correct byte boundary, enabling SIMD instructions. By default, if the data begins on such a boundary, then FFTW will be allowed to try and enable SIMD instructions. This means that all future changes to the data arrays will be checked for similar alignment. SIMD instructions can be explicitly disabled by setting the FFTW_UNALIGNED flags, to allow for updates with unaligned data.
byte_align() and empty_aligned() are two methods included with this module for producing aligned arrays.
The optimum alignment for the running platform is provided by pyfftw.simd_alignment, though a different alignment may still result in some performance improvement. For example, if the processor supports AVX (requiring 32-byte alignment) as well as SSE (requiring 16-byte alignment), then if the array is 16-byte aligned, SSE will still be used.
It’s worth noting that just being aligned may not be sufficient to create the fastest possible transform. For example, if the array is not contiguous (i.e. certain axes are displaced in memory), it may be faster to plan a transform for a contiguous array, and then rely on the array being copied in before the transform (which pyfftw.FFTW will handle for you when accessed through __call__()).
The product of the lengths of the DFT over all DFT axes. 1/N is the normalisation constant. For any input array A, and for any set of axes, 1/N * ifft(fft(A)) = A
Return whether or not this FFTW object requires simd aligned input and output data.
Returns the byte alignment of the input arrays for which the FFTW object was created.
Input array updates with arrays that are not aligned on this byte boundary will result in a ValueError being raised, or a copy being made if the __call__() interface is used.
Returns the byte alignment of the output arrays for which the FFTW object was created.
Output array updates with arrays that are not aligned on this byte boundary will result in a ValueError being raised.
Return which flags were used to construct the FFTW object.
This includes flags that were added during initialisation.
Return the input array that is associated with the FFTW instance.
Return the output array that is associated with the FFTW instance.
Return the shape of the input array for which the FFT is planned.
Return the shape of the output array for which the FFT is planned.
Return the strides of the input array for which the FFT is planned.
Return the strides of the output array for which the FFT is planned.
Return the dtype of the input array for which the FFT is planned.
Return the shape of the output array for which the FFT is planned.
Return the planned FFT direction. Either ‘FFTW_FORWARD’ or ‘FFTW_BACKWARD’.
Return the axes for the planned FFT in canonical form. That is, as a tuple of positive integers. The order in which they were passed is maintained.
Calling the class instance (optionally) updates the arrays, then calls execute(), before optionally normalising the output and returning the output array.
It has some built-in helpers to make life simpler for the calling functions (as distinct from manually updating the arrays and calling execute()).
If normalise_idft is True (the default), then the output from an inverse DFT (i.e. when the direction flag is 'FFTW_BACKWARD') is scaled by 1/N, where N is the product of the lengths of input array on which the FFT is taken. If the direction is 'FFTW_FORWARD', this flag makes no difference to the output array.
When input_array is something other than None, then the passed in array is coerced to be the same dtype as the input array used when the class was instantiated, the byte-alignment of the passed in array is made consistent with the expected byte-alignment and the striding is made consistent with the expected striding. All this may, but not necessarily, require a copy to be made.
As noted in the scheme table, if the FFTW instance describes a backwards real transform of more than one dimension, the contents of the input array will be destroyed. It is up to the calling function to make a copy if it is necessary to maintain the input array.
output_array is always used as-is if possible. If the dtype, the alignment or the striding is incorrect for the FFTW object, then a ValueError is raised.
The coerced input array and the output array (as appropriate) are then passed as arguments to update_arrays(), after which execute() is called, and then normalisation is applied to the output array if that is desired.
Note that it is possible to pass some data structure that can be converted to an array, such as a list, so long as it fits the data requirements of the class instance, such as array shape.
Other than the dtype and the alignment of the passed in arrays, the rest of the requirements on the arrays mandated by update_arrays() are enforced.
A None argument to either keyword means that that array is not updated.
The result of the FFT is returned. This is the same array that is used internally and will be overwritten again on subsequent calls. If you need the data to persist longer than a subsequent call, you should copy the returned array.
Update the arrays upon which the DFT is taken.
The new arrays should be of the same dtypes as the originals, the same shapes as the originals and should have the same strides between axes. If the original data was aligned so as to allow SIMD instructions (e.g. by being aligned on a 16-byte boundary), then the new array must also be aligned so as to allow SIMD instructions (assuming, of course, that the FFTW_UNALIGNED flag was not enabled).
The byte alignment requirement extends to requiring natural alignment in the non-SIMD cases as well, but this is much less stringent as it simply means avoiding arrays shifted by, say, a single byte (which invariably takes some effort to achieve!).
If all these conditions are not met, a ValueError will be raised and the data will not be updated (though the object will still be in a sane state).
Execute the planned operation, taking the correct kind of FFT of the input array (i.e. FFTW.input_array), and putting the result in the output array (i.e. FFTW.output_array).
Return the input array that is associated with the FFTW instance.
Deprecated since 0.10. Consider using the FFTW.input_array property instead.
Return the output array that is associated with the FFTW instance.
Deprecated since 0.10. Consider using the FFTW.output_array property instead.
Functions for dealing with FFTW’s ability to export and restore plans, referred to as wisdom. For further information, refer to the FFTW wisdom documentation.
Return the FFTW wisdom as a tuple of strings.
The first string in the tuple is the string for the double precision wisdom. The second string in the tuple is the string for the single precision wisdom. The third string in the tuple is the string for the long double precision wisdom.
The tuple that is returned from this function can be used as the argument to import_wisdom().
Function that imports wisdom from the passed tuple of strings.
The first string in the tuple is the string for the double precision wisdom. The second string in the tuple is the string for the single precision wisdom. The third string in the tuple is the string for the long double precision wisdom.
The tuple that is returned from export_wisdom() can be used as the argument to this function.
This function returns a tuple of boolean values indicating the success of loading each of the wisdom types (double, float and long double, in that order).
Forget all the accumulated wisdom.
An integer giving the optimum SIMD alignment in bytes, found by inspecting the CPU (e.g. if AVX is supported, its value will be 32).
This can be used as n in the arguments for byte_align(), empty_aligned(), zeros_aligned(), and ones_aligned() to create optimally aligned arrays for the running platform.
Function that takes a numpy array and checks it is aligned on an n-byte boundary, where n is an optional parameter. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment. If the array is aligned then it is returned without further ado. If it is not aligned then a new array is created and the data copied in, but aligned on the n-byte boundary.
dtype is an optional argument that forces the resultant array to be of that dtype.
Function that returns an empty numpy array that is n-byte aligned, where n is determined by inspecting the CPU if it is not provided.
The alignment is given by the final optional argument, n. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment. The rest of the arguments are as per numpy.empty().
Function that returns a numpy array of zeros that is n-byte aligned, where n is determined by inspecting the CPU if it is not provided.
The alignment is given by the final optional argument, n. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment. The rest of the arguments are as per numpy.zeros().
Function that returns a numpy array of ones that is n-byte aligned, where n is determined by inspecting the CPU if it is not provided.
The alignment is given by the final optional argument, n. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment. The rest of the arguments are as per numpy.ones().
is_n_byte_aligned(array, n=None)
Function that takes a numpy array and checks it is aligned on an n-byte boundary, where n is an optional parameter, returning True if it is, and False if it is not. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment.
This function is deprecated: byte_align should be used instead.
Function that takes a numpy array and checks it is aligned on an n-byte boundary, where n is an optional parameter. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment. If the array is aligned then it is returned without further ado. If it is not aligned then a new array is created and the data copied in, but aligned on the n-byte boundary.
dtype is an optional argument that forces the resultant array to be of that dtype.
This function is deprecated: empty_aligned should be used instead.
Function that returns an empty numpy array that is n-byte aligned.
The alignment is given by the first optional argument, n. If n is not provided then this function will inspect the CPU to determine alignment. The rest of the arguments are as per numpy.empty().
This function is deprecated: is_byte_aligned should be used instead.
Function that takes a numpy array and checks it is aligned on an n-byte boundary, where n is a passed parameter, returning True if it is, and False if it is not.


