Factories
Introduction
What are Factories?
Like Services, Factories are an extension of autoloading that helps keep your code concise yet optimal, without having to pass around object instances between classes.
Factories are similar to CodeIgniter 3’s $this->load
in the following points:
Load a class
Share the loaded class instance
At its simplest, Factories provide a common way to create a class instance and access it from anywhere. This is a great way to reuse object states and reduce memory load from keeping multiple instances loaded across your app.
Any class can be loaded by Factories, but the best examples are those classes that are used
to work on or transmit common data. The framework itself uses Factories internally, e.g., to
make sure the correct configuration is loaded when using the Config
class.
Differences from Services
Factories require a concrete class name to instantiate and do not have code to create instances.
So, Factories are not good for creating a complex instance that needs many dependencies, and you cannot change the class of the instance to be returned.
On the other hand, Services have code to create instances, so it can create a complex instance that needs other services or class instances. When you get a service, Services require a service name, not a class name, so the returned instance can be changed without changing the client code.
Loading Classes
Loading a Class
Take a look at Models as an example. You can access the Factory specific to Models
by using the magic static method of the Factories class, Factories::models()
.
The static method name is called component.
Passing Classname without Namespace
If you pass a classname without a namespace, Factories first searches in the
App
namespace for the path corresponding to the magic static method name.
Factories::models()
searches the app/Models directory.
Passing Short Classname
In the following code, if you have App\Models\UserModel
, the instance will be returned:
<?php
use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
$users = Factories::models('UserModel');
If you don’t have App\Models\UserModel
, it searches for Models\UserModel
in all namespaces.
Next time you ask for the same class anywhere in your code, Factories will be sure you get back the instance as before:
<?php
use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
class SomeOtherClass
{
public function someFunction()
{
$users = Factories::models('UserModel');
// ...
}
}
Passing Short Classname with Sub-directories
If you want to load a class in sub directories, you use the /
as a separator.
The following code loads app/Libraries/Sub/SubLib.php if it exists:
$lib = Factories::libraries('Sub/SubLib');
Passing Full Qualified Classname
You could also request a full qualified classname:
$users = Factories::models('Blog\Models\UserModel');
// Or
$users = Factories::models(\Blog\Models\UserModel::class);
It returns the instance of Blog\Models\UserModel
if it exists.
Note
Prior to v4.4.0, when you requested a full qualified classname,
if you had only Blog\Models\UserModel
, the instance would be returned.
But if you had both App\Models\UserModel
and Blog\Models\UserModel
,
the instance of App\Models\UserModel
would be returned.
If you wanted to get Blog\Models\UserModel
, you needed to disable the
option preferApp
:
$users = Factories::models('Blog\Models\UserModel', ['preferApp' => false]);
Convenience Functions
Two shortcut functions for Factories have been provided. These functions are always available.
config()
The first is config()
which returns a new instance of a Config class. The only required parameter is the class name:
<?php
$appConfig = config('App');
// The code above is the same as the code below.
$appConfig = \CodeIgniter\Config\Factories::config('App');
model()
The second function, model()
returns a new instance of a Model class. The only required parameter is the class name:
<?php
$user = model('UserModel');
// The code above is the same as the code below.
$user = \CodeIgniter\Config\Factories::models('UserModel');
Defining Classname to be Loaded
New in version 4.4.0.
You could define a classname to be loaded before loading the class with
the Factories::define()
method:
Factories::define('models', 'Myth\Auth\Models\UserModel', 'App\Models\UserModel');
The first parameter is a component. The second parameter is a class alias (the first parameter to Factories magic static method), and the third parameter is the true full qualified classname to be loaded.
After that, if you load Myth\Auth\Models\UserModel
with Factories, the
App\Models\UserModel
instance will be returned:
$users = model('Myth\Auth\Models\UserModel');
Factory Parameters
Factories
takes as a second parameter an array of option values (described below).
These directives will override the default options configured for each component.
Any more parameters passed at the same time will be forwarded on to the class constructor, making it easy to configure your class instance on-the-fly. For example, say your app uses a separate database for authentication and you want to be sure that any attempts to access user records always go through that connection:
<?php
$conn = db_connect('auth');
$users = Factories::models('UserModel', [], $conn);
Now any time the UserModel
is loaded from Factories
it will in fact be returning a
class instance that uses the alternate database connection.
Factories Options
The default behavior might not work for every component. For example, say your component name and its path do not align, or you need to limit instances to a certain type of class. Each component takes a set of options to direct discovery and instantiation.
Key |
Type |
Description |
Default |
|---|---|---|---|
component |
string or null |
The name of the component (if different than the static method). This can be used to alias one component to another. |
|
path |
string or null |
The relative path within the namespace/folder to look for classes. |
|
instanceOf |
string or null |
A required class name to match on the returned instance. |
|
getShared |
boolean |
Whether to return a shared instance of the class or load a fresh one. |
|
preferApp |
boolean |
Whether a class with the same basename in the App namespace overrides other explicit class requests. |
|
Note
Since v4.4.0, preferApp
works only when you request
a classname without a namespace.
Factories Behavior
Options can be applied in one of three ways (listed in ascending priority):
A configuration class
Config\Factory
with a property that matches the name of a component.The static method
Factories::setOptions()
.Passing options directly at call time with a parameter.
Configurations
To set default component options, create a new Config files at app/Config/Factory.php that supplies options as an array property that matches the name of the component.
Example: Filters Factories
For example, if you want to create Filters by Factories, the component name wll be filters
.
And if you want to ensure that each filter is an instance of a class which implements CodeIgniter’s FilterInterface
,
your app/Config/Factory.php file might look like this:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\Factory as BaseFactory;
use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
class Factory extends BaseFactory
{
public $filters = [
'instanceOf' => FilterInterface::class,
];
}
Now you can create a filter with code like Factories::filters('SomeFilter')
,
and the returned instance will surely be a CodeIgniter’s filter.
This would prevent conflict of an third-party module which happened to have an
unrelated Filters
path in its namespace.
Example: Library Factories
If you want to load your library classes in the app/Libraries directory with
Factories::library('SomeLib')
, the path Libraries is different from the
default path Library.
In this case, your app/Config/Factory.php file will look like this:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\Factory as BaseFactory;
class Factory extends BaseFactory
{
public $library = [
'path' => 'Libraries',
];
}
Now you can load your libraries with the Factories::library()
method:
use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
$someLib = Factories::library('SomeLib');
setOptions Method
The Factories
class has a static method to allow runtime option configuration: simply
supply the desired array of options using the setOptions()
method and they will be
merged with the default values and stored for the next call:
<?php
Factories::setOptions('filters', [
'instanceOf' => FilterInterface::class,
'prefersApp' => false,
]);
Parameter Options
Factories
’s magic static call takes as a second parameter an array of option values.
These directives will override the stored options configured for each component and can be
used at call time to get exactly what you need. The input should be an array with option
names as keys to each overriding value.
For example, by default Factories
assumes that you want to locate a shared instance of
a component. By adding a second parameter to the magic static call, you can control whether
that single call will return a new or shared instance:
$users = Factories::models('UserModel', ['getShared' => true]); // Default; will always be the same instance
$other = Factories::models('UserModel', ['getShared' => false]); // Will always create a new instance
Config Caching
New in version 4.4.0.
To improve performance, Config Caching has been implemented.
Prerequisite
Important
Using this feature when the prerequisites are not met will prevent CodeIgniter from operating properly. Do not use this feature in such cases.
To use this feature, the properties of all Config objects instantiated in Factories must not be modified after instantiation. Put another way, the Config classes must be an immutable or readonly classes.
By default, every Config class that is cached must implement
__set_state()
method.
How It Works
Save the all Config instances in Factories into a cache file before shutdown, if the state of the Config instances in Factories changes.
Restore cached Config instances before CodeIgniter initialization if a cache is available.
Simply put, all Config instances held by Factories are cached immediately prior to shutdown, and the cached instances are used permanently.
How to Update Config Values
Once stored, the cached versions never expire. Changing a existing Config file (or changing Environment Variables for it) will not update the cache nor the Config values.
So if you want to update Config values, update Config files or Environment Variables for them, and you must manually delete the cache file.
You can use the spark cache:clear
command:
php spark cache:clear
Or simply delete the writable/cache/FactoriesCache_config file.
How to Enable Config Caching
Uncomment the following code in public/index.php:
--- a/public/index.php
+++ b/public/index.php
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ if (! defined('ENVIRONMENT')) {
}
// Load Config Cache
-// $factoriesCache = new \CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache();
-// $factoriesCache->load('config');
+$factoriesCache = new \CodeIgniter\Cache\FactoriesCache();
+$factoriesCache->load('config');
// ^^^ Uncomment these lines if you want to use Config Caching.
/*
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ $app->setContext($context);
$app->run();
// Save Config Cache
-// $factoriesCache->save('config');
+$factoriesCache->save('config');
// ^^^ Uncomment this line if you want to use Config Caching.
// Exits the application, setting the exit code for CLI-based applications