--- layout: socpage title: Elements Alpha’s Confidential Transactions by Greg Maxwell excerpt: A feature that keeps the amounts transferred visible only to participants in the transaction (and those they designate) image: feature: ---
Confidential Transactions
Principal Investigator: Greg Maxwell
One of the most powerful new features being explored in Elements is Confidential Transactions, a cryptographic tool to improve the privacy and security of Bitcoin. This feature keeps the amounts transferred visible only to participants in the transaction (and those they designate).
The security of the Bitcoin ledger is made possible by universal verification: each participant individually and autonomously verifies that each transaction is valid, without trusting any third party. An unfortunate side effect is that all the transaction data must be conspicuously public so it can be verified, which is at odds with the normal expectation of privacy for traditional monetary instruments.
Insufficient financial privacy can have serious security and privacy implications for both commercial and personal transactions. Without adequate protection, thieves and scammers can focus their efforts on known high-value targets, competitors can learn business details, and negotiating positions can be undermined. Since publishing often requires spending money, lack of privacy can chill free speech. Insufficient privacy can also result in a loss of fungibility--where some coins are treated as more acceptable than others--which would further undermine Bitcoin's utility as money.
Bitcoin partially addresses the privacy problem by using pseudonymous addresses. If someone does not know which users own which addresses, the privacy impact is reduced. But any time you transact with someone you learn at least one of their addresses. From there, you can trace out other connected addresses and estimate the values of their transactions and holdings. For example, suppose your employer pays you with Bitcoin and you later spend those coins on your rent and groceries. Your landlord and the supermarket will both learn your income, and could charge you higher prices as your income changes or target you for theft.
There are existing deployed techniques that further improve privacy in Bitcoin (such as CoinJoin, which merges the transaction history of users by making joint payments), but the utility of these techniques is reduced by the fact that it's possible to track amounts.
There have been proposed cryptographic techniques to improve privacy in Bitcoin-like systems, but so far all of them result in breaking "pruning" (section 7 of Bitcoin.pdf) and result in participants needing a perpetually growing database to verify new transactions, because these systems prevent learning which coins have been spent. Most proposed cryptographic privacy systems also have poor performance, high overhead, and/or require new and very strong (and less well understood) cryptographic assumptions.
Confidential Transactions improves the situation by making the transaction amounts private, while preserving the ability of the public network to verify that the ledger entries still add up. It does this without adding any new basic cryptographic assumptions to the Bitcoin system, and with a manageable level of overhead.
CT is possible due to the cryptographic technique of additively homomorphic commitments. As a side-effect of its design, CT also enables the additional exchange of private "memo" data (such as invoice numbers or refund addresses) without any further increase in transaction size, by reclaiming most of the overhead of the CT cryptographic proofs.
This work was originally proposed by Adam Back on Bitcointalk in his 2013 thread "bitcoins with homomorphic value"[https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=305791.0]. To build CT I had to implement several new cryptosystems which work in concert, and invented a generalization of ring signatures and several novel optimizations to make the result reasonably efficient.
The basic tool that CT is based on is a Pedersen commitment.
 A simple commitment scheme can be constructed using a cryptographic hash:
commitment = SHA256( blinding_factor || data )
If you tell someone only the commitment then they cannot determine what data you are committing to (given certain assumptions about the properties of the hash), but you can later reveal both the data and the blinding factor and they can run the hash and verify that the data you committed to matches. The blinding factor is present because without one, someone could try guessing at the data; if your data is small and simple, it might be easy to just guess it and compare the guess to the commitment.
A Pedersen commitment works like the above but with an additional property: commitments can be added, and the sum of a set of commitments is the same as a commitment to the sum of the data (with a blinding key set as the sum of the blinding keys):
C(BF1, data1) + C(BF2, data2) == C(BF1 + BF2, data1 + data2)
C(BF1, data1) - C(BF1, data1) == 0
In other words, the commitment preserves addition and the commutative property applies.
If data_n = {1,1,2} and BF_n = {5,10,15} then:
C(BF1, data1) + C(BF2, data2) - C(BF3, data3) == 0
and so on.
Our specific Pedersen commitments are constructed using elliptic curve points. [The reader need not understand elliptic curve cryptography, beyond accepting the black box behaviors I describe here.]
Normally an ECC pubkey is created by multiplying a generator for the group (G) with the secret key (x):
Pub = xG
The result is usually serialized as a 33-byte array.
ECC public keys obey the additively homomorphic property mentioned before:
Pub1 + Pub2 = (x1 + x2 (mod n))G.
(This fact is used by the BIP32 HD wallet scheme to allow third parties to generate fresh Bitcoin addresses for people.)
The Pedersen commitment is created by picking an additional generator for the group (which we'll call H) such that no one knows the discrete log for H with respect to G (or vice versa), meaning no one knows an x such that xG = H. We can accomplish this by using the cryptographic hash of G to pick H:
H = to_point(SHA256(ENCODE(G)))
Where to_point() takes the input as the x value of a new point, checks that its on the curve and solves for the y value.
Given our two generators we can build a commitment scheme like this:
commitment = xG + aH
Here x is our secret blinding factor, and a is the amount that we're committing to. You can verify just using the commutative property of addition that all the relationships given for an additively homomorphic commitment scheme hold.
The Pedersen commitments are information-theoretically private: for any commitment you see, there exists some blinding factor which would make any amount match the commitment. Even an attacker with infinite computing power could not tell what amount you committed to, if your blinding factor was truly random. They are computationally secure against fake commitment, in that you can't actually compute that arbitrary mapping; if you can it means you can find the discrete log of the generators with respect to each other, which means that the security of the group is compromised.
With this tool in hand we can go and replace the normal 8-byte integer amounts in Bitcoin transactions with 33-byte Pedersen commitments.
If the author of a transaction takes care in picking their blinding factors so that they add up correctly, then the network can still verify the transaction by checking that its commitments add up to zero:
(In1 + In2 + In3 + plaintext_input_amount*H...) -
(Out1 + Out2 + Out3 + ... fees*H) == 0.
This requires making the fees in a transaction explicit, but that's generally desirable.
The commitment and its checking are quite simple. Unfortunately, without additional measures this scheme is insecure.
The problem is that the group is cyclic, and addition is mod P (a 256-bit prime number that defines the order of the group). As a result, addition of large values can 'overflow' and behave like negative amounts. This means that a sums-to-zero behavior still holds when some outputs are negative, effectively allowing the creation of 5 coins from nothing:
(1 + 1) - (-5 + 7) == 0
This would be interpreted as “someone spends two bitcoins, gets a ‘-5’ bitcoin out that they discard out, and a 7 bitcoin output”.
In order to prevent this, when there are multiple outputs we must prove that each committed output is within a range which cannot overflow (e.g. [0, 2^64)).
We could just disclose the amounts and blinding factors so that the network could check, but this would lose all of the privacy. So, instead, we need to prove that a committed amount is within the range but reveal nothing else about it: we need an additional cryptosystem to prove the range of a Pedersen commitment. We use a scheme similar to Schoenmakersâ€™ binary decomposition but with many optimizations (including not using binary).
To build this we start with a basic EC signature. If a signature is constructed so that the 'message' is the hash of the pubkey, the signature proves that the signer knew the private key, which is the discrete log of the pubkey with respect to some generator.
For a 'pubkey' like P = xG + aH, no one knows the discrete log of P with respect to G because of the addition of H, because no one knows an x for xG = H----_unless_ a is 0. If a is zero then P = xG and the discrete log is just x; someone could sign for that pubkey.
A pedersen commitment can be proven to be a commitment to a zero by just signing a hash of the commitment with the commitment as the public key. Using the public key in the signature is required to prevent setting the signature to arbitrary values and solving for the commitment. The private key used for the signature is just the blinding factor.
Going further, letâ€™s say I want to prove C is a commitment to 1 without telling you the blinding factor. All you do is compute
C' = C - 1H
and ask me to provide a signature (with respect to G) with pubkey C'. If I can do that, the C must be a commitment to 1 (or else I've broken the EC discrete log security).
To avoid giving away the amount we need yet another cryptographic construct: a ring signature. A ring signature is a signature scheme where there are two (or more) pubkeys and the signature proves that the signer knows the discrete log of at least one of the pubkeys.
So with that we can construct a scheme where I prove a commitment that C is either 0 or 1--we call this an "OR proof".
First, I give you C, and you compute C':
C' = C - 1H
Then I provide a ring signature over {C, C'}.
If C was a commitment to 1 then I do not know its discrete log, but C' becomes a commitment to 0 and I do know its discrete log (just the blinding factor). If C was a commitment to 0 I know its discrete log, and I don't for C'. If it was a commitment to any other amount, none of the result will be zero and I won't be able to sign.
This works for any pair of numbers, just by suitably pre-processing the amounts that are put into the ring... or even for more than two numbers.
Say I want to prove to you that C is in the range [0, 32). Now that we have an OR proof, imagine I send you a collection of commitments and OR proofs for each of them:
C1 is 0 or 1, C2 is 0 or 2, C3 is 0 or 4, C4 is 0 or 8, C5 is 0 or 16.
If I pick the blinding factors for C1..5 correctly then I can arrange it so that C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + C5 == C. Effectively I have built up the number in binary, and a 5-bit number can only be in the range [0,32).
Numerous optimizations are required to make this more efficient:
First, I propose a new ring signature formulation, a Borromean ring signature, which is especially efficient: it requires only 32 bytes per pubkey, plus 32 bytes which can be shared by many separate rings. This is has twice the asymptotic efficiency of previously proposed constructions for this application.
Instead of expressing the amount directly, CT amounts are expressed using a decimal floating point where the digits are multiplied by a base 10 exponent. This means that you can prove large amounts with small proofs, so long as they have few significant digits in base 10: e.g., 11.2345 and .0112345 can have the same size proof, even though one number is a thousand times larger.
There is also a non-private "minimum amount" sent, which allows a smaller proof to cover a larger range if the user doesn't mind leaking some information about the minimum amount (which might already be public for external reasons); this also allows the least significant digits to be non-zero when an exponent is used. Minimum amounts are supported by first subtracting the minimum, then proving that the result is non-negative.
The mantissa of the floating point is encoded using rings of size 4 (base 4) rather than binary, because this minimizes the number of commitments sent while not using any more signature data than base 2.
The final mantissa digit commitment can be skipped, backwards constructing it from the value being proven and the other digits, etc.
Finally, by careful use of derandomized signing in the prover, it's possible for the receiver of the coins--who shares a secret with the sender, due to ECDH key agreement with the receivers pubkey--to 'rewind'the proof and use it to extract a message sent by the sender which is 80% of the size of the proof. We use this to signal the value and blinding factor to the receiver, but it could also be used to carry things like reference numbers or refund addresses.
The result is that a proof for a 32-bit value is 2564 bytes, and simultaneously may convey 2048 bytes of message. A 32-bit proof can cover a range of 42.94967296 BTC with 1e-8 precision, or<PHONE_NUMBER> BTC with 1e-7 precision, and so on. My implementation is able to verify over 1300 32-bit range proofs per second on an i7-4770R, and there are many performance optimizations still possible.
The implementation supports proofs of any mantissa size or exponent, with the parameters controlled by the sender. Performance and size are linear in the number of mantissa bits, and odd numbers of bits are supported (by switching to radix-2 for the last digit).
In Elements, the range proofs are only required in cases where there are multiple confidential value outputs (including fees). Transactions that merge multiple confidential amounts into a single output do not need range proofs since the fact that all the inputs were in range is sufficient.
By sharing the scanning key used to establish the shared secret used by the rewindable range proofs, this approach is completely compatible with watching wallets; users can share these keys with auditors to enable them to view their transaction amounts.
Future work may use the fact that proofs can support a minimum value to also allow skipping the range proofs when there is a single confidential output even when fees are being paid, or allow nodes to skip or delay verifying most range proofs by using fraud proofs.
The system presented here depends on no new fundamental cryptographic assumptions, only the hardness of the discrete log problem in the secp256k1 group and a random oracle assumption, just like the normal signatures in Bitcoin.
While the size of the range proofs are non-trivial, they are still an order of magnitude smaller and faster to verify than some alternatives (like Zerocoin), and most of their space can be reclaimed to communicate additional data between users, a feature which is often requested but hard to justify in a public broadcast network. Similar to signatures, the range proofs can be placed on separate tree branches in blocks to allow clients that donâ€™t care about (e.g. historical ones) to skip receiving them.
Most importantly, this scheme is compatible with pruning and does not make the verification state for Bitcoin grow forever. It is also compatible with CoinJoin and CoinSwap, allowing for transaction graph privacy as well while simultaneously fixing the most severe limitation of these approaches to privacy (that transaction amounts compromise their privacy).
Unlike some other proposals, this system is not just speculation or pure cryptography without integration with the Bitcoin system.
The base cryptosystem is implemented in a fork of libsecp256k1, available at: https://github.com/ElementsProject/secp256k1-zkp
Confidential Transactions is enabled in Elements Alpha and used by default by for all ordinary transactions.