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7
8
9
10
I''"
xt
v
The
New
York
copyright
reserved
Botanical
Garden
Daucus
carota
L.
subsp.
carota
Ernest
Small,
Nov.
1976
Dept.
Agriculture,
Ottawa
*>4
No.^56
August
1967
NEW
YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
01500952
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
San
Rafael—Independencia
2
Daucus
carota
L.
det.
Bro.
Alain
Liogier
Common
roadside
weed
above
1500
m.;
to
1.6
m.
tall.
Essentially
virgin
rain-forest
on
limestone
mountains
of
the
Sierra
de
Neiba,
along
the
Carratera
Internacional
near
the
crest
of
the
range,
along
the
Haitian
border,
vie.
line
between
provinces
of
San
Rafael
and
Independencia.
Elev.
1700-2000
m.
Gbrald
J.
Gastony,
Gayle
C.
Jones,
and
Daniel
H.
Norris
Collected
under
auspices
of
Gray
Herbarium
of
Harvard
University,
New
York
Botanical
Garden,
and
Smithsonian
Institution,
with
collaboration
of
Dr.
E.
de
Js.
Marcano
F.,
Universidad
Autónoma
de
Santo
Domingo.
01500952
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


Home
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Contact
Mahir Samci
Education:
2005-2007 TCI College of Technology New York, NY
Languages:
Turkish
Fluent in English
Chinese (Hsk3)
German (A1)
Japanese (A1)
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The low-level protocols beneath HTTP identify machines by IP addresses, sequences of four 8-bit integers such as ‘<IP_ADDRESS>’1. HTTP, on the other hand, and most application protocols, manipulate host names, strings such as ‘www.polipo.org’.
The domain name service (DNS) is a distributed database that maps host names to IP addresses. When an application wants to make use of the DNS, it invokes a resolver, a local library or process that contacts remote name servers.
Polipo usually tries to speak the DNS protocol itself rather than
using the system resolver2. Its
precise behaviour is controlled by the value of
dnsUseGethostbyname
. If dnsUseGethostbyname
is
false
, Polipo never uses the system resolver. If it is
reluctantly
(the default), Polipo tries to speak DNS and falls
back to the system resolver if a name server could not be contacted.
If it is happily
, Polipo tries to speak DNS, and falls back to
the system resolver if the host couldn't be found for any reason (this
is not a good idea for shared proxies). Finally, if
dnsUseGethostbyname
is true
, Polipo never tries to speak
DNS itself and uses the system resolver straight away (this is not
recommended).
If the internal DNS support is used, Polipo must be given a recursive
name server to speak to. By default, this information is taken from
the ‘/etc/resolv.conf’ file at startup; however, if you wish to use
a different name server, you may set the dnsNameServer
and
optionally dnsNameServerPort
variables to an IP address and port
number of a listening DNS server3.
When the reply to a DNS request is late to come, Polipo will retry
multiple times using an exponentially increasing timeout. The maximum
timeout used before Polipo gives up is defined by dnsMaxTimeout
(default 60s); the total time before Polipo gives up on a DNS
query will be roughly twice dnsMaxTimeout
.
The variable dnsNegativeTtl
specifies the time during which
negative DNS information (information that a host doesn't
exist) will be cached; this defaults to 120s. Increasing this
value reduces both latency and network traffic but may cause a failed
host not to be noticed when it comes back up.
The variable dnsQueryIPv6
specifies whether to query for IPv4
or IPv6 addresses. If dnsQueryIPv6
is false
, only IPv4
addresses are queried. If dnsQueryIPv6
is reluctantly
,
both types of addresses are queried, but IPv4 addresses are preferred.
If dnsQueryIPv6
is happily
(the default), IPv6 addresses
are preferred. Finally, if dnsQueryIPv6
is true
, only
IPv6 addresses are queried.
If the system resolver is used, the value dnsGethostbynameTtl
specifies the time during which a gethostbyname
reply will be
cached (default 5 minutes).
[1] Or sequences of eight 16-bit integers if you are running IPv6.
[2] The Unix interface to the resolver
is provided by the gethostbyname
(3) library call
(getaddrinfo
(3) on recent systems), which was designed at
a time when a host lookup consisted in searching for one of five hosts
in a ‘HOSTS.TXT’ file. The gethostbyname
call is
blocking, meaning that all activity must cease while a host
lookup is in progress. When the call eventually returns, it doesn't
provide a time to live (TTL) value to indicate how long the
address may be cached. For these reasons, gethostbyname
is
hardly useful for programs that need to contact more than a few hosts.
(Recent systems replace gethostbyname
(3) by
getaddrinfo
(3), which is reentrant. While this removes one
important problem that multi-threaded programs encounter, it doesn't
solve any of the other issues with gethostbyname
.)
[3] While Polipo does its own
caching of DNS data, I recommend that you run a local caching name server.
I am very happy with dnsmasq
.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
started {{ version.created_at }} by {{ version.author }}
Submit


Aims at loading Google Adwords data into R. Adwords is an online advertising service that enables advertisers to display advertising copy to web users (see <https://developers.google.com/adwords/> for more information). Therefore the package implements three main features. First, the package provides an authentication process for R with the Google Adwords API (see <https://developers.google.com/adwords/api/> for more information) via OAUTH2. Second, the package offers an interface to apply the Adwords query language in R and query the Adwords API with ad-hoc reports. Third, the received data are transformed into suitable data formats for further data processing and data analysis.
| Version: | 0.1.17 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Imports: | RCurl, rjson |
| Published: | 2018-06-11 |
| Author: | Johannes Burkhardt, Matthias Bannert |
| Maintainer: | Johannes Burkhardt <johannes.burkhardt at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/jburkhardt/RAdwords/issues |
| License: | MIT + file LICENSE |
| URL: | https://github.com/jburkhardt/RAdwords, https://developers.google.com/adwords, https://developers.google.com/adwords/api/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| In views: | WebTechnologies |
| CRAN checks: | RAdwords results |
| Reference manual: | RAdwords.pdf |
| Package source: | RAdwords_0.1.17.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: RAdwords_0.1.17.zip, r-release: RAdwords_0.1.17.zip, r-oldrel: RAdwords_0.1.17.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: RAdwords_0.1.17.tgz, r-oldrel: RAdwords_0.1.17.tgz |
| Old sources: | RAdwords archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RAdwords to link to this page.


Recently I've struggled a bit with Braden's HTPC and its remote setup. For some reason the Dell branded RC6 IR receiver and remote would not wake up his HTPC reliably resulting in him having to reach over the TV to turn on the HTPC himself. This to me is highly annoying as I like to be able to get settled and press a button, so to an eight year old I am sure it was equally annoying, especially one as technically minded as him.
Recently the OpenELEC forum in conjunction with The Pi Hut and Flirc had a competition (well it is still going on at the time of penning this note) to win a flirc device. I was one of the lucky ones to win one. I must of course say a big thank you to each of the team members involved from the three places, the prize is not only greatly appreciated but is immensely useful!
What is a flirc device? Simply it is a lovely, and I must say pretty sexy looking, USB compatible IR receiver that presents itself as a HID device to the OS. There is a simple programming application that can be run on OS X, Linux and of course Windows which allows it to capture any IR signal from any remote regardless of what proprietary codes it uses and then allocate these to a variety of functions. As I use XBMC I chose to use the full keyboard option as I could then have many different buttons to control the plethora of options that XBMC uses. The cool thing about the flirc is that you program it and it remembers the settings and you can then move it to any device with a USB port that supports HID functions with no further management or changes required to that end device.
Pretty cool! It meant that I could program it up and then move it onto the OpenELEC system and not have to do anything but use the remote, this is especially important as OpenELEC and XBMC itself has no way of changing the way the keyboard or remote works without delving down into the config files by hand via the base operating system, yes that is right no pretty GUI for those technically challenged people out there.
Of course I did have to modify the keyboard.xml file slightly as I wanted certain functionality to continue over from the old RC6 setup. One was the power button, to put the device to sleep, in this case I simply mapped the power button on the remote to the function 4 (F4) key and then setup the keyboard config to do a XBMC.Suspend() on receipt of that key press. The other main change was that the |< and >| buttons would do a skip in the video play mode, I wanted them to act like the remote and actually skip to the next item in the playlist (for music video clips especially), this was also a simple change on the keyboard configuration changing the , and . keys used by default to SkipPrevious and SkipNext.
Overall the flirc is an excellent device and well worth it. Even if I had to buy one outright I certainly would now as it is just as cheap as a RC6 setup from eBay, but with infinitely more uses and functionality!


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The
New
York
copyright
reserved
Botanical
Garden
IKASED
NEW
YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
ftiM
?
SupohiL
ii.e.
HERBARIUM
AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT
STATION
UNIVERSITY
OF
PUERTO
RICO
ěHanilkart.
n/J/da
(‚esse^Ő^oc.J
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BOTANICAL
COLLECTED
BY.
DETERMINED
BY-
/?,
idofidburu
S,
of
JjJnstA.
Sec
6^_
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


Edit Database
At the top of this page are rows of icons, each representing one table in
the database. To edit the structure of a table, just click on one of the
icons.
Below are buttons for creating a new table in this database, executing SQL
on the tables of the database and dropping the database and all tables in it.
The final button should be used with care, as it is not reversible!