My report page in the course Software Development for the Web
My name is Edmir Suljic, born i Örebro in 1996. I moved to Malmö in 1999 and have been there ever since. I graduated from Malmö Borgarskola in 2015 and took a break for 2 years where I worked a bit.
I have always been interested in computers (like everyone else in here I suppose), but did not even consider studying programming until late 2016 when my friend who is a programmer suggested it.
My hobbies mostly include music. I play guitar, have been for 7 years. I suppose it would be my main passion but unfortunately it does not always pay the bills so programming it is.
I do like to try new things all the time, but sticking to it might be the biggest challenge. Maybe it's a generational thing.


| 046:011 Khan | : |
And those who disbelieve (strong and wealthy) say of those who believe (weak and poor): "Had it (Islamic Monotheism to which Muhammad SAW is inviting mankind) been a good thing, they (weak and poor) would not have preceded us thereto!" And when they have not let themselves be guided by it (this Qur'an), they say: "This is an ancient lie!" |
| 046:011 Maulana | : |
And those who disbelieve say of those who believe: If it had been a good, they would not have attained it before us. And as they are not guided thereby, they say: It is an old lie. |
| 046:011 Pickthal | : |
And those who disbelieve say of those who believe: If it had been (any) good, they would not have been before us in attaining it. And since they will not be guided by it, they say: This is an ancient lie; |
| 046:011 Rashad | : |
Those who disbelieved said about those who believed, "If it were anything good, they would not have accepted it before us." Because they were not guided to it, they said, "This is an old fabrication!" |
| 046:011 Sarwar | : |
The disbelievers have said about the believers, "Had there been anything good in it (Quran), they could not have accepted it before us" Since they do not benefit from its guidance, they say, "It (Quran) is only a fabricated legend". |
| 046:011 Shakir | : |
And those who disbelieve say concerning those who believe: If it had been a good, they would not have gone ahead of us therein. And as they do not seek to be rightly directed thereby, they say: It is an old lie. |
| 046:011 Sherali | : |
And those who disbelieve say of those who believe, If the Qur'an were any good, they could not have been ahead of us in believing in it.' And since they have not been guided thereby, they will say, 'It is an old lie.' |
| 046:011 Yusufali | : |
The Unbelievers say of those who believe: "If (this Message) were a good thing, (such men) would not have gone to it first, before us!" And seeing that they guide not themselves thereby, they will say, "this is an (old,) falsehood!" |
Concepts/Themes Covered: القرآن الكريم > حقيقته وتصديقه للكتب الأوائل The Holy Quran> The Quran's Reality and its confirmation of the Previous Books
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


"""
A stationary rectangular solid that something may collide with
"""
import numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d.art3d import Poly3DCollection
from static import StaticObject
[docs]class Obstacle(StaticObject):
def __init__(self, pt1, pt2, color='r'):
"""Create a 3D Rectangle from 2 points
:param pt1: The first point (x, y, z) defining the rect
:type pt1: numpy.ndarray
:param pt2: The second point (x, y, z) defining the rect
:type pt2: numpy.ndarray
:param color: color of the obstacle
:type color: str
:rtype: None
"""
self.pt1 = pt1
self.pt2 = pt2
self.color = color
# TODO: Make this use numpy arrays instead of lists
[docs] def get_paths(self):
"""Returns the paths for each of the surfaces of the
rectangle for plotting.
:returns (bottom, top, front, back, left, right)
:rtype: list of 6 4x3 numpy.ndarrays
"""
[x1, y1, z1] = self.pt1
[x2, y2, z2] = self.pt2
pt1 = [x1, y1, z1]
pt2 = [x1, y1, z2]
pt3 = [x1, y2, z1]
pt4 = [x1, y2, z2]
pt5 = [x2, y1, z1]
pt6 = [x2, y1, z2]
pt7 = [x2, y2, z1]
pt8 = [x2, y2, z2]
bottom = [pt1, pt3, pt7, pt5]
top = [pt2, pt4, pt8, pt6]
front = [pt1, pt2, pt6, pt5]
back = [pt3, pt4, pt8, pt7]
left = [pt1, pt2, pt4, pt3]
right = [pt5, pt6, pt8, pt7]
paths = [bottom, top, front, back, left, right]
return paths
[docs] def is_hit(self, position):
"""Checks if the rectangle is hit by a point or path
:param position: An objects position (x, y, z) or positions if
it is a path([x1, x2, ..], [y1, y2, ..], [z1, z2, ..]
:type position: numpy.ndarray or numpy.matrix
:returns: Whether the obstacle was hit by a point or path
:rtype: bool
"""
is_point = len(position.shape) == 1
if is_point:
x, y, z = position
else:
assert position.shape[1] == 3
x = position[:, 0]
y = position[:, 1]
z = position[:, 2]
[x1, y1, z1] = self.pt1
[x2, y2, z2] = self.pt2
x_hit = (x >= x1) & (x <= x2)
y_hit = (y >= y1) & (y <= y2)
z_hit = (z >= z1) & (z <= z2)
all_hit = x_hit & y_hit & z_hit
if is_point:
return (x_hit and y_hit and z_hit)
else:
return np.any(all_hit)
[docs] def is_hit_by_sphere(self, center, radius):
"""Checks if the rectangle is hit by a sphere
:param center: Sphere's center (x, y, z)
:type center: numpy.ndarray
:param radius: The sphere's radius
:type radius: int
:returns: Whether obstacle was hit by a sphere
:rtype: bool
"""
[x1, y1, z1] = self.pt1
[x2, y2, z2] = self.pt2
x, y, z = center
x_hit = (x + radius >= x1) & (x - radius <= x2)
y_hit = (y + radius >= y1) & (y - radius <= y2)
z_hit = (z + radius >= z1) & (z - radius <= z2)
return x_hit and y_hit and z_hit
[docs] def display(self):
"""Display obstacle properties
:rtype: None
"""
print "Center: {}".format(self.center)
print "Width: {}".format(self.width)
print "Height: {}".format(self.height)
print "Depth: {}".format(self.depth)
[docs] def plot(self, ax):
"""Plots the obstacle at its location
:param ax: Figure to plot on
:type ax: matplotlib.axes
:rtpye: None
"""
paths = self.get_paths()
rectangle = Poly3DCollection(paths, facecolors=self.color)
ax.add_collection3d(rectangle)


{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% block content %}
Monitor your URLs.
Meet the project.
Check all routers available.
Check code on Github.


WIP - Content goes here soon
Until then, have the links to the latest Windows nightlies:
32-bit:
64-bit:


Unboxing is unnecessary as of Java 5 and later, and can safely be removed.
Examples:
Integer i = Integer.valueOf(42).intValue();
→ Integer i = Integer.valueOf(42);
int k = Integer.valueOf(42).intValue();
→ int k = Integer.valueOf(42);
(reports only when the Only report truly superfluously unboxed expressions option is not checked)
Use the Only report truly superfluously unboxed expressions option to only report truly superfluous unboxing, where an unboxed value is immediately boxed either implicitly or explicitly. In this case, the entire unboxing-boxing step can be removed. The inspection doesn't report simple explicit unboxing.
This inspection only reports if the language level of the project or module is 5 or higher.