Home Page
Chapter 1
Explanation
Sample Problems
Chapter 2
Explanation
Sample Problems
Chapter 3
Explanation
Sample Problems
Chapter 1: Introduction - The Nature of Science and Physics - Sample Problems
Problem 1
Submit
Hint
Problem 2
Submit
Hint
Problem 3
Submit
Hint


There's nothing particularly special about the tools in VelocityTools 2. No special interfaces, most don't ''need'' any configuration or API access, and those that do are now relatively easy to handle (compared to VelocityTools 1.x). So, if you need a tool, just create an instance, do any configuration you want or need and go. Nothing else to it.
However, if you want to externalize your configuration or have your tools created and configured for you on demand and you are not working in a servlet environment, then we have created a simple ToolManager that you can use. It's relatively simple. Just create a ToolManager (can be created with or without default tools available), configure it (if you want to), ask it to create a context for you, and use the context as you would any other. Of course, there's more to it, but this should get you started:
ToolManager manager = new ToolManager(); manager.configure("/path/to/my/configuration.xml"); Context context = manager.createContext(); myVelocityEngine.evaluate(context, myOutputWriter, "This is a $text.test", "Test template");
Of course, if you are going to be working in a servlet environment and don't want to create and configure tools yourself, then you should being using VelocityView either directly or through the servlets or JSP tag provided for you.


Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which
originated in ancient India.  Practice Yoga daily with us.
This is the Registration form for joining the Yoga Center.
Join Us Now


About Us
VISUDH AJIVAM (OPC) PRIVATE LIMITED is a Private(One Person Company) registration held business entity registered under The Companies Act, 2013. It’s registered for pre-defined objects or activity Wholesale trade and commission trade except of motor vehicles and motorcycles as per Activity Code mentioned under Company CIN Number U51909JH2020OPC014941.
Company has paid up capital Rs. 100.000 00 and Authorised Capital Rs. 1.000.000 00. It is set up directly by registering the company with RoC, Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Its registered office address is C/O RAJNIKANT VISHWAKARMA PLOT NO 12 WARD-8 SURYA NAGAR BUJULIYA TALAB ROAD-3 RAMGARH Hazaribagh JH 829122 IN. Private(One Person Company) registration is registered in 24.08.2020, India and Registrar of Company is RoC - Jharkhand. it is Non-govt company. Private(One Person Company) registration Company has paid up capital Rs. 100.000 00 and Authorised Capital Rs. 1.000.000 00. .
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We have a wonderful management with us our team doctors
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VISUDH AJIVAM PVT LTD is one of the best digital platform for health care services integrated with pharmacies, doctors, labtests, diagnosis centres across India to provide world class Healthcare facilities to individuals across the country.
 Sint iure autem recusandae, veniam, illo dolor soluta assumenda minima quia velit officia sit exercitationem nam ipsa, repellendus aut facilis quasi voluptas!
Go somewhereCEO at Google


See Upgrade Notes for specifics on upgrading to the current Legato version.
Update or restore target:
Windows Dev Host Linux Android SDK
Copyright (C) Sierra Wireless Inc. Use of this work is subject to license.


All About Me
5 Questions about Richard Tae
- Is Richard's nationality Chinese?
- Is Richard born in Los Angeles?
- Is Richard's favorite hobby playing basketball?
- Is Richard's favorite food pizza?
- Is Richard's favorite color red?
Richard's Top 10 Places I want to Visit
- Tokyo
- Shanghai
- India
- AFrica
- Australia
- Singapore
- Hong Kong
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Cambodia
Richard's Biography
- Education: American Council Exercise; Code Fellows
- Work Experience: Military; Personal Trainer


[§572B-3] Civil unions void; when. A civil union shall be void between the following persons: parent and child, grandparent and grandchild, two siblings, aunt and nephew, aunt and niece, uncle and nephew, uncle and niece, and persons who stand in relation to each other as ancestor and descendant of any degree whatsoever. [L 2011, c 1, pt of §2]


This is where a component has an empty constructor with dependencies passed in via setters and matching done via the method name (after 'set'). Matches are against named components.
public class FruitBasket { public void setOrange(String orange) { ... } public void setPear(String pear) { ... } public void setBanana(String banana) { ... } // other methods }
pico = new DefaultPicoContainer(new NamedMethodInjection(); pico.addConfig("orange" , new Seville()); pico.addConfig("pear" , new Bartlett()); pico.addConfig("Banana" , new Cavendish()); pico.addComponent(FruitBasket.class); // etc FruitBasket basket = pico.getComponent(FruitBasket.class);
Yes that's right, there's no constructor needed. It means that for a Unit Test, you cannot simply 'new' the class without some lines of code to populate the dependency fields via setters.
The component factory for this is a class NamedMethodInjection. It only handles named-method injection for components.


Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) Visualization
Simulation Input:
Processes should be input in the form "<name> <start time> <total time needed>"
target_latency:20 minimum_granularity:4 P1 0 15 P2 0 12 P3 0 12 P4 15 10 P5 35 20 P6 45 10 P7 45 10
Start Simulation!
Time:
Start Over


Now in Beta!
Have you ever found the Stack Exchange chat platform lacking in critical features like seeing how far other users have read or "this user is typing" notifications? If so, this UserScript is for you!
The script adds these features to Stack Exchange chat rooms, and completely revitalizes your chat experience!
Using this script is easy! All you need to do is follow the instructions for your browser below:
IE and Edge users need this bookmarklet. Edge users need to follow the steps in this article.
Both browsers proactively disable unrecognized scripts, so you will need to install the Tampermonkey extension.
Please install the Greasemonkey add-on.
Opera users can install either the Tampermonkey Beta add-on or the Violent monkey add-on.
Please install the Tampermonkey extension.
Installing and using the UserScript is very easy.
Simply open a chat page and click the bookmarklet.
The script will now automatically load each time you visit a chat page.
Whenever a chat page is opened, the script connects to the central server using a WebSocket.
Whenever a new message is read or you start typing, the script sends a small packet of information to the central server. This information is then sent to everyone else in the room who has installed the script.


- EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring.properties
-
- EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.properties
-
Subclass of
org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer
which can make use of a StringEncryptor
or
TextEncryptor
object to decrypt preferences values
if they are encrypted in the loaded resource locations.
- EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptablePreferencesPlaceholderConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertiesFactoryBean - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.xml.encryption
-
Factory bean for creating encrptable properties objects from the encryption namespace
elements.
- EncryptablePropertiesFactoryBean() - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.xml.encryption.EncryptablePropertiesFactoryBean
-
- EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring.properties
-
- EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.properties
-
Subclass of
org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyOverrideConfigurer
which can make use of a StringEncryptor
or
TextEncryptor
object to decrypt property values
if they are encrypted in the loaded resource locations.
- EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptablePropertyOverrideConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring.properties
-
- EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.properties
-
Subclass of
org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
which can make use of a StringEncryptor
or
TextEncryptor
object to decrypt property values
if they are encrypted in the loaded resource locations.
- EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptablePropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring.properties
-
- EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring.properties.EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Deprecated.
Creates an EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.properties
-
Subclass of
org.springframework.web.context.support.ServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
which can make use of a StringEncryptor
or
TextEncryptor
object to decrypt servlet context parameter values
if they are encrypted in the loaded resource locations.
- EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(StringEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance
which will use the passed StringEncryptor
object to decrypt
encrypted values.
- EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer(TextEncryptor) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.properties.EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
-
Creates an EncryptableServletContextPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer instance which will use the
passed TextEncryptor
object to decrypt encrypted values.
- EncryptionNamespaceHandler - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.xml.encryption
-
Namespace handler for jasypt's encryption namespace.
- EncryptionNamespaceHandler() - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.xml.encryption.EncryptionNamespaceHandler
-
- EncryptorFactoryBean - Class in org.jasypt.spring3.xml.encryption
-
Factory bean for creating encryptor objects from the encryption namespace
elements.
- EncryptorFactoryBean(int) - Constructor for class org.jasypt.spring3.xml.encryption.EncryptorFactoryBean
-


WITNESS LIST Education Committee March 4, 2003 - 8:30A SB 186 FOR: Lara, Rene (Texas Federation of Teachers), Austin, TX ON: Clark, Catherine (Texas Association of School Boards/Texas Association of School Administrators), Austin, TX Cloudt, Criss (Texas Education Agency), Austin, TX Kopec, Joe (Texas Association of Secondary Principals), Austin, TX Reynolds, Alonzo (TASSP), Austin, TX Richardson, Fred H. (TASSP), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Borden, Sandi (Texas Elementary Principals & Supervisors Association), Austin, TX Against: Morton, Dale (Wells ISD), Wells, TX On: Adams, Judy (Bryan ISD), Bryan, TX Cox, Cathy (Texas State Comptroller), Austin, TX Ressel, Betty (Comptroller's Texas School Performance Review), Austin, TX SB 258 Registering, but not testifying: For: Fickel, Ann (Texas Classroom Teachers Association), Austin, TX Lara, Rene (Texas Federation of Teachers), Austin, TX McAfee, Archie (Texas Association of Secondary School Principals), Austin, TX Morton, Dale (Wells ISD), Wells, TX On: Anderson, Vicki (Comptroller of Public Accounts), Austin, TX SB 335 AGAINST: Douglass, Cathy (Texas Association of School Boards), Austin, TX Thompson, David (Texas Association of School Administrators), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Fickel, Ann (Texas Classroom Teachers Association), Austin, TX Lara, Rene (Texas Federation of Teachers), Austin, TX Morton, Dale (Wells ISD), Wells, TX Whelan, Lauren (ATPE), Austin, TX Woodford, Suzy (Common Cause Texas), Austin, TX On: Ressel, Betty (Comptroller's Texas School Performance Review), Austin, TX SB 346 FOR: Coulson, Eddie (College Station ISD), College Station, TX Smith, Mike (Forney ISD), Forney, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Lara, Rene (Texas Federation of Teachers), Austin, TX McAfee, Archie (Texas Association of Secondary School Principals) Morton, Dale (Wells ISD), Wells, TX SB 578 FOR: Luce, Tom (Self), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Fickel, Ann (Texas Classroom Teachers Association), Austin, TX Lara, Rene (Texas Federation of Teachers), Austin, TX McAfee, Archie (Texas Association of Secondary School Principals), Austin, TX Morton, Dale (Wells ISD), Wells, TX Whelan, Lauren (Association of Texas Professional Educators), Austin, TX