Thieves steal TV sets at South Africa police chief’s home
Thieves have stolen two television sets from a home of South Africa’s police chief Gen Khehla Sitole, a police spokesman has said.
“Actually it was not a break-in. However, two television sets were stolen,” Brigadier Vish Naudi was quoted by South Africa’s privately owned IOL news site as saying.
“The national commissioner’s house is currently under construction and, therefore, we are exploring certain possibilities. We believe that this was purely opportunistic.”
READ ALSO: ‘Why we’ll regulate social media’
Gen Sitole was apparently in the parliamentary capital, Cape Town, when the thieves struck at his home in eastern Mpumalanga province, IOL reported.
The police boss has become a victim of crime at a time when he is under intense pressure to bring down high crime levels in South Africa.


Quote Mashup
Create a quote mashup by searching for random quotes from two famous people.
Don't like your mashup? Search again!
Show me
View on GitHub


Lens
public struct Lens<A, B>
Enables read and copy-on-write access for an entity’s property in a datastructure.
Some examples can be found in this blog post.
-
Serves as getter.
Declaration
Swift
public let from: (A) -> B
-
Serves as setter.
Declaration
Swift
public let to: (B, A) -> A
-
Creates a lens.
Parameter
Parameter from: Returns a property from a given value.Parameter
Parameter of: Sets a property to a given value.Declaration
Swift
public init(from: @escaping (A) -> B, to: @escaping (B, A) -> A)
Parameters
from
Returns a property from a given value.
of
Sets a property to a given value.
-
Creates a new lens by using a child lens.
Parameter
Parameter lens: The lens to be used as child ofself
.Returns
A new lens from the current type to the given.Declaration
Swift
public func child<C>(with lens: Lens<B, C>) -> Lens<A, C>
Parameters
lens
The lens to be used as child of
self
.Return Value
A new lens from the current type to the given.
-
Creates a new lens by using a child lens. Convenience method for
Lens.child(lens:)
.Parameter
Parameter from:Lens.from
to be used as a child-Parameter
Parameter to:Lens.to
to be used as a child-Returns
A new lens from the current type to the given.Declaration
Swift
public func child<C>(from: @escaping (B) -> C, to: @escaping (C, B) -> B) -> Lens<A, C>
Parameters
from
Lens.from
to be used as a child-to
Lens.to
to be used as a child-Return Value
A new lens from the current type to the given.
-
Creates a new lens by using a child lens. Reversed convenience method for
Lens.child(lens:)
.Parameter
Parameter lens: The lens to be used as parent ofself
.Returns
A new, combined lens.Declaration
Swift
public func asChild<S>(of parent: Lens<S, A>) -> Lens<S, B>
Parameters
lens
The lens to be used as parent of
self
.Return Value
A new, combined lens.
-
Creates a new lens by using a child lens. Reversed convenience method for
Lens.child(lens:)
.Parameter
Parameter lens: The lens to be used as parent ofself
.Returns
A new, combined lens.Declaration
Swift
public func asChild<S>(from: @escaping (S) -> A, to: @escaping (A, S) -> S) -> Lens<S, B>
Parameters
lens
The lens to be used as parent of
self
.Return Value
A new, combined lens.


Sonia Gandhi holds talks on Maharashtra
by Special CorrespondentCongress president Sonia Gandhi on Tuesday is learnt to have consulted her senior party colleagues A.K. Antony, Ahmed Patel, Mallikarjun Kharge and K.C. Venugopal over the issue of government formation in Maharashtra and sharing power with the Shiv Sena.
The meeting comes a day after her meeting with Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) chief Sharad Pawar at her residence, and concerned ironing out the creases before a formal announcement regarding a new coalition is made.
The Congress will hold talks with the NCP to finalise the draft common minimum programme (CMP), and Mr. Patel, Mr. Kharge and Mr. Venugopal would work on it.
The party wants finalisation of the CMP before an official announcement is made, and wants the core political agenda of the possible alliance spelt out, said sources.
The NCP had deputed Praful Patel, Sunil Tatkare, Ajit Pawar, Jayant Patil to work out modalities before a final decision can be taken.
Though the first term of the chief ministership is likely to go to Sena, the NCP is reported to be pushing for a rotational arrangement. The Congress could get the Speaker’s post and one of the two deputy CM’s posts that is being talked about.