Apple’s new 16-inch MacBook Pro still uses a 720p webcam and lacks Wi-Fi 6 — unlike iPhone 11
by Michael PotuckApple’s new 16-inch MacBook Pro offers a range of great improvements headlined by a more reliable scissor switch Magic Keyboard. However, there are a couple of notable components that didn’t see an upgrade.
The 16-inch MacBook Pro features a return to the scissor switch keyboard, can be configured with up to 64Gb of RAM, has a new six-speaker system, improvement thermal system, and much more.
However, it unfortunately still uses an 802.11ac Wi-Fi chip. The lack of Wi-Fi 6 is disappointing considering Apple debuted it in the iPhone 11 lineup this year.
Another holdover from old MacBooks is the 16-inch MacBook Pro still uses a 720p FaceTime Camera. The iPhone 11 and 11 Pro front-facing camera can shoot 4K.
What do you think about the new MacBook pro lacking Wi-Fi 6 and a better FaceTime camera? Share your thoughts in the comments below!
Read more about all of Apple’s announcements:
- Apple discontinues 15-inch MacBook Pro as 16-inch now available
- Phil Schiller talks 16-inch MacBook Pro Magic Keyboard, Touch Bar, and more in new interview
- Apple announces Mac Pro and Pro Display XDR available starting in December
- Apple announces new 16-inch MacBook Pro: scissor switch ‘Magic Keyboard’, louder speakers, $2399
FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.


{{ define "recordings" }} {{/* An array of recordings. Template value is a recordingResp */}}
Error retrieving recordings for this call: {{ .Err }}. Refresh the page to try again.
| Sid | {{- if .CanViewProperty "Sid" }} {{- template "sid" . }} {{- else }}hidden | {{- end }}|
|---|---|---|
| Price | {{- if .CanViewProperty "Price" }}{{ .FriendlyPrice }} | {{- else }}hidden | {{- end }}
| Duration | {{- if .CanViewProperty "Duration" }}{{ .Duration.String }} | {{- else }}hidden | {{- end }}
{{- else }}
Cannot play this recording.
{{- end }}{{- $len := len .Recordings }} {{- if eq $len 0 }} There were no recordings {{- else if eq $len 1 }} There was one recording {{- else }} There were {{ $len }} recordings {{- end }} attached to this call.
You do not have permission to see whether any recordings were made.
{{- end }} {{- end }}


commplish
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Sharing badges is when your project has been granted full use of another project's badges. This means, that your project can not only see user's badges, but it can grant new badges in the set.
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These vulnerabilities import JavaScript from bad sources that are not necessarily owned by the page owner. For more details, see
http://blog.securitee.org/?p=255
.
Script inclusions from locahost, for example
http://<IP_ADDRESS>/localhost_import.js
Script inclusions from private-network IP addresses, for example
http://<IP_ADDRESS>/private_network_import.js
Script inclusions from non-registered domains or typosquatting domains, for example
http://g00gle.com/typosquatting_domain.js


This is an experimental class that sends a number of formatted log events as an RFC 822 email. It should work fine if Net:SMTP doesn’t cause any problems. Just in case, create a logger named ‘log4r’ and give it an outputter to see the logging statements made by this class. If it fails to send email, it will set itself to OFF and stop logging.
In order to use it,
require 'log4r/outputter/emailoutputter'
All arguments to Net::SMTP.start are supported. Pass them as hash parameters to new. The to field is specified as a comma-delimited list of emails (padded with s* if desired).
An example:
email_out = EmailOutputter.new 'email_out', :server=>'localhost', :port=>25, :domain=>'somewhere.com'<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>:subject=>'Log Report'
EmailOutputter stores log messages in a buffer. When the buffer reaches a certain number, the buffsize, it will send an email containing the contents of the buffer. The default buffsize is 100. To set buffsize,
email_out.buffsize = 1000 # set the buffsize to 1000
Flushing an EmailOutputter will mail out all the remaining LogEvents. This is convenient for systems that encapsulate the shutdown process. It’s a good idea to do this for all outputters,
Outputter.each_outputter {|o| o.flush}
Alternatively, one can invoke flush on the outputter directly,
email_out.flush
It’s also a good idea to notify the recepient of the email that the system is shutting down. Before flushing, log a message to the owner of this outputter,
log_with_email_out.info "The system is shutting down at #{Time.now}"
LogEvents may either be formatted as they come in or as the email is being composed. To do the former, specify a value of true to the hash parameter formatfirst. The default is to format during email composition.
email_out.formatfirst = true # format as soon as LogEvents are received
EmailOutputter can be configured to flush and send the email whenever the logger sees a certain log priority. Use the immediate_at hash parameter and specify the levels as a comma-delimited list (like an XML element). To trigger an email on FATAL and ERROR,
email_out.immediate_at = "FATAL, ERROR"
A security logger sends email to several folks, buffering up to 25 log events and sending immediates on CRIT and WARN
EmailOutputter.new 'security', :to =><EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>:buffsize => 25, :immediate_at => 'WARN, CRIT'
See log4r/configurator.rb for details. Here’s an example:
<outputter name="security" type="EmailOutputter" buffsize="25" level="ALL"> <immediate_at>WARN, CRIT</immediate_at> <server>localhost</server><EMAIL_ADDRESS><to><EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS></to> ... </outputter>
This class could use some sophistication, in particular a means to compress the logs, a way to set the subject dynamically (probably via a block method), and a time trigger. When the time trigger is introduced, a buffsize of 0 should mean ignore buffsize to determine when to send the email.
Generated with the Darkfish Rdoc Generator 2.


|
CppGC
1.01
|
#include <gc.h>
Protected Member Functions | |
| AnyWeakRef (AnyWeakRef const &other) | |
| AnyWeakRef (Object const *ref) | |
Protected Attributes | |
| AnyWeakRef * | next |
| Object * | obj |
Friends | |
| class | MemoryAllocator |
Weak reference base class. Weak references are not preventing GC from deallocation of object. If referenced object is deallocated, weak reference is reset to NULL.


Options Statistics screen
This screen allows you to configure the statistics
that ZAP maintains.
In Memory Statistics Enabled
By default ZAP maintains the statistics in memory. To disable the in memory statistics uncheck this box.
Statsd Server Enabled
Check this box in order to configure the address of a Statsd server that ZAP will send its statistics to.
Statsd Hostname
The host that the Statsd server is running on.
Statsd Port
The port that the Statsd server is listening to, default 8125.
Statsd Prefix
The prefix ZAP will prepend to the statistics that it sends to the Statsd server.
Zobacz również


module Variadic:sig
..end
Variadic arguments.
Variadic
, abstracts a common idiom of a function applied to a
variable number of arguments. A common examples of such function
would be OCaml's standard printf
and scanf
functions. A more
general examples, are monadic parsers, such as MParser
,
command line parsers such as Cmdliner
and Core
's
Command
. They all are using the same trick to collect
arguments of different type and pass it to a function, s.t.
the function type actually defines the type of collected
arguments. Both Cmdliner
and Command
relies on Applicative
functor defined in 1
. However, it requires a return
function, that is not possible to provide in general for
co-inductive types, that can only be observed or mapped. It is
still possible to implement a variadic interface using the
restricted Applicable
interface given only one restriction: it
is not possible to create an empty variadic list of arguments
(that can be considered as a benefit).
Here are some examples, that highlights common use cases of the
variadic structure. Suppose, we have several future values of
different types, that we would like to merge with some function
f
, to be concrete let's assume, that we're waiting for:
arch : arch future
- program architecture to be defined;
lang : lang future
- a programming language;
abi : abi future
- an ABI;
api : api future
- an api specification
And we have a function typecheck
of type
arch -> lang -> abi -> api -> pass future
,
that will typecheck a binary program, according to the typing
rules of the specified programming lang
uage, binary interface,
and type environment api
. Given the Variadic
interface we
can write it as
Future.Variadic.(apply (args arch $lang $abi $api) ~f:typecheck
Note, since future implements a more powerful Monad interface,
it is still possible to apply a typecheck
function without
using the variadic interface, e.g.,
arch >>= fun arch ->
lang >>= fun lang ->
abi >>= fun abi ->
api >>= fun api ->
typecheck arch lang abi api
However, this is less general, as it specifies a concrete order
of argument bindings, it is also requires a much less general
monad interface with bind and return operations, that are in
general not available for coinductive types, for example for
stream
type. If we substitute future
type constructor in the
above example with a stream
constructor we will no be able to
implement the latter solution, as we lack the monad interface.
Using a stream for this particular example, makes sense, since, the specified properties, can be defined on a module level, so they can be defined multiple times for each project. In that case function typecheck will be applied for each quartet of the arguments.
When used with collections, such as list, sequences, sets, etc, the pattern can be used to generalize cartesian product from a function taking a pair of arguments, to a function taking arbitrary amount of arguments.
For collection, the Variadic can be used to generalize cartesian
product to N
arguments:
module AList = struct
include List
let apply fs xs =
cartesian_product fs xs >>| fun (f,x) -> f x
end
module Varags = Variadic.Make(AList)
let cartesian_product = Varags.apply
For option and error monad, with the following definition of
apply
,
let apply f x = match f,x with
| Some f, Some x -> Some (f x)
| None -> None
The produced Varargs.apply
will be a generalization of
Option.merge
, i.e., it will apply function f
to N
arguments of different types, if all of them are not zero (i.e.,
None
, Error
.
module type S =sig
..end
Variadic argument list.
module Make(
T
:
Bap_future.Std.Applicable.S
)
:S
with type 'a arg = 'a T.t
include Bap_future.Std.Variadic.S