Definition at line 68 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| __construct |
( |
|
$years = 1 , |
|
|
|
$months = null , |
|
|
|
$weeks = null , |
|
|
|
$days = null , |
|
|
|
$hours = null , |
|
|
|
$minutes = null , |
|
|
|
$seconds = null |
|
) |
| |
Create a new CarbonInterval instance.
- Parameters
-
| integer | $years | |
| integer | $months | |
| integer | $weeks | |
| integer | $days | |
| integer | $hours | |
| integer | $minutes | |
| integer | $seconds | |
Definition at line 120 of file CarbonInterval.php.
Allow fluent calls on the setters... CarbonInterval::years(3)->months(5)->day().
Note: This is done using the magic method to allow static and instance methods to have the same names.
- Returns
- static
Definition at line 403 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| static __callStatic |
( |
|
$name, |
|
|
|
$args |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Provide static helpers to create instances. Allows CarbonInterval::years(3).
Note: This is done using the magic method to allow static and instance methods to have the same names.
- Returns
- static
Definition at line 172 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| add |
( |
DateInterval |
$interval | ) |
|
Add the passed interval to the current instance
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- static
Definition at line 492 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| static create |
( |
|
$years = 1 , |
|
|
|
$months = null , |
|
|
|
$weeks = null , |
|
|
|
$days = null , |
|
|
|
$hours = null , |
|
|
|
$minutes = null , |
|
|
|
$seconds = null |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Create a new CarbonInterval instance from specific values. This is an alias for the constructor that allows better fluent syntax as it allows you to do CarbonInterval::create(1)->fn() rather than (new CarbonInterval(1))->fn().
- Parameters
-
| integer | $years | |
| integer | $months | |
| integer | $weeks | |
| integer | $days | |
| integer | $hours | |
| integer | $minutes | |
| integer | $seconds | |
- Returns
- static
Definition at line 159 of file CarbonInterval.php.
Get the current interval in a human readable format in the current locale.
- Returns
- string
Definition at line 453 of file CarbonInterval.php.
Get the translator instance in use
- Returns
- TranslatorInterface
Definition at line 256 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| static instance |
( |
DateInterval |
$di | ) |
|
|
static |
Create a CarbonInterval instance from a DateInterval one. Can not instance DateInterval objects created from DateTime::diff() as you can't externally set the $days field.
- Parameters
-
- Exceptions
-
- Returns
- static
Definition at line 219 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| static setLocale |
( |
|
$locale | ) |
|
|
static |
Intialize the translator instance if necessary.
- Returns
- TranslatorInterface
Definition at line 240 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| weeksAndDays |
( |
|
$weeks, |
|
|
|
$days |
|
) |
| |
Allow setting of weeks and days to be cumulative.
- Parameters
-
| int | $weeks | Number of weeks to set |
| int | $days | Number of days to set |
- Returns
- static
Definition at line 389 of file CarbonInterval.php.
| const PERIOD_MINUTES = 'M' |
| const PERIOD_MONTHS = 'M' |
| const PERIOD_PREFIX = 'P' |
| const PERIOD_SECONDS = 'S' |
| const PERIOD_TIME_PREFIX = 'T' |
| const PHP_DAYS_FALSE = -99999 |
Before PHP 5.4.20/5.5.4 instead of FALSE days will be set to -99999 when the interval instance was created by DateTime:diff().
Definition at line 93 of file CarbonInterval.php.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


nana::gui::drawing
Description
The nana::gui::drawing provides a way that drawing pictures on a widget.
Model
of
None
Public base classes
None
Members
|
drawing(nana::gui::widget& widget) |
Create a drawing object for a
widget |
|
~drawing() |
Destruction |
|
void bitblt(int x, int y, unsigned width, unsigned height, const nana::paint::graphics&
graph, int srcx, int srcy) |
Copy a buffer from graph begin(srcx, srcy) to the position(x, y). |
|
void clear() |
Erase all. |
|
bool empty() const |
Returns true if the drawing object is invalid. |
|
void line(int x, int y, int x2, int y2, unsigned color) |
Draw a line from point(x, y) to point(x2, y2) with color. |
|
void string(int x, int y, unsigned color, const nana::char_t* text) |
Draws a string of text at (x, y) with specified color. |
|
void rectangle(int x, int y, unsigned width, unsigned height, unsigned color, bool
solid) |
Draw a rectangle. |
File
nana/gui/drawing.hpp
Notes
1. End a drawing, the picture may not be displayed immediately. A picture
need to be displayed immediately by calling nana::gui::API::refresh_window() .
See also
None.
Move to The Nana Programmer's Guide Main Page |