| Metric | Tag | Overall | Per Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lines of Code | LOC | 119 | ****** |
| McCabe's Cyclomatic Number | MVG | 24 | ****** |
| Lines of Comment | COM | 6 | ******** |
| LOC/COM | L_C | 19.833 | |
| MVG/COM | M_C | 4.000 | |
| Weighted Methods per Class ( weighting = unity ) | WMC1 | 14 | |
| Weighted Methods per Class ( weighting = visible ) | WMCv | 0 | |
| Depth of Inheritance Tree | DIT | 0 | |
| Number of Children | NOC | 0 | |
| Coupling between objects | CBO | 2 | |
| Information Flow measure ( inclusive ) | IF4 | 0 | ******** |
| Information Flow measure ( visible ) | IF4v | 0 | ******** |
| Information Flow measure ( concrete ) | IF4c | 0 | ******** |
| Description | LOC | MVG | COM | L_C | M_C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No module extents have been identified for this module | |||||
| Function prototype | LOC | MVG | COM | L_C | M_C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MemoryHeapBase( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:38 | 5 | 0 | 1 | ------ | ------ |
| MemoryHeapBase( const char *, size_t, uint32_t ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:61 | 17 | 3 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| MemoryHeapBase( int, size_t, uint32_t, uint32_t ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:80 | 8 | 0 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| MemoryHeapBase( size_t, uint32_t, char const* ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:44 | 16 | 4 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| dispose( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:139 | 12 | 2 | 1 | ------ | ------ |
| getBase( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:157 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| getDevice( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:169 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| getFlags( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:165 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| getHeapID( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:153 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| getOffset( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:173 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| getSize( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:161 | 3 | 1 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| init( int, void *, int, int, const char * ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:89 | 12 | 3 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| mapfd( int, size_t, uint32_t ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:102 | 27 | 6 | 4 | 6.750 | 1.500 |
| ~MemoryHeapBase( ) definition ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:134 | 4 | 0 | 0 | ------ | ------ |
| Clients | Suppliers |
|---|---|
|
size_t [CV] pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:44 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:61 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:80 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:102 uint32_t [CV] pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:44 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:61 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:80 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:80 pass by value ./binder/MemoryHeapBase.cpp:102 |


General-purpose Javascript functions used by the Innovation Lab of the Federal Justice of São Paulo (iJuspLab).
The library was developed in Typescript and can be used both in Node and in the browser. Distribution files are located inside the folder ./dist
and type declaration files inside the folder ./types
.
npm install @ijuplab/helpers
or
yarn add @ijuplab/helpers
const { CDate } = require('@ijusplab/helpers');
console.log(new CDate().toString());
or
ìmport { CDate } from '@ijusplab/helpers';
console.log(new CDate().toString());
As a global object:
<!-- Instalando no escopo global: -->
<script<EMAIL_ADDRESS><script>
// Os métodos da biblioteca estarão disponíveis por meio do objeto global Helpers.
console.log(Helpers);
console.log(new Helpers.CDate().toString());
</script>
As a ES2016 module:
<!-- Instalando como um módulo: -->
<script type="module">
import { CDate } from<EMAIL_ADDRESS>console.log(new CDate().toString());
</script>
All software files are distributed under the MIT license. Copyright held by iJuspLab.
Any institutional symbols, such as coats of arms, emblems, badges, logos etc, belonging to or representing the Federal Justice of São Paulo (Justiça Federal de São Paulo - JFSP), iJuspLab, Equipe de Gestão de Dados - EGD, Incubadora de Soluções Tecnológicas, Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica - NUIT or any of their agencies, departments, sectors, branches, affiliates, partners or controlling organizations, either stored in this repository or referenced herein through hyperlinks, are not licensed and may not be used without the prior written consent of the legal representatives of the Federal Justice of São Paulo.
Generated using TypeDoc, the 14/01/2021 at 16:48:44


Team Viewer
Tim
Manager
Employee ID:
543
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office Number:
643
Bob
Engineer
Employee ID:
543
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
bobhub
Will SMith
Intern
Employee ID:
6543
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School:
UNH


Logo
Colour
Buttons
Typography
Iconography
Photography
Logo Content.
Colour Content.
Buttons Content.
Typography Content.
Iconography Content.
Photography Content.
Logo.
Colour.
Buttons.
Typography.
Iconography.
Photography.


Week 3 Ex. 4: Write code that pushes 10 strings onto the stack (version 2), printing while it goes, then pops them off, printing while it removes.
Output:
Source Code:
public class Stack2{
private List s;
public Stack2() {
s = new List("The Stack");
}
public void push (Object obj) {
s.insertAtFront(obj);
}
public Object pop () {
return s.removeFromFront();
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return s.isEmpty();
}
public String print () {
return s.print();
}
}
//Test Driver for the Stack 2 class
import java.math.*;
public class Stack2Test{
public static void main (String[] args) {
String [] fight = new String[10];
fight[0] = "We will cheer for the red and white of our fighting SUU";
fight[1] = "Hear our battle cry echo through the sky";
fight[2] = "As our team comes racing through";
fight[3] = "They will fight, fight, fight, 'til they hear us shout";
fight[4] = "And we sing our victory song";
fight[5] = "We will run, we will score";
fight[6] = "'Til the thunder roars, and the T-birds win once more";
fight[7] = "Go, Go, Go";
fight[8] = "Fight, Fight, Fight";
fight[9] = "WIN T-BIRDS!!!";
Stack2 objStack = new Stack2();
for(int i=9; i>-1; i--){
objStack.push(fight[i]);
System.out.println(objStack.print());
}
while(!objStack.isEmpty()){
objStack.pop();
System.out.println(objStack.print());
}
}
}


Predators initial density (y):
Prey initial density (x):
Intrinsic rate of prey population increase (α):
Predation rate coefficient (β):
Predator mortality rate (γ):
Reproduction rate of predators per 1 prey eaten (δ):
From T1:
To T2:
dt (discretization rate):
*Hint: to get a printable report press a "Print" button in your web-browser.


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Application Info Clear
Databases Info Clear
README.md
README2.md
Close READMEs


{%extends 'base.html'%} {% block body %} It appears you have hit a 404 page. {% endblock %}
It appears you have hit a 404 page.


1.6. Personal Glimpses
The doubled-word task at the start of this chapter might seem daunting, yet regular expressions are so powerful that we could solve much of the problem with a tool as limited as egrep, right here in the first chapter. I'd like to fill this chapter with flashy examples, but because I've concentrated on the solid foundation for the later chapters, I fear that someone completely new to regular expressions might read this chapter, complete with all the warnings and cautions and rules and such, and feel "why bother?"
My brothers were once teaching some friends how to play schaffkopf,
a card game that's been in my family for generations. It is much more exciting than it appears at first glance, but has a rather steep learning curve. After about half an hour, my sister-in-law Liz, normally the quintessence of patience, got frustrated with the seemingly complex rules and said "Can't we just play rummy?" Yet, as it turned out, they all ended up playing late into the night, including Liz. Once they were able to get over the initial hump of the learning curve, a first-hand taste of the excitement was all it took to hook them. My brothers knew it would, but it took some time and work to get to the point where Liz and the others new to the game could appreciate what they were getting into.
It might take some time to become acclimated to regular expressions, so until you get a real taste of the excitement by using them to solve your problems, it might all feel just a bit too academic. If so, I hope you will resist the desire to "play rummy." Once you understand the power that regular expressions provide, the small amount of work spent learning them will feel trivial indeed.
|


Cleveland Browns TE David Njoku designated for return from wrist injury
by Jake TrotterBEREA, Ohio -- The Cleveland Browns have designated tight end David Njoku for return from injured reserve, clearing the way for Njoku to resume practicing Wednesday.
The Browns have 21 days to activate Njoku, who missed eight games with a wrist injury suffered in Week 2 against the New York Jets. If the Browns activate him this week, he will be eligible to play Sunday against the Miami Dolphins.
Before the injury, Njoku had four catches for 37 yards and a touchdown.
He caught 56 passes for 639 yards and four scores in 2018.


He loves going on walks and chasing the squirrels out of the neighborhood.
Abby is his best friend in the whole world.


Scottish SMEs Climate Pledge
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Business Climate Pledge Developers.
Masters Student at the University of Edinburgh Business School
Carl Peters
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>MSc Carbon Finance
Chinwe Adindu
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>MSc Carbon Finance
Cheng Li
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>MSc Carbon Finance
Jieyu Zhou
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>MSc Carbon Finance
Rachael Barber
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>MSc Business Management


At the moment you don't have any advisors so the area is empty.
Prompt text
±0 year (27pts)
±1 years (9pts)
±4 years (3pts)
The wider a marker is, the more years it covers, but the fewer points it's worth.
Try entering a response now; any date will do.
Instructions
Click or Touch the tooltip above to move on...
questionnaire


Syntax:
elt sequence index => object
(setf (elt sequence index) new-object)
Arguments and Values:
sequence---a proper sequence.
index---a valid sequence index for sequence.
object---an object.
new-object---an object.
Description:
Accesses the element of sequence specified by index.
Examples:
(setq str (copy-seq "0123456789")) => "0123456789" (elt str 6) => #\6 (setf (elt str 0) #\#) => #\# str => "#123456789"
Side Effects: None.
Affected By: None.
Exceptional Situations:
Should be prepared to signal an error of type type-error if sequence is not a proper sequence. Should signal an error of type type-error if index is not a valid sequence index for sequence.
See Also:
aref, nth, Section 3.2.1 (Compiler Terminology)
Notes:
aref may be used to access vector elements that are beyond the vector's fill pointer.


{% extends "simplebase.html" %} {% block content %}
Size: Total clips:
Shortest clip: s Mean clip duration: s Longest clip: s
Words: Mean words per clip: Distinct words:


2020 Hyundai Grandeur facelift unveiled
While there's next to no chance it'll come to Australia, the large luxury sedan points the way forward for the company's continuing design evolution.
by Derek Fung- shares
The just-unveiled Hyundai Grandeur is a dramatic redesign of the large front-wheel drive sedan launched in 2016.
The new Grandeur adopts a face heavily inspired by the 2018 HDC-1 'Le Fil Rouge' concept car, one of the first vehicles designed under the aegis of Luc Donckerwolke, the Hyundai Motor Group's head of design.
Instead of the outgoing car's conservative front-end design, the Grandeur will now feature a small set of headlights tightly integrated with a grille populated by metal-colour diamond-shaped pieces, some of which light up as part of the car's unique night-time graphic.
The changes to the side and rear don't seem to be quite as dramatic, but interestingly the car is said to be not only 60mm longer (at 4990mm) overall, but also have a 40mm longer wheelbase and a 10mm wider body.
On the inside, the Grandeur has been treated to a new dashboard with a large, wide 12.3-inch touchscreen infotainment system, as well as Volkswagen Passat-like horizontal bars linking up the central and side air vents.
Other changes include a smaller secondary touchscreen for most of the climate control system, a 12.3-inch fully digital instrumentation display, a new centre console, and a new steering wheel straight from the latest Sonata.
A number of drivetrains will be available with the new Grandeur: a Smartstream 2.5-litre four-cylinder, a 2.4-litre hybrid, a 3.0-litre LPG engine, and a 213kW 3.3-litre V6.
Australia
The facelifted Grandeur goes on sale later this month in South Korea.
The Australian large non-premium sedan market is a faint shadow of its former self, so it seems hugely unlikely the heavily updated Grandeur will make its way down under and revive the nameplate which was last sold locally in 2011.
1
3
nextprevious
2020 Hyundai Grandeur facelift unveiled


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See:
Description
| Interface Summary | |
|---|---|
| SubjectCustomizer | add the ability to decorate a list of subjects with more attributes. |
| SubjectResolver | Subject resolution interface. |
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| CachingResolver | Decorator that provides caching for SubjectResolver . |
| GrouperJdbcConnectionProvider | provide connections to source api from the grouper hibernate settings |
| GrouperJdbcConnectionProvider.GrouperJdbcConnectionBean | bean to hold connection |
| GrouperJdbcSourceAdapter | Grouper's jdbc source adapter. |
| GrouperJdbcSourceAdapter2 | Grouper's jdbc source adapter. |
| GrouperJndiSourceAdapter | grouper version of jndi source adapter |
| GrouperSubject | Subject returned by the GrouperSourceAdapter . |
| InternalSourceAdapter | Internal SourceAdapter for retrieving InternalSubject s. |
| LazySubject | Subject from a Membership - getMember().getSubject()
only called if necessary i.e. |
| SafeSubject | bean to wrap a subject so it can be safely used from EL. |
| SourcesXmlResolver | Wrapper around Subject sources configured in sources.xml . |
| SourcesXmlResolver.LogLabelCallable<T> | |
| SubjectBean | source and subject id |
| SubjectComparator | compare two subjects by sourceId, then by subjectId |
| SubjectCustomizerBase | extend this to do a subject customizer |
| SubjectHelper | Subject utility helper class. |
| SubjectResolverDecorator | Decorator for SubjectResolver . |
| SubjectResolverFactory | Factory for returning a SubjectResolver . |
| UnresolvableSubject | Subject from id, type and source. |
| ValidatingResolver | Decorator that provides parameter validation for SubjectResolver . |
| Enum Summary | |
|---|---|
| IncludeGrouperSessionSubject |
This package contains classes related to the subject API
|
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Wolf Park makes all their money from merchandise sales and donations. An EPICS project would greatly benefit this organization, and is a great place for us to give back to the community.
Wolf Park tries to keep the wolves and foxes in the most natural environments possible, thus a fox enclosure project would have to keep this in mind when executed by the EPICS team.
Wolf park also specializes in wolf, fox, and many other animal education to people all around Indiana. Projects done by the EPICS team would have to keep the education of the people as one of the highest priorities.


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| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.authoringtool.util | |
|---|---|
| Transformable
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.core | |
|---|---|
| Affector
|
|
| AmbientLight
an ambient light illumates all visual elements equally. useful in simulating bouncing light. |
|
| Appearance
|
|
| Background
|
|
| Camera
|
|
| ClippingPlane
|
|
| Container
|
|
| ExponentialFog
exponential fog affects visual elements based on their distance from a camera. |
|
| Geometry
|
|
| Light
|
|
| LinearFog
linear fog affects visual elements based on their distance from a camera. |
|
| ReferenceFrame
|
|
| Scene
the root of the scenegraph |
|
| TextureMap
|
|
| Transformable
|
|
| Visual
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.core.camera | |
|---|---|
| OrthographicCamera
|
|
| PerspectiveCamera
defined by a regualar pyramidal frustum |
|
| ProjectionCamera
|
|
| SymmetricPerspectiveCamera
defined by a regualar pyramidal frustum |
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.core.geometry | |
|---|---|
| IndexedTriangleArray
|
|
| Vertex3d
|
|
| VertexGeometry
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.core.light | |
|---|---|
| AmbientLight
an ambient light illumates all visual elements equally. useful in simulating bouncing light. |
|
| DirectionalLight
a directional light emits parallel rays (as if it were at infinity). the direction is inherent from absolute transformation of its container. useful in simulating sunlight. |
|
| PointLight
a point light emits rays in all directions. the position is inherent from absolute transformation of its container. useful in simulating a light bulb. |
|
| SpotLight
a spot light emits a cone of light; behaving like a point light within its inner beam angle; and falling off exponentially between its inner and outer beam angles. useful in simulating a luxo lamp. |
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.core.property | |
|---|---|
| Color
|
|
| FillingStyle
solid, wireframe, or points. |
|
| ShadingStyle
none, flat, or smooth. |
|
| Vertex3d
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.core.util | |
|---|---|
| Container
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph | |
|---|---|
| Affector
|
|
| Appearance
|
|
| Background
|
|
| Camera
|
|
| Color
|
|
| Component
|
|
| Container
|
|
| CullingStyle
none, flat, or smooth. |
|
| Element
|
|
| FillingStyle
solid, wireframe, or points. |
|
| Fog
|
|
| Geometry
|
|
| Light
|
|
| PointLight
a point light emits rays in all directions. the position is inherent from absolute transformation of its container. useful in simulating a light bulb. |
|
| Property
|
|
| ReferenceFrame
|
|
| ShadingStyle
none, flat, or smooth. |
|
| Shape
|
|
| TextureMap
|
|
| Vertex
Deprecated. |
|
| Vertex3d
|
|
| VertexGeometry
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph.collision | |
|---|---|
| Visual
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph.event | |
|---|---|
| Component
|
|
| Container
|
|
| Element
|
|
| Geometry
|
|
| Property
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph.io | |
|---|---|
| Component
|
|
| IndexedTriangleArray
|
|
| Transformable
|
|
| Vertex3d
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph.renderer | |
|---|---|
| Camera
|
|
| Element
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph.renderer.joglrenderer | |
|---|---|
| Camera
|
|
| Component
|
|
| Geometry
|
|
| OrthographicCamera
|
|
| PerspectiveCamera
defined by a regualar pyramidal frustum |
|
| SymmetricPerspectiveCamera
defined by a regualar pyramidal frustum |
|
| TextureMap
|
|
| Visual
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph.renderer.nativerenderer | |
|---|---|
| Camera
|
|
| Element
|
| Classes in edu.cmu.cs.stage3.alice.scenegraph used by test | |
|---|---|
| Camera
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This class contains all HMM information required for decoding.
Public Methods
-
void mergeModels( int n_models, DecodingHMM** models )
- Internal function to merge component models into a big HMM
-
void setupSuccessorStates( DecodingHMMState* state, short n_successors_, short* sucessor_states_, real* log_trans_probs_ )
- Configures successor state information for the state denoted by 'state'
Public Members
-
Converts a Torch HMM instance to a DecodingHMM representation.
-
class contains a lot of member variables used in training that are not
-
Concatenates all elements in the array of DecodingHMM instances into a single
-
Creates a DecodingHMM using the distributions in 'states_' and the log
-
Initialises the state denoted by 'state' with a Distribution and
Documentation
This class contains all HMM information required for decoding. Most information
is embedded in the states themselves (DecodingHMMState structures). The DecodingHMM
can be created a number of ways to facilitate compatibility with the Torch HMM class
and to allow easy concatenation of models (eg. when constructing word models from
phoneme models).
- Converts a Torch HMM instance to a DecodingHMM representation.
- Converts a Torch HMM instance to a DecodingHMM representation. The Torch HMM
- class contains a lot of member variables used in training that are not
- class contains a lot of member variables used in training that are not
- Concatenates all elements in the array of DecodingHMM instances into a single
- Concatenates all elements in the array of DecodingHMM instances into a single
- Creates a DecodingHMM using the distributions in 'states_' and the log
- Creates a DecodingHMM using the distributions in 'states_' and the log
- void mergeModels( int n_models, DecodingHMM** models )
- Internal function to merge component models into a big HMM
- void setupSuccessorStates( DecodingHMMState* state, short n_successors_, short* sucessor_states_, real* log_trans_probs_ )
- Configures successor state information for the state denoted by 'state'
- Initialises the state denoted by 'state' with a Distribution and
- Initialises the state denoted by 'state' with a Distribution and
- This class has no child classes.
- Author:
- Darren Moore<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Alphabetic index HTML hierarchy of classes or Java
This page was generated with the help of DOC++.