| Version | = | id.split(" ")[2].to_i |
| [RW] | asserts_cause_exceptions | Whether an Exception should be raised on failed asserts in non-$DEBUG code or not. By default this is disabled. |
| [RW] | optimize_asserts | Whether asserts should be ignored if not in debug mode. Debug mode can be enabled by running ruby with the -d switch or by setting $DEBUG to true. |
Will run Breakpoint in DRb mode. This will spawn a server that can be attached to via the breakpoint-client command whenever a breakpoint is executed. This is useful when you are debugging CGI applications or other applications where you can’t access debug sessions via the standard input and output of your application.
You can specify an URI where the DRb server will run at. This way you can specify the port the server runs on. The default URI is druby://localhost:42531.
Please note that breakpoints will be skipped silently in case the DRb server can not spawned. (This can happen if the port is already used by another instance of your application on CGI or another application.)
Also note that by default this will only allow access from localhost. You can however specify a list of allowed hosts or nil (to allow access from everywhere). But that will still not protect you from somebody reading the data as it goes through the net.
A good approach for getting security and remote access is setting up an SSH tunnel between the DRb service and the client. This is usually done like this:
$ ssh -L20000:<IP_ADDRESS>:20000 -R10000:<IP_ADDRESS>:10000 example.com (This will connect port 20000 at the client side to port 20000 at the server side, and port 10000 at the server side to port 10000 at the client side.)
After that do this on the server side: (the code being debugged) Breakpoint.activate_drb("druby://<IP_ADDRESS>:20000", "localhost")
And at the client side: ruby breakpoint_client.rb -c druby://<IP_ADDRESS>:10000 -s druby://<IP_ADDRESS>:20000
Running through such a SSH proxy will also let you use breakpoint.rb in case you are behind a firewall.
Detailed information about running DRb through firewalls is available at www.rubygarden.org/ruby?DrbTutorial
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/breakpoint.rb, line 354 354: def activate_drb(uri = nil, allowed_hosts = ['localhost', '<IP_ADDRESS>', '::1'], 355: ignore_collisions = false) 356: 357: return false if @use_drb 358: 359: uri ||= 'druby://localhost:42531' 360: 361: if allowed_hosts then 362: acl = ["deny", "all"] 363: 364: Array(allowed_hosts).each do |host| 365: acl += ["allow", host] 366: end 367: 368: DRb.install_acl(ACL.new(acl)) 369: end 370: 371: @use_drb = true 372: @drb_service = DRbService.new 373: did_collision = false 374: begin 375: @service = DRb.start_service(uri, @drb_service) 376: rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE 377: if ignore_collisions then 378: nil 379: else 380: # The port is already occupied by another 381: # Breakpoint service. We will try to tell 382: # the old service that we want its port. 383: # It will then forward that request to the 384: # user and retry. 385: unless did_collision then 386: DRbObject.new(nil, uri).collision 387: did_collision = true 388: end 389: sleep(10) 390: retry 391: end 392: end 393: 394: return true 395: end
This asserts that the block evaluates to true. If it doesn’t evaluate to true a breakpoint will automatically be created at that execution point.
You can disable assert checking in production code by setting Breakpoint.optimize_asserts to true. (It will still be enabled when Ruby is run via the -d argument.)
Example:
person_name = "Foobar" assert { not person_name.nil? }
Note: If you want to use this method from an unit test, you will have to call it by its full name, Breakpoint.assert.
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# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/breakpoint.rb, line 240 240: def assert(context = nil, &condition) 241: return if Breakpoint.optimize_asserts and not $DEBUG 242: return if yield 243: 244: callstack = caller 245: callstack.slice!(0, 3) if callstack.first["assert"] 246: file, line, method = *callstack.first.match(/^(.+?):(\d+)(?::in `(.*?)')?/).captures 247: 248: message = "Assert failed at #{file}:#{line}#{" in `#{method}'" if method}." 249: 250: if Breakpoint.asserts_cause_exceptions and not $DEBUG then 251: raise(Breakpoint::FailedAssertError, message) 252: end 253: 254: message += " Executing implicit breakpoint." 255: 256: if context then 257: return handle_breakpoint(context, message, file, line) 258: end 259: 260: Binding.of_caller do |context| 261: handle_breakpoint(context, message, file, line) 262: end 263: end
This will pop up an interactive ruby session at a pre-defined break point in a Ruby application. In this session you can examine the environment of the break point.
You can get a list of variables in the context using local_variables via local_variables. You can then examine their values by typing their names.
You can have a look at the call stack via caller.
The source code around the location where the breakpoint was executed can be examined via source_lines. Its argument specifies how much lines of context to display. The default amount of context is 5 lines. Note that the call to source_lines can raise an exception when it isn’t able to read in the source code.
breakpoints can also return a value. They will execute a supplied block for getting a default return value. A custom value can be returned from the session by doing +throw(:debug_return, value)+.
You can also give names to break points which will be used in the message that is displayed upon execution of them.
Here’s a sample of how breakpoints should be placed:
class Person def initialize(name, age) @name, @age = name, age breakpoint("Person#initialize") end attr_reader :age def name breakpoint("Person#name") { @name } end end person = Person.new("Random Person", 23) puts "Name: #{person.name}"
And here is a sample debug session:
Executing break point "Person#initialize" at file.rb:4 in `initialize' irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):001:0> local_variables => ["name", "age", "_", "__"] irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):002:0> [name, age] => ["Random Person", 23] irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):003:0> [@name, @age] => ["Random Person", 23] irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):004:0> self => #<Person:0x292fbe8 @age=23, @name="Random Person"> irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):005:0> @age += 1; self => #<Person:0x292fbe8 @age=24, @name="Random Person"> irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):006:0> exit Executing break point "Person#name" at file.rb:9 in `name' irb(#<Person:0x292fbe8>):001:0> throw(:debug_return, "Overriden name") Name: Overriden name
Breakpoint sessions will automatically have a few convenience methods available. See Breakpoint::CommandBundle for a list of them.
Breakpoints can also be used remotely over sockets. This is implemented by running part of the IRB session in the application and part of it in a special client. You have to call Breakpoint.activate_drb to enable support for remote breakpoints and then run breakpoint_client.rb which is distributed with this library. See the documentation of Breakpoint.activate_drb for details.
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# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/breakpoint.rb, line 103 103: def breakpoint(id = nil, context = nil, &block) 104: callstack = caller 105: callstack.slice!(0, 3) if callstack.first["breakpoint"] 106: file, line, method = *callstack.first.match(/^(.+?):(\d+)(?::in `(.*?)')?/).captures 107: 108: message = "Executing break point " + (id ? "#{id.inspect} " : "") + 109: "at #{file}:#{line}" + (method ? " in `#{method}'" : "") 110: 111: if context then 112: return handle_breakpoint(context, message, file, line, &block) 113: end 114: 115: Binding.of_caller do |binding_context| 116: handle_breakpoint(binding_context, message, file, line, &block) 117: end 118: end
Deactivates a running Breakpoint service.
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# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/breakpoint.rb, line 398 398: def deactivate_drb 399: @service.stop_service unless @service.nil? 400: @service = nil 401: @use_drb = false 402: @drb_service = nil 403: end
Returns true when Breakpoints are used over DRb. Breakpoint.activate_drb causes this to be true.
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# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/breakpoint.rb, line 407 407: def use_drb? 408: @use_drb == true 409: end


Our Story: Rising Stronger Through Adversity
GSR Trust works towards building a new compassionate culture, with equality and inclusion as its foundation.
We want to empower people and develop new ways to meet challenges
in healthcare, education, and employment fields aggravated in the post-pandemic era.
Adversity is a remarkable teacher. The inception of GSR Trust took place when the COVID-19 pandemic hit our world.
The pandemic posed enormous challenges and disrupted human life in ways we never imagined.
Within days of the outbreak, - our founders who have earlier cracked many healthcare
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The result is the GSRTrust.
OUR VISION
At GSR, the trust's vision is to create a sustainable, inclusive, equitable, and compassionate society that thrives and enriches people.
OUR MISSION
Our mission is to drive real social change toward inclusion and equity by focussing on three core areas of healthcare, education, and employment.