SOSME is an accounting and tax services company located in Hollywood, Florida. We offer a wide variety of accounting services, and take on the hard tasks so you can focus on your business. Professional accountants are always ready to help you manage your business needs. From bookkeeping and business planning, to tax preparation and filling, we are here to assist.
Our mission is to offer an efficient service to meet the current and future needs of our clients’ necessities with ease to achieve their financial and business goals.
Our vision is to become the best accounting business alternative by implementing innovative and effective services that respond quickly to the demands of today’s market.
Learn more about our servicesMelba Solano
Quickbooks Pro advisor Certified
Bachelor of Accounting, FAU
SOSME was founded by Melba Solano, a professional Accountant with many years
of experience specializing in general accounting and tax preparation services for small and
medium size companies. Our priority is to use our knowledge and
experience to provide friendly, accurate, and affordable services to our clients.


asm960/gas960[c|e] Assembler
The assembler can be invoked with four invocation commands, which
determine the output file format (b.out, COFF, or ELF). The invocation
syntax is:
asm960
| gas960
[ c
| e
] -option...
file
[...]
- asm960
and gas960c
- invoke the assembler to generate COFF output.
- gas960
- invokes the assembler to generate b.out output.
- gas960e
- invokes the assembler to generate ELF output.
Assembler options affect assembler input, operation and output.
Each option must be preceded by a -
character. (On DOS, you can also use a /
character.) The options are listed below.
Assembler input files can contain assembly language instructions
and assembler directives.
The assembler invocation options are listed below.
- A arch
(Architecture)
Assemble instructions for the specified i960 architecture. arch
can be: KA,
SA, KB,
SB, CA,
CF, JA,
JD, JF,
HA, HD,
HT, RP
and ANY.
The default architecture is KB.
Use the G960ARCH
or I960ARCH
environment variable to override the default. ANY
means allow any valid i960 instruction.
Opcode mnemonics and special function register operands that are
illegal in the specified architecture are flagged as errors. Exceptions:
- With AANY,
all architecture checking is disabled.
- With x,
architecture mismatches are warnings, not errors.
- Branch-prediction bits are always assembled, since they are
ignored by architectures that don't support them.
- D symbolname
[=expression]
(Define symbol)
Define the symbol symbolname
and set its value to expression.
If =expression
is not specified, the value of symbolname
is 1.
- d (Debug
symbols)
Retain symbol information about local labels beginning with
L or .
(dot). Such labels are typically compiler-generated for local
symbols, and are normally discarded to save space.
- G (Big-endian)
Assemble the file to run in a big-endian memory region. Not
valid when assembler is invoked as gas960.
- h (Help)
Display help information about the assembler and exit without
doing anything else.
- I pathname
(Include-file search path)
Add pathname
to the list of pathnames to search for source files included with
the .include
directive. The default is to search only the current directory
for include files. You can specify any number of I
pathname
pairs.
- i (Interactive)
Read source from standard input instead of from a file. For
keyboard input, terminate interactive mode with a CTRL-D. (On
DOS hosts, use CTRL-Z.)
- L arg
(Listing)
Generate a listing and print it on standard output. Accept all
listing defaults. arg
is:
a List
all the code, ignoring .nolist
directives.
e Print
all machine code in the listing with target-endian byte order.
f listfilename
Create a listing file with the specified filename.
n Do not
expand include files in the listing.
t title
Use title
as listing title; must be quoted if it contains embedded spaces.
z Do not
print the listing header.
- n (No
compare-and-branch-replacements)
(No relax) Normally, the assembler replaces each such instruction
with two instructions: an equivalent compare instruction and an
equivalent branch instruction. Note that this option has no effect
on the processing of the Intel Compare-and-Jump pseudo-instructions
(e.g., cmpijne).
- o objfilename
(Object filename)
Use the specified filename for the output file.
- p {
c | d | b } (Position independence)
Set a flag in the output file header to mark the file as containing
position-independent code or data or both, respectively. The default
is to not mark the file header in this way. The argument must
be exactly one of the letters shown. Not valid when assembler
is invoked as gas960.
- V
(Version)
Display version information about the assembler and continue
with the assembly.
- v960
(Version)
Display version information about the assembler and exit without
doing anything else.
- W (Warnings)
Suppress warning messages. Normally, both warnings and errors
print their messages on standard error. With this option, only
error messages are printed.
- x
(Allow mixed architecture)
Treat architecture mismatches (e.g., opcode not in target
architecture) as warnings, not errors.
- z (Time
stamp)
(COFF format only) Suppress the time/date stamp in the output
COFF file header. Normally, the time and date of the assembly
is written into the file header. With this option, the time/date
field is set to "Date Zero."
Return
to the top of this page.
Go
to the ic960 Interface Index.
Go
to the gcc960 Interface Index.


this is zack
he is really silly
this is cody
he is really smart
here is a list of reasons why i love zack and cody
here is a link to a super duper awesome wikipedia page about the suite life of zack and cody
this is the theme song!!!!


@(message: String) @main("ScalaUserGroup.org") {
What are we working on. This is a starting point for highlighting our group projects or projects our individual members want to highlight.


In general, the economic progress of the livestock/feed economy in New Zealand cannot be separated from trends in the rest of the economy. This is particularly so in terms of policies for the control of inflation and costs, policies for import protection and tariffs and policies for the adjustment of the exchange rate of the New Zealand dollar. The more detailed description of agricultural/livestock policies must be viewed against this macro-policy background.
(Johnson, 1986, p.24)
Key Words: Balance of Payments, Exchange Rates, Monetary and Fiscal Policy, Real Exchange Rates, Performance
The nature of agricultural policies in New Zealand in recent years has come in for a good bit of flak from more market and efficiency-oriented commentators recently. A recent book in the subject is engagingly entitled "Farming Without Subsidies" (Sandrey and Reynolds, 1990) (S & R hereafter) although most of the discussions and conclusions are about macro-economic policy. This paper is thus concerned with this relationship between macro and micro economic policy and the guidance such an analysis provides for future policy direction.
In the post-war period, the economy went through a series of balance of payments crises which usually ended up in a tightening of import restrictions and availability of foreign exchange. The export sector was totally dominated by agricultural exports and foreign exchange earnings fluctuated with variations in world commodity demand. Imports of capital and consumer goods were rationed by both quantitative import restrictions and the availability of foreign exchange. Internal trade cycles were set in motion by changes in export earnings which lead to delayed
2
responses in import demand often well after the means of paying for increased imports had disappeared. Adherence to fIxed exchange rate policies meant that there were no compensating rationing devices for foreign exchange and indeed the Reserve Bank sold and controlled all foreign exchange dealing within New Zealand. A good summary of these problems and the attitud~s of the period can be found in the report of the World Bank on New Zealand in 1968 (World Bank, 1968), and further analysis by the Centre for Agricultural Policy Studies, Massey University (Maughan, 1978).
In the 1960s the policy response to this situation was to focus on greater growth of exports and to broaden the export base. A number of incentive policies for agriculture date from the Agricultural Development Conference of 1963 and a broader approach to manufacturing exports dates from an Industrial Development Conference in 1961 (S & R, p.65). Policy advisors apparently were unsuccessful or unable to get changes made in the foreign exchange mechanisms at the time, although successive Governments felt quite able to make unilateral shifts in the value of the New Zealand dollar when it suited them.
In the 1970s there was an acceleration of the degree of assistance to agriculture as growth prospects faltered from time to time and additional costs accumulated, especially after the oil crisis in 1974. Policies for agriculture in the 1970s were justifIed on investment arguments related to growth and security of incomes rather than in terms of compensatory assistance. With the advent of SMPs in 1978, it was more clearly recognised that the policy was a one-sided devaluation of the New Zealand dollar, although for the first few years, the settings used had little impact on farm gate prices.
In 1979, a more realistic approach emerged with the Government agreeing to pegging the exchange rate to an index of foreign price relativities. A small devaluation was used to launch the new policy and the Reserve Bank adjusted the rate on a weekly basis and derived the consequential cross-rates. This policy lasted until 1982 when a wage and price freeze was instituted to tackle the inbuilt inflationary trends which resulted from a continuously devaluing currency, among other things. Clearly, when internal prices were rising faster than foreign prices, the price relativity indicator kept forcing the value of the New Zealand dollar down and if the factors causing internal inflation were not properly understood and controlled, then the pegged exchange rate policy was also unsustainable.
3
Dual policies of industrial development date from the election of the fIrst Labour Government in 1936. DiversifIcation of the then agricultural economy was to be achieved by the development of local processing and assembly plants behind a barrier of import protection. It was inherent in this policy that costs to the exporting sector would rise substantially. Federated Farmers fought the issue for many years and were particularly vociferous on the local assembly of radios and televisions, not to mention farm machinery, gumboots and transport prices. The Australian paradigm that the export sector should be compensated in some way for these cost excesses was not commonly discussed in the New Zealand policy framework. The extra cost to society was understood well enough but the political support for a fully-employed welfare oriented economy plus the recurrent balance of payments crises prevented any realistic development of alternative policy until the late 1970s. Certainly in the 1960s, the National Development Conference and the Government rejected a remit to transfer emphasis from quantitative restrictions to a tariff basis.
The compensation paradigm was introduced into the discussion in the early 1980s when detailed research work on rates of protection started to reveal the extent of assistance to both agriculture and manufacturing. It was also this work which clarifIed that assistance tended to be uneven in its application and some industries and products received much more than others. The main argument for agricultural assistance in the 1960s and 1970s was export-led growth including stability of incomes, steady investment and prospects of the pay-back.
It can be recognised that this policy approach to agriculture was a second-best option, but even this has to be qualifIed by the immense reluctance of Government to consider what economists thought was fIrst-best, namely the removal of all physical import restrictions and the progressive reduction of tariffs down to almost zero. I believe that the period was more characterised by compensation for an over-valued exchange rate than for tariff compensation (S & R, p.17)
4
Professor Raynor raises but does not discuss the policy framework with regard to the international terms of trade for agriculture. He says of the 1970s that agriculture became the target of extensive production-promoting assistance, effectively obscuring both the declining terms of trade for agriculture and the rising real interest rates around the globe (S & R, p.1). Most policy makers at the time were well aware of the commodity terms of trade and its trends. Tl:te question which was always raised was what are the alternatives. Perhaps New Zealand policy advisors had too much faith in the theory of comparative advantage for their own good, but the policy decision always was to go on doing what we were good at. The fundamental decision to diversify the export base was taken in the early 1960s and this bore good fruit in later years.
The additions to the producer board stabilisation schemes in the mid 1970s can also be viewed in this light (S & R, Ch 5). It was recognised that commodity prices had been through several cycles in the post-war period and in some cases the return to normality was always at a lower point in real terms. Nevertheless, it was thought worthwhile to institute schemes of buffer stocks and funds for all the main commodities on the basis that Reserve Bank borrowings and accumulated funds could eventually be paid back. Given earlier problems with the stabilisation funds, not to mention overseas commodity schemes like tin and coffee, it would probably have been better to have paid everything out to the producers and encouraged them to make the necessary savings. However, the Treasury attitude to the Income Equalisation Scheme and private saving was always very half-hearted and the necessary encouragement for individual management of risk and savings has been long delayed, or inadequately researched. Beside great political support for producer boards and stabilisation, there is also great farmer belief and faith in the collective arrangements we have for agricultural marketing in New Zealand, and hence some of the collective savings schemes have not been jettisoned to this day.
The analysis of the effects of assistance for agriculture also tends to emphasise the negative effects rather than the positive effects (S & R, p.166). An econometric model of the pastoral sector is used to estimate production out-turns under with and without assistance scenarios. It is concluded that livestock numbers would have fallen only marginally while cattle numbers would have risen at the expense of sheep. There is thus a hidden cost of assistance in terms of the value of beef production foregone. This conclusion rests on the assumption that the analyst knows what the long-term trend in commodity prices would be. When one is framing policy one does not have
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this advantage. Other econometric models for the same period show greater positive responses at the export level, though the trends are the same (Johnson, 1986, pp.32-34).
At the end of the day, it is the performance of the agricultural sector which counts the most. Performance will be measured by the real contribution of agriculture to growth of GDP, whether by exporting or local production. Given the surplus for export, the fundamental conditions for continued agricultural production and expansion will be the international competitiveness of the sector. I fmd the discussion of this topic in S & R welcome (see pp. 2, 51-52, 279-286), though there appear to be inconsistencies in their presentation (on p.2 an appreciation of the real exchange rate is measured by an increase in the index, while on p.52 and on p.282 it is measured by a decrease in the index!)
Remember that the real exchange rate is a price index measuring the ratio of foreign prices (in this case the CPI) to local domestic prices. The ratio can therefore be affected by changes in foreign consumer prices, changes in the nominal exchange rate and changes in local prices (inflation rate). Let us look at S & R's index for the period 1965-1989 (see Graph I). This index is like the terms of trade; a fall in the index makes a country worse off and vice versa.
It is clear the mix of policies since 1965 has maintained the real exchange rate at a roughly constant level for the last 25 years. Remember that nominal exchange rates were fixed or pegged up to 1982, but discrete adjustments were made from time to time. It is then clear that internal costs were influential in the middle 1970s in lowering the real exchange rate and hence reducing the competitiveness of the country in this period. In 1976 foreign prices rose, helped by a devaluation in 1975. A period of stability then followed until the election devaluation of 1984, and competitiveness was artificially increased.
Since 1984, the nominal exchange rate has become the dominating influence; as the dollar was floated and the TWI has been maintained by monetary policies, there has been a steady appreciation in the real exchange rate since 1984, and the country's competitiveness has declined. In 1988/89 some relaxation of monetary policy enabled a small depreciation of the nominal rate to take place and with a lower rate of inflation the
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competitiveness index rose slightly. According to this evidence and other charts (S & R, pp.281-283) current levels of competitiveness are still below the long-run average.
In this analysis it is assumed that domestic prices are synonymous with farm input price trends, though more precise price measures for the non-tradeable sector are available. Also, trends in commodity prices trend downwards compared with overseas consumer pnces.
This discussion also ignores trends in inter-sectoral productivity which can have an influence on survival at a given level of competitiveness (Johnson, 1988).
Returning to the analysis of the macro-parameters affecting agriculture, it is clear that the vital components are exchange rate policy, monetary policy and fiscal policy. These policies influence or direct changes in the domestic price level, particularly in the non-tradeable sectors. Major social and political considerations enter into the mix of policies and sometimes it seems that the fall-out for agriculture is incidental. This appears to be somewhat different from the balmy days of export-led growth when a certain detachment was possible from widespread wage claims and featherbedding practices, countenanced by Governments of the day.
Given the remarkable stability of the real rate of exchange in the long term, it does not appear that it is very important which popular economic paradigm one follows. If anything, the period since 1984 appears to be less stable than the period before and therefore less certain for producers. This has ramifications for producers' attitudes to risk management, and for official policies for the producer boards and other intermediary agents who manage and absorb the continuing changes in exchange rates as well as fluctuations arising out of commodity markets.
The current economic paradigm needs to be examined on whether it delivers economic growth to society as well as some of its more readily stated objectives like zero inflation and enhanced efficiency. Considerations of world demand and comparative advantage may not favour all current products or export sectors. But all methods and sectors which can contribute to real growth of output need to be re-examined to see if some impediment to growth is unidentified within the market-led
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framework currently favoured. I would be in favour of any policy which more readily identified where we are heading and what our prospects are. Current policy positions seem to leave it all to chance.
This paper has turned into a review of the Policy Services' book in spite of the best of intentions to be unaffected by it. It is clear I agree with the macro-policy stance taken in the book, but, am really quite unhappy with the interpretation of micro-economic events in the past. As I say at the beginning, one cannot interpret these micro-policies without reference to the macro-framework in which they were formulated. The authors of the book have too much concern for the outward "image" of the policies they describe and too little appreciation of the economic and social environment of the period concerned. It is a significant contribution to the study of agricultural economics in New Zealand, and is to be recommended on this score. However, the real book on the place of agriculture in the total economy in the years ahead has yet to be written.
Johnson R W M "Livestock and Feed Policy in New Zealand: 1975 to the Present" Agricultural Discussion Paper No.8, Centre for Agricultural Policy Studies, Massey University, 1986
Johnson R W M "Domestic Competitiveness: Measuring the Real Rate of Exchange for Pastoral Output" New Zealand Association of Economists, February 1988.
Maughan C W "New Zealand Development: The Problem of Imports and Exports". Agricultural Policy Paper No.1, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Massey University, October 1978.
Sandrey R; Reynolds R "Farming Without Subsidies" G P Books, Wellington 1990
World Bank "The World Bank Report on the New Zealand Economy", Government Printer, Wellington 1